THE PHYSICIAN’S HEARTFELT PRESENTATION

GROUP 1GRADE 9-ST. PAUL

JUNE 26, 2014

OVERVIEW

• The study shows that the Coronary Heart Disease is lacking of sufficient blood. It also shows that their has a problem in your coronary arteries.

• The study shows that there are many lung cancer causes, in addition to the well-known link with smoking. Lung cancer, and cancer in general, is most often a “multifactorial” disease, that is, many factors work together to cause or prevent cancer.

CORONARY HEART DISEASE

• Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).

CAUSES

• Coronary heart disease is caused by any problem with the coronary arteries that keeps the heart from getting enough oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood. The most common cause by far is atherosclerosis. Lack of sufficient blood is called ischemia, so coronary heart disease is sometimes called ischemic heart disease.

The cause of coronary heart disease is related to multiple risk factors. The following are the most

common:

• Heredity: Coronary heart disease runs in the family.

• High Cholesterol: Levels of cholesterol in the blood are above healthy levels. This usually involves high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), the bad cholesterol, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the good cholesterol.

• Tobacco abuse: This includes not only smoking any form of tobacco (cigarettes, cigars, pipes), but also chewing tobacco.

• Obesity

• High Blood Pressure (hypertension)

• Diabetes

• Lack of regular exercise

• High-fat diet

• Emotional stress

• Type A personality (impatient, aggressive, competitive)

SYMPTOMS The most devastating sign of coronary heart disease is abrupt,

unexpected cardiac arrest.

• Cardiac arrest commonly occurs in people who have had previous heart attacks, but it may occur as the first symptom of heart disease.

• Most people exhibit some symptom or discomfort.

• Symptoms usually occur during exercise or activity because the heart muscle's increased demand for nutrients and oxygen is not being met by the blocked coronary blood vessel.

More common symptoms of coronary heart disease include the following. No one person usually has all of

these symptoms.

• Chest pain on exertion (angina pectoris), which may be relieved by rest

• Shortness of breath on exertion

• Jaw pain, back pain, or arm pain, especially on left side, either during exertion or at rest

• Palpitations (a sensation of rapid or very strong heart beats in your chest)

• Dizziness, light-headedness, or fainting

• Weakness on exertion or at rest

• Irregular heartbeat

Silent ischemia is a condition in which no symptoms occur even though anelectrocardiogram (ECG, or heart tracing) and/or other tests showevidence of ischemia. Arteries may be blocked 50% or more withoutcausing any symptoms.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES• Taking action to control your risk factors can help prevent or delay

coronary heart disease (CHD). Your risk for CHD increases with the number of risk factors you have.

• One step you can take is to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle.

• A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and protein foods, such as lean meats, poultry without skin, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, and beans and peas.

• A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added sugars, solid fats, and refined grains. Solid fats are saturated fat and trans fatty acids. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of nutrients (such as dietary fiber).

TREATMENTSTreatments for coronary heart disease (CHD) include lifestyle changes,

medicines, and medical procedures. Treatment goals may include:

• Relieving symptoms.

• Reducing risk factors in an effort to slow, stop, or reverse the build-up of plaque.

• Lowering the risk of blood clots forming. (Blood clots can cause a heart attack.)

• Widening or bypassing clogged arteries.

• Preventing complications of CHD.

OTHER TREATMENTSLifestyle Changes

• Making lifestyle changes often can help prevent or treat CHD. Lifestyle changes might be the only treatment that some people need.

Follow a Healthy Diet

• A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet can prevent or reduce high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol and help you maintain a healthy weight.

• For information about healthy eating, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI's) Aim for a Healthy Weight Web site. This site provides practical tips on healthy eating, physical activity, and controlling your weight.

Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC).

Your doctor may recommend TLC if you have high blood cholesterol. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight management.

• With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from saturated fat. This kind of fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.

• No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all fats, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.

• You also should have less than 200 mg a day of cholesterol. The amounts of cholesterol and the types of fat in prepared foods can be found on the foods' Nutrition Facts labels.

LUNG CANCER

• Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages. The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they divide rapidly and form tumours.

