Scientific Methods in Behavior (Week 3)
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Transcript of Scientific Methods in Behavior (Week 3)
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Scientific methods and
measuringbehavior
D r . P a r i c h a r t L a k s a n a w im o l
A n i m a l b e h a v i o r , M a j o r o f B i o l o g y ,
F a c u l t y o f S c i e n c e , C h a n d r a k a s e m R a j a b h a t U n i v e r s i t y
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Make Observation
Formulate hypothesis to
explain observation
Test HypothesisPass Fail
Hypothesis Theory
Test Theory
Theory Law
Pass Fail
Fail
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The Scientific MethodTinbergen's Observations on the Bee Wolf -Philanthus triangulum
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The Scientific Method
Tinbergen's Observations on the Bee Wolf -Philanthus triangulum
6. Confirm hypothesis
1.Observation - Female flies in a circle before
going to hunt?
2. Hypothesis - Female is using landmarks to find
the nest.
3. Prediction - Female will return to alandmark to find the nest.
4.Test - Place an artificial landmark around the
nest and move it when the female is away
5.Result - Female orients to new landmark.
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The Scientific Method
Tinbergen's Observations on the Bee Wolf -
Philanthus triangulum
6. Result - Female orients to pine cones and not scented
pads.
6. Confirm hypothesis
1. Question Isthe femaleresponding to the cones or their
scent.
2. Hypothesis - Female is using visual cues to find the nest.
3.Prediction - Female will return to a landmark to find the nest.
4.Test - Place an artificial landmark around the nest and
include scented (pine oil) pads.
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MeasuringBehaviour
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LearningOutcomes
Background Define animal behaviour and discuss what causes it.
Understand why we study animalbehaviour.
Measuring Behaviour
Understand how we study animalbehaviour (researchmethods).
Createand categorise a portion of an ethogram of primate
behaviours. Createan activitybudget from a videoof primatebehaviour.
Understand the concepts of latency, frequency and duration.
Use various techniques to record primatebehaviour (scan/focal).
Recognise the problemsof anthropomorphism in abehaviour study.
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Student Activity
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What isAnimal Behaviour?
Animal behaviour Is simply whattheanimal
isdoing, or
how
they are reacting.
Ethology Is thestudy of animal
behaviour.Ethos character
ology thestudy of
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What causes animal behaviour?
To someextent all behaviours aregenetic(i.e. a monkey
will act like
a monkey, and a bird a bird)
It isalsoa response to external/internal
environments.
External environment e.g.rain, heat,cold,other
animals,
etc.
Internal environment e.g.hormones,disease, parasites.
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Huddle together
Seekshelter
Hide
Seeka mate
Rest
External Environment
Factor/Stimuli Behaviour response
Cold Huddletogether
Rain Seekshelter
Predator seen Hide
Internal Environment
Factor/Stimuli Behaviour response
Hormones Seekamate
Disease Rest
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WhyStudy Animal Behaviour?
Analysinganimalbehaviourinforms us about the evolution of
how we think, actand interact
.
Understand why animalsbehave
the waytheydo.
Understand when an animalhas a
need and thus usethisinformationtomake changes forthe animalswelfare.
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How to Study Behaviour
1. Formulate initial questions and makepreliminary observations.
2. Formulate hypotheses and make predictions.3. Choose behavioural measures and researchdesign
(methods).
4. Define each measure5. Select the appropriate recording methods.
6. Practicethe recording methods
7. Collect the data
8. Analyse thedata
9. Drawsomeconclusions and return to step1.
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Studying aMixedSpeciesExhibit
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Capuchin Monkeys Squirrel Monkeys
Taxonomy Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia,
Primate,Cebidae
Cebus apellaorSapajus apella
Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia,
Primate,Cebidae
Saimiri sciureus
0.551.25kg, males and females
similar in weight.
South American
forests
Size 1.3 4.8kg, with males being
largerthan females.
Habitat &
Range
South Americanforests
DietMainly fruits and invertebrates,
but
also eat small animals and plants.Mainly insects and fruits but also eat
other parts of plants, and various
smallanimals.
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Capuchin Monkeys Squirrel MonkeysSocial StructureGroup size ranges from630. One
alpha male and female and a
varietyof dominantsubmissive
interactionsthroughout the rest of
the group.Nolinear hierarchy
exists.
Group size 3070. There are more adult
females in a group than adult males.
