Scientific Revolution. Definition of the Scientific Revolution.
Scientific Revolution - Alamance-Burlington School System · What was the Impact of Scientific...
Transcript of Scientific Revolution - Alamance-Burlington School System · What was the Impact of Scientific...
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Scientific Revolution
Commonly viewed as
a foundation and
origin of modern
science.
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An Overview
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QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Inventions
Theories
Scientists Roots
Scientific
Revolution
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ROOTS
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Greek Rationalists
• The Greeks used reason and logic to figure out scientific explanations.
• Hippocrates – famous physician; known as the father of medicine
• Aristotle – philosopher who developed logic
• Plato – Aristotle’s teacher
• Pythagoras – famous mathematician; known for the Pythagorean Theorem
• Ptolemy – astronomer who said the
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Scholars of Three Faiths
• Muslim Scholars
– Introduced Arabic numerals to Europe – the beginning of modern math.
– Muslim scholars preserved the Greek books on science.
• Jewish and Christian Scholars agreed:
• Aristotle’s logic and reasoning was the way to go.
• There is no conflict between reason and faith.
• It’s okay to study science – it will not
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Renaissance Humanism • Humanists
– Revived Greek reason and logic to explore new ideas in every field.
– Questioned old ideas such as superstition
– Stressed the importance of speaking and writing well
– Believed science is the way to understand the universe
• Alchemy
– Experiments to try to turn other metals into gold
– Learned more about how nature worked
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The Age of Exploration
• New knowledge from global exploration
– Christopher Columbus had a theory: If I sail west, I should land in Asia. In 1492, he conducted an experiment to test his theory. He was dead wrong:
– There were two continents (North and South America) that Europeans did not know about.
– This made scientists throw “accepted ideas” out the window. From then on, scientists questioned EVERYTHING.
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THEORIES
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New Scientific Theories
Ptolemy (ancient Greece)
The earth is the center of the universe!
Copernicus (1473-1543 Poland)
Sorry! The sun is the center of the universe!
Brahe (1546-1601 Sweden)
Carefully and accurately record what you observe!
Kepler (1571-1630 Germany)
My math proves planets move in elliptical orbits!
Galileo (1564-1642 Italy)
Use my telescope to see that Copernicus was right!
Newton (1642-1727 England)
The universe operates by regular laws!
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Geocentric – everything
revolves around the
Earth
Heliocentric –
everything revolves
around the sun
Old way of thinking...
New way of thinking ...
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SCIENTISTS
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Francis Bacon
• Concept of experimental thinking
• He popularized the new scientific method of observation and experimentation.
• From England
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Nicholas Copernicus
• Polish astronomer
• Concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system
• The earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.
• Founder of modern astronomy
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Nicholas Copernicus believed the sun was center
of the universe
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HELIOCENTRIC = Copernicus’ belief that the
sun is the center of the universe.
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Johannes Kepler • German astronomer
• Determined that the planets follow an elliptical, not a circular, orbit in revolving around the sun.
• Helped explain the paths followed by human-made satellites today.
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#4 – Galileo Galilei
• Came up with law of inertia
• Invented the first effective telescope
• Challenged Church authority
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Galileo Galilei
• Italian astronomer and physicist
• Demonstrated the law of falling bodies and greatly improved the telescope
• Confirmed the Copernican theory
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Galileo’s map of the stars…not the Hollywood
types!
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TELESCOPES
Galileo believed that all
should study the stars
and the planets.
Telescopes certainly
helped.
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Galileo defending his work.
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#6 Isaac Newton • English mathematician,
astronomer, and physicist
• Invented calculus
• Discovered laws of light and color
• Formulated the laws of motion
• Calculated the law of gravitation
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#5 – Issac Newton
• Made great strides in study of gravity, heat and light.
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Newton believed in the theory of Gravity…now we
know it is true.
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Rene Descartes • French Scientist, mathematician, and philosopher
• Discovered laws of optics and is considered the founder of analytic geometry.
• “I think, therefore, I am.”
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Vesalius • Flemish Physician
• Undertook dissections of the human body
• Founded the science of anatomy
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#3 – Andreas Vesalius
• First to study human anatomy in 1500 years.
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Examples of tools used by Vesalius for dissection/inspection
of bodies
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Dissection would
answer many
questions the people
had…but it was not
approved of by the
Catholic Church!
