Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics.
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Transcript of Scientific Inquiry & Problem Solving Kimberly Davis Forensics.
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Scientific Inquiry &
Problem Solving
Kimberly Davis
Forensics
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Bell-ringer Activity• Pick up one of each of the handouts from the
table quietly. • Have a seat in the desk that has your name on it.• Complete the Student Information Handout.
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Agenda• Introduction• Classroom Policies and
Procedures• Safety Handout• Tiger Tip Review• Code of Conduct Review• Begin Notes
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #1 Date:
_____1. Dogs given Vitamin E_____2. Dogs not given Vitamin E_____3. Skin condition of dogs_____4. Vitamin E_____5. Breed of dogA. ConstantB. Control groupC. Dependent variableD. Experimental groupE. Independent variable
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A common problem among Miniature Schnauzer dogs is dry, itchy skin. Discuss how scientific methods could be used to do an experimental test of this hypothesis:
• If Miniature Schnauzers with dry, itchy skin are given a daily dose of Vitamin E with their food, then their skin condition will improve.
• Set up 2 groups of the dogs that have dry skin. Give one group Vitamin E in their food, but put no Vitamin E in the food of the
other group.
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #1 Date:
__D__1. Dogs given Vitamin E__B__2. Dogs not given Vitamin E__C__3. Skin condition of dogs__E__4. Vitamin E__A__5. Breed of dogA. ConstantB. Control groupC. Dependent variableD. Experimental groupE. Independent variable
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Mystery Bag Lab
• Follow the instructions on the Mystery Bag Worksheet.
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Essential Question
• Why do crime scene investigators use a specific order of steps when investigating a murder?
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Discuss
• How does a CSI approach a crime scene?• How do they solve the crime?
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Experiments/Problem Solving• Something as simple as changing from one
type of shampoo to another in hopes of an improved effect is a type of simple experiment.
• Can you think of another example?
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Cultural DiversityShamans • Healers• Rainforest of Central & S. America• Observe & test local plants until they find
which ones work• Today scientists work with these shamans in
manufacturing prescription drugs.
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Vocabulary Mixer• In your groups, try to match the
vocabulary words with the appropriate definition.
• Do not bend the slips of paper!• After I have checked your
matches, please put the papers back in the bags and give them to me.
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State the Problem• Observations: the information gathered
using any of your senses • made throughout the scientific experiment,
not only at the beginning• lead you to ask a question or identify (state)
a problem
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Gather Information• use reference materials such as:
– Encyclopedias– Dictionaries– Scientific magazines and journals– World wide web
• not all information is relevant or useful to a particular science topic
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How do you know if it is relevant?–Is the information outdated?–Is it accurate or just someone’s opinion?
Can the information be verified elsewhere?–Is it from a reputable source?–Who is the intended audience?–Why is this the best source to use?–How can the information be used?
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Form a Hypothesis• Hypothesis: a possible answer to the
question– can be tested by an experiment
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Test the Hypothesis
• Experiment: tests the affect of one thing on another using controlled conditions– Contain many variables
• Variables: the factors that affect the experiment
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Variables– Independent variable: the variable that is being
tested & is intentionally changed or manipulated– Dependent variable: the variable that might be
affected as a result of that intentional change– Constant: factor that does not change when
other variables change; • may have numerous constants in an experiment
– Control : the standard by which the test results can be compared
- Experimental Group: a set of items or people under study to determine the effect of an event, a substance, or a technique
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Odds tell the Evens:
What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?
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Evens tell the Odds:
What is the difference between a control and a constant?
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How might NASA scientists set up an experiment to solve the problem of the damaged tiles that caused the Columbia space shuttle accident?
They might make tiles of many different materials and subject them all to the heat and other stresses encountered by the shuttle.
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NASA experiment variables:Independent
variable:
Dependent variable:
Constants:
Controls:
•The materials used
•the amount of heat the tile can withstand without being damaged
•the conditions to which the tiles were subjected
•tiles from the first shuttles
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Bird Feeder Experiment• My neighbor has a clear bird feeder
that 3 birds frequent each day. • I bought one clear, one red, and one
blue feeder to see if color will affect which feeder a bird chooses.
• I put the feeders in my yard, each with the same amount and type of food hanging in the same area for the same amount of time.
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What are the variables?• Independent variable:
• Dependent variable:
• Constant:
• Control:
•the color of the feeder
•which bird feeder is frequented the most
•amount and type of food, amount of time
•the clear feeder
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Odds tell the Evens• What is the difference between
a constant and a control?
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Evens tell the Odds
• What is the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?
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Bikini Bottom Experiments
• Complete the Bikini Bottom Experiments Worksheet.
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A hypothesis is a statement that is a possible answer to a questions about things in nature or science. In order for a hypothesis to be valid, you must be able to test it and make observations about it.
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #2 Date ________Which one or ones of the following statements
could be used as a hypothesis?1. Cockroaches are repelled by cucumber
slices.2. Tauruses are luckier than Capricorns.3. Ajax brand beige wall paint fades more
quickly than Supreme brand beige wall paint.
