High Resolution Hadron Calorimetry Option for the SiD? Adam Para ALCPG meeting, December 20, 2007.
Scintillator-based Hadron Calorimetry at the...
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ScintillatorScintillator--basedbasedHadronHadron CalorimetryCalorimetry
for the ILC/for the ILC/SiDSiDDhiman Chakraborty
International Linear Collider WorkshopsSnowmass, 14-27 Aug, 2005
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Why (not) Why (not) scintillatorsscintillators??• Tested and true, well understood & optimized,• New developments in cell fabrication & photo-
detection help meet ILC/PFA demands – Fine segmentation at a reasonable cost– Photodetection and digitization inside detector ⇒min. signal loss/distortion, superior hermeticity
• Can operate in both analog and digital modes– Measures energy, unlike RPC & GEM that only offer
hit-counting (“tracking” or “imaging” calorimetry)– Remains a viable option if digital PFA fails to deliver.
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Design Considerations: PFADesign Considerations: PFA• Need ≲10 cm2 lateral segmentation.• At least ~35 layers and ~4λ must fit in ~1 m along R.
– Min. Rin driven by tracker performance.– Max. Rout limited by magnet and material costs.– Min. absorber fraction limited by the need for
shower containment.• ⇒2 cm thick absorber layers if SS (less if W).• ⇒0.6-0.8 cm sensitive layers must respond to MIPs
with good efficiency and low noise.(cont’d...)
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Design Considerations: PFADesign Considerations: PFA(…cont’d)
• Good lateral containment of showers is important for minimizing the confusion term.
• W absorber in ECal ⇒ e/π compensation is not built in ⇒ must be achieved in software ⇒ particle id (inside calorimeter by shower shape?) may be important.
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Design Considerations: OthersDesign Considerations: Others• The technology must be
– Reliable,– Mechanically sound, – Operable inside strong (~4.5T) magnetic field,– Capable of 15+ years of running,– Tolerant to ~5σ fluctuations in T, P, humidity,
purity of gas (if any). Monitoring will be necessary if response depends strongly on any of these,
– Suited for mass-production and assembly of millions of cells in ~40 layers, (cont’d…)
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Design Considerations: OthersDesign Considerations: Others• The technology must be (…cont’d)
– Allow hermetic construction (minimum cracks/gaps) – Safe (HV, gas, …),– Compatible with other subsystems (MDI?),– Amenable to periodic calibration,– Able to handle the rates (deadtime < 0.1 s?)– Cost-effective (including construction, electronics,
operation).
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Hardware testsHardware testsCells made of cast (Bicron) and extruded scintillators
(NICADD/FNAL) have been extensively tested with many variations of– Shape (hexagonal, square),– Size, thickness– Surface treatment (polishing, coating),– Fibers (manufacturer, diameter, end-treatment)– Grooves (σ− shaped, straight)– Photodetectors (PMT, APD, SiPM, MRS)
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Hardware testsHardware tests• Different cell and groove shapes with extruded and
cast scintillators
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Hardware Prototypes (DESY Hardware Prototypes (DESY ““MiniCalMiniCal””))•DESY 6 GeV e beam 2003-2004•108 scintillator tiles (5x5cm)•Readout with Silicon PMs on tile, APDs or PMTs via fibres
2 cm steel
0.5 cm active
DES Y, Hamburg U, ITEP, LPI, MEPHI, Prague
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DESY DESY ““MiniCalMiniCal”” Test Beam resultsTest Beam results• Resolution as good as
with PM or APD*• Non-linearity can be
corrected (at tile level)– Does not deteriorate
resolution – Need to observe
single photon signals for calibration
• Well understood in MC • Stability not yet
challenged
NIM A (2005)
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Choosing the Optimum ThresholdChoosing the Optimum ThresholdEfficiency and Noise Rejection
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-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Number of MIPs
Perc
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EfficiencyNoise Rejection
0.25 MIP threshold: efficient, quietILCW2005, Snowmass Scintillator-based HCal for ILC
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Miscellaneous MeasurementsMiscellaneous Measurements
Response ratios between types, glues, fibers,…• Scintillator type: extruded/cast ≈ 0.7• Optical glue: EJ500/BC600 ≈ 1.0• Fiber: Y11/BCF92 ≈ 3.2
– Y11 = 1 mm round Kuraray,– BCF92 = 0.8 mm square Bicron
Extruded/cast (cost) ≈ 0.05
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Optimum parametersOptimum parameters• Shape: Hexagonal or Square• Thickness: 5 mm• Lateral area: 4 - 9 cm2
• Groove: straight• Fiber: Kuraray 1 mm round (or similar)• Fiber glued, surface painted• Scintillator type: Extruded
But a bigger question is the photodetector:PMTs are costly, bulky, won’t operate in B field.We have been investigating APDs, MRS, Si-PM…
Based on what we have learnt so far
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The Metal/Resistor/ The Metal/Resistor/ Semiconductor Photodiode (MRS)Semiconductor Photodiode (MRS)• From the Center of Perspective Technologies & Apparatus (CPTA),
• Multi-pixel APDs with every pixel operating in the limited Geiger
multiplication mode & sensitive to single photon,
• 1000+ pixels on 1 mm x 1 mm sensor,
• Avalanche quenching achieved by resistive layer on sensor,
• Detective QE of up to 25% at 500 nm,
• Good linearity (within 5% up to 2200 photons)
• Immune to magnetic field,
• Radiation-tolerant.
