SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION

What IS Science?

What IS Science?

• a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: the mathematical sciences.

• systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.

• systematized knowledge in general.

• knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by systematic study.

Aaaaand What IS a

“Revolution”?

Aaaaand What IS a

“Revolution”?• an overthrow or repudiation and the thorough

replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.

• a radical and pervasive change in society and the social structure, especially one made suddenly and often accompanied by violence.

• a sudden, complete or marked change in something: the present revolution in church architecture.

So... What is the Scientific Revolution?

The BIG Ideas!

• The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.

Scientific Method• logical way to approach problems in science

Gravity• force or attraction that draws things to the

center of the earth

Observations• noticing or watching something or

someone

Heliocentric• the idea that the sun is in the center of the

universe

Germ Theory• theory that infectious disease is due to

viruses and bacteria

Geocentric• the idea that the earth is the center of the

universe

Rationalism• a belief in accepting reason or logic as the

supreme authority

Sphere• A round figure or shape, like a basketball or

planet

Philosopher• person who offers theories on questions in

ethics, metaphysics, logic, and other related fields.

Logic• the system or principles of reasoning

applicable to any branch of knowledge or study.

Scientific Revolution QAR (Question-Answer-Relationship)

Of all the changes that swept Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the most widely influential was the Scientific Revolution. We often associate this revolution with the various scientific and technological changes made during this time. However, the Scientific Revolution was also about the changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their worlds.

• What change was most influential in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries?

• (Right There)• What areas are normally linked

with the Scientific Revolution? • (Think and Search)

• What effect will this revolution have Europe and the rest of the world?

• (The Author and You)• What predictions do you have

regarding the impact of the Scientific Revolution?

• (Own My Own)

The Scientific Revolution

• New Technologies: The development of new technology and scientific theories became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.

• The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution• By mastering Greek, European

humanists were able to read newly discovered works by the philosophers Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato.

• New technology such as the telescope and microscope enabled individuals to make new scientific discoveries.

• The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily.

• Advances in mathematics made calculations easier and played a key role in scientific achievements.

• Advances in algebra, trigonometry, and geometry allowed scientists to demonstrate proofs for their theories.

Ptolemy (from a book published 1200+ years after his death)

The Scientific Revolution

• Discoveries in Science: Scientific discoveries expanded knowledge about the universe and the human body.

• The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.

Scientific BreakthroughsGeocentric vs. Heliocentric

• Astronomers of the Middle Ages constructed a model of the universe called the Ptolemaic system after the astronomer Ptolemy.

• The Ptolemaic system is geocentric b/c it places Earth at the center of the universe.

During the Scientific Revolution, Nicolaus Copernicus offered the heliocentric theory, which put the sun at the center of the universe.

Scientific BreakthroughsKepler & Galileo

• Johannes Kepler added to the heliocentric theory by confirming the central position of the sun and adding information about the elliptical orbits of the planets.

• Galileo Galilei used a telescope to observe mountains on the moon, sun spots, and new moons in the heavens.– His ideas were revolutionary

and brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church.

Kepler's Platonic solid model of the Solar system from Mysterium Cosmographicum (1596)

Scientific BreakthroughsSir Isaac Newton

• Isaac Newton explained how the planets continually orbit the sun. Central to his argument was the universal law of gravitation.

• Newton’s ideas created a new picture of the universe.

• He is often considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution.

Scientific BreakthroughsMedicine & Chemistry

• Breakthroughs in medicine occurred as scientists learned about human anatomy from dissections. New ideas about organs and blood flow replaced older false understandings.

• In chemistry, Robert Boyle conducted controlled experiments on the properties of gases.

• Antoine Lavoisier invented a system for naming chemical elements that is still used today.

Several of Boyle’s inventions

The Scientific Revolution

• Philosophy & Reason: Scientists came to believe that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

• The Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe.

Philosophy & ReasonSir Isaac Newton

• René Descartes was a French philosopher who is

known as the father of rationalism.

• Rationalism is based on the belief that reason is the

chief source of knowledge.

• An English philosopher named Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method.

• Bacon believed that scientists should not rely on the

ideas of ancient authorities, but rather reach

conclusions by using inductive reasoning.

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Enlightenment & Revolution

The Scientific Revolution

• The scientific revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of MODERN SCIENCE.

Several of Boyle’s inventions

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Copernicus• When: 1473 - 1543

• Accomplishments:

• Heliocentric

• Impact:

• Allowed other scientists to accurately study the universe and its inner workings

Johannesburg Kepler• When: 1571 - 1630

• Accomplishments:

• Accurate diagram of how the solar system looks (egg shaped orbits)

• Impact:

• Allowed other scientists to accurately research the universe and solar system

Galileo Galilei• When: 1564 - 1642

• Accomplishments:

• Discovered mountains on Earth's moons. Moons around Jupiter and was the first to use a telescope for observations. He also discovered stars were composed of matter

• Impact:

• helped many scientist understand more about the universe

Isaac Newton• When: 1642 - 1727

• Accomplishments: Newton defined three laws --

• First Law (Law of Inertia) states that an object at rest tends to stay at rest

• Second Law states that an applied force, on an object equals the rate of change of its momentum, with time

• Third Law states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

• Impact:

• laid the groundwork for future work in Physics, while paved the way for many inventions we use daily

Warm-Up•What are the risks of embracing a “different idea”?

•What are some risks of always refusing to embrace new ideas?

Getting the story: Cornell Style• You have a reading on the Scientific Revolution from

at your table. For the remaining portion of class you will read these pages and pull-out the most important information, using Cornell note-taking format.

• Notes are to be Interactive Notebook item #23

• Your expected product at the end of class is notes from pages 623-626 (stop when you get to the section entitled Newton Explains the Law of Gravity)

Getting the story: Cornell Style• Again, your notes are Interactive NB item #23

• Your expected product at the end of class is notes from pages 623-626 (stop when you get to the section entitled Newton Explains the Law of Gravity)

• We will begin together, taking notes from the sections “Setting the Stage” and “The Roots of Modern Science - A Medieval View”