Scientific method technique of investigating phenomena that includes repeated cycles of: observation...
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scientific method
• technique of investigating phenomena that includes repeated cycles of:
• observation
• experimentation
• explanation & prediction
• review & reporting
• .
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scientific terminology
• phenomenon: an observable event
• fact: objective verifiable observation
• hypothesis: tentative explanation
• theory: (next slide)
• .
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scientific theories
• simple as possible
• accurately describe a large class of observations
• make definite predictions about future experiments
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equilibrium
• Net force = 0
• Acceleration (change in speed or direction) = 0
• Rest and remains at rest
• Constant velocity
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Force diagrams
• sketch
• “pull” from a “dot”
• Scale arrows for size & direction
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Non-equilibrium
• Net force not equal to zero.
• Speed and/or direction of object changes
• Exs: free-fall, collision, inclined plane, car braking, accelerating, turning.
• Normal force, friction, general forces, weight
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Newton 3rd Law
• All forces are pairs of equal size and opposite direction
• Independent of anything
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Momentum
• Momentum = mass x velocity
• Useful for understanding collisions
• 3rd law implies no change in momentum
• Conserved when no other net action exists
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Energy & Energy Transform
• Total energy always conserved
• Types: kinetic, potential (gravitational, spring, chemical)
• Energies transform (called work)
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Elements
• Number of protons (1 = hydrogen, 2 = helium)
• Independent of # neutrons
• Protons are + charged
• Neutrons have no charge
• Electrons are - charged
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Density, Archimedes
• Density = mass/volume
• Mass (grams, kg)
• Volume (1mL = 1cc)
• Water is 1g/cc
• Body immersed in fluid experiences buoyant force equal to weight of displaced water
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Elasticity & Bending
• Hooke’s law (F ~ x)
• force ~ to deformation
• F = kx stiffness = F/x
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Bernoulli
• Pressure of a moving fluid decreases with speed of fluid
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Boyle’s Law
• Confined gas:
• Pressure inversely ~ to volume
• P ~ 1/V
• Think about billiard balls on pool table
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Specific heat
• Amount of heat needed to raise temp of 1kg of substance by 1C.
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Heat transfer
• Modes:
• Conduction (thru)
• Convection (by)
• Radiation (light)
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Vibrations & waves
• Velocity = frequency x wavelength
• Review wave lab
• Resonant frequency of object ~ 1/length
• Objects emit & absorb well at resonant frequency
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sound
• Describe sound waves
• Intensity = power/area
• Sound level (dB) non-proportional measure of intensity
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