script #1 itroduction to physiology

8/3/2019 script #1 itroduction to physiology

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Introduction to physiology

Physiology is a lovely subject, if you want to define physiology in general

Its the science that is concerned with the function of the living organism

and its parts, and of the physical and chemical processes involved.

So physiology deals with the origin of the living creature, thedevelopment of that creature, and also with the progression of that

creature.

Cells : the basic structural and functional unit of the body(~ 100 trillion)

But there are differences between the cells through the body.

Tissues: (e.g. muscles, epithelial, nervous )connection of cells => Tissues

Organs: (e.g. kidney, heart, liver, pancreas)connection of tissues => Organs

Organ systems: (e.g. cardiovascular, urinary)Connection of organs => the Body

What do we mean by physiology???!

The Human Body - A ComplexSociety of Differentiated Cells


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Each part of the body maintain general homeostasis The human physiology affected by environment.

Exists at all levels of organization Cells : e.g., genes, repressor proteins, transcription factors, membrane

transport

Tissues Organ systems: e.g., nervous and endocrine systems Human physiology : is a science which analyzes the body functions

and their interaction with the environment. Humans are influenced by the external environment in which they

live.

Regulation and Integration

Functional relationships of bodysystems


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Because the chart ofFunctional relationships of body isnt veryclear here you can go back to slide #6

1-Environmental :-Physical :Heat, light, sound, motion and radiation

-Chemical :

Food,water,O2, CO2,drugs

-Biological :Microorganisms

-Psychosocial environment

2-Contact Systems :-Sensory organs

-Skin

-Respiratory

-system Digestive system

3-Control-Nervous system: somatic and autonomic

-Endocrine system (hormones)

4-Internal environment-Homeostasis

-Metabolism

-Blood pH

-Fluids and electrolytes


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5-Functional outputs-Physiological adaptation

- Physical work

-Mental work

-Reproduction

-Psychosocial adaptation

Internal environment when we talk about stable homeostasisWe have three compartment inside the body :

1- Intercellular => inside the cell

stable no change on the percentage of gazes and nutrients

2- Extracellular => outside the cell

-interstitial

-extra vascular

the changes happen within these parts.

Human body interacts with the external environment through contact

systems.

Examples:

Respiratory system with atmospheric airDigestive system with food and drinkSkin with the external temperatureSensory organs with smell , taste or sounds


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Homeostasisits the stable environment

extracellular (( between the blood vessels and the extracellular fluid ))

The maintenance of a stable

milieu interieur

Claude Bernard (1813 - 1878)

Homeostasis

General Organization

of the Circulatory

System


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Capillaries the part of the body that is responsible for changing ingazes and nutrients.

The cells of the body live in a fluid environment which is tissue fluid

(interstitial fluid) which represents the internal environment.

Exchange Between the Capillariesand Interstitial Fluid

Between the Arteriole

and the Venule we have

Capillaries which the are

stable for in connection ofgazes and nutrients

Internal environment and homeostasis


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The functions of all the organ systems of the body is to ensure that the

physical and chemical characteristics of the tissue fluid.

Example if you see a lion what will happen ?!?!

the sympathetic nervous system will be stimulated which stimulate

other parts of the body .

(( will stimulate the heart and the muscles so you have to run ))

and when someone is afraid he :

1- His face is yellow

because he isnt in need blood for the skins he need the blood for themuscles.

2- The pupils are dilated

to be able to see more.

Homeostasis state of equilibrium of the body in the internalenvironment .

Respiratory & Renal the most important systems in maintenancethe PH of the body which regulate role in the maintenance in the

homeostasis.

Normal PH 7.357.45

More than 7.45 alkaloses

less than 7.35 acidosis

PH = -log[H+]


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***Note you will study this later in details.

Respiratory system taking hormones and Oxygen and give carbondioxide

Renal disposal of the wastes such as urea and uric acid(( accumulation of urea leading to Gout ))

The accumulation of these products materials in the body leads to

the gene abnormal situations which needs pathophysiology

Homeostasis refers to the constancy or steady state of the internal

environment

Internal environment Extracellular fluid


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Homeostatic mechanisms refer to all the automatic physiological

((out of control )) processes which occur in response to changes in the

external or internal environments and which tend to correct all deviations

from the normal

Physiological processes called homeostatic mechanisms preciselyregulate the temperature, pH and the concentration of chemical

components of the internal environment

Each system in the body interact with environment in its own way

Each system perform specific function.