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Study of MRS/Study of MRS/SiPMSiPM• Determination of Working point:
– bias voltage, – threshold, – temperature
• Linearity of response• Stress tests: magnetic field, exposure to
radiation.• Tests with scintillator using cosmic rays
and radioactive source.
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Metal Resistive Semiconductors (MRS)Metal Resistive Semiconductors (MRS)
LED signal
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ADC counts
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Typical pulseheight spectrum
Poduced by the Center of Perspective
Technologies & Apparatus (CPTA)
B. Dolgoshein
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SiPMSiPM SummarySummaryWe have conducted a set of measurements to illustrate the potential
use of Si photodetectors in High Energy Collider experiments in general, and for hadron calorimetry at the ILC in particular.
• Good MIP sensitivity, strong signal (gain ~O(106)),• Fast: Rise time ≈ 8 ns, Fall time < 50 ns, FWHM ≈ 12 ns (w/ amp)• Very compact, simple operation (HV, T, B,…),• Each sensor requires determination of optimal working point,• Noise is dominated by single photoelectron: a threshold to reject
1 PE reduces the noise by a factor of ~2500,• The devices operate satisfactorily at room temperature (~22 ˚C).
Cooling reduces noise and improves gain, • Not affected by magnetic field (tested in up to 4.4 T + quench),• No deterioration of performance from 1 Mrad of γ irradiation.
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SiPMSiPM prospects on the horizonprospects on the horizon• Bigger SiPMs are under development
– 3mm x 3mm made, but require cooling to -40 C– 5mm x 5mm thought possible– cost increase: insignificant (CPTA), linear (H’matsu)?
• 5mm x 5mm may help us eliminate fibers– put the SiPM directly on the cells– wavelength matching by n-on-p (sensitive to blue
scint. light) or WLS film– hugely simplifies assembly
• Better uniformity across sample with purer Si.ILCW2005, Snowmass Scintillator-based HCal for ILC
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Simulation StudiesSimulation StudiesGeometries considered
Scint HCal
Steel 20mmPolystyrene 5mm
Gas Geom1
Steel 20mm
Gas 5mm
Gas Geom2
G10
Glass 1mm
Gas 1mm
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ππ++ energy resolution as function of energy resolution as function of energy for different (linear) cell sizesenergy for different (linear) cell sizes
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CompensationCompensation• Cell counting has its own version of the
compensation problem (in scintillators).• With multiple thresholds this can be
overcome by weighting cells differently (according to the thresholds they passed).
• In MC, 3 thresholds seem to be adequate.
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ππ++ energy resolution vs. energyenergy resolution vs. energy
Two-bit (“semi-digital”) rendition offers better resolution than analog
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NhitNhit vs. fraction of vs. fraction of ππ++ E in cells with E>10 MIP:E in cells with E>10 MIP:Gas vs. scintillatorGas vs. scintillator
2-bit readout affords significant resolution improvement over 1-bit for scintillator, but not for gas
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ππ++ energy resolution vs. energyenergy resolution vs. energyMultiple thresholds not used
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NonNon--linearitylinearity• Nhit/GeV varies with energy.• This will introduce additional
pressure on the “constant” term.• For scintillator, the non-linearity
can be effectively removed by “semi-digital” treatment.
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ππ±± angular width: density weightedangular width: density weighted
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Simulation SummarySimulation Summary• Large parameter space in the nbit-
segmentation-medium plane for hadron calorimetry. Optimization through cost-benefit analysis?
• Scintillator and Gas-based ‘digital’ HCalsbehave differently.
• Need to simulate detector effects (noise, x-talk, non-linearities, etc.)
• Need verification in test-beam data.• More studies underway.
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TB: TB: ScintScint HCalHCal layer assemblylayer assembly
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SummarySummary• Simulations indicate (semi-) digital approach to be
competitive with analog calorimetry• Prototypes indicate scintillator offers sufficient
sensitivity (light x efficiency) & uniformity.• Now optimizing materials & construction to minimize
cost with required sensitivity.• SiPM and MRS photodetectors look very promising.• Preparations for Test Beam (Analog tile HCal and Strip
tail-catcher/muon tracker) are in full swing.
