Scientist Biography

7/30/2019 Scientist Biography

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Albert Einstein Facts

Albert Einstein is perhaps the most famous scientist of all time. Both his image and brilliant work on theoretical physics lon today and he serves as an inspiration to young scientists around the world.

Galileo Facts

Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who helped open the eyes of the world to a new way of thinkingabout the workings of our solar system and astronomy in general.

Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy, on the 15th of February 1564,he died on the 8th of January 1642.

Galileo was a ground breaking astronomer, physicist, mathematician,philosopher and inventor. Among his inventions were telescopes, acompass and a thermometer.

Galileo enrolled to do a medical degree at the University of Pisa butnever finished, instead choosing to study mathematics.

Galileo built on the work of others to create a telescope with around3x magnification, he later improved on this to make telescopes witharound 30x magnification.

With these telescopes, Galileo was able to observe the skies in wayspreviously not achieved. In 1610 he made observations of 4 objectssurrounding Jupiter that behaved unlike stars, these turned out to beJupiters for largest satellite moons: Io, Callisto, Europa andGanymede. They were later renamed the Galilean satellites in honorof Galileo himself.

The discovery of these moons was not supported by the scientificprinciples of the time and Galileo had trouble convincing some peoplethat he had indeed discovered such objects. This was similar to other


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ideas put forward by Galileo that were very controversial at the time.

The Geocentric model of the universe which was embraced by earlierastronomers had the Earth at the center of the universe with otherobjects moving around it. Work by Galileo, Nicolaus Copernicus andJohannes Kepler helped to supercede this theory with the moreaccurate heliocentric model. Such a view of the universe differed

strongly with the beliefs of the Catholic Church at the time and Galileowas forced to withdraw many of his ideas and even spent the finalyears of his life under house arrest.

Galileo refused to believe Keplers theory that the moon caused thetides, instead believing it was due to the nature of the Earths rotation(helping prove that even the smartest people can make mistakes).

Famous Galileo quotes include: In questions of science the authorityof a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a singleindividual.

See now the power of truth; the same experiment which at firstglance seemed to show one thing, when more carefully examined,assures us of the contrary.

Alas! Your dear friend and servant Galileo has been for the lastmonth hopelessly blind; so that this heaven, this earth, this universe,which I by my marvelous discoveries and clear demonstrations hadenlarged a hundred thousand times beyond the belief of the wise menof bygone ages, henceforward for me is shrunk into such a smallspace as is filled by my own bodily sensations.

Johannes Kepler Facts

Johannes Kepler helped lead a scientific revolution in the 17th century with his amazing work in the fieldof astronomy. Among his many contributions were the three laws of planetary motion.

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematicianwho lived from December the 27th 1571 to November the 15th1630.

Kepler played a key role in the scientific revolution that occurred inthe 17th century, contributing a number of scientific breakthroughsincluding his famous laws of planetary motion.

The three laws of planetary motion devised by Kepler are:

1. The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a focus.

2. A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areasduring equal intervals of time.3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is directlyproportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

Kepler was interested in astronomy from an early age, this interestwas further piqued when he witnessed both a comet in 1577 aswell as a lunar eclipse in 1580.

Kepler attended the University of Tbingen where he studiedphilosophy, excelled in mathematics, further developed hisremarkable astronomy skills and even found time to create


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horoscopes for other students.

Kepler achieved much of his work around the same time asanother famous astronomer, Galileo Galilei. The two often haddisagreeing opinions but their concurrent work helped spurphysics, philosophy and astronomy forward rapidly to a new levelof understanding.

Keplers work on planetary motion helped Isaac Newton laterdevise his own theory of universal gravitation.

Some of Keplers famous work includes: Mysteriumcosmographicum (The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos -1596),

Astronomia nova (New Astronomy - 1609), Harmonice Mundi(Harmony of the Worlds - 1619) and Epitome astronomiaeCopernicanae (Epitome of Copernican Astronomy - publishedbetween 1618 and 1621).

NASA honored Kepler by naming a mission after him. Launchedon March 6 2009, the Kepler Mission involves a high-tech spacetelescope that will search for other Earth-like planets.

Famous Johannes Kepler quotes include: Nature uses as little aspossible of anything.

I much prefer the sharpest criticism of a single intelligent man tothe thoughtless approval of the masses.

I used to measure the heavens, now I measure the shadows ofEarth.

Geometry has two great treasures; one is the Theorem ofPythagoras; the other, the division of a line into extreme and meanratio. The first we may compare to a measure of gold; the secondwe may name a precious jewel.

Isaac Newton Facts

Sir Isaac Newton is one of the most influential scientists of all time. He came up with numerous theoriesand contributed ideas to many different fields including physics, mathematics and philosophy.

Born in England, Isaac Newton was a highly influential physicist,astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, alchemist andtheologian.

In 1687, Newton published Philosophae Naturalis PrincipiaMathematica, what is widely regarded to be one of the importantbooks in the history of science. In it he describes universalgravitation and the three laws of motion, concepts that remained atthe forefront of science for centuries after.

Newtons law of universal gravitation describes the gravitationalattraction between bodies with mass, the earth and moon forexample.

Newtons three laws of motion relate the forces acting on a body toits motion. The first is the law of inertia, it states that every objectin motion will stay in motion until acted upon by an outside force.The second is commonly stated as force equals mass timesacceleration, or F = ma. The third and final law is commonlyknown as to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Other significant work by Newton includes the principles ofconservation related to momentum and angular momentum, the


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refraction of light, an empirical law of cooling, the building of thefirst practical telescope and much more.

Newton moved to London in 1696 and took up a role as theWarden of the Royal Mint, overseeing the production of the PoundSterling.

Newton was known to have said that his work on formulating a

theory of gravitation was inspired by watching an apple fall from atree. A story well publicized to this very day.

Famous Isaac Newton quotes include: " Plato is my friend -Aristotle is my friend - but my greatest friend is truth."

"If I have seen further it is only by standing on the shoulders ofGiants."

"I can calculate the motions of the heavenly bodies, but not themadness of people."

"I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself Iseem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, anddiverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or aprettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay allundiscovered before me."

"Truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicityand confusion of things."

Charles Darwin Facts

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who changed the way humans viewed themselves and theworld around them through his amazing ideas on evolution and natural selection.

Charles Darwin was born in England on the 12th ofFebruary 1809, he died on the 19th of April 1882.

He is most famous for his work on natural selection,the idea that all species of life have evolved overtime from common ancestors. This process involvesfavorable traits becoming more common insuccessive generations of living things while at thesame time unfavorable traits become less common.

Not only did Darwin develop the idea of naturalselection, he also presented compelling evidence

from his detailed research which included a fiveyear voyage on the HMS Beagle. On this voyage,Darwin visited ecologically diverse regions such asBrazil, Chile, Australia, the Falkland Islands and theGalapagos Islands.

His 1859 book On the Origin of Species, detailedmuch of his research on natural selection, itcontained a large amount of evidence to back up hisideas and became a landmark work in the f ield of


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evolutionary biology.

Darwins ideas created a lot of discussion regardingthe impact on various scientific, religious andphilosophical viewpoints. Although most of those ineducated society accepted the theory of evolution,many still challenge its existence despite the wealth

of evidence supporting it. Although in later life Darwin suffered from a range of

illnesses, he continued with his research andundertook new experiments to help support hisideas while at the same time forming new ones inother fields.

Other famous work by Charles Darwin includes:The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals,The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation toSex, The Power of Movement in Plants and TheFormation of Vegetable Mould Through the Actionof Worms.