The body fluids


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the percentage of the water in the body is 60% of the human weight.

Which is in general equal to 42 L 60% * 70

>>> NOW

well know the percentage of water in each compartment of the body

Intracellular 2/3 of the (60% of the human weight) 28 L

Extracellular 1/3 of the (60% of the human weight ) 14L

Extracellular divided into 2 parts :

>>> Interstitial

>>>extra vascular

Interstitial 2/3 of the 14 L(2/3) * 14 = 11L

extra vascular 1/3 of the 14 L(1/3) * 14 = 3 L

Each blood vessels have its own physiological characteristic which

able to perform physiological functions.

1/3 of the (60% of human weight)14L


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Transport Across The Cell Membrne

*The cell membrane composed of bilayer (lipid) membranethat hasproteins embedded in it

*the permeability of the cell membrane ( solubility ) controlswhat goes inside the cell " enable the materials either to goinside or not "

Ex :(Glucose ..H2O halothane ) all these molecules and otherscan go inside the cell membrane but HALOTHANE goesfaster because the lipid bilayer has higher solubility for it thanthe other molecules


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Btw what is halothane ??

Halothane is a gas .. it is anesthetic agent that used inanesthesia

And we also can use these compounds as anesthetic agent :Either

Incloryne Isofloryne

* anesthetic agent

* concentration of ions inside and outside the cell :

PS: the doctor said that we don't have to memories thenumbers

-inside the cell : K+ . Proteins-.(PO3)-4-outside the cell : Na+Cl-HCO3-


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TRANSPORT:

We have two types of transport :1- active transport2- passive transport

ACTIVE TRANSPORTusese direct sort of energy.membranemovesmolecules uphill :against concentrationthis energy produced by ATP degradation

1- primary active transport uses direct sort of energy2- secondary active transport uses the energy created bythe primary active transportex : co-transport ( Na-glucose )

*we have another two types of active transport :

co-transport : cooperative between molecules or ions toget into the cell


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examplewhen the Na+ inters the cell it carries the glucose

with it inside

counter current transport : occurs in the proxyle ofthe kidney to get rid of wastes products

Protein

Na+

Outside

the cell

H+

Inside the

cell

H+ goes out

Na+ comes in


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PASSIVE TRANSPORT : we have two types of this

transport :

1- simple diffusion : diffusion of matter through thelipid bilayer is determined by its lipid solubility (O2..N2..CO2 ) moves easily through the membrane . Andthe molecules moves down concentration gradient

2- facilitated transport : requires interaction of a carrier

protein with the substrate and shuttling the through the

membrane

___________________________________________

PROTEINS : they play important role in transportingthrough the cell membrane they* provides specifity for the membrane* provides function ( it function as ) :

1- channel proteins2- carrier proteins

We find that the cell membrane is negatively charged and that


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is because its high M.W and high negative charge and it staysinside the cell and does not go out because of its highmolecular weight

Regulation of blood pressure: PS : this point wasn't clear so I copied the mechanism from previous transcription for themedicine patch but I will ask the doctor to repeat it nextlecture .

This is the stolen mechanism :

Baroreceptor system:Rapid action: carotid & arch of aorta, stimulation by

stretching effect of increasing volume signals to medulla inhibition of vasomotor center decrease impulses through

sympathetic s. - decrease pumping of the heart.- dilate peripheral vessels.

* Low BP the opposite


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Characteristics of control system

Negative feedback and positive feedback wasn't clear forus. We will ask the doctor about them in the nextlecture . So wait for them in next TAFREE3'( to be continued .)

PS : I feel that the doctor was jumping from one idea toanother . And the ideas were not connected so I tried toput them in order .. so if you don't find the point in thesame order that the doctor explained don't worry I didn'tmiss them :P

READ THE SLIDESGOD BE WITH YOU

Gayda2 & RMZbye


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The Dr mentioned that lectures are veryimportant sources that Summarize the main ideasin the topic, and he will give information whichyou cant find in the book so you have to followhim and write down notes.

The doctor concentrated on Time respectingissue, so you should come on time,well be doctors and the time is a holy thing inyour life.The doctor Said:

Respect me I will respect you, be in the lecturein the proper time, and listen carefully to mylectures.

Note :

script #1 itroduction to physiology

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