Science results of the Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on FORMOSAT-2...
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![Page 1: Science results of the Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on FORMOSAT-2 Alfred Bing-Chih Chen[1]; Cheng-Ling Kuo[2]; Rue-Ron Hsu[3];](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032704/56649d4e5503460f94a2de76/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Science results of the Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on
FORMOSAT-2
Alfred Bing-Chih Chen[1]; Cheng-Ling Kuo[2]; Rue-Ron Hsu[3]; Han-Tzong Su[3]; Jyh-Long Chern[5]; H.U. Frey[6]; S.B. Mende[6]; Yukihiro Takahashi
[7]; Lou-Chuang Lee[2]
[1] Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University; [2] Space science, Natl. Central Univ., Taiwan; [3] Department of Physics, National Cheng-Kung University; [4] Cheng Kung Univ.;
[5] Department of Photonics, National Chiao-Tung University; [6] U.C.Berkeley; [7] Dept. of Geophysics, Tohoku Univ.
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Outlines
• Brief introduction to ISUAL mission– FORMOSAT-2 Satellite– Scientific objectives
• Major scientific results– Global distributions of TLEs– Characteristics of TLEs– Airglow and Aurora
• Conclusions
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FORMOSAT-2 Earth remote sensing satellite
Mission orbit: 891 km circular, sun synchronous, 99.1 degree inclination, 14 orbits per day, ~103 min/orbit, passes through Taiwan twice daily
Satellite Lift-off Mass (Wet): 758 kg
Size: Hexagonal, height 2.4 meters, outer radius ~1.6 meters (with solar panels folded)
Payloads: Remote Sensing Instrument (RSI) and Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL)
Remote sensing resolution: 2 meters for B&W images and 8 meters for color images
Image Swatch 24km; Limb view angle±45°, ≧capable of capturing 3-D images
Mission Life: 5 Years
Launch date: May 21, 2004 (Taiwan local time)
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Objectives of the ISUAL experiment
Obtain of the global distribution of sprites, elves a
nd jets
Study their dynamical evolutions and spectroscopi
c characteristics
Elucidate the importance of TLEs in the Earth’s en
vironment; a key energy source for the upper atm
osphere at the night-hemisphere?
Exploring the global distributions of airglow and au
rora
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Blue (370 - 450 nm)Red (530 - 650 nm)
ISUAL sensor packages
ICCD imager
Array Photometer (AP)
Spectrophotometer (SP)
Filter wheel623 – 754 nm762 nm630 nm557.7 nm427.8 nm425 – 890 nm
Six bandpasses150-290nm(FUV)333.5-341.2nm387.1-393.6nm658.9-753.4nm773.6-783.4nm240-400nm(MUV)
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International Collaboration of ISUAL
• Taiwan– National Space Organization (NSPO)– National Cheng-Kung University (NCKU)– National Central University (NCU)
• United States– UC Berkeley– Duke University– Pennsylvania State University – Penn State Lehigh Valley
• Japan– Tohoku University– Kyoto University– Hokkaido University
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Simple facts
• Launch May 20, 2004, science since July 2004• Sun-synchronous TLE limb-observations at ~2300 LT• Coverage -25o to +45o, -45o to +25o Latitude, resp.• >90,000 triggered and recorded events • Event consists of 10-30 msec integration images with: -
0-1 pre-trigger (dark) image, the triggered image, and 4-6 post-trigger images (mostly N2-1P band); - ~200 msec 6-channel photometer records (FUV NIR); - 2-channel altitude resolved red/blue recordings
• Observations of >7,000 elves, >800 sprites, >800 halos, >20 gigantic jets
• Additional observations of aurora, equatorial anomaly, and gravity waves
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Zoo of Transient Luminous Events (TLEs)
Sprite halo
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Images of TLE
Elve time sequence
Gigantic jet
Elve
“Blue Event” (jet?)
Halo
Sprite
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Global distribution and occurrence rate of TLEs
Chen et al., 2008, JGRChristian et al., JGR, 2003
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VLF confirms negative CG
Halo initiation by -CG
Frey et al., GRL, 2007
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Where do these negative halos occur?
Field of view over Central America
* Positive CG or unclear
v Negative CG confirmed by VLF/ELF
* Estimated as negative CG
v
Over Water!