Famous Charles Darwin quotes include: Owing to

this struggle for life, any variation, however slightand from whatever cause proceeding, if it be in anydegree profitable to an individual of any species, inits infinitely complex relationship to other organicbeings and to external nature, will tend to thepreservation of that individual, and will generally beinherited by its offspring.

We can allow satellites, planets, suns, universe,nay whole systems of universe, to be governed bylaws, but the smallest insect, we wish to be createdat once by special act.

I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as

shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery.What a proud thing for England if she is the firstEuropean nation which utterly abolishes it!

Louis Pasteur Facts

Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who made many important discoveries related tothe immune system, vaccinations, chemistry and the nature of diseases.


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Louis Pasteur lived from December the 27th 1822to September the 28th 1895 and was famous forhis work on disease causes and prevention.

He is well known for inventing a process to stopfood and liquid such as milk from making peoplesick. This method is called Pasteurization, it helps

reduce the number of microorganisms that couldcause disease while not affecting the quality andtaste in a way which sterilization would.

Many of Pasteurs experiments supported the germtheory of disease, they helped show thatmicroorganisms are the true cause of manydiseases. In earlier times people believed thatdiseases were spontaneously generated, over timethis theory was superseded thanks to the work ofPasteur and many others.

Pasteurs work also included breakthroughs in thefield of chemistry. He discovered the molecularbasis for the asymmetry of certain crystals, made

discoveries related to the nature of tartaric acid andwas the professor of chemistry at the University ofStrasbourg.

Pasteur studied the immune system andvaccination through research on chicken choleraand other diseases. He helped produce the firstvaccine for rabies, saving the life of a young boy in1885 who became the first person to receive suchtreatment.

In honor of his work and influential contributions,Pastuer was made a Grand Croix of the Legion ofHonor, a prestigious French order.

Famous Louis Pasteur quotes include: Science

knows no country, because knowledge belongs tohumanity, and is the torch which illuminates theworld.

I am on the edge of mysteries and the veil isgetting thinner and thinner.

I am utterly convinced that Science and Peace willtriumph over Ignorance and War, that nations willeventually unite not to destroy but to edify, and thatthe future will belong to those who have done themost for the sake of suffering humanity.

One does not ask of one who suffers: What is yourcountry and what is your religion? One merely

says: You suffer, that is enough for me

Jane Goodall Facts

A well known primatologist, humanitarian and animal rights campaigner, Jane Goodall is famous for herdetailed studies of chimpanzees in Tanzania, observing how they interacted in family and socialsituations.


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Born on the 3rd of April 1934, Jane Goodall is aBritish primatologist, ethologist and anthropologist.

Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute in1977, it supports research while actively running arange of conservation programs to protectchimpanzees and the environment.

Goodall studied chimpanzees in great detail, learninghow they lived in groups, problem solved andinteracted with their environment. She discovered thatchimpanzees had the mental capacity to not only usesimple tools but to actually make them as well,something that was previously thought to be uniquelyhuman.

Unlike most researchers, Goodall named the animalsthat were part of her studies, normally numbers wereassigned in order to remove the possibility of theresearcher becoming attached to the subjects. Herunique methods stood out and were at times subjectto criticism.

Goodalls work is similar to that of Dian Fossey, afamous American zoologist who completed a longstudy of Gorillas in Rwanda, releasing a book titledGorillas in the Mist which later went on to become awell known movie.

Goodall is a strong supporter of animal rights and hasbeen part of many animal rights organizations. Shewas the president of Advocates for Animals from1998 to 2008.

Goodall has been awarded many honors for hertireless work. These include the Kyoto Prize, theBenjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the

Rainforest Alliance Champion Award, The PrimateSociety of Great Britain Conservation Award, as wellas being named as a United Nations Messenger ofPeace in 2002.

Edwin Hubble Facts

American astronomer Edwin Hubble is famous for demonstrating the existence of other galaxies, as wellas his influential work on astrophysics and his subsequent namesake, the Hubble Space Telescope.

Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer wholived from November the 20th 1889 to September the

28th 1953. Hubble made a huge impact on astronomy, and

science in general, by demonstrating that othergalaxies besides our own Milky Way existed. It wasthe previous belief of many that space was limited tothe Milky Way galaxy, Hubbles discoveries whichwere announced in 1925 changed our view of theuniverse.

In his early years Hubble was a skilled athlete as well


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as a bright student, competing and achieving highlyin track and field.

At the University of Chicago, Hubbles studiesfocused on mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.He became a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford Universitysoon after and also became a member of the Kappa

Sigma Fraternity. Hubble discovered that the level of redshift in light

coming from a galaxy increased in proportion to thedistance as that galaxy moved further away fromEarth. This is known as Hubbles law and it helpedprove that the universe is expanding. It even led

Albert Einstein to admit that ignoring this idea andsubsequently fudging his equations to avoid it wasthe biggest blunder of his life.

The well known Hubble Space Telescope is namedafter Edwin Hubble. It has provided valuable researchdata and images since it was carried into orbit in

1990, leading to many breakthroughs in the field ofastrophysics. Hubble has also been honored with anasteroid and moon crater being named after him.

James Maxwell Facts

James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish theoretical physicist and mathematician famous for bringing togethera large number of equations, experiments and observations related to electricity and magnetism into aconsistent electromagnetic theory.

James Maxwell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland onthe 13th of June 1831 and died on the 5th of

November 1879. He produced a set of equations, known as Maxwells

Equations that explain the properties of magnetic andelectric fields and help show that light is anelectromagnetic wave.

His impressive work was described in papers such asOn Physical Lines of Force, A Dynamic Theory ofthe Electromagnetic Field and A Treatise onElectricity and Magnetism.

Maxwells contributions played an important role in theadvances made in 20th century physics and his workwas often admired by fellow physicist Albert Einstein.

Maxwell attended Edinburgh University from 1847 to

1850. He also spent a large amount of time at hishome studying and undertaking various experiments.

After his time at Edinburgh University, Maxwell movedon to Cambridge University where he remained from1850 to 1856. He further developed his mathematicalskills and other ideas before accepting a professorshipat Aberdeen University in 1856.

Maxwell was awarded a prize in1859 for his essay Onthe Stability of Saturn's Rings, which described the


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nature of Saturns rings as numerous small particlesrather than a solid or fluid ring.

A large amount of Maxwells research was based onthe work ofMichael Faraday, and although Maxwellwas 40 years younger, the two meet each other onmany occasions.

Maxwell also made numerous contributions in thefields of color analysis, kinetic theory andthermodynamics. He is even attributed with creatingthe first true color photograph.

Famous James Maxwell quotes include: Aye, Isuppose I could stay up that late. Said after beinginformed of a compulsory 6 a.m. church service atCambridge University.

In every branch of knowledge the progress isproportional to the amount of facts on which to build,and therefore to the facility of obtaining data.

Ernest Rutherford Facts

Ernest Rutherford was a New Zealand chemist who helped pioneer nuclear physics. He won a NobelPrize in chemistry, made numerous contributions to science and worked closely with a number of hisstudents who went on to make their own significant discoveries.

Ernest Rutherford lived from the 30th of August 1871 to the 19th of October1937.

Rutherford studied at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand beforemoving to England in 1895 for post graduate study at Cavendish Laboratory,University of Cambridge.

Rutherford worked on radioactivity, coining the terms alpha and beta todescribe the two different types of radiation emitted by uranium and thorium.He also observed that radioactive material took the same amount of time forhalf of it to decay, known as its half life.

In 1907, Rutherford, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden carried out the Geiger-Marsden experiment, an attempt to examine the structure of the atom. Thesurprising results of this experiment demonstrated the existence of the atomicnucleus and became an integral part of the Rutherford model of the atom.

