YEAR 12 & 13 DIPLOMA BIOLOGY PROGRAMME2014/2015/2016

Colour coding:Core TopicsCore sub-topicsCore contentHL TopicsHL sub-topics and contentKey Practicals 1 to 7Field trip studies

TOPIC Core AHL Opt Opt Week Start EXPERIMENTAL & RESEARCH INVESTIGATIONS &

Core AHL SPECIFIC ASSIGNMENTS & CONTENTIntroductionDiagnostic EvaluationsScientific Process Enzyme Inhibition (1.5)Lab skills Practical circus (Fionnuala)CELL BIOLOGY TOPIC 1 15Introduction 1.1 & 1.5 The evolution of multicellular organisms allowed cell specialisation and cell replacementCell origins 1.5 There is unbroken chain of life from the first cells on Earth to all cells in organisms alive todayCell Introduction & Cell Theory 1.1/1.5

Origin of cells & Endosymbiotic theory 1.5

Surface area to volume limiting cell size 1.1 Sand boxes for surface area to volume ratios (1)Emergent properties 1.1

Differentiation, specialisation, stem cells 1.1

Microscopes, drawings & scale 1.1 (1.2) [1] Cell Drawings from Microscopes with scale (1.5)Characteristics of living things Observations of Paramecium and phototrophic algae (1)Ultrastructure of cells 1.2 Eukaryotes have a much more complex cell structure than prokaryotesSize in biology, ssi unitsProkaryotic cells 1.2Binary fission 1.2Eukaryotic Cells 1.2

Cell organelles 1.2Recognising & drawing from micrographs (1)Organelle building (2)

Membrane structure 1.3 The structure of biological membranes makes then fluid and dynamic

Fluid mosaic model 1.3 PBL - Constructing a model from a theoretical model

Membrane transport 1.4 Membranes control the composition of cells by active and passive transportActive v Passive transport 1.4

1.4[2] Osmosis Investigation (1.5)Inv. Thermal Death Point of Cytoplasm (1.5)

Cell division 1.6 Cell division is essential but must be controlled

Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Osmosis, Endo/Exo-cytosis

Cell cycle and ciclins 1.6

Mitosis and cytokinesis 1.6Onion Root Tip Squash Preparation & Mitotic Index (1.5)Mitosis model building (1)

Mutation & mutagens 1.6Cancer 1.6MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TOPIC 2 21Molecules to metabolism 2.1 Living orgnisms control their composition by a complex web of reactionsEssential chemistry for biology - revisionCarbon covalent bonding 2.1Organic compounds in life 2.1Metabolism: anabolic & catabolic reactions 2.1Water 2.2 Water is the medium of lifeWater hydrogen bonding 2.2Water properties 2.2

Water properties and biological benefits 2.2Thermal expansion of water (ref. Global warming 5.2) (1.5)Water properties and biological benefits research

Carbohydrates 2.3 Compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to supply and store energyMonomers, (dimers) & polymersMono/di/poly-sacharrides 2.3Condensation & hydrolysis reactions 2.3The glycosidic bond Molecular drawingsGlucose & sugars, glycogen, starch & cellulose 2.3 Use of molecular visualisation softwareMacromoleculesFatty acids & glycerol, triglycerides 2.3 Molecular drawingsSaturated, (poly)unsaturated FA's and health 2.3 Measuring BMI (1.5)Proteins 2.4 Proteins have a wide range of functions in living organismsAmino acids - the monomers 2.4 Amino Acid Chromatography (2)Universal genetic code 2.4 (2.7)Uniqueness of an individual's proteinsThe peptide bond 2.4 Molecular drawings(Primary structure) Amino acid sequence 2.4/7.3Protein structure v function 2.4 Use of molecular visualisation softwareDenaturing proteins 2.4 Denaturation of Proteins by Heat and CuSo4 (1.5)Primary protein structure 7.3Secondary protein structure 7.3Tertiary protein structure 7.3Quaternary protein structure (incl. Prosthetic groups) 7.3Organic macro-molecules Food tests for identifying Organic Biochemicals (1.5)Enzymes 2.5 Enzymes control the metabolism of the cellActive sites and enzyme catalysed reactions 2.5Denaturing 2.5pH, temperature & substrate conc. 2.5 [3] (Design & Planning) Enzyme Investigations (2)Industrial enzyme use 2.5 Research lactose-free milk production (& patent review)Enzymes and activation energy 8.1 Graphing activation energy models