All-in-all scint looks like a competitive option.We are moving toward the next prototype.
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Thank you!Thank you!For further details, see talks given by DC at• The LC study group mtg on 26 May ’05,• The Beaune Photodetection Conference,
19-24 June ’05. Links athttp://www.fnal.gov/~dhiman/talks.html
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Backup slidesBackup slides
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Working point determination with LEDWorking point determination with LED
• The MRS is to able to separate single photoelectrons• Different response under identical setup ⇒ working point must be determined for each channel individually
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Cosmic MIP detection with Cosmic MIP detection with SiPMSiPM
Comparable to PMTComparable to PMT
Light output vs bias
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Noise Rate vs. Bias Voltage & ThresholdNoise Rate vs. Bias Voltage & Threshold
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• The right end of the plateau region in the Figure on left is optimal for our purpose.
• For thresholds in the range of 80±10 mV and bias voltage in
50.0±0.5 V, the dark noise is well under control.
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Signal & Noise Amplitudes vs. Bias VoltageSignal & Noise Amplitudes vs. Bias Voltage
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100120140160180
48 50 52 54 56 58
Bias (V)
Noi
se A
mpl
itude
(mV)
0
5
10
15
20
48 50 52 54 56 58
Bias (V)
S/N
• For this particular device S/N peaks at Vbias≈ 52 V • Sharp peaking in S/N⇒ working point must be found for each piece.
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Temperature DependenceTemperature Dependence
0
100
200
300
400
500
19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5 25.5Temperature (oC)
Noi
se (H
z)
y = -14.369x + 667.86χ2/DoF=0.89
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5Temperature (oC)
Sign
al A
mpl
itude
(mV)
• Bias = 51.3 mV, threshold = 80 mV
• Loss in signal amplitude with increase in T ≈ 3.5%/˚C
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Fiber Positioning on MRSFiber Positioning on MRS
Optimal fiber-sensor
mating is crucial.
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5Position, mm
Sign
al
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Distance from Sensor, mm
Sign
al
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
-3.5 -1.75 0 1.75 3.5Angle, o
Sign
al
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Linearity of ResponseLinearity of ResponseSince the response of an individual pixel is not proportional to nγ,
(unless it has had time in between to recover), non-linearity is
expected when the detector receives a large number of photons.
ILCW2005, Snowmass Scintillator-based HCal for ILC Dhiman Chakraborty
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0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
0 1500 3000 4500
Number of Photons
Res
pons
e: m
easu
red/
"bes
t"Deviation reaches 5% (10%)
at nγ ≈ 2200 (3000) or,
nPE ≈ 550 (750).
One MIP ≈17 PE
⇒ up to 32 MIPs can be
measured within 5%
linearity.
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Stress Tests: Effect of Stress Tests: Effect of MagMag. field. fieldNo significant effect of fields up to 4.4 T and quenching at 4.5T:
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Stress Tests: Effect of IrradiationStress Tests: Effect of Irradiation
ILCW2005, Snowmass Scintillator-based HCal for ILC Dhiman Chakraborty
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• No detectable damage from 1 Mrad of γ:y = 6E-05x + 1χ2/DoF=0.857
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
48 50 52 54 56 58Bias (V)
Rat
io o
f Fre
quen
cies
y = -1E-05x + 1χ2/DoF=0.851
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.01
1.03
1.05
0 40 80 120
Threshold (mV)
Fatio
of N
oise
Fre
quen
cies
y = 3E-05x + 1χ2/DoF=0.873
0.96
0.98
1
1.02
1.04
48 50 52 54 56 58
Bias (V)
Rat
io o
f Sig
nal A
mpl
itude
s
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Hit timingHit timing
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Hit timing (contd.)Hit timing (contd.)
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Hit timing (contd.)Hit timing (contd.)
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Hit timing (contd.)Hit timing (contd.)Scintillator
RPC
•Same Z→jj event at pole
•Same cell size (1cm x 1 cm)
•Same threshold of 0.25 MIP
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Hit timing (contd.)Hit timing (contd.)ECal hits in the same events as on the last slide
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Time of flightTime of flight
t (ns)
dNhi
t/dt
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TimeTime--ofof--flight dependence of resolutionflight dependence of resolution
100ns/5µs
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Avalanche PhotoAvalanche Photo--DiodesDiodesHamamatsu APD gain vs V @ diff wavelengths (T= 18 ºC)
1.0
10.0
100.0
1000.0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Bias Voltage, V
Gai
n
486nm 565nm for 587nm 660nm
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