The Rutherford model of the atom was simplified in a well known symbolshowing electrons circling around the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun.This symbol became popular and has been used by various organizationsaround the world as a symbol for atoms and atomic energy in general.

In 1908, Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work onthe transmutation of elements and the chemistry of radioactive material.

The element 'rutherfordium' was named in Rutherfords honor.

Famous Ernest Rutherford quotes include: If you can't explain your physics toa barmaid it is probably not very good physics.

All science is either physics or stamp collecting.

Radioactivity is shown to be accompanied by chemical changes in which newtypes of matter are being continually produced. .... The conclusion is drawnthat these chemical changes must be sub-atomic in character.
http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/scientists/michaelfaraday.htmlhttp://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/scientists/michaelfaraday.html


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Michael Faraday Facts

Well regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time, Michael Faraday was a British physicist

and chemist whose combined expertise led to the development of many of todays common technologies.

Michael Faraday was born in England on the 22nd ofSeptember 1791 and died on the 25th of August1867.

His work on electrochemistry and electromagnetismlaid the foundation for many areas of science. Heformed the basis of the electromagnetic field conceptin physics, discovered the laws of electrolysis,invented electromagnetic rotary devices that werevital in the creation of electric motors and played akey role in the development of electricity for use intechnology.

Not limited to physics and electromagnetism, Faradayalso invented a simple Bunsen burner, coined termssuch as electrode, cathode, anode and ion,discovered benzene and investigated the nature ofchlorine.

Faraday had only a basic education in a family thatwas not well off. He had only a minimal understandingof technical mathematical concepts but was still ableto produce some of the most important scientificconcepts in history and did so in a language that wasclear and easily understood.

Faraday was a man of honor who was strong in hisconvictions. He rejected both a knighthood and an

offer to become President of the Royal Society aswell turning down a burial in Westminster Abbey. Healso refused to assist the British government in theproduction of chemical weapons for use in war.

Famous Michael Faraday quotes include: But still try,for who knows what is possible

Nothing is too wonderful to be true, if it be consistentwith the laws of nature

There is no more open door by which you can enterinto the study of natural philosophy than byconsidering the physical phenomena of a candle

I was at first almost frightened when I saw such

mathematical force made to bear upon the subject,and then wondered to see that the subject stood it sowell.

Marie & Pierre Curie

Pierre & Marie Curie were both extraordinary scientists. They married in 1895 and were awarded theNobel Prize in Physics in 1903 for their joint research on radiation. Pierre Curie died on April the 19th


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1906 in a street accident, devastating Marie after the two had become so close. Some have speculatedthat he was weakened by radiation exposure but this has never been proven. Marie Curies eventualdeath in 1934 however was almost certainly due to an over exposure of radiation over a long period oftime.

erre Curie

Pierre Curie was a French physicist who made many breakthroughdiscoveries in radioactivity, crystallography and magnetism.

Some of his contributions to science include: The Curie Point atemperature level where ferromagnetic substances lost their ferromagneticbehavior, Curies Law the effect of temperature on paramagnetism,demonstrating the electric potential of crystals when compressed, designingan extremely accurate torsion balance for measuring magnetic coefficientsand his combined work on radiation, isolating polonium and radium with hiswife Marie Curie.

arie Curie

Marie Curie was a chemist and physicist famous for becoming the firstperson to be awarded two Nobel Prizes. She was brought up in Polandbefore eventually moving to France and obtaining French citizenship.

After French physicist Henri Becquerel first discovered a strange source ofenergy coming from uranium (radioactivity), Marie Curie decided that thiswould make a good field for research. With the help of her husband and hisvital electrometer, she made numerous scientific discoveries includingshowing that radiation did indeed come from the atom itself rather than aninteraction between molecules.

In 1911 Marie Curie was awarded another Nobel Prize, this time inChemistry, for her discovery of radium and polonium and subsequentresearch.

In 1932 Marie Curie founded the Radium Institute in Warsaw, Poland. Thename was changed after World War II to the Maria Skodowska-CurieInstitute of Oncology. The institute carries out specialized cancer researchand treatment.

Famous Marie Curie quotes include: We must not forget that when radiumwas discovered no one knew that it would prove useful in hospitals. The workwas one of pure science. And this is a proof that scientific work must not beconsidered from the point of view of the direct usefulness of it. It must bedone for itself, for the beauty of science, and then there is always the chancethat a scientific discovery may become like the radium a benefit forhumanity.

One never notices what has been done; one can only see what remains tobe done.

Stephen Hawking Facts

Stephen Hawking is one of the most famous scientists of modern times. Despite his challenging physicalimpairments, he has contributed much to the world of science, helping spread his ideas to the generalpublic with the release of accessible books such as A Brief History of Time.


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Stephen Hawking is a British theoretical physicist, hewas born on January the 8th, 1942.

Hawking has made many important contributions tothe fields of cosmology and quantum gravity. He isalso well known for his bestselling book A BriefHistory of Time.

Helped by the success of his book A Brief History ofTime, Hawking has released other books aimed atmaking his work accessible to a wide range of people,these include The Universe in a Nutshell, A BrieferHistory of Time and George's Secret Key to theUniverse, a childrens book with a strong focus onscience.

Hawking has worked extensively on the subject ofblack holes, providing theories for their behavior,including the idea that they emit radiation.

Hawking suffers from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, atype of motor neuron disease that has left him almostcompletely paralyzed.

Some of the awards Hawking has received for hiswork include the 1979 Albert Einstein Medal, theOrder of the British Empire (Commander) in 1982 andthe 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics.

Famous Stephen Hawking quotes include: Thereought to be something very special about theboundary conditions of the universe and what can bemore special than that there is no boundary?

I don't believe that the ultimate theory will come bysteady work along existing lines. We need somethingnew. We can't predict what that will be or when we willfind it because if we knew that, we would have found italready!

For millions of years, mankind lived just like theanimals. Then something happened which unleashedthe power of our imagination. We learned to talk andwe learned to listen.

It is a waste of time to be angry about my disability.One has to get on with life and I haven't done badly.People won't have time for you if you are alwaysangry or complaining.

I don't think the human race will survive the nextthousand years, unless we spread into space. Thereare too many accidents that can befall life on a singleplanet. But I'm an optimist. We will reach out to the

stars.

Aristotle Facts

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who wrote about many subjects and made a number of importantcontributions to science based ones such as physics, biology, anatomy, geology and zoology.


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Born in Greece, Aristotle lived from 384 BC to 322BC.

The influence of Aristotles work on the physicalsciences spread far and wide, offering well thoughtout theory and reasoning that would prevail for manyyears to come before eventually being replaced by

modern physics. As well as science, Aristotle wrote on many other

subjects including poetry, music, theater, logic,metaphysics, rhetoric, ethics and politics.

The majority of Aristotles original work has been lostthrough the passage of time but around one third of itstill remains to this day.

Aristotle was a student of Plato. When he was aroundeighteen years old, he moved to Athens to be furthereducated at Plato's Academy, where he stayed fornearly 20 years.

Alexander the Great became a student of Aristotle in343BC and took much advice from his teacher despite

a falling out near the end of Alexanders life. Aristotlewas also a teacher to Ptolemy and Cassander, whowould both eventually be crowned kings.

Aristotle was also a natural historian, recording dataand analyzing the sea life around areas such asLesbos. His observations and interpretations werefrequently years ahead of their time.

Famous Aristotle quotes include: Time crumblesthings; everything grows old under the power of Timeand is forgotten through the lapse of Time.

In all things of nature there is something of themarvelous.

Misfortune shows those who are not really friends.

He who has overcome his fears will truly be free.