Frey et al., GRL, 2007
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FUV emission and ionization by elves
Mende et al., JGR 2005
• ionization takes place in elves• the reduced electric field which
characterizes the local electron energy distribution is >200 Td
• the elves produce an average electron density of 210 electrons cm-3 over a large circular region
• FUV signature of elve is confirmed
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A
Elves often caused by –CG with Beta-type stepped leader
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
AP
AP
VLFVLF confirms elve after -CG
Frey et al., GRL, 2005
• Half of all elves were produced by lightning that shows a three-step signature:
1. An initial brightening in all except the FUV channels (initial breakdown )
2. a slow brightness decrease for the next 2–5 milliseconds (beta-type stepped leader )
3. an impulsive increase of signal in all channels (bright return stroke, -CG)
1 2 3
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Sprites occur often delayed from original lightning during continuing current
SP
SP
SP
SP
SP
AP
AP
AP
AP
C
D
VLF
VLF confirms sprite after positive CG
C
Frey et al., GRL, 2005
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Estimation of electric field
Adachi et al., GRL, 2006
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Electric field transition between the diffuse and streamer regions of sprites
• Electric field in the diffuse region are 0.5–0.7 Ek, which support the theoretical expectation that their optical emissions could be produced without significant ionization.
• those in the streamer region are 1–2 Ek which is a few times less than predicted fields in the streamer head.
Adachi et al., GRL 2006
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Electric field in sprites from SP data
Residual intensities after background
and lightning subtraction
Electric field in streamer region is about 2-4 times the local electric breakdown field at sprite streamer altitude
Kuo et al., GRL, 2005
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Analysis of emission ratios
Liu et al., GRL, 2006
First analysis of FUV emission of sprite streamerTo explain observed emission ratios electric field in streamer has to be greater than
3x local breakdown field
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Investigation of elvesAtmospheric transmittance at tangent heights 10-90 km
Comparison of observed emission intensity with model and confirmation of model
Kuo et al., JGR, 2007
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TLE observations in O2 emission at 762 nm
Every emission below 80 km is absorbedLightning signature comes from continuum
N2-1P
N2-1P55 km
We possibly see contribution from lower altitude from the N2-1P (3-1) at 762.68 nm, (in
aurora 64 kR of 882 kR total)
35 km
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Electron density change from elve
Cheng et al., JGR, 2007
Elve created local electron density enhancement of
460 cm-3
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High altitude sprite current
Result: Delayed VLF signal does not come from low altitude lightning, but from current
flowing in high altitude sprite
Cummer et al., GRL, 2006
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24Harrison, 2005
geophysical processes to link the global atmospheric electrical circuit and the climate system
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Possible electrification processes in lower atmosphere
Elve
Lightning w/ high Ipeak
Sea surface temperature
Vertical flowPrecipitation
Walker circulation
Hadleycirculation
Surface temperature
Positive correlationPositive correlation suggested by literatures
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Side-viewing observations of OI(1D) and OH night airglows by ISUAL
FOV
In the eclipse, FORMOSAT-2 tracks from south to north along a sun-synchronized orbit. The imager looks across the track toward the pre-midnightregion. A side-viewing image from ISUAL imager taken through a 630 nm filter. A double-layered nightglow enhancement is evident.
OI emissionOH(9,3) emission
Stitched image
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FOV
SAT.Exposure Interval : 1.4 sFilter : 630.0 nm
12/21/2006 event:Substorm breakup arc
FORMOSAT-2 Satellite Observations FORMOSAT-2 Satellite Observations of Auroral Substormsof Auroral Substorms
ISUAL / FORMOSAT-2 PSSCNCKU
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Fig. auroral substorm events observed by the all-sky imager in Alaska.
Ground and satellite observations of substorm onset arcsGround and satellite observations of substorm onset arcs
Fig. ISUAL auroral substorm events observed over the Alaska-Canada border region.
01/18/2007 event
ISUAL / FORMOSAT-2 PSSCNCKU
ISUAL
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Conclusions
• The ISUAL experiment successfully achieves the scientific goals defined for this mission, and reveals a lot of new viewpoints in the atmospheric electricity, ocean-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling, and auroral dynamics.
• In the second phase of ISUAL mission, year-to-year and seasonal variations among ocean, atmosphere electricity and circulation are going to be explored and they are important to understand the long-term and global climate change.
• We would like to thank the great support from NSPO and NSC.