4. Newton was the greatest 18th century scientist.
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #2 Date ________Which one or ones of the following statements
could be used as a hypothesis?1. Cockroaches are repelled by cucumber
slices.2. Tauruses are luckier than Capricorns.3. Ajax brand beige wall paint fades more
quickly than Supreme brand beige wall paint.
4. Newton was the greatest 18th century scientist.• ( 2 can’t be tested, 4 is opinion)
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ARW 1: Scientific Methods
• Complete the Scientific Methods Active Reading Worksheet.
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Collect Data• Gather and record the data in a lab report
or chart during the experiment.–Quantitative: involve measurements or
numbers–Qualitative: does not involve numbers or
measurements
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Quantitative Measurement
• SI (metric) system: universally accepted standard of measurement
• Standard: an exact quantity people agree to use for comparison (ex. meter, gram, liter)
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Essential Question: Why have standards of measurement?• to reproduce someone else’s results• Ex. If I say the door is three arm lengths
across, what happens when you measure a table to fit through the door with your arm?
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ActivityHave someone very tall and someone very short walk fifteen steps heel to toe.–Why is there a difference in the
distance that they walked?–Are human feet a good method
(standard) of measurement? Why or why not?
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Common Measurement UnitsLength/distance: meter (m)Mass: *gram (g)
*SI unit mass: kilogram (kg)Volume: liter (l)Time: second (s)Temperature: *degree Celsius(˚C)
*SI unit temp.: Kelvin (K)
(most common base units used)
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Measuring Temperature• Freezing point of water = 0˚C• Boiling point of water = 100 ˚C• Human body temp = ≈ 37 ˚C• Room temp = ≈ 20 - 25 ˚C• Coldest possible temp or
Absolute zero = 0 K (-273 ˚C)– Kelvin = °Celsius + 273– °Celsius = Kelvin - 273
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Common Base Unit Prefixeskilo- k 1,000hecto- h 100deka- da 10deci- d 0.1centi- c 0.01milli- m 0.001micro- μ 0.000 001
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Metric ConversionsRemember: King Henry died drinking
chocolate milk.
For each move right = multiply by 10 ----------------------->
k h da (base unit) d c m <-----------------------
For each move left = divide by 10
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Why is it important to know how to convert measurements?
• Data can be collected using a variety of tools. (Meter sticks, balances, stopwatches, etc.)
• You need to be able to compare your results to a standard.
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Practice ProblemsConvert the following measurements:
1. 100 cm to __ m2. 85 km to __ m3. 365 kl to __ ml4. 4,050 g to __ kg5. 50 cg to __ mg
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Answers to Problems
1. 100 cm = 1 m2. 85 km = 85,000 m3. 365 kl = 365,000,000 ml4. 4,050 g = 4.050 kg5. 50 cg = 500 mg
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More Practice Problems
Convert the following measurements:1) 1 l to ____ dl2) 400 cm to ____ km3) 35,007 km to ____ mm4) 1992 kg to ____ cg5) 4,875,016 mm to ____ dam
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Answers to More Practice Problems
1) 1 l = 10 dl2) 400 cm = 0.004 km3) 35,007 km = 35,007,000,000 mm4) 1992 kg = 199,200,000 cg5) 4,875,016 mm = 487.5016 dam
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Measurement Practice
• Complete the Measurement Practice Worksheet.
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #3 Date__________The Scientific Method is a process that scientists
use to solve problems. The steps are as follows:1. State the problem or ask a question2. Research or make observations3. Develop a hypothesis4. Test the hypothesis5. Record experimental data6. Make a conclusion7. Report the findings
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Write the number of each of the following beside the correct part of the Scientific Method:
1. Add ammonia to some cabbage juice.
2. Ammonia turns cabbage juice blue.3. Looking up cabbage on the
internet.4. Ammonia will change the color.5. Telling what you learned.6. Will ammonia change the color?7. Writing down what happens in the
experiment.
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Write the number of each of the following beside the correct part of the Scientific Method:
6. Will ammonia change the color?3. Looking up cabbage on the
internet.2. Ammonia turns cabbage juice blue.1. Add ammonia to some cabbage
juice.7. Writing down what happens in the
experiment.5. Telling what you learned.4. Ammonia will change the color.
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Measurement Conversion Quiz
1) 56,000 ml to _____ kl2) 0.39 hg to _____ cg3) 100 dam to _____ m4) 41 mm to _____ m5) 1,560 dg to _____ kg
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Quiz Answers
1) 56,000 ml to 0.056 kl2) 0.39 hg to 3,900 cg3) 100 dam to 1,000 m4) 41 mm to 0.041 m5) 1,560 dg to 0.156 kg
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Is one measurement enough?• No, scientists make repeated
measurements to increase the validity and reliability of the results.
• This data is then organized into a data table so that others can understand it.