Nicolaus Copernicus Facts

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who changed how we viewed the positioning of the Sun, Earthand other celestial objects in space. He reasoned that it was the Sun at the middle of the known Universeand not the Earth, an idea that was strongly opposed at the time.


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Copernicus was born on the 19th of February, 1473 and died on the 24th ofMay, 1543.

He was born in Thorn, Royal Prussia, part of the Kingdom of Poland at thetime.

The astronomical model that Copernicus developed was called heliocentrism(helios means Sun). It has the Sun motionless at the center of the Universe

while the Earth and other planets rotate around it in circular paths. A much earlier geocentric model (geo means Earth) created by Ptolemy

featured Earth at the center of the Universe. This model was used byastronomers and other scientists for centuries before Copernicus developedhis heliocentric model.

Many believe that the theory and ideas put forward by Copernicus startedmodern astronomy and were the beginning of a scientific revolution.

Copernicus's work On the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres was publishedshortly before he died in 1543.

Copernicus's skills were not limited to just astronomy. Among other things,Copernicus was also a physician, scholar, economist, translator,mathematician, artist and diplomat.

The chemical element Copernicum is named after Copernicus. It has the

symbol Cn and atomic number 112. Famous Nicolas Copernicus quotes include: Finally we shall place the Sun

himself at the center of the Universe.

For when a ship is floating calmly along, the sailors see its motion mirrored ineverything outside, while on the other hand they suppose that they arestationary, together with everything on board. In the same way, the motion ofthe earth can unquestionably produce the impression that the entire universeis rotating.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The Heliocentric model which shows thcircular paths of planets around the Sun

Nikola Tesla Facts

Nikola Tesla was a forward-thinking Serbian-American scientist and inventor who made importantcontributions to physics and engineering. He is best known for his work with electricity, including thedesign of alternating current (AC) electricity. He also had a flair for the dramatic, creating elaborateexperiments and showcasing his work with spectacular demonstrations.


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Tesla was born to Serbian parents on the 10th of July, 1856 in the village ofSmiljan, part of the Austrian Empire (now Croatia). He died on the 7th ofJanuary, 1947 in room 3327 of the New Yorker Hotel.

After an eventful upbringing and education, Tesla moved to France in 1882where he worked on electrical equipment at the Continental Edison Company.

He immigrated to the USA in 1884 where he worked for Thomas Edison before

resigning a year later to work on his own projects. Tesla went on to patent many of his inventions, including his AC induction

motor and transformer which he licensed to George Westinghouse.

Tesla, Westinghouse and Edison were at the heart of the so called war of thecurrents between alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) as a meansof distributing electrical power.

Tesla was known for high voltage experiments and demonstrations, includingdisplays of his famous Tesla Coil which produces high voltage, low currentelectricity.

In 1891, Tesla became a citizen of the United States.

Tesla was the vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineersbetween 1892 and 1894.

Tesla experimented with X-rays and radio waves, developing important ideas

and even making a few accidental discoveries thanks to his extravagantexperiments.

Tesla moved his lab to Colorado Springs in 1899 where he proved the Earthwas a conductor, produced artificial lightning and became well known to hisneighbors with ambitious electrical experiments that caused booming thunder,rogue sparks and the occasional power outage.

Tesla later worked on the Wardenclyffe Tower (or Tesla Tower), a wirelesstransmission tower that was never completed.

Tesla moved to the New Yorker Hotel in 1934 where he continued his researchand spent the remaining years of his life before dying in 1943 at the age of 86.

Famous Nikola Tesla quotes include: Nature may reach the same result inmany ways.

Money does not represent such a value as men have placed upon it. All my

money has been invested into experiments with which I have made newdiscoveries enabling mankind to have a little easier life.

The scientific man does not aim at an immediate result. He does not expectthat his advanced ideas will be readily taken up. His work is like that of theplanter - for the future. His duty is to lay the foundation for those who are tocome, and point the way. He lives and labors and hopes.

Of all things I liked books best.

Nikola Tesla

Tesla's hand in one of the first X-rays

Tesla in his Colorado lab


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GeorgSimon Ohm

Sally Ride NikolaTesla
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CountAlessandro

Volta

Granville Woods Rosalyn

Yalow
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November 7, 1888

November 21, 1970

He was the first Indian scholar who studied

wholly in India received the Nobel Prize.

C.V. Raman is one of the most renowned scientists produced

by India. His full name was Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman.

For his pioneering work on scattering of light, C.V. Raman

won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.


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Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888

in Tiruchinapalli, Tamil Nadu. He was the second child of

Chandrasekhar Iyer and Parvathi Amma. His father was a

lecturer in mathematics and physics, so he had an academic

atmosphere at home. He entered Presidency College, Madras,in 1902, and in 1904 passed his B.A. examination, winning

the first place and the gold medal in physics. In 1907,

C.V. Raman passed his M.A. obtaining the highest

distinctions.

During those times there were not many opportunities for

scientists in India. Therefore, Raman joined the Indian

Finance Department in 1907. After his office hours, he

carried out his experimental research in the laboratory ofthe Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science at

Calcutta. He carried out research in acoustics and optics.

In 1917, Raman was offered the position of Sir Taraknath

Palit Professorship of Physics at Calcutta University. He

stayed there for the next fifteen years. During his tenure

there, he received world wide recognition for his work in

optics and scattering of light. He was elected to the Royal

Society of London in 1924 and the British made him a knight

of the British Empire in 1929. In 1930, Sir C.V. Raman was

awarded with Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on

scattering of light. The discovery was later christened as

"Raman Effect".

In 1934, C.V. Raman became the director of the newly

established Indian Institute of Sciences in Bangalore,

where two years later he continued as a professor of

physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were:

his experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction

of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic

frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those on the effects

produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals

exposed to ordinary light. In 1947, he was appointed as the

first National Professor by the new government of


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Independent India. He retired from the Indian Institute in

1948 and a year later he established the Raman Research

Institute in Bangalore, where he worked till his death.

Sir C.V. Raman died on November 21, 1970.

October 30, 1909

January 24, 1966Founded Tata Institute of Fundamental

Research; was the first chairman of India's Atomic Energy

Commission;was chairman of the first United Nations

Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, held in

Geneva in 1955.

Homi Bhabha, whose full name was Homi Jehnagir Bhabha, was

a famous Indian atomic scientist. In Independent India,

Homi Jehnagir Bhabha, with the support of Jawaharlal Nehru,laid the foundation of a scientific establishment and was

responsible for the creation of two premier institutions,

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Bhabha Atomic

Research Centre. Homi Bhabha was the first chairman of

India's Atomic Energy Commission.


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Homi Jehangir Bhabha was born on October 30, 1909, in

Bombay in a rich Parsi family. After graduating from

Elphinstone College and the Royal Institute of Science in

Bombay, he went to Cambridge University. He received his

doctorate in 1934. During this period he worked with NielsBohr on the studies that led to quantum theory. Homi

Jehnagir Bhabha also worked with Walter Heitler on the

cascade theory of electron showers, which was of great

importance for the understanding of cosmic radiation. He

did significant work in identifying the meson.

Due to outbreak of Second World War, Homi Jehangir Bhabha,

returned to India in 1939. He set up the Cosmic Ray

Research Unit at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangaloreunder C. V. Raman in 1939. With the help of J.R.D. Tata, he

established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research at

Mumbai. In 1945, he became director of the Tata Institute

of Fundamental Research.

Apart from being a great scientist, Homi Bhabha, was also a

skilled administrator. After independence he received the

blessings of Jawaharlal Nehru for peaceful development of

atomic energy. He established the Atomic Energy Commission

of India in 1948. Under his guidance Indian scientists

worked on the development of atomic energy, and the first

atomic reactor in Asia went into operation at Trombay, near

Bombay, in 1956.