Enzyme inhibition 8.1 Graphing inhibition with substrate conc.(Metabolic pathways and end-product inhibition 8.1Structure of DNA and RNA 2.6 The structure of DNA allows efficient storage of genetic informationDNA Structure (and replication) 7.1 The structure of DNA is ideally suited to its functionNucleotides 2.6

Crick & Watson - modelling 2.6

Hersey and Chase - DNA for genetic purposes 7.1

Base pairing, hydrogen bonding, anti-parallel 2.62-D DNA modelling on paper3-D DNA modelling (1.5)

Nucleosome structure and super coiling 7.1 Molecular visualisation of protein/DNA associationsDNA v RNADNA replication 2.7 Genetic information in DNA can be accurately copied(Cell cycle) 1.6Semi-conservative replication 2.7Complimentary base pairing 2.7Actions of helicase and DNA polymerase 2.7DNA (Structure and) replication 7.1 The structure of DNA is ideally suited to its function3' to 5', replication enzymes, (dis)continuous 7.1Non-coding DNA 7.1PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Genetic information in the nucleus can be translated to make the proteins needed by the cellTranscription, RNA polymerase & mRNA 2.7The genetic (triplet) code of mRNA, codons 2.7Transcription and gene expression 7.2 Information stored as a code on DNA is copied onto mRNAGene expression 7.2Transcription 5' to 3' 7.2Modification and splicing of mRNA 7.2

2.7

2.7

Translation 7.3 Information transferred from DNA to mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequenceInitiation, synthesis and termination 7.3Prokaryotes v eukaryotes 7.3Free and bound ribosomes 7.3mRNA, tRNA, enzymes and amino acids 7.3 Molecular visualisation software - tRNA & ribosomesPolysomes 7.3 Visualising polysomes from micrographsMETABOLISM, CELL RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS TOPIC 8 14Metabolism 8.1 Metabolic reactions are regulated in response to the cells needsMetabolic pathways (incl end product inhibition 8.1THE ENERGY REACTIONS - CELL RESPIRATION AND PHOTOSYNTHESISIntroduction - interconnections, role of ATPCell Respiration 2.8 Cell respiration provides energy for the functions of lifeAnaerobic respiration 2.8 Anaerobic Respiration - Yeast (Fermentation) (1.5)

PBL: Can you hold the Central Dogma of molecular biology in your hands?

Translation - mRNA, tRNA & amino acids, ribosomes and polypeptidesComplementary base pairing - DNA, mRNA, tRNA, Amino Acids

Aerobic respiration 2.8 Respiration rates and respirometers (1.5)Cell respiration 8.2 Energy is converted into a usable form in cell respirationRedox reactions - electron carriers 8.2 Wk 15Phosphorylation 8.2Glycolysis 8.2Link reaction 8.2Krebs cycle 8.2Electron transport chain 8.2Chemiosmosis 8.2Structure v function of mitochondria 8.2 Annotated diagram of mitochondriaPhotosynthesis 2.9 Photosynthesis uses the energy in sunlight to produce the energy needed for lifeVisible light, absorption & action spectra 2.9Photosynthetic pigments 2.9 [4] Chromatography (TLC) for Plant Pigments (1.5)Light dependent reactions 2.9 Light Intensity and the Rate of Photosynthesis (1.5)Light independent reactions 2.9

2.9

Limiting factors in photosynthesis 2.9 Graphing limiting factorsPhotosynthesis 8.3 Light energy is converted into chemical energyStructure v function of chloroplast 8.3 Annotated diagram of a chloroplast

8.3 Hill reaction (1.5)

8.3

PLANT BIOLOGY TOPIC 9 13Transport in xylem 9.1 Structure and function are correlated in the xylem of plantsStem, root and leaf tissues Plan diagrams v drawings of xylemTranspiration 9.1 [7] Investigating transpiration rates with potometers (1.5)

9.1 (2.2)

Active uptake of mineral ions from soil 9.1 (1.4)Osmosis 9.1 (1.4)Xerophytes and halophytesTransport in phloem 9.2 Structure and function are correlated in the phloem of plantsPhloem sieve tubes & companion cells - why & how? 9.2 Plan diagrams v drawings of phloemSources & sinks (photosynthesis products to stores) 9.2Mass flow hypothesis and mechanism 9.2Growth in plants 9.3 Plants adapt their growth to environmental conditions

9.3

Plant hormones 9.3Plant v mammalian hormonesMicropropagation of orchids in EcuadorExporting bananas from Ecuador by slow boat to Europe!

