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Ancient cultures

Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric timeswhen man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot foundon ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that wasassociated with inade uate ventilation of open fires." ! # $etal forging appears to %e a &ey turning

point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. 'ore samples of glaciersin (reenland indicate increases in pollution associated with (ree&) *oman and 'hinese metal

production) !3# %ut at that time the pollution was comparatively small and could %e handled %ynature.

Urban pollution

Air pollution in the +,) 19-3

he %urning of coal and wood) and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made thecities the cesspools of pollution. he /ndustrial *evolution %rought an infusion of untreatedchemicals and wastes into local streams that served as the water supply. 0ing dward / of

ngland %anned the %urning of sea2coal %y proclamation in ondon in 1 - ) after its smo&e %ecame a pro%lem.!4#!5# 6ut the fuel was so common in ngland that this earliest of names for itwas ac uired %ecause it could %e carted away from some shores %y the wheel%arrow.

/t was the industrial revolution that gave %irth to environmental pollution as we &now it today.ondon also recorded one of the earlier e7treme cases of water uality pro%lems with the (reat

,tin& on the hames of 1858) which led to construction of the ondon sewerage system soonafterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far e7ceeded view a%ility of

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Pea-souper-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Deadly-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Deadly-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_sewerage_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soothttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forginghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Pea-souper-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Deadly-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stinkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_sewerage_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution

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neigh%orhoods to handle their waste pro%lem. *eformers %egan to demand sewer systems) andclean water .! #

/n 18- ) the sanitary conditions in 6erlin were among the worst in urope. August 6e%el recalled conditions %efore a modern sewer system was %uilt in the late 18- s:

";aste2water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the cur%s andemitted a truly fearsome smell. here were no pu%lic toilets in the streets or s uares.

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,mog Pollution in aiwan

,evere incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. P'6 dumping in the udson *iver resulted in a %an %y the PA on consumption of its fish in 19-4. ong2term dio7in contaminationat ove 'anal starting in 194- %ecame a national news story in 19-8 and led to the ,uperfund legislation of 198 . !15# he pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name %rownfield) a termnow common in city planning .

he development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination ) which can remainlethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. a&e 0arachay ) named %y the;orldwatch /nstitute as the "most polluted spot" on earth) served as a disposal site for the ,oviet+nion throughout the 195 s and 19 s. ,econd place may go to the area of 'helya%ins& *ussianas the "$ost polluted place on the planet". !1 #

@uclear weapons continued to %e tested in the 'old ;ar ) especially in the earlier stages of theirdevelopment. he toll on the worst2affected populations and the growth since then inunderstanding a%out the critical threat to human health posed %y radioactivity has also %een a

prohi%itive complication associated with nuclear power . hough e7treme care is practiced in that

industry) the potential for disaster suggested %y incidents such as those at hree $ile /sland and'herno%yl pose a lingering specter of pu%lic mistrust. ;orldwide pu%licity has %een intense onthose disasters. !1-# ;idespread support for test %an treaties has ended almost all nuclear testing inthe atmosphere. !18#

/nternational catastrophes such as the wrec& of the Amoco 'adiz oil tan&er off the coast of6rittany in 19-8 and the 6hopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of suchevents and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. he %orderless nature ofatmosphere and oceans inevita%ly resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary levelwith the issue of glo%al warming. $ost recently the term persistent organic pollutant BP>PC hascome to descri%e a group of chemicals such as P6? s and PD's among others. hough theireffects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lac& of e7perimental data) they have

%een detected in various ecological ha%itats far removed from industrial activity such as theArctic) demonstrating diffusion and %ioaccumulation after only a relatively %rief period ofwidespread use.

A much more recently discovered pro%lem is the (reat Pacific (ar%age Patch ) a hugeconcentration of plastics) chemical sludge and other de%ris which has %een collected into a largearea of the Pacific >cean %y the @orth Pacific (yre . his is a less well &nown pollution pro%lem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_(environmental_law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_(environmental_law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karachayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karachayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwatch_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Lenssen-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treatyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_disasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sludgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_(environmental_law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfieldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_planninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contaminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karachayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwatch_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Lenssen-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobylhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treatyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadizhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_disasterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_sludgehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre

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than the others descri%ed a%ove) %ut nonetheless has multiple and serious conse uences such asincreasing wildlife mortality) the spread of invasive species and human ingestion of to7icchemicals. >rganizations such as 5 (yres have researched the pollution and) along with artistsli&e $arina ?e6ris ) are wor&ing toward pu%licizing the issue.