Homi Bhabha was chairman of the first United Nations

Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, held in

Geneva in 1955. He advocated international control of

nuclear energy and the outlawing of atomic bombs by all

countries. He wanted nuclear energy to be used for

alleviating poverty and misery of people.

Homi Bhabha received many honorary degrees from Indian and

foreign universities and was a member of numerous

scientific societies, including the National Academy of


22/52

Sciences in the United States. He also authored many

articles on quantum theory and cosmic rays. Homi Bhabha

died in an aeroplane crash in Switzerland on January 24,

1966. Last Edit: May 08, 2012, 09:46:43 AM by MysteRy

November 30, 1858

November 23, 1937

He was the first to prove that plants too

have feelings. He invented wireless telegraphy a year

before Marconi patented his invention.

Jagdish Chandra Bose was an eminent Indian scientist. He

was the first to prove that plants and metals too have

feelings.

Jagdish Chandra Bose was born on November 30, 1858 in

Mymensingh (now in Bangladesh). His father Bhagabanchandra

Bose was a Deputy Magistrate. Jagadish Chandra Bose had his

early education in village school in Bengal medium. In1869, Jagadish Chandra Bose was sent to Calcutta to learn

English and was educated at St.Xavier's School and College.

He was a brilliant student. He passed the B.A. in physical

sciences in 1879.

In 1880, Jagdishchandra Bose went to England. He studied


23/52

medicine at London University, England, for a year but gave

it up because of his own ill health. Within a year he moved

to Cambridge to take up a scholarship to study Natural

Science at Christ's College Cambridge. In 1885, he returned

from abroad with a B.Sc. degree and Natural Science Tripos(a special course of study at Cambridge).

After his return Jagadish Chandra Bose, was offered

lectureship at Presidency College, Calcutta on a salary

half that of his English colleagues. He accepted the job

but refused to draw his salary in protest. After three

years the college ultimately conceded his demand and

Jagdish Chandra Bose was paid full salary from the date he

joined the college. As a teacher Jagdish Chandra Bose wasvery popular and engaged the interest of his students by

making extensive use of scientific demonstrations. Many of

his students at the Presidency College were destined to

become famous in their own right. These included Satyendra

Nath Bose and Meghnad Saha.

In 1894, Jagadish Chandra Bose decided to devote himself to

pure research. He converted a small enclosure adjoining a

bathroom in the Presidency College into a laboratory. He

carried out experiments involving refraction, diffraction

and polarization. It would not be wrong to call him as the

inventor of wireless telegraphy. In 1895, a year before

Guglielmo Marconi patented this invention, he had

demonstrated its functioning in public.

Jagdish Chandra Bose later switched from physics to the

study of metals and then plants. He fabricated a highly

sensitive "coherer", the device that detects radio waves.

He found that the sensitivity of the coherer decreased when

it was used continuously for a long period and it regained

its sensitivity when he gave the device some rest. He thus

concluded that metals have feelings and memory.

Jagdish Chandra Bose showed experimentally plants too have


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life. He invented an instrument to record the pulse of

plants and connected it to a plant. The plant, with its

roots, was carefully picked up and dipped up to its stem in

a vessel containing bromide, a poison. The plant's pulse

beat, which the instrument recorded as a steady to-and-fromovement like the pendulum of a clock, began to grow

unsteady. Soon, the spot vibrated violently and then came

to a sudden stop. The plant had died because of poison.

Although Jagdish Chandra Bose did invaluable work in

Science, his work was recognized in the country only when

the Western world recognized its importance. He founded the

Bose Institute at Calcutta, devoted mainly to the study of

plants. Today, the Institute carries research on otherfields too.

Jagdish Chandra Bose died on November 23, 1937.

October 6, 1893February 16, 1956

Made outstanding contribution to the field of

Astrophysics. He put forward an "ionization formula" which

explained the presence of the spectral lines.


25/52

Meghnad Saha was an outstanding Indian scientist. He made

remarkable contribution to the field of Astrophysics.

Meghnad Saha was born on October 6, 1893 in Sheoratali, a

village in the District of Dacca, now in Bangladesh. He wasthe fifth child of his parents, Sri Jagannath Saha and Smt.

Bhubaneshwari Devi. His father was a grocer in the village.

Meghnad Saha had his early schooling in the primary school

of the village. As his family could hardly able to make

both ends meet, Meghnad Saha managed to pursue his

schooling only due to the generosity of a local medical

practitioner, Ananta Kumar Das, who provided him with

boarding and lodging in his house.

In 1905, British Government took the decision of partition

of Bengal. There was great political unrest in Bengal as

popular opinion was against the partition. Sir Bampfylde

Fuller was governor of East Bengal at that time. One day he

came to visit the Collegiate school. Meghnad Saha along

with other students boycotted his visit. As a result he was

suspended from the school and his scholarship was

terminated. He took admission in the Kishorilal Jubili

School and passed the Entrance Examination of the Calcutta

University in 1909, standing first among the student from

East Bengal obtaining the highest marks in languages

(English, Bengali and Sanskrit combined) and in

Mathematics. In 1911, he ranked third in the ISc exam while

the first position went to another great scientist

Satyendranath Bose.

Meghnad Saha took admission in Presidency College Calcutta.

In 1913 he graduated from Presidency College with

Mathematics major and got the second rank in the University

of Calcutta while the first one was taken by S.N. Bose. In

1915, both S.N.Bose and Meghnad Saha ranked first in M.Sc.

exam, Meghnad Saha in Applied Mathematics and S.N. Bose in

Pure Mathematics.


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While studying in Presidency College, Meghnad got involved

with Anushilan Samiti to take part in freedom fighting

movement. He also came in contact with nationalists like

Subhash Chandra Bose and Rajendra Prasad.

In 1917, Meghnad Saha joined as lecturer at the newly

opened University College of Science in Calcutta. He taught

Quantum Physics. Along with S.N. Bose, he translated the

papers published in German by Einstein and Minkowski on

relativity into English versions. In 1919, American

Astrophysical Journal published - "On Selective Radiation

Pressure and it's application" - a research paper by

Meghnad Saha. He put forward an "ionization formula" which

explained the presence of the spectral lines. The formulaproved to be a breakthrough in astrophysics. He went abroad

and stayed for two years. He spent time in research at

Imperial College, London and at a research laboratory in

Germany. In 1927, Meghnad Saha was elected as a fellow of

London's Royal Society.

Meghnad Saha moved to Allahabad and in 1932 Uttar Pradesh

Academy of Science was established. He returned to Science

College, Calcutta in 1938. During this time Saha got

interested in Nuclear Physics. In 1947, he established

Institute of Nuclear Physics which later was named after

him as Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics. He took the first

effort to include Nuclear Physics in the curriculum of

higher studies of science. Having seen cyclotrons used for

research in nuclear physics abroad, he ordered one to be

installed in the institute. In 1950, India had its first

cyclotron in operation.

In 1952 he stood as an independent candidate for Parliament

and was elected by a wide margin. He died on February 16,

1956 due to a heart attack. Last Edit: May 08, 2012, 10:04:09 AM by MysteRy


27/52

September 15, 1860

April 14, 1962

Architect of Krishnarajasagar Dam; devised

steel doors to stop the wasteful flow of water in dams;

honored with Bharat Ratna.

Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was an eminent engineer and

statesman and played a key role in building of modern India.

Sir M. Visvesvaraya was born on September 15, 1860 in

Muddenahalli village in the Kolar district of the erstwhile

princely state of Mysore (present day Karnataka). His

father Srinivasa Sastry was a Sanskrit scholar and

Ayurvedic practitioner. His mother Venkachamma was a

religious lady. He lost his father when he was only 15

years old.