There is analpha male and female and
avariety
of dominant
submissive
interactionsthroughout the rest of the
group.No linearhierarchy exists.
Forest living insectivorefrugivores that
are
arboreal and diurnal.They are also prey for cats, such as
jaguars, birds of prey and crocodiles.
Squirrel monkeys scream and give high
pitched peep and twitter calls, they
also communicate through facial
expression
and body language.
EcologicalNicheForest living insectivorefrugivores
that are arboreal and diurnal.They are also prey for cats, such
asjaguars,birds of prey and
crocodiles.
CommunicationCapuchin monkeys have awide rangeof vocalisations,
but they also communicate
with avariety of visualsignals
through facial expression and
body language.
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1. Formulate initial questions and make
preliminary observations Howdo theprimates react to living inamixed
species group?
Howdoesliving inamixedgroup effecttheir
behaviour and welfare?
Do they interactin apositive, negative orneutralway?
Whenand where should Istudy the primates?
Howmany primates can Istudy?
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I
(
Inside enclosures ,
r e sea rch r o o m s a n d
public v iewing a r ea s
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Study Site
5m
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Study Subjects
WEST EAST
Sq. monkeysCapuchins
3adult
females
2young males
1male infant
1infant sex
unknown
Total =7
3.3.1
Capuchins
1 alpha male
3younger
males
1adult female
Total = 5
4.1.0
Sq. monkeys
1adult
male
3young males
7adult females
1young female
3male infants
Total =15
7.7.0
1alpha male
6adult females
2male infants
1female infant
Total =10
3.7.0
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2. Formulate Hypotheses
1. Squirrelmonkeyswill choose to
associatewith capuchins, however
thecapuchins will bedominant over
thesquirrel
monkeys.
1. Achange
in the enclosure
design
will
haveapositive effect on the
relationshipbetween the
two species.
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3. Choosebehaviouralmeasuresand
research design(methods)
Hypothesis 1Squirrelmonkeyswillchoose to
associate
with capuchins,
however thecapuchins will bedominant
over thesquirrel
monkeys.
Behavioural measureRecord speciesassociations, and the
directionof the
associations.
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3. Choosebehaviouralmeasuresand
research design(methods)
Hypothesis2Achangein theenclosure
design willhaveapositive effect on the
relationship between the
two species.
Behavioural measureRecord speciesinteractionsbefore and
afterthe
change.
4 D fi h
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4. Defineeach measure
Ethogram Ethogram A comprehensive list,
inventory, or description ofall thebehaviours of an organism.
A complete ethogram of all the
behaviour for one species is very longand so we will be creating portions of
ethograms.
4 Define each measure
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4. Define eachmeasure
(Behaviour Categories and Definitions)Saywhatyou see, not whatyou think !Behaviour Category Definition
Aggression Chasing,biting, hitting or screamingatanother monkey. Mayinclude
threatdisplays, such as shakingbranches or lunging atanother.
Play One monkey chases or wrestles with another, in anonaggressive
manner.Resting alone Lying or sitting away from thegroup
Resting together Lying or sitting in contactwith anothermonkey
Feeding Searching for/manipulating/ingesting food
Moving alone Locomoting across the ground or in thetrees
without anothermonkey.
Moving together
Locomoting across the groundor in the
trees
with another monkey.
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DesignPartofan Ethogram
SCREEN SHOT ONLY
Living Linkswebsitehttp://www.living
links.org/resources/materialsforteachers/measuringbehaviour
lessonplan/
Vimeo http://vimeo.com/channels/livinglinks/45906210
5 S l t th i t
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5. Select theappropriate
recording methodsFocalObserving one individualfor aspecified
amount of
time and recording
their
behaviour.
ExampleUseA study looking at thenumber ofaggressiveinteractions by a
specifiedindividual.
Scan
A group of individuals is scannedat
regular
intervalsand the behaviour of eachone is recorded.
ExampleUse
A study looking at enclosure
usebyanentire group of animals.
What kind of data do you want
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What kind of data doyouwant
to record?
State
Behaviours that occurforan extended duration.
Examples Lying walking,
foraging,sleeping.
Events
Behaviors that areshort induration and generally
counted rather than timed
ExamplesFighting,
yawning, sneezing,
vocalising.