(rowing evidence of local and glo%al pollution and an increasingly informed pu%lic over timehave given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement ) which generally see& tolimit human impact on the environment .

Forms of pollution

he achine 'anal in $ontreal ) Eue%ec) 'anada.

he major forms of pollution are listed %elow along with the particular contaminant relevant toeach of them:

• Air pollution : the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. 'ommongaseous pollutants include car%on mono7ide ) sulfur dio7ide ) chlorofluorocar%ons B'D'sCand nitrogen o7ides produced %y industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone andsmog are created as nitrogen o7ides and hydrocar%ons react to sunlight. Particulatematter ) or fine dust is characterized %y their micrometre size P$ 1 to P$ .5.

• ight pollution : includes light trespass) over2illumination and astronomical interference.

• ittering : the criminal throwing of inappropriate man2made o%jects) unremoved) onto pu%lic and private properties.

• @oise pollution : which encompasses roadway noise ) aircraft noise ) industrial noise aswell as high2intensity sonar .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Gyreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_DeBrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Gyreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_DeBrishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachine_Canalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteringhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_noisehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar

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• ,oil contamination occurs when chemicals are released %y spill or underground lea&age.Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocar%ons ) heavy metals ) $ 6 )!19#

her%icides) pesticides and chlorinated hydrocar%ons .

• *adioactive contamination ) resulting from th century activities in atomic physics ) such

as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research) manufacture and deployment.B,ee alpha emitters and actinides in the environment .C

• hermal pollution ) is a temperature change in natural water %odies caused %y humaninfluence) such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.

•

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good may %e produced than would %e the case if the producer were to receive payment for thee7ternal %enefits to others.

Sources and causes

Play mediaAir pollution produced %y ships may alter clouds) affecting glo%al temperatures.

Air pollution comes from %oth natural and human2made BanthropogenicC sources. owever)glo%ally human2made pollutants from com%ustion) construction) mining) agriculture and warfareare increasingly significant in the air pollution e uation. ! #

$otor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. ! 1#! #! 3# 'hina ) +nited,tates ) *ussia ) /ndia ! 4# $e7ico ) and Gapan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions.Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants ) coal2fired power plants ) oilrefineries )! 5# petrochemical plants) nuclear waste disposal activity) incinerators) large livestoc&farms Bdairy cows) pigs) poultry) etc.C) P )! 9# and generate appro7imately 3 H ofworldIs waste .!3 #!31# /n -) 'hina has overta&en the +nited ,tates as the world=s %iggest

producer of '> )!3 # while still far %ehind %ased on per capita pollution 2 ran&ed -8th among theworld=s nations .!33#

An industrial area) with a power plant) south of Jangzhou =s downtown) 'hina

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution's_Effects_on_Clouds.ogvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Aqueous-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ship_Tracks_Reveal_Pollution's_Effects_on_Clouds.ogvhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissionshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Mexicohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_pollution_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_planthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plantshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-Aqueous-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloridehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-30https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhouhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

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/n De%ruary -) a report %y the /ntergovernmental Panel on 'limate 'hange B/P''C)representing the wor& of )5 scientists) economists) and policyma&ers from more than 1countries) said that humans have %een the primary cause of glo%al warming since 195 . umanshave ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the conse uences of glo%al warming) amajor climate report concluded. 6ut to change the climate) the transition from fossil fuels li&e

coal and oil needs to occur within decades) according to the final report this year from the +@=s/ntergovernmental Panel on 'limate 'hange B/P''C. !34#

,ome of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocar%ons B'D C) heavy metals Bsuch as chromium ) cadmium Kfound in rechargea%le %atteries) and lead Kfound in lead paint )aviation fuel and still in some countries) gasoline C)$ 6 ) zinc ) arsenic and %enzene. /n 1 aseries of press reports culminating in a %oo& called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread

practice of recycling industrial %yproducts into fertilizer) resulting in the contamination of thesoil with various metals. >rdinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemicalsu%stances entering the soil environment Band often groundwaterC) emanating from the widevariety of refuse accepted) especially su%stances illegally discarded there) or from pre219-

landfills that may have %een su%ject to little control in the +.,. or +. here have also %eensome unusual releases of polychlorinated di%enzodio7ins ) commonly called dioxins forsimplicity) such as '?? .!35#

Pollution can also %e the conse uence of a natural disaster. Dor e7ample) hurricanes often involvewater contamination from sewage) and petrochemical spills from ruptured %oats or automo%iles .

arger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries areinvolved. ,ome sources of pollution) such as nuclear power plants or oil tan&ers ) can producewidespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.