Visvesvaraya completed his early education in

Chikkaballapur and then went to Bangalore for higher

education. He cleared his B.A. Examination in 1881. He got

some assistance from the Government of Mysore and joined

the Science College in Poona to study Engineering. In 1883

he ranked first in the L.C.E. and the F.C.E. Examinations

(equivalent to B.E. Examination of today).


28/52

When Sir M. Visvesvaraya cleared his engineering,

Government of Bombay offered him a job and appointed him

Assistant Engineer at Nasik. As an engineer, he achieved

some marvelous feats. He planned a way of supplying waterfrom the river Sindhu to a town called Sukkur. He devised a

new irrigation system called the Block System. He devised

steel doors to stop the wasteful flow of water in dams. He

was the architect of the Krishnaraja Sagara dam in Mysore.

The list is endless.

Sir M. Visvesvaraya lead a very simple life. He was a

strict vegetarian and a teetotaler. He was known for his

honesty and integrity. In 1912, Maharaja of Mysoreappointed Visvesvaraya as his Dewan. Before accepting the

position of Dewan of Mysore, he invited all his relatives

for dinner. He told them very clearly that he would accept

the prestigious office on the condition that none of them

would approach him for favours. As Dewan of Mysore, he

worked tirelessly for educational and industrial

development of the state. When he was the Dewan many new

industries came up. The Sandal Oil Factory, the Soap

Factory, the Metals Factory, the Chrome Tanning Factory ,

were some of them. Of the many factories he started the

most important is the Bhadravati Iron and Steel Works.

Sir M. Visvesvaraya voluntarily retired as Dewan of Mysore

in 1918. He worked actively even after his retirement. Sir

M. Visvesvaraya was honored with Bharat Ratna in 1955 for

his invaluable contribution to the nation. When he reached

the age of 100, the Government of India brought out a stamp

in his honor. Sir Visvesvaraya passed away on April 14,

1962 at the age of 101.

Some of the honours and laurels conferred on Sir M.

Visvesvaraya

1904: Honorary Membership of London Institution of Civil


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Engineers for an unbroken period of 50 years

1906: "Kaisar-i-Hind" in recognition of his services

1911: C.I.E. (Companion of the Indian Empire) at the Delhi

Darbar

1915: K.C.I.E. (Knight Commander of the Order of the IndianEmpire)

1921: D.Sc. - Calcutta University

1931: LLD - Bombay University

1937: D.Litt - Benaras Hindu University

1943: Elected as an Honorary Life Member of the Institution

of Engineers (India)

1944: D.Sc. - Allahabad University

1948: Doctorate - LLD., Mysore University

1953: D.Litt - Andhra University1953: Awarded the Honorary Fellowship of the Institute of

Town Planners, India

1955: Conferred ' BHARATHA RATNA'

1958: 'Durga Prasad Khaitan Memorial Gold Medal' by the

Royal Asiatic Society Council of Bengal

1959: Fellowship of the Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore


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January 1, 1894

February 4, 1974

Famous for "Bose-Einstein Theory". A

subatomic particle Boson has been named after him. Honored

with "Padma Bhushan".

Satyendra Nath Bose was an outstanding Indian physicist. He

is known for his work in Quantum Physics. He is famous for

"Bose-Einstein Theory" and a kind of particle in atom has

been named after his name as Boson.

Satyendranath Bose was born on January 1, 1894 in Calcutta.

His father Surendranath Bose was employed in the

Engineering Department of the East India Railway.Satyendranath was the eldest of his seven children.

Satyendra Nath Bose had his schooling from Hindu High

School in Calcutta. He was a brilliant student. He passed

the ISc in 1911 from the Presidency College, Calcutta

securing the first position. Satyendra Nath Bose did his

BSc in Mathematics from the Presidency College in 1913 and

MSc in Mixed Mathematics in 1915 from the same college. He

topped the university in BSc. and MSc. Exams.

In 1916, the Calcutta University started M.Sc. classes in

Modern Mathematics and Modern Physics. S.N. Bose started

his career in 1916 as a Lecturer in Physics in Calcutta

University. He served here from 1916 to 1921. He joined the

newly established Dhaka University in 1921 as a Reader in

the Department of Physics. In 1924, Satyendra Nath Bose

published an article titled Max Planck's Law and Light

Quantum Hypothesis. This article was sent to Albert

Einstein. Einstein appreciated it so much that he himself

translated it into German and sent it for publication to a

famous periodical in Germany - 'Zeitschrift fur Physik'.

The hypothesis received a great attention and was highly

appreciated by the scientists. It became famous to the

scientists as 'Bose-Einstein Theory'.


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In 1926, Satyendra Nath Bose became a Professor of Physics

in Dhaka University. Though he had not completed his

doctorate till then, he was appointed as professor on

Einstein's recommendation. In 1929 Satyendranath Bose waselected chairman of the Physics of the Indian Science

Congress and in 1944 elected full chairman of the Congress.

In 1945, he was appointed as Khaira Professor of Physics in

Calcutta University. He retired from Calcutta University in

1956. The University honored him on his retirement by

appointing him as Emeritus Professor. Later he became the

Vice Chancellor of the Viswabharati University. In 1958, he

was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, London.

Satyendra Nath Bose was honored with 'Padmabhusan' by the

Indian Government in recognition of his outstanding

achievement. He died in Kolkata on February 4, 1974.

October 19, 1910

August 21, 1995

Discovery of Chandrasekhar Limit; awarded

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1983.


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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was one of the greatest

scientists of the 20th century. He did commendable work in

astrophysics, physics and applied mathematics.

Chandrasekhar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in

1983.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was born on October 19, 1910 in

Lahore. His father, Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar was an

officer in Government Service in the Indian Audits and

Accounts Department. His mother Sita was a woman of high

intellectual attainments. C.V. Raman, the first Indian to

get Nobel Prize in science was the younger brother of

Chandrasekhar's father. Till the age of 12, Subramanyan

Chandrasekhar had his education at home under his parentsand private tutors. In 1922, at the age of 12, he attended

the Hindu High School. He joined the Madras Presidency

College in 1925. Subrahmanyan Chandrashekhar passed his

Bachelor's degree, B.Sc. (Hon.), in physics in June 1930.

In July 1930, he was awarded a Government of India

scholarship for graduate studies in Cambridge, England.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar completed his Ph.D. degree at

Cambridge in the summer of 1933. In October 1933,

Chandrasekhar was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity

College for the period 1933-37. In 1936, while on a short

visit to Harvard University, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar,

was offered a position as a Research Associate at the

University of Chicago and remained there ever since. In

September 1936, Subrahmanyan Chandra Shekhar married Lomita

Doraiswamy. She was her junior at the Presidency College in

Madras.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar is best known for his discovery

of Chandrasekhar Limit. He showed that there is a maximum

mass which can be supported against gravity by pressure

made up of electrons and atomic nuclei. The value of this

limit is about 1.44 times a solar mass. The Chandrasekhar

Limit plays a crucial role in understanding the stellar


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evolution. If the mass of a star exceeded this limit, the

star would not become a white dwarf. It would continue to

collapse under the extreme pressure of gravitational

forces. The formulation of the Chandrasekhar Limit led to

the discovery of neutron stars and black holes. Dependingon the mass there are three possible final stages of a star

- white dwarf, neutron star and black hole.

