Screened Seed - Dark Tobaccodarktobacco.ca.uky.edu/files/lcvarieties_-_2.pdf · • Increase during...
Transcript of Screened Seed - Dark Tobaccodarktobacco.ca.uky.edu/files/lcvarieties_-_2.pdf · • Increase during...
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Screened Seed Dr. Gary Palmer
University of Kentucky
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Screened Seed Anne Jack
University of Kentucky
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Screened Seed Letha Tomes
Kentucky Seed Improvement
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Screened Seed Paul Denton
University of Tennessee
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Screened Seed Andy Bailey
University of Kentucky
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Industry Issues
• Big issues in tobacco industry • anti-smoking lobby • buyout • TSNAs • nornicotine
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What are TSNAs? • Tobacco Specific NitrosAmines • Nitrogen containing compounds
known to be potentially carcinogenic • Formed during curing • Increase during storage of cured leaf
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Major Factors Influencing TSNA Accumulation
• Curing conditions • Storage conditions • Nitrogen fertilization • Varietal differences – nornicotine
• high nornicotine increases chance of high TSNAs
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Nicotine Conversion • One gene responsible for conversion
of nicotine to nornicotine • these plants are known as converters • plants which do not have this mutation
are known as non-converters • Conversion
• varies with variety and seedlot • can vary with site and season
• occurs during curing, senescence
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Variation in Seedlots
72 96 51
KY lot 1 KY lot 2 Other Source
Unselected KY 9
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Variation in Varieties
33 2
KY 16 L8
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0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 19 0
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
50
6 0
70
8 0
9 0
1 8 9
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
50
6 0
70
8 0
9 0
1 8 8
Variation in Site – VA 509
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 1 7 7
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 1 6 6
0
10
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 5 1
10 19
13 8 9
9
TN 1 TN 2 NC
KY 1 KY 2 KY 3
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Nornicotine – why the fuss? • Detrimental effect on smoke
• considered undesirable long before current interest in TSNAs
• Detrimental health effects • Effect on TSNAs
• ALL THINGS BEING EQUAL, lower nornicotine = lower TSNAs
• low nornicotine no guarantee of low TSNA • curing environment over-riding effect
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NNN ppm vs % conversion NNN = 0.38 x + 1.18R = 0.68
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15 20 25
% conversion
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Why focus on nornicotine? • So many variables affect TSNAs
• few can be controlled • weather • microbial populations
• Nornicotine is the one variable which can be controlled
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What can the industry do? • Screen seed to reduce conversion
• need to identify screened seed • by renaming screened varieties
• screened cultivars re-released as “LC” cultivars • LC = “low converter” • eg TN 90 LC
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What is Screening? • Roguing converter plants out of
seed crop (breeder & foundation seed) • number & test plants individually • cut out all plants above limit (3%)
• Use ethephon to drive plants to full potential
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Screening (3%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4
nic + nornic %
conv
ersio
n %
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Ethephon Treatment
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Ethephon Treatment
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Effect of screening
8 2
Unscreened Screened
TN 90
VA 509 57 5
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Effect of Screening
• Lowers mean conversion • does not necessarily eliminate all
converter plants • most dramatic with high converters • reduced effect with low converters
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Bottom Line • Screened seed
• lower nornicotine • will HELP reduce TSNAs – no guarantee
• Industry demand • manufacturers want screened seed
• enable growers to meet requirements
• need to identify screened seedlots • can only do this by renaming screened
varieties
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“LC” Varieties • Screened varieties
• Re-released as “LC” varieties • “LC” varieties available to growers in 2005 • TN 90 LC, TN 86 LC, TN 97 LC, KT 200 LC,
KY 907 LC
• NO difference except for conversion • same for yield, quality, disease
resistance • TN 90 “LC” is still TN 90
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Thank you