Tropic responses 9.3 Investigation into a tropic response (1)

Summary of inputs and outputs from light dependent & light independent reactions

Light dependent reactions - photolysis of water, photosystems II & 1, ETC, hydrogen carriers, oxygen production, ATP productionLight independent reactions - carboxylation of RuBP, G3P, TP, using the ATP and H, restoration of RuBP, production of carbohydrates

Water flow from roots to leaves - properties of water Ref 2.2

Meristems in stem and root apex, leaves; mitosis & cell division

Auxin and control of growth - gene expression 9.3Reproduction in Plants 9.4 Reproduction in plants in influenced by the biotic and abiotic environmentGene expression in stem apex - photoperiods 9.4Pollination, fertilisation and seed dispersal 9.4 Investigation into local pollinators and seed dispersersMutualism in plants with pollinators 9.4 Jungle pollinatorsGermination of seeds 9.4 Conditions necessary for successful germination (1)ECOLOGY TOPIC 4 12ECOLOGY & CONSERVATION Option C 15/25Species, commnities and ecosystems 4.1 The continued survival of living organisms, including humans, depends on sustainable communitiesSpecies and communities C.1 Community structure is an emergent property of an ecosystemSpecies & species diversity 4.1 C.4 Quadrat plant species diversity estimations (2)Distribution of species - determining factors C.1 Transects (2)Populations C.1 Quadrat Plant Population Estimations (Chi 2 testing) (2.5)Communities 4.1

4.1Cotopaxi Ecosystems & Abiotic Factors (1.5)[5] Sealed mesocosms

Biomes and climate C.2Temperature v precipitation v altitude - climographsWhat determines the existence of the Pramo?

Population Ecology C.5 Dynamic biological processes impact population density and population growthMeasuring size of a population of invertebrates Capture-Mark-Release-Recapture Lincoln Index (2)Exponential population growth - S & J curves C.5 Growth of yeast populations (2)Natality, mortality, immigration & emigration (im)balance C.5Limiting factors for population growth C.5Sustainable fishing industry C.5Communities and ecosystems C.2 Changes in the community structure affect and are affected by organismsMethods of feeding and feeding inter-relationships 4.1Interactions between populations (+-o) 4.1 C.1 Species/Populations interactions in Cotopaxi NPPrinciple of competitive exclusion C.1/3Community structure - keystone species C.1Fundamental & Realised niches C.1 Data analysis & niche Venn diagrams. Niche constructionPrimary succession 4.1 C.2 Primary Succession on Volcanic Soils - Cotopaxi (2)Secondary succession and human disturbance Secondary succession on cleared land - Cotopaxi (2)Energy flow 4.2 Ecosystems require a continuous flow of energy to fuel life processes and to replace energy lost as heatFood chains and webs, and trophic levels 4.2 C.2Respiration, energy loss (10% rule) & length of chains 4.2 C.2 Gersmehl diagramsFood pyramids (of energy) 4.2 Quantitative representation of pyramidsGross and net production C.2Sustainable food production C.2Carbon cycling 4.3 Continued availablity of carbon in ecosystems depends upion carbon cyclingCO2, CHO's, HCO3, 4.3CO2 & Photosynthesis (autotrophs) 4.3CO2 & Respiration 4.3Methane 4.3Peat & fossil fuels 4.3

Ecosystems - the biotic and abiotic components, energy flow and nutrient cycling

Combustion 4.3Fossilised calcium carbonate to limestone 4.3Combining all into quantitative carbon cycle diagrams 4.3Nitrogen and phosphorous cycles C.6 Soil cycles are liable to disruptionNitrogen cycle C.6Bacteria of N cycle C.6 Table of bacterial involvement - bacteria and their rolesPhosphorous cycle C.6

C.6

Impacts of humans on ecosystems C.3 Human activities impact on ecosystem functionInvasive, alien species C.3 Galpagos research project - invasive speciesBiological control of invasive species C.3 Galpagos biological control of cottony scale insectBiomagnification C.3 DDT & Malaria - African Fish eaglePlastics debris in marine enviroments C.3 Case studies: Laysan albatross and Climate change 4.4 Concentrations of gases in the atmosphere affect climates experiences at the Earth's surfaceGreenhouse gases & impact factor 4.4The physics of global warming & climate change 4.4Atmos. CO2 & rising global temperature - evidence 4.4 Plotting & critical analysis of emissions data, claims, etc.