Apart from discovery of Chandrasekhar Limit, major work

done by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar includes: theory of

Brownian motion (1938-1943); theory of the illumination and

the polarization of the sunlit sky (1943-1950); theory of

the illumination and the polarization of the sunlit sky

(1943-1950); the equilibrium and the stability ofellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, partly in collaboration

with Norman R. Lebovitz (1961-1968); the general theory of

relativity and relativistic astrophysics (1962-1971); and

the mathematical theory of black holes (1974- 1983).

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar was awarded (jointly with the

nuclear astrophysicist W.A. Fowler) the Nobel Prize in

Physics in 1983. He died on August 21, 1995.


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August 12, 1919

December 31,1971

Considered the Father of the Indian space

program; instrumental in establishing the Physical Research

Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad in November 1947; wasChairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. He along with

other Ahmedabad-based industrialists played a major role in

the creation of the Indian Institute of Management,

Ahmedabad.

Vikram Sarabhai was one of the greatest scientists of

India. He is considered as the Father of the Indian space

program. Apart from being a scientist, he was a rare

combination of an innovator, industrialist and visionary.

Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai was born on August 12, 1919 at

Ahmedabad in an affluent family of progressive

industrialists. He was one of eight children of Ambalal and

Sarla Devi. He had his early education in a private school,

Retreat run by his parents on Montessori lines. Some of

the great men of India such as Gurudev Rabindranath, J.

Krishna Murthi, Motilal Nehru, V. S. Shrinivasa Shastri,

Jawaharlal Nehru, Sarojini Naidu, Maulana Azad, C. F.

Andrews, C. V. Raman et al. used to stay with the Sarabhai

family when they visited Ahmedabad. Mahatma Gandhi also

once stayed at their house while recovering from an

illness. Visits by such great men greatly influenced Vikram

Sarabhai.

After his matriculation, Vikram Sarabhai proceeded to

Cambridge for his college education and took the tripods

degree from St. John's college in 1940. When World War II

began, he returned home and joined as a research scholar

under Sir C. V. Raman at the Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore His interest in solar physics and cosmic ray led

him to set up many observation stations around the country.

He built the necessary equipment with which he took

measurements at Bangalore, Poona and the Himalayas. He


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returned to Cambridge in 1945 and completed his Ph.D in

1947.

Vikram Sarabhai was instrumental in establishing the

Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) in Ahmedabad in November1947. The laboratory was established in a few rooms in M.G.

Science Institute of the Ahmedabad Education Society, which

was founded by his parents. Subsequently, it got support

from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

(CSIR) and the Department of Atomic Energy.

Vikram Sarabhai did research on the time variations of

cosmic rays and concluded that meteorological effects could

not entirely affect the observed daily variations of cosmicrays; further, the residual variations were wide and global

and these were related to variations in solar activity.

Vikram Sarabhai visualized a new field of research opening

up in solar and interplanetary Physics.

The year 1957-1958 was designated as International Geo-

physical year (IGY). The Indian program for the IGY had

been one of the most significant ventures of Sarabhai. It

exposed him to the new vistas of space science with the

launching in 1957 of Sputnik-I. Subsequently, the Indian

National Committee for Space Research was created, of which

Vikram Sarabhai became Chairman.

With active support from Homi Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai, set

up the first Rocket Launching station (TERLS) in the

country at Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram on the Arabian

Coast, as Thumba is very close to the Equator. The first

rocket with sodium vapour payload was launched on November

21, 1963. In 1965, the UN General Assembly gave recognition

to TERLS as an international facility.

After the sudden death of Homi Bhabha in an air crash,

Vikram Sarabhai was appointed Chairman, Atomic Energy

Commission in May 1966. He wanted the practical application


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of science to reach the common man. He decided to acquire

competence in advance technology for the solution of

countrys problems based on technical and economic

evaluation of its real resources. He initiated Indias

space programme, which today is renowned all over theworld.

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai was awarded with Shanti Swarup

Bhatnagar Medal in 1962 and Padma Bhushan in 1966. Vikram

Sarabhai passed away in his sleep on December 31,1971.

11 November 1943Dr Anil Kakodkar is a famous Indian nuclear

scientist. Currently, he's the chairman of the Atomic

Energy Commission of India (AECI) and the Secretary to the

Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy. He was

also the director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre at

Trombay.

Dr Anil Kakodkar is a very distinguished nuclear scientist

of India. He is presently the chairman of the Atomic EnergyCommission of India (AECI) as well as the Secretary to the

Government of India, Department of Atomic Energy. He was

the director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre at

Trombay from the year 1996-2000 before being granted the

opportunity of leading India's nuclear programme. Read on


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more about the biography of Anil Kakodkar.

Anil Kakodkar was born on 11 November 1943 in the Barawani

village located in the present day Indian state of Madhya

Pradesh. He's the son of Mrs Kamala Kakodkar & Mr. P.Kakodkar, both of whom happen to be Gandhian freedom

fighters. His early education happened here and at

Khargoan. After this, Anil Kakodkar went away to Bombay to

pursue his post-matriculation studies. He graduated from

the Ruparel College there.

Kakodkar then joined VJTI in Bombay University in 1963 to

obtain a degree in Mechanical Engineering. In the year

1964, Anil Kakodkar joined the Bhabha Atomic ResearchCentre (BARC). He also notched a masters degree in

experimental stress analysis from the University of

Nottingham in the year 1969. The life history of Anil

Kakodkar's career as nuclear scientist further saw him join

the Reactor Engineering Division of the BARC.

Anil Kakodkar also has the credit of being a member of the

core team of architects of India's Peaceful Nuclear Tests

that were conducted during the years 1974 and 1998. He also

led the indigenous development of the country's Pressurised

Heavy Water Reactor Technology. Anil Kakodkar's efforts in

the rehabilitation of the two reactors at Kalpakkam and the

first unit at Rawatbhatta is noteworthy as it were about to

close down.

In the year 1996, Anil Kakodkar became the youngest

Director of the BARC after Homi Bhabha himself. From the

year 2000 onwards, he has been leading the Atomic Energy

Commission of India and playing secretary to the Department

of Atomic Energy. Dr Anil Kakodkar has been playing a

crucial part in demanding sovereignty for India's nuclear

tests. Infact, he is known for being a strong advocate of

India's self-reliance by employing Thorium as a fuel for

nuclear energy.


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15 October 1931

This eminent scientist and engineer has also

served as the 11th President of India from the period 2002

to 2007. APJ Abdul Kalam is a man of vision, who is always

full of ideas aimed at the development of the country. He

firmly believes that India needs to play a more assertiverole in international relations.

Apart from being a notable scientist and engineer, Dr APJ

Abdul Kalam served as the 11th President of India from the

period 2002 to 2007. He is a man of vision, who is always

full of ideas aimed at the development of the country and

is also often also referred to as the Missile Man of India.

People loved and respected Dr APJ Abdul Kalam so much

during his tenure as President that was popularly calledthe People's President.

APJ Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 at the South

Indian state of Tamil Nadu and received honorary doctorates

from about 30 universities globally. In the year 1981, the

Government of India presented him the nation's highest


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civilian honor, the Padma Bhushan and then again, the Padma

Vibhushan in 1990 and the Bharat Ratna in 1997. Before

Kalam, there have been only two presidents - Sarvepalli

Radhakrishnan and Zakir Hussain - to have received the

Bharat Ratna before bring appointed to the highest officein India.

Read on about the life history of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, who's

also the first scientist and bachelor to occupy the seat of

the Rashtrapati Bhavan. His perspectives on important

topics have been enunciated by him in the book 'India

2020'. It highlights the action plans that will help

develop the country into a knowledge superpower by the time

2020. One thing for which he received ample kudos is hisunambiguous statement that India needs to play a more

assertive role in international relations.