L t T F l
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Lets Trya Focal
SCREEN SHOT ONLY
Living Links websitehttp://www.living
links.org/resources/materialsfor
teachers/measuringbehaviourlessonplan/
L T S
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Lets Trya Scan
SCREEN SHOT ONLY
LivingLinkswebsite http://www.livinglinks.org/resources/materials for
teachers/measuringbehaviourlessonplan/
Vimeo http://vimeo.com/45246079
5 Select the appropriate recording
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5. Select theappropriate recording
methodsAd libitumSamplingObserverrecords key behaviours of interestwhenever they occur.
Continuous Sampling
All occurrences of behaviour arerecorded. When they start
and
when they stop.
Point/Instantaneous Time SamplingBehaviour is sampled periodically atregular intervals.
Which recording methods were used in
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Whichrecording methods wereused in
Living together?
Continuous
Instantaneous
Ad
lib
Focal
Scan
Latency frequency & duration
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Latency, frequency &duration
Latency Is the time(sec, min,hrs) froma specific event to the
startof a behaviour.
Frequency the number of times
abehaviour
is displayed per
unit
of time.
Duration The length of timethat asinglebehaviour lasts.
6 P ti th di th d
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6. Practice the recording methods
Capuchin and chimpanzeevideos
Extrachallenge Live Squirrel MonkeyCam
http://www.edinburghzoo.org.uk/monkeycam.html
or LiveSnow Monkey Cam
http://www.highlandwildlifepark.org/snowmonkey
webcam
7. Collect the Data
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ExampleData sheet
EAST Wing Scan Sampling Check Sheet 5
Capuchins (C) , 10
Squirrel Monkeys (S)Time: Date: Weather:
Behaviour/
time
Resting Moving Feeding Other
Cap Squir Cap Squir Cap Squir Cap Squir
Cap nearest
neighbour
Cap Squir
|| || ||
Squir nearest Out of View
neighbour
Cap Squir Cap Squir
||| |
|||Start | ||| || | | ||
||
||||
5 min
10 min
15 min
20 min
25 min
Using your behaviour categories to
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Behaviour Definition Type of
Aggression Chasing, biting, hitting or screaming at another monkey.
May include threat displays, such as shaking branches or
lunging at another.
Play One monkey chases or wrestles with another, in anon
aggressive manner.
Resting alone Lying or sitting away from thegroup
Resting together Lying or sitting in contactwith anothermonkey
Feeding Searching for/manipulating/ingesting food
Moving alone Locomoting across the groundor in thetrees
without anothermonkey.
Moving
together
Locomoting across the groundor in thetrees
with another monkeyin non
aggressive
manner.
Interaction
_
+
N
+
N
N
+
Usingyourbehaviour categoriesto
group data for analysis
8 Analyse the data
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8. Analyse the data
Table
Frequency of directions of interactionsbetweenthe two species
Direction Negative Positive Neutral Total
Capuchin to Squirrel
MonkeyCapuchin to Squirrel
monkey
then reversed
14
2
10
8
13
10
37
20
Squirrel monkey to
capuchinSquirrel monkey
to capuchin
then reversed
13
4
4
9
4
6
21
19
In39 hrs
of mixed
species observations
97
interspecific interactions were recorded.
l h l
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EnclosureChange Analysis
7&8 Collect and Analyse the data
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7&8. Collectand Analyse the data
Collect data and create a simpleactivity budget
for the
group of chimps.
Or
Collect thedata and create a
simple activity
budgetfor thecapuchin Popeye.
Or
Collect thedata and create asimple activity
budgetfrom thedesign anethogram video.
A i i B d
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Activity Budget
Activity Budget is a graph ortablethat shows
how
much time
an animal spends in various
activities such as,sleeping, eating,climbing etc.
eating
sleeping
moving
playing
9 D l i
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9.Drawconclusions
Hypothesis1Squirrelmonkeys will choosetoassociatewith capuchins, however the
capuchins will bedominant over the
squirrel
monkeys.
Correct Squirrelmonkeysactively choose to
associate
with capuchins. CorrectCapuchins did appearto bethedominant of thetwo species(in mostcases).
Conclusions
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Conclusions
Hypothesis 2
Achange
in the
enclosuredesign will haveapositive
effecton the
relationship between
the twospecies.
CorrectThe
frequency
of interaction
betweenthespeciesstayedthesame
howeverthe
proportion of positive
interactionsincreased andnegativeones
decreased.