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William Harvey • English Physician,
demonstrated that blood circulates through the body
• His research furthered the study of medicine
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#1 William Harvey
• First to correctly prove that the heart pumps blood.
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William Harvey…
blood circulates through the heart and body
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No…food doesn’t
turn into blood
Yes…Harvey proved
blood circulated
through the body
inside veins and
arteries
Where does blood come from?
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
• Dutch naturalist
• Perfected the microscope
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How did these scientists change Church beliefs of the
time? • Harvey – changed belief on function of
heart • Copernicus – came up with heliocentric
theory (earth revolves around sun) • Vesalius – changed belief on how human
anatomy (body) functions • Galileo – used telescope to map stars • Newton/Galileo – gravity forces objects
to fall at the same speed
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Quiz Time
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INVENTIONS
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Telescope • Who invented it
– The Dutch, 1608. Galileo built
his in 1609. Magnified 30 times
• What it does
– Magnifies things at a distance.
– Improves human observation in astronomy.
• Why it was significant
– Galileo observed: Moons revolved around Jupiter. So everything does not revolve around the Earth.
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Microscope
• Who invented it
– Robert Hooke, 1667
• What it does
– Magnifies small objects.
– Improves observation in biology and medicine.
• Why it was significant
– Discovered plant cells
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Thermometer
• Who invented it
– Fahrenheit
– Celsius
• What it does
– Measures temperature.
• Why it was significant
– Boiling point (212°F); freezing point (32°F)
– Boiling point (100°C); freezing point (0°C)
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Barometer
• Who invented it
– Torricelli, 1645
• What it does
– Measure atmospheric pressure.
• Why it was significant
– It allows you to forecast the weather.
– When the barometer falls dramatically, you are in for bad weather.
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Calculus • Who invented it
– Sir Isaac Newton of England and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz of Germany
• What it does
– It provides a systematic way for the exact calculation of many areas, volumes, and other quantities.
• Why it was significant
– It’s the source of today’s modern world.
– Without it, we wouldn’t have cars, cell phones, computers, motorcycles, etc.
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The Scientific Method: • The five scientists all had to write down their observations and follow strict rules for conducting their experiments. These rules are known as The Scientific Method.
• What are the three main steps? 1) Form a
hypothesis
2) Test
your
hypothesis
3) Make
conclusions
based on the
experiment
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Which of the steps do you
consider to be the most
important and why?
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What was the Impact of Scientific Revolution on:
• Philosophy: Enlightenment and ideas on
government
• World: application of science to solve problems in society
• Religion: mistaken conflict between faith
and science
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Government Rationalism and Democracy
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Going against Church beliefs examples
– #1 = Church taught: Heavy objects would fall faster then lighter ones.
Newton proved: Objects can fall at same speed.
– #2 = Church taught: Earth was center of
universe. Galileo/Copernicus proved: It’s not, (using a telescope.)
– #3 = Church taught: Dissecting human bodies was
immoral and a sin. Vesalius proved: Human anatomy is
important (to understand diseases)
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Society Effects of the Scientific
Revolution • People felt that human understanding of the universe could be reduced to mathematical laws
• The universe no longer appeared to be a mystery- people felt that it was orderly, rational and most importantly, could be understood by humans
• People felt that humans were able to control their own destiny
• The concept of natural laws developed
• Laws similar like those found in science by Newton, could govern other aspects of life (ex: economics, politics, ethics)
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Science Effects of the SR continued…
• Science gained a wider appeal and unprecedented popularity
• Science became a profession
• Increased knowledge
• Greater toleration (scientific and religious)
• Less superstition
• More scientific answers
• Freedom to deviate from established theories which increased new developments
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Scientific Views and Democratic Ideas
• Why could it be easier for a scientist to come up with a new idea today in America? – Americans allow freedom of speech AND religion
– Many opportunities for new exploration – Most Americans are more understanding and open minded
– Not as much influence from the Church
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Is there new science today that would be hard to experiment if not for American Democracy?
• Sure! • Example: Genetically Altered Food –
– “The team of scientists from Harvard, the University of Missouri and the University of Pittsburgh used a gene from an earthworm, which naturally produces omega-3 fatty acids, to genetically make their pigs less harmful for humans to eat.”
– Source: LA Times, 3/27/06