CAUSESSmoking

• Smoking cigarettes is the single biggest risk factor for lung cancer. It is responsible for about 90% of all cases.

• Tobacco smoke contains more than 60 different toxic substances, which can lead to the development of cancer. These substances are known to be carcinogenic (cancer-producing).

• If you smoke more than 25 cigarettes a day, you are 25 times more likely to get lung cancer than a non-smoker.

• While smoking cigarettes is the biggest risk factor, using other types of tobacco products can also increase your risk of developing lung cancer and other types of cancer, such as oesophageal cancer and mouth cancer. These products include:

• cigars

• pipe tobacco

• snuff (a powdered form of tobacco)

• chewing tobacco

Passive smoking

• If you do not smoke, frequent exposure to other people’s tobacco smoke (passive smoking) can increase your risk of developing lung cancer.

• For example, research has found that non-smoking women who share their house with a smoking partner are 25% more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smoking women who live with a non-smoking partner.

Radon

• Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that comes from tiny amounts of uranium present in all rocks and soils. It can sometimes build up in buildings.

• If radon is breathed in, it can damage your lungs, particularly if you are a smoker. Radon is estimated to be responsible for about 3% of all lung cancer deaths in England.

Occupational exposure and pollution

• Exposure to certain chemicals and substances that are used in several occupations and industries has been linked to a slightly higher risk of developing lung cancer. These chemicals and substances include arsenic, asbestos, beryllium, cadmium, coal and coke fumes, silica and nickel.

SYMPTOMSEarly symptoms and signs of lung cancer

There may be no symptoms at the onset of the disease. When present, common symptoms of lung cancer may include:

• Coughing: This includes a persistent cough that doesn't go away or changes to a chronic "smoker's cough,” such as more coughing or pain.

• Coughing up blood: Coughing up blood or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm) should always be discussed with your doctor.

• Breathing difficulties: Shortness of breath, wheezing or noisy breathing (called stridor) may all be signs of lung cancer.

• Loss of appetite: Many cancers cause changes in appetite, which may lead to unintended weight loss.

• Fatigue: It is common to feel weak or excessively tired.

• Recurring infections: Recurring infections, like bronchitis or pneumonia, may be one of the signs of lung cancer.

Signs of advanced stages of lung cancer

Advanced stages of lung cancer are often characterized by the spread of the cancer to distant sites in the body. This may affect the bones,

liver or brain. As other parts of the body are affected, new lung cancer symptoms may develop, including:

• Bone pain

• Swelling of the face, arms or neck

• Headaches, dizziness or limbs that become weak or numb

• Jaundice

• Lumps in the neck or collar bone region

PREVENTIVE MEASURESThere's no sure way to prevent lung cancer, but you can reduce your

risk if you:• Don't smoke. If you've never smoked, don't start. Talk to your children about not

smoking so that they can understand how to avoid this major risk factor for lung cancer. Begin conversations about the dangers of smoking with your children early so that they know how to react to peer pressure.

• Stop smoking. Stop smoking now. Quitting reduces your risk of lung cancer, even if you've smoked for years. Talk to your doctor about strategies and stop-smoking aids that can help you quit. Options include nicotine replacement products, medications and support groups.

• Avoid second-hand smoke. If you live or work with a smoker, urge him or her to quit. At the very least, ask him or her to smoke outside. Avoid areas where people smoke, such as bars and restaurants, and seek out smoke-free options.

• Test your home for radon. Have the radon levels in your home checked, especially if you live in an area where radon is known to be a problem. High radon levels can be remedied to make your home safer. For information on radon testing, contact your local department of public health or a local chapter of the American Lung Association.

• Avoid carcinogens at work. Take precautions to protect yourself from exposure to toxic chemicals at work. Follow your employer's precautions. For instance, if you're given a face mask for protection, always wear it. Ask your doctor what more you can do to protect yourself at work. Your risk of lung damage from workplace carcinogens increases if you smoke.