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• Accuracy: exact, how close you are to the mark (ex. in darts when you hit the bulls eye)
• Precision: how often you can hit the same spot (ex. in darts when you hit the 10 point circle three times in a row)
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Practice Problem• A student obtained these data after
measuring the mass of an object three different times. – 1st measurement: 6.293 g– 2nd measurement: 6.294 g– 3rd measurement: 6.295 g
• If object’s mass is actually 5.550 g, these data are best described as —– precise but not accurate
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Analyze the Data• Graph: an effective method of organization
which helps to understand and communicate data
• Bar Graph: measures things that are counted
• Line Graph: compares the independent and dependent variables
• Circle Graph: measures parts of a whole or percentages
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Graph Reading Tips• Carefully read the title and the label on each axis. • Check for any other information that might be
included on the graph. • When you think you have the answer, double
check the information given in the graph. • Remember:
independent variable = on the x-axisdependent variable = on the y-axis
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Bar Graph
Classro
om 1
Classro
om 2
Classro
om 3
Classro
om 419.5
2020.5
2121.5
2222.5
2323.5
2424.5
24 Students23 Students22 Students21 Students
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Line Graph
0 5 10 15 20 2515
17
19
21
23
25
Classroom Temperature
ABC
Time (min)
T
empe
ratu
re (
C)
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Circle Graph
Gas 50%
Steam 25%
Electric 10%
Coal 10% Other 5%
Gas Steam Electric Coal Other
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• Model: a representation of an actual object or idea that explains the results or how something works or looks
• Technology: the application of science to help people – It aids scientists in developing
theories and laws.
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Draw Conclusions• Conclusions: explanations based on
scientific data and observations.– answer the question as to whether or not the
data and observations support the hypothesis – may indicate that more information is needed
which creates more questions to investigate
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• Inference: an explanation of the data based on facts but not on direct observation. An inference is like an assumption.– Ex. Your friend has a busted lip, so you infer
(assume) that he must have been in a fight. – An observation would be if you actually saw
the fight.
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Odds tell the Evens:
What is the difference between an inference and a observation?
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Why are results that do not support the hypothesis important?
• help scientists adjust and restate hypotheses
• help you to understand the world• sometimes explanations must be
modified as new information is learned– Ex. People used to think the world
was flat.
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• Peer review: when scientists share their findings with others through publication or presentation– used to help others gain knowledge– Used to see if any errors were made in the
calculations, design, or interpretation of the data
– Prevents bias• Bias: occurs when what the scientist
expects changes how the results are viewed
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• Scientific theory: explanation of things or events based on knowledge gained from many observations and investigations
• Scientific law: statement about what happens in nature and that seems to be true all the time
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Review of scientific processesState the problem
Test the hypothesis
Hypothesis not supported Hypothesis supported
Form a hypothesis
Gather information
Analyze data
Draw conclusions
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Vocabulary Mixer• In your groups, try to match the
vocabulary words with the appropriate definition.
• Do not bend the slips of paper!• After I have checked your
matches, please put the papers back in the bags and give them to me.
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Classwork• Construct an experiment in your group.
(Give a brief explanation of the experiment you created.)
• Identify the variables. – (independent variable, dependent variable,
constants, and controls) • Draw a graph that shows the data
collected in this experiment. – Be sure to label each part.
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #4 Date________Steps of the Scientific Method1. Ask a question2. Research3. Hypothesis4. Experiment5. Record data6. Conclusion7. Report findings
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Soybeans should be harvested when their moisture content reaches 16%. Juan wants to determine how rainfall affects the harvest date of soybeans. Match each statement below with a procedure in the scientific method.A. If the number of inches of rain that falls between May and
September is above average, then the harvest date for soybeans will be later than usual.
B. Find out the summer rainfall in Mobile County over the past 10 years. Ask a sample of 20 soybean farmers in Mobile County the dates when they started harvesting their crops for the past 10 years.
C. Measure rainfall in Mobile County from May 1 to September 30. Ask the sample of soybean farmers to record the date when they each start harvesting this year.
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Soybeans should be harvested when their moisture content reaches 16%. Juan wants to determine how rainfall affects the harvest date of soybeans. Match each statement below with a procedure in the scientific method.A. If the number of inches of rain that falls between May and
September is above average, then the harvest date for soybeans will be later than usual. 3
B. Find out the summer rainfall in Mobile County over the past 10 years. Ask a sample of 20 soybean farmers in Mobile County the dates when they started harvesting their crops for the past 10 years. 2
C. Measure rainfall in Mobile County from May 1 to September 30. Ask the sample of soybean farmers to record the date when they each start harvesting this year.
4
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AHSGE Biology Bellringer #5 Date________Lab Safety Rules• Always follow the teacher’s instructions• Do not play around or make your own
experiments• Know where safety equipment is located• Never sniff chemicals directly• No eating or drinking in the lab• Wear safety goggles
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A. D.
B. E.
C. F.
The most important safety rule…
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A. D.
Wear safety goggles. Read safety labels.
B. E.
Know how to Tell the teacher if there’s a spill.
use fire equipment. No eating or drinking in the lab.
C. F.
Never taste or sniff Listen to your instructor.chemicals directly.
The most important safety rule is …?