/n the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle ) producing a%out

ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.

Effects

Human health

Durther information: ,oil pollution L ealth effects ) o7ic hotspots and ydraulic fracturing Lealth effects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTBEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateful_Harvesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_rigshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_hotspotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_hydrocarbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel-cadmium_batteryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasolinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTBEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fateful_Harvesthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemicalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_rigshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refineryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_tankerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehiclehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_hotspotshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing#Health_effects

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>verview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution. !3 #!3-#! 38#

Adverse air uality can &ill many organisms including humans. >zone pollution can causerespiratory disease ) cardiovascular disease ) throat inflammation) chest pain) and congestion .;ater pollution causes appro7imately 14) deaths per day) mostly due to contamination ofdrin&ing water %y untreated sewage in developing countries . An estimated 5 million /ndians have no access to a proper toilet) !39#!4 # >ver ten million people in /ndia fell ill with water%orneillnesses in 13) and 1)535 people died) most of them children .!41# @early 5 million 'hineselac& access to safe drin&ing water. !4 # A 1 analysis estimated that 1. million people died

prematurely each year in 'hina %ecause of air pollution .!43# he ; > estimated in - that air pollution causes half a million deaths per year in /ndia. !44# ,tudies have estimated that the num%er of people &illed annually in the +nited ,tates could %e over 5 ) . !45#

>il spills can cause s&in irritations and rashes . @oise pollution induces hearing loss ) high %lood pressure ) stress ) and sleep distur%ance . $ercury has %een lin&ed to developmental deficits inchildren and neurologic symptoms. >lder people are majorly e7posed to diseases induced %y air

pollution . hose with heart or lung disorders are at additional ris&. 'hildren and infants are alsoat serious ris&. ead and other heavy metals have %een shown to cause neurological pro%lems.'hemical and radioactive su%stances can cause cancer and as well as %irth defects .

Environment

Pollution has %een found to %e present widely in the environment . here are a num%er of effectsof this:

• 6iomagnification descri%es situations where to7ins Bsuch as heavy metals C may passthrough trophic levels ) %ecoming e7ponentially more concentrated in the process.

• 'ar%on dio7ide emissions cause ocean acidification ) the ongoing decrease in the p ofthe arth=s oceans as '> %ecomes dissolved.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_losshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disturbancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_qualityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseasehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-39https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-41https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-42https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-43https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-45https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_losshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressurehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disturbancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disorderhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effectshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoninghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_metalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutagenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_levelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification

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• he emission of greenhouse gases leads to glo%al warming which affects ecosystems inmany ways.

• /nvasive species can out compete native species and reduce %iodiversity . /nvasive plantscan contri%ute de%ris and %iomolecules B allelopathy C that can alter soil and chemical

compositions of an environment) often reducing native species competitiveness .

• @itrogen o7ides are removed from the air %y rain and fertilise land which can change thespecies composition of ecosystems.

• ,mog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received %y plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.

• ,oil can %ecome infertile and unsuita%le for plants. his will affect other organisms in thefood we%.

• ,ulfur dio7ide and nitrogen o7ides can cause acid rain which lowers the p value of soil.

Environmental health information

he o7icology and nvironmental ealth /nformation Program B /PC !4 # at the +nited ,tates @ational i%rary of $edicine B@ $C maintains a comprehensive to7icology and environmentalhealth we% site that includes access to resources produced %y /P and %y other governmentagencies and organizations. his we% site includes lin&s to data%ases) %i%liographies) tutorials)and other scientific and consumer2oriented resources. /P also is responsi%le for the

o7icology ?ata @etwor& B >M@ C !4-# an integrated system of to7icology and environmental

health data%ases that are availa%le free of charge on the we%.>M$AP is a (eographic /nformation ,ystem B(/,C that is part of >M@ . >M$AP uses

maps of the +nited ,tates to help users visually e7plore data from the +nited ,tatesnvironmental Protection Agency =s B PAC o7ics *elease /nventory and ,uperfund 6asic

*esearch Programs .