• Eat a diet full of fruits and vegetables. Choose a healthy diet with a variety of fruits and vegetables. Food sources of vitamins and nutrients are best. Avoid taking large doses of vitamins in pill form, as they may be harmful. For instance, researchers hoping to reduce the risk of lung cancer in heavy smokers gave them beta carotene supplements. Results showed the supplements actually increased the risk of cancer in smokers.

• Exercise most days of the week. If you don't exercise regularly, start out slowly. Try to exercise most days of the week.

TREATMENTSEarly-Stage Lung Cancer Treatment

Early stage (stage 0 or even some stage I) cancer treatment of non-small cell cancer may benefit from surgery. Part or all of a lung

segment that contains the cancer may be removed; in some individuals, this may result in a cure. However, many patients still

undergo chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both to kill any cancer cells not removed by surgery. Because small cell lung cancers are almost never diagnosed early, surgery (and other treatments) may

prolong life but rarely, if ever, result in a cure.

Advanced Lung Cancer Treatment

Most small cell and non-small-cell cancers are treated with chemotherapy; they may also be treated with radiation therapy and

surgery. In many patients with advanced disease, these methods may be used together, depending on the patient's condition and

recommendations by their cancer doctors.

Targeted Therapies

New therapeutic treatments are being tried; for example some therapies termed targeted therapies are designed to prevent or stop

lung cancer cells from growing by targeting the new blood vessels that are needed to allow the cancer cells to survive and grow; other

treatments target growth and multiplication of lung cancer cells by interfering with chemical signals required by growing or multiplying

cancer cells (illustrated in this slide).

Tips on how to keep the Circulatory System Healthy

Engage in Physical Activity

• Exercise of 30 minutes or more, most days of the week is advised to improve the health of your heart and circulatory system. Physical activity can help manage your weight and reduce your risk of developing other conditions that make your circulatory system work harder, like high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol. Exercise is even effective when broken down into shorter sessions.

Quit Smoking and Tobacco Use

• Smoking and using tobacco products significantly increases your risk for heart disease. Damage to your heart and circulatory system by the chemical compounds in tobacco can cause atherosclerosis, which may lead to heart attack. Once you quit smoking, your risk of heart disease significantly decreases over the next year, according to the Myoclonic website. Regardless of how long you have smoked or used other tobacco products, you will notice the benefits of quitting as soon as you do.

Eat High Quality Foods

• Your food intake can significantly improve the health of your circulatory system and heart. Diets containing five to 10 servings of fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products are most beneficial to the circulatory system. Avoiding processed foods, foods that are high in saturated and trans fats, and excessive alcohol consumption can also improve your circulatory system health.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

• Managing a healthy weight plays a major role in the health of your circulatory system. Being overweight can increase risk of high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol, all of which put you at increased risk for heart attack and other circulation problems. By just losing 10 percent of your body weight, you can significantly increase the odds of not developing these chronic diseases.

Tips on how to keep the Respiratory System Healthy

You can promote respiratory health in many ways beyond not smoking. Whether using these strategies preventatively or to reduce symptoms of a condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, you can make a positive difference in the health of your respiratory system.

STEP 1:

Exercise regularly. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention recommends 30 minutes of physical activity five days a week to promote overall health. Always check with your doctor before beginning exercise, especially if you already have any respiratory or other types of conditions.

STEP 2:

Eat a diet rich in nutrients necessary for a healthy respiratory system. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, low levels of certain nutrients have been linked to lung diseases. It recommends eating foods rich in vitamins A,C and E and the minerals zinc, potassium, selenium, magnesium and zinc.

STEP 3:

Drink plenty of water to help thin mucus secretions that accumulate in your lungs, facilitating easier breathing. You typically lose about 6.3 cups of fluids daily and drinking at least this much will ensure adequate fluid intake.

STEP 4:

Add houseplants to your rooms. According to the British Columbia Lung Association, indoor plants can improve the quality of the air in your home by removing chemical vapours that can harm respiratory health.

STEP 5:

Wash your hands frequently, get vaccinated for the flu and practice good oral hygiene to prevent infections that can travel from the mouth to the rest of the body, notably your lungs.

More Information

• Useful Web sites

• Related reading