Causes - combustion etc. 4.4

Consequences and evidence of consequences Cotopaxi glacier recession - monitoring (3)Managing Climate changeConservation of biodiversity C.4 Entire communities need to be conserved in order to preserve biodiversity

Indicator species C.4Biogeographic factors and species diversity C.4Measuring diversity - Simpson's Index C.4 Comparing diversity in Cotopaxi communities (2)

C.4 Active management of Cotopaxi NP (1)C.4

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY TOPIC 6 20ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY TOPIC 11 16Digestion and absorption 6.1 The structure of the wall of the small intestine allows it to move, digest and absorb foodThe human digestive system 6.1 Annotated diagramPeristalsis 6.1

6.1

Enzymes - lipases, carbohydrases & proteases 6.1 Enzyme Digestion Investigations (2)The enzymes of the pancreas 6.1Villi and absorption 6.1 Dialysis investigation (1)The liver and its blood circulation 6.1Tissue layers of small intestine 6.1Movement 11.2 The roles of the musculo-skeletal system are movement, support and protectionEndo and exo skeletons - support and movement 11.2 Insect leg movement incl. musclesThe physics of levers 11.2Synovial joints 11.2

Annotated diagram of the elbow joint

Leaching of mineral ions -> eutrophication -> increased BOD

Inv. BOD comparisons of water of different quality around school (1.5)

Defining biodiversity & the importance of conserving biodiversity

In situ conservationEx situ conservation

Digestion - macro to simple molecules (incl. polymers to monomers) NB Cellulose

Antagonistic muscles 11.2Annotated diagram of the elbow joint

Muscle structure: fibres - myofibrils - sarcomeres 11.2 Labelled diagram of sarcomereUnique cell structure of muscle fibres 11.2Sliding filament theory 11.2ATP, cross bridges and control of muscle contraction 11.2The blood system 6.2 The blood system continuously transports substances to cells and simultaneously collects waste products

The heart - structure v function 6.2 Heart Dissection (2)

6.2

Control of heart beat - SAN & AVN, Brain, epiniphrine 6.2 Exercise and Pulse rates (1)What is blood? Blood smear identification of cellsArteries, capillaries and veins - form v function 6.2(CVD &) Coronary heart disease 6.2/3Exchange through capillaries 6.2Gas exchange 6.4 The lungs are actively ventilated to ensure that gas exchange can occur passivelyThe breathing system - mouth/nose to alveoli 6.4

6.4 [6] Exercise and Breathing Rates (1.5)

Pressure changes and differences during ventilation 6.4Gas exchange in alveoli (incl. Pneumocytes I and II) 6.4Diseases of the lungs - cancer and emphysema 6.4Neurones and synapses 6.5 Neurones transmit the message, synapses modulate the message Urine diagnostic investigation (1.5)Neurones link receptors through the CNS to effectorsNerves, nerve fibres and neuronesThe essential structure of a myelinated neuroneResting and action potentials - the mechanisms 6.5 Examination of oscilloscope traces

Synapses and neurotransmitters 6.5

Hormones, homeostasis (and reproduction) 6.6 Hormones are used when signals need to be widely distributedPancreas - Insulin & glucagon, Type I & II diabetes 6.6The idea of negative (and positive) feedbackThyroids - thyroxine 6.6Leptin 6.6Melatonin - pineal gland 6.6

The kidney and osmoregulation 11.3 All animals excrete ntrogenous waste products and some animals also balance water and solute concentrationsWhat is nitrogenous waste? Different forms. Why? 11.3Osmoregulation (ref homeostasis 6.6) 11.3Malphigian tubules & kidney do the same job 11.3Renal arterial v venous blood 11.3 Table to compare arterial with venous bloodUltrastructure of nephron 11.3

Labelled diagram nephron - annotated for processes11.3

Analysis of contraction photomicrographs. Modelling of sliding filament theory

The circulatory system - linking organs of the body, the heart and the lungs

The way the heart functions - chambers, valves and pumps

The mechanisms of lung ventilation, incl diaphragm and internal & external intercostal muscles

Osmoregulation and nitrogenous removal in kidneys (ADH, salts, active pumping, etc.)