And Dr APJ Abdul Kalam regards his work on India's nuclear

weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a

future superpower. Even during his tenure as President, APJ

Kalam took avid interest in the spheres of India's science

and technology. He has even put forward a project plan for

establishing bio-implants. He is also an ardent advocate of

open source software over proprietary solutions to churn

out more profits in the field of information technology in

India.


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14 November 1891

10 April 1949

Birbal Sahni was a renowned paleobotanist

and geologist of India. He is Sahni is credited for setting

up the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow in

the state of Uttar Pradesh. In the year 1929, he received

the degree of Sc. D. from the University of Cambridge. He

was also appointed the Fellow of the Royal Society of

London (FRS) in the year 1936, which is the biggest British

scientific honor.

Birbal Sahni was a renowned paleobotanist of India, who

studied the fossils of the Indian subcontinent. Also a

great geologist, Sahni is credited for establishing the

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany at Lucknow in the

state of Uttar Pradesh. Born on 14 November in the year

1891 at Behra in the Saharanpur District of West Punjab,

Birbal was the third son of Ishwar Devi and Prof. Ruchi Ram

Sahni. Some famous personalities who were regular guests of

his parents were Motilal Nehru, Gopal Krishna Gokhale,

Sarojini Naidu and others.

Read on further about the biography of Birbal Sahni, who


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received his education at the Government College University

of Lahore and later from Punjab University. He attended the

Emmanuel College at Cambridge in the year 1914. And after

this, he pursued further studies under Professor A.C.

Seward and was given the D.Sc. degree from LondonUniversity in the year 1919. Birbal Sahni then came back to

his native country India to work as the professor of Botany

at the highly esteemed Banaras Hindu University at the holy

city of Varanasi.

Sahni also taught at the Punjab University for about a

year. Birbal Sahni's academic background was so strong that

he was elected the head of the botany department in Lucknow

University in the year 1921. There were numerous suchlandmarks in the life history of Birbal Sahni, whose

fabulous research work was honored by the University of

Cambridge that decided to present him with the degree of

Sc. D. in the year 1929. In the coming time, Sahni not only

continued his own study, but also appointed and guided a

number of bright students under him.

He holds the credit of establishing the Paleobotanical

Society that went on to set up the Institute of

Palaeobotany on 10 September 1946. Professor Sahni was

respected by all academicians and scholars of his time both

in India and abroad. He was appointed the Fellow of the

Royal Society of London (FRS) in the year 1936, which is

the biggest British scientific honor. And for the first

time since its inception, this award was given out to an

Indian botanist.


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December 22, 1887

April 26, 1920

Ramanujan independently discovered results of

Gauss, Kummer and others on hypergeometric series.

Ramanujan's own work on partial sums and products of

hypergeometric series have led to major development in the

topic. His most famous work was on the number p(n) of

partitions of an integer n into summands.

Srinivasa Ramanujan was a mathematician par excellence. He

is widely believed to be the greatest mathematician of the

20th Century. Srinivasa Ramanujan made significant

contribution to the analytical theory of numbers and worked

on elliptic functions, continued fractions, and infinite

series.

Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887

in Erode, Tamil Nadu. His father worked in Kumbakonam as a

clerk in a cloth merchant's shop. At the of five Ramanujan

went to primary school in Kumbakonam. In 1898 at age 10, he

entered the Town High School in Kumbakonam. At the age of

eleven he was lent books on advanced trigonometry written

by S. L. Loney by two lodgers at his home who studied at

the Government college. He mastered them by the age of

thirteen. Ramanujan was a bright student, winning academic

prizes in high school.


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At age of 16 his life took a decisive turn after he

obtained a book titled" A Synopsis of Elementary Results in

Pure and Applied Mathematics". The book was simply a

compilation of thousands of mathematical results, most set

down with little or no indication of proof. The bookgenerated Ramanujan's interest in mathematics and he worked

through the book's results and beyond. By 1904 Ramanujan

had begun to undertake deep research. He investigated the

series (1/n) and calculated Euler's constant to 15 decimal

places. He began to study the Bernoulli numbers, although

this was entirely his own independent discovery. He was

given a scholarship to the Government College in Kumbakonam

which he entered in 1904. But he neglected his other

subjects at the cost of mathematics and failed in collegeexamination. He dropped out of the college.

Ramanujan lived off the charity of friends, filling

notebooks with mathematical discoveries and seeking patrons

to support his work. In 1906 Ramanujan went to Madras where

he entered Pachaiyappa's College. His aim was to pass the

First Arts examination which would allow him to be admitted

to the University of Madras. Continuing his mathematical

work Ramanujan studied continued fractions and divergent

series in 1908. At this stage he became seriously ill again

and underwent an operation in April 1909 after which he

took him some considerable time to recover.

On 14 July 1909 Ramanujan marry a ten year old girl S

Janaki Ammal. During this period Ramanujan had his first

paper published, a 17-page work on Bernoulli numbers that

appeared in 1911 in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical

Society. In 191,1 Ramanujan approached the founder of the

Indian Mathematical Society for advice on a job. He got the

job of clerk at the Madras Port Trust with the help of

Indian mathematician Ramachandra Rao.

The professor of civil engineering at the Madras

Engineering College C L T Griffith was interested in


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Ramanujan's abilities and, having been educated at

University College London, knew the professor of

mathematics there, namely M J M Hill. He wrote to Hill on

12 November 1912 sending some of Ramanujan's work and a

copy of his 1911 paper on Bernoulli numbers. Hill repliedin a fairly encouraging way but showed that he had failed

to understand Ramanujan's results on divergent series. In

January 1913 Ramanujan wrote to G H Hardy having seen a

copy of his 1910 book Orders of infinity. Hardy, together

with Littlewood, studied the long list of unproved theorems

which Ramanujan enclosed with his letter. Hardy wrote back

to Ramanujan and evinced interest in his work.

University of Madras gave Ramanujan a scholarship in May1913 for two years and, in 1914, Hardy brought Ramanujan to

Trinity College, Cambridge, to begin an extraordinary

collaboration. Right from the start Ramanujan's

collaboration with Hardy led to important results. In a

joint paper with Hardy, Ramanujan gave an asymptotic

formula for p(n). It had the remarkable property that it

appeared to give the correct value of p(n), and this was

later proved by Rademacher.

Ramanujan had problems settling in London. He was an

orthodox Brahmin and right from the beginning he had

problems with his diet. The outbreak of World War I made

obtaining special items of food harder and it was not long

before Ramanujan had health problems.

On 16 March 1916 Ramanujan graduated from Cambridge with a

Bachelor of Science by Research. He had been allowed to

enrol in June 1914 despite not having the proper

qualifications. Ramanujan's dissertation was on Highly

composite numbers and consisted of seven of his papers

published in England.

Ramanujan fell seriously ill in 1917 and his doctors feared

that he would die. He did improve a little by September but


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spent most of his time in various nursing homes. On

February 18, 1918 Ramanujan was elected a fellow of the

Cambridge Philosophical Society and later he was also

elected as a fellow of the Royal Society of London. By the

end of November 1918 Ramanujan's health had greatlyimproved.

Ramanujan sailed to India on 27 February 1919 arriving on

13 March. However his health was very poor and, despite

medical treatment, he died on April 6, 1920.

21 February 1894

1 January 1955A noted scientist of India, Dr Shanti

Swaroop Bhatnagar was appointed the first director-general

of the prestigious Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research. He also hold the credit of building 12 national

laboratories like Central Food Processing Technological

Institute at Mysore, National Chemical Laboratory at Pune

and so on.

Dr Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar was a distinguished Indianscientist. He was born on 21 February 1894 at Shahpur,

which is located in Pakistan in present times.

Scientist Biography

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