Regulation and monitoring

$ain article: *egulation and monitoring of pollution

o protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution) many nations worldwide haveenacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effectsof pollution.

Pollution control

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertiliserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_webhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOXMAPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_Basic_Research_Programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_Basic_Research_Programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollutionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertiliserhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_webhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-46https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOXMAPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxics_Release_Inventoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_Basic_Research_Programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_Basic_Research_Programhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution

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A litter trap catches floating waste in the Jarra *iver ) east2central

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/n the field of land development ) low impact development is a similar techni ue for the prevention of ur%an runoff .

Practices

• *ecycling

• *eusing

• ;aste minimisation

• $itigating

• Preventing

•

'ompost

Pollution control devices

• ?ust collection systems

o 6aghouses

o 'yclones

o lectrostatic precipitators

• ,cru%%ers

o 6affle spray scru%%er

o 'yclonic spray scru%%er

o jector venturi scru%%er

o $echanically aided scru%%er

o ,pray tower

o ;et scru%%er

• ,ewage treatment

o ,edimentation BPrimary treatmentC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-impact_development_(Canada/US)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_mitigationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collector#Types_of_baghouseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_spray_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_spray_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_aided_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_developmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-impact_development_(Canada/US)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoffhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reusehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_mitigationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_preventionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collectorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collector#Types_of_baghouseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_separationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitatorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_spray_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_spray_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_aided_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_towerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)

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o Activated sludge %iotreaters B,econdary treatmentF also used for industrialwastewaterC

o Aerated lagoons

o 'onstructed wetlands Balso used for ur%an runoffC

• /ndustrial wastewater treatment

o AP/ oil2water separators ! 5#!48#

o 6iofilters

o ?issolved air flotation B?ADC

o Powdered activated car%on treatment

o +ltrafiltration

•

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virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are accepta%le in allcases.

,uch simple treatment for environmental pollution on a wider scale might have had greater meritin earlier centuries when physical survival was often the highest imperative) human population

and densities were lower) technologies were simpler and their %yproducts more %enign. 6ut theseare often no longer the case. Durthermore) advances have ena%led measurement of concentrationsnot possi%le %efore. he use of statistical methods in evaluating outcomes has given currency tothe principle of pro%a%le harm in cases where assessment is warranted %ut resorting todeterministic models is impractical or infeasi%le. /n addition) consideration of the environment

%eyond direct impact on human %eings has gained prominence.

Jet in the a%sence of a superseding principle) this older approach predominates practicesthroughout the world. /t is the %asis %y which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legalrelease) e7ceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied. >ne such superseding

principle is contained in modern hazardous waste laws in developed countries) as the process of

diluting hazardous waste to ma&e it non2hazardous is usually a regulated treatment process.!51#

$igration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases can %e confronted %y challengingeconomical and technological %arriers.

Greenhouse gases and global warming

$ain article: (lo%al warming

istorical and projected '> emissions %y country Bas of 5C.,ource: nergy /nformation Administration. !5 #!53#

'ar%on dio7ide ) while vital for photosynthesis ) is sometimes referred to as pollution) %ecauseraised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the arth=s climate. ?isruption of theenvironment can also highlight the connection %etween areas of pollution that would normally %eclassified separately) such as those of water and air. *ecent studies have investigated the

potential for long2term rising levels of atmospheric car%on dio7ide to cause slight %ut criticalincreases in the acidity of ocean waters ) and the possi%le effects of this on marine ecosystems.

ost polluted places in the developing world

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-The-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidificationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-The-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification

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he 6lac&smith /nstitute ) an international non2for2profit organization dedicated to eliminatinglife2threatening pollution in the developing world) issues an annual list of some of the world=sworst polluted places. /n the - issues the ten top nominees) already industrialized countriese7cluded) are located in Azer%aijan) 'hina ) /ndia ) Peru ) *ussia ) +&raine and Nam%ia.!54#

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_Chinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution#cite_note-54