11.3 Inv. Testing 'urine samples' (1.5)

11.3 The desert kangaroo rat and its biology

Defence against infectious disease 6.3 The human body has structures and processes that resist the continuous threat of invasion by pathogensPrimary defences - skin 6.3Blood clotting mechanism 6.3Phagocytes and non-specific immunity 6.3Antibody production and specific immunity 6.3Antibiotics and bacterial resistance 6.3Viruses

6.3Antibody production and vaccination 11.1 Antibody production is based on recognition of self and destruction of foreign material

11.1

T lymphocytes activate B lymphocytes 11.1Cloning of B cells - plasma and memory cells 11.1Plasma cells and antibodies 11.1White cells and histamines and allergies 11.1

11.1 Flow chart for use of a vaccine

11.1 IM: Epidemiology of modern diseases - HIV, SARS, Ebola11.1 IM: Epidemiology of international vaccine programmes

Tumour cells, hybridoma cells, monoclonal antibodies 11.111.1 Applications - pregnancy testing and tissue rejection

(Hormones, homeostasis and) Human Reproduction 6.6 Hormones are used when signals need to be widely distributedSexual reproduction 11.4 Sexual reproduction involves the development and fusion of haploid gametesMale and female reproductive organs 6.6 Labelled and annotated diagrams

6.6

6.6

Interactions of the 4 hormones of the menstrual cycle 6.6Spermatogenesis process and results 11.4 Drawings (1)Oogenesis - process and results 11.4 Drawings (1)Fertilisation 11.4Implantation 11.4Foetal growth and development, incl. placenta 11.4 Growth graphingBirth, incl. hormone interactions 11.4

11.4

11.4 Concept map with human reproduction as central concept

11.4

GENETICS TOPIC 3 15

Applications: dialysis (& diabetes), kidney stones, dehydration, urine testing, drugs in sport, kidney transplantsEvolutionary aspects; physiological & anatomical adaptations

Uniqueness of an organisms cell surface membranes, so pathogens are mostly species specific, as are antibodies

Immunity is memory for pathogens. Vaccines provide memory without the disease

Testosterone and male primary and secondary sexual characteristicsOestrogen and progesterone and female primary and secondary characteristics

Detailed hormone interactions throughout menstrual cycle and pregnancy

GENETICS (AND EVOLUTION) TOPIC 10 8Genes 3.1 Every living organism inherits a blueprint of life from its parents

Genes, loci, alleles 3.1

Genome & Human Genome Project 3.1 Base sequencing data analysis (Cytochrome C)

Comparing gene totals 3.1

Mutations (base substitution) 3.1 Sickle celled anaemia

Chromosomes 3.2 Chromosomes carry genes in a linear sequence which is shared by members of a speciesProkaryotic DNA and plasmids 3.2Eukaryotic DNA - linear chromosomes 3.2Homologous chromosomes and alleles 3.2 Comparing lengths of DNA by autoradiographyDiploid and haploid nuclei 3.2

Species and chromosome numbers 3.2

X & Y (sex) chromosomes (ref 6.6 testosterone) 3.2

Karyotyping 3.2 Karyotyping to show Down's Syndrome (1)

Meiosis 3.3 Alleles segregate during meiosis allowing new combinations to be formed by the fusion of gametes2n -> 4 x n n + n = 2n again 3.3Outline of 2 stages M1 & M2 (incl crossover) 3.3 Diagramatic flow chart representation ('A' prac)

Cell cycle and DNA replication

3.3

Chromosome non-dysjunction (ref Down's syndrome) 3.3Meiosis 10.1 Meiosis leads to independent assortment of chromosomes and unique composition of alleles in daughter cellsCross-over, chiasmata and recombination 10.1

Modelling Meiosis (1.5)Meiosis I and Meiosis II 10.1Independent assortment 10.1Inheritance 3.4 The inheritance of genes follows patternsMendel and his experiments 3.4Haploid - diploid; gametes - zygotes 3.4

Dominant and recessive alleles and co-dominance 3.4IM: ABO Blood groups - population statisticsUsing punnet matrices for monohybrid inheritancePredicted ratios and outcomes - using data

Pedigree charts 3.4 Using pedigree chartsGenetic diseases (ref CF in Pre-Diploma) 3.4Sex linkage 3.4 Red/Green colour blindness & Haemophilia

Carcinogens & mutagens and mutation & cancer

Inheritance 10.2 Genes may be linked or unlinked and are inherited accordingly

Databases to locate a human gene and knowing its protein product

Comparing genome size in T2 phages in different species Comparing chromosome numbers in different species

(1.6/2.7) 3.3

Significance of random segregation, cross over, random orientation and chance fertilisation for genetic variation and evolution

(1.6/3.1) 3.4

Unlinked genes assort independently; linked genes, no 10.2Discrete and continuous variation - polygenes 10.2Nature v nurture (inheritance v environment) 10.2

10.2

Dihybrid inheritance and punnet matrices 10.2 Using punnet matrices for dihybrid crossesPredicting dihybrid ratios and seeing linkage 10.2

10.2Genetic modification and biotechnology 3.5 Biologists have developed techniques for artificial manipulation of DNA, cells and organismsGel electrophoresis and PCR 3.5DNA profiling 3.5 Paternity and forensic data exercises

3.5 Research examples

Cloning - Natural and artificial, animals and plants 3.5

EVOLUTION AND BIODIVERSITY TOPIC 5 12(GENETICS AND) EVOLUTION TOPIC 10Evidence for evolution 5.1 There is overwhelming evidence for the evolution of life on EarthWhat is evolution? 5.1The evidence - the fossil record 5.1The evidence - pentadactyl limb 5.1The evidence - homologous structures 5.1The evidence - artificial selection 5.1Adaptive radiation of Galpagos finches 5.1

Natural selection 5.2 The diversity of life has evolved and continues to evolve by natural selection

5.2

Potential for limitless reproduction 5.2Competition for resources and survival 5.2

5.2

Therefore there are changes in allele frequency 5.25.2

Gene pools and speciation 10.3 Gene pools change over timeGene pools and changing allele frequencies 10.3

10.3 IM: Examples - think globally

10.3

Gradual or rapid speciation; punctuated equilibrium 10.3 Examples - think Galpagos islandsPolyploidy 10.3 Allium lilyClassification and biodiversity 5.3 Species are named and classified using an internationally agreed systemThe binomial system of classification 5.3

5.3 Full classification of one plant and one animal species

Classification features of major groups of plants 5.3Classification features of major groups of animals 5.3Classification features of vertebrates 5.3

Chi squared testing of frequency distribution to statistically show probability of linkage

Genetic modification using bacteria - plasmids, restriction enzymes and DNA ligase

Factor affecting rooting of a stem cutting - design and implementation (2)

Variation must be present - mutations, meiosis and sexual reproduction (3.3)

IM: The finches of Daphne Major and bacterial antibiotic resistance (6.3) as examples of natural selection at work

Best adapted have greater survival and thus produce more offspring, passing on their alleles

The Biston betularia story

Temporal, behavioural or geographic reproductive isolation

Examples and graphing of directional, stabilising, disruptive selection

3 domains and hierarchy of taxa according to evolved similarities and differences, and importance of common ancestral species

Making a dichotomous key 5.3 Dichotomous key (1.5)Cladistics 5.4 The ancestry of groups of species can be deduced by comparing their base or amino acid sequencesWhat is a clade?The evidence for a clade design Analysis of cladistic evidenceAnalogous and homologous traits

Check

IM: Scientific process accepted as common methodology

NoS: Exceptions to cell theory

Microscope as a major advance in obtaining knowledge

IM: A commonly agreed measuring system

NoS: Electron microscopes expanding knowledge

NoS: Precise and quantitative data

Dialysis treatment

CONNECTIONS - Nature of Science, Applications, International mindedness, ToK

Historical and modern ideas - Pasteur NoS: Testing scientific principles

NoS: Ethical issues of stem cell research. IM: How is stem cell research controlled around the world?

NoS: Scientific Models NoS: Models superseding models

NoS: Accidental discovery of ciclins

Mitotic Index & Cancer

Smoking and cancerIM: Forms of cancer. Some global statistics.

NoS: Theories project to properties

IM: Water scarcity. Quito?

NoS, IM: lipids and health - assessment & links

NoS: Universality of amino acids; exceptionsWhy universal?Uniqueness v universality

Qualitative v quantitive data

NoS: Accurate, quantitative measurements & replicates

Use of inhibitors in medicine

Rosalind Franklin, x-ray diffraction & double helix

NoS: How evidence is collected, to then propose a theory

ToK 'Junk' DNAThe Central Dogma of molecular biology

Universality of genetic code - allows genetic modification

NoS Digital advances in bioinformatics

Applications: Brewing (ethanol) and baking (CO2)

NoS: Modelling as a way to gain knowledge ToK: The story of the DNA model - collaboration and competition

NoS: Ethical issues of use of invertebrates

The significance of chemiosmotic theory

NoS: Controlling variables

ToK Lollipops and Calvin

Global Artifical Photosynthesis Project

The wonder of aphid stylets and radioactive CO2

Technology in the local market

NoS: Significance for whole ecosystems & crop plants

Definitions don't work! How to define a species (cf 3.2)

ToK: Random sampling means?

Human population growth issues

NoS: patterns, trends & discrepanciesCoral reef algae & reef bleaching

Keystone species in different ecosystems

NoS: length of food chains v energyInformation transfer - field data to visual

Should humans all be vegetarian?

Making the visual evidence quantitative

Best farming practices

NoS: Data analysis. What do the data really say?

Critical analysis of data incl. ReefsLevels of responsibility and action. Precautionary principle

Galpagos Island diversity

Captive breeding and reintroduction of Condor to CNP

NoS: Dialysis - an artificial way to represent absorption

NoS: Anthropogenic causes. Who is to blame? IM: Country emissions dats compared

Ecological, genetic & species diversity. Profile species. Cultural factors. Can diversity be defined? How?

NoS: Developing knowledge and understandingAdapatation for functions

NoS: Overtunring theories. Theories can be weak.

NoS: Epidemiology - evidence for cancer links

Treating diabetes

Obesity treatmentJet lagHormone therapies - medical treatment

The action of some pesticides (and drugs). Links between natural neurotransmitters and modern medicine

Atherosclerosis and CVD (6.2)

HIV & AIDSPenicillin and Florey & Chain's experiments. Risky?

NoS: Risks for the purpose of expanding knowledge

IM: WHO and international cooperation

William Harvey's investigations & state of knowledge

IVF

Visualising information. (Exam prep)

Smallpox, Jenner, ethics of what he did to 'discover' vaccines

Ethical issues and applications: IVF, contraception, commercial use of hormones, frozen embryos. NoS: Knowledge of hormone impacts

IM: The genetics of human diversity

cf Definition of a species (4.1)

NoS: Autoradiography techniques improve knowledge

IM: Down's syndrome geography, incidence and age.Disabilities and society.Obtaining chromosome samples - risksWhat to do with genetic prior knowledge?

NoS: Careful interpretation of data leads to advances

NoS: Anomalies - linked genes as explanation

NoS: Data; data; data to generate knowledge & theory

IM: Hiroshima and Chernobyl

Mendel - patterns & trnds; now - discrepancies and exceptions

Patenting the human genome? Who has the rights? NoS: Technology improvements lead to knowledge improvements IM: Scientific cooperation for a common goal.

IM: SCA & Malaria ToK: Correlation or cause?

Selective breeding in farming. Selective breeding in humans?

Value of statistical evidence

NoS: GM debate

Dolly

ToK: Evolutionary historyNoS: Patterns, trends and discrepancies - limbsDoes the evidence amount to a case? Are there other explanations?

Is the story flawed?

Punctuated equilibrium and DarwinNoS: Speciation and Polyploidy

NoS: Collaboration and compatibility

ToK: Supporting or rejecting a theory. What evidence is enough?

NoS: Cladistic v structural classification. One system replaces and corrects another

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