SCIENCE ON A SPHERE PROGRAMS FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL … · Jennifer Mangan, Ph.D. Christie-Joy B....

SCIENCEONASPHEREPROGRAMSFORMIDDLESCHOOLGROUPS:READY-TO-IMPLEMENT

LESSONSANDATEACHINGTUTORIAL

PILOTVERSIONIV

ORIGINALAUTHOR: EDITORS:JenniferMangan,Ph.D. Christie-JoyB.Hartman,Ph.D. KristenSt.John,Ph.D.REVIEWERS: ChristyBradburnMaceBentley,Ph.D.RobertBrent,Ph.D.HilaryPeddicord

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DevelopmentofthismaterialwaspartiallysupportedbyagrantfromtheOhrstromFoundation.

TABLEOFCONTENTS

OVERVIEWOFTHELESSONS 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

LESSON1:GLOBESVS.MAPS 5

LESSON2:HURRICANES 10

LESSON3:TORNADOES 34

SUPPLEMENTALMATERIAL:TEACHINGDEMONSTRATIONVIDEO 43

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OVERVIEWOFTHELESSONS ThepurposeofthelessonsistoprovideteachersandfacilitatorswitharelevantandeffectiveresourceforteachingwithScienceOnaSphere(SOS)andassessingstudents’learning.Thelessonsweredevelopedforusewithmiddleschoolstudentsbutcouldbeadaptedtoothergradelevels.Wherefeasible,lessonswerecorrelatedtotheVirginiaStandardsofLearning(SOLs)andtheNextGenerationScienceStandards.Includedarethefollowing:

LearningObjectives1 PresentationTipsCorrelationstoVirginiaSOLs InstructorScriptCorrelationstoNextGeneration AudienceFrequentlyAskedScienceStandards Questions(FAQs)DatasetDescriptions Pre&PostLessonAssessment StudentHandouts&Worksheets

TherearealsoinstructionstoaccessasupplementalvideothatillustratesaninteractivelessonwithScienceOnaSphere.ThevideoisinterspersedwithcommentaryregardingpedagogywithSOS.Thesematerialsareinpilotstage.Pleaseemailstewardship@jmu.eduifyouhaveanyfeedbackonthelessonspresentedhere.

1AlliconsusedareCreativeCommonsimagesthatwereselectedfromtheNounProjecthttps://thenounproject.com.Individualdesignerattributionforeachiconfollows:LearningObjectives:PeteFecteau,VASOLCorrelations:JanChristophBorchardt,NextGenerationScienceStandards:AdrianRguezPerez,DatasetDescriptions:CreativeStall,StudentHandoutsandWorksheets:JaclynOoi,PresentationTips:mh,InstructorScript:TukTukDesign,AudienceFAQs:AnasRamadan,andPre&PostVisitAssessment:BerkaySargin.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTheeditorsthankJamesBarnesforhisworkassemblingandeditingsomepartsofthismaterial.WealsothankMaceBentley,Professor,GeographicScienceProgram,SchoolofIntegratedSciences,RobertBrent,AssociateProfessor,SchoolofIntegratedSciencesandHilaryPeddicord,EducationSpecialist,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationforreviewingthismaterial.WeappreciatethegrantfromtheOhrstromFoundationthatpartiallysupportedthiswork.

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LESSON1:GLOBESVS.MAPSContentadaptedfromNOAAResearch-ForecastSystemsLaboratory;originalmaterial“LessonsforTeachersNo.1:MapversusGlobe”athttps://sos.noaa.gov/_media/cms/lessons/SOS_Lesson_1.pdf Runtime:15minutes

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES Studentswillbeabletocompareandcontrastimagesonamapandaglobe.Studentswillbeabletoapplytheconceptsofdistance,direction,scale,andareaandarticulatehowtheycanbedistortedwhenrepresentingaroundobjectonaflatsurface.

CORRELATIONSTOSTANDARDSOFLEARNINGWG.1:Thestudentwillusemaps,globes,satelliteimages,photographs,ordiagramsto:

a) obtaingeographicalinformationabouttheworld’scountries,cities,andenvironments;

b) applytheconceptsoflocation,scale,mapprojection,ororientation;

DATASETSBlueMarbleTheBlueMarbleisadetailed,true-colordepictionoftheEarth.Thecloudimageisacompositeofthreedays’worthofdata.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=82

HANDOUTWorldMapBasedonMillerProjectionhttps://sos.noaa.gov/_media/cms/lessons/SOS_MillerProjColor_Final.pdf

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PRESENTATIONTIPS

• YoumaywanttointroducethelessonbytalkingbrieflyaboutsphericaldisplaysandhowSOSinparticularwasdeveloped(seehttps://sos.noaa.gov/what-is-sos/history-of-sos/),butbesurethatthedepthoftechnicaldetailisappropriateforamiddleschoolaudience.

• Ifyourstudentsarenotfamiliarwithimagesofglobalenvironmentaldata,itmaybehelpfultobeginthelessonbyshowing“GLOBE:StudentsoftheEarthMovie”(seehttps://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/globe-students-of-the-earth-movie/).

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INSTRUCTORSCRIPTBlueMarbleWelcometoScienceOnaSphere,developedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).You’llseethesphereappearsasaglobe–asphericalmodelthatrepresentstheEarthonasmallerscale.Theimageisadetailed,true-colordepictionoftheEarth.CanyoufindNorthAmerica?Asia?TheAtlanticOcean?ThePacificOcean?Antarctica?Greenland?Sometimes,theEarth,orpartoftheEarth,isrepresentedonatwo-dimensional(flat)surface.ThisrepresentationoftheEarthiscalledamap.Howaremapsandglobessimilaranddifferent?o Bothprovideuswithinformationabouttheworld.o Aglobeisasphere;amapisflat.o Amapismoreconvenienttocarry.o MapscanbeusedtofocusonasmallareaoftheEarthcloserup.Eventhelargeglobehere

showsrelativelylittledetail.AmapprojectionisameansofrepresentingallorpartoftheroundEarthonaflatsurface.IamhandingoutamapbasedontheMillerprojection.You’llseethemapusescolorstoillustrateelevationofthelandabovesealevel.Greensareforthelowlands,yellowformiddleelevations,andorangeandbrownforhighlands.Wearegoingtocomparethismaptotheglobe.Forthequestionsbelow,acceptanylogicalanswersandencourageobservationsandinferences.HowdoestheappearanceofAntarcticadifferonthismapcomparedtotheglobe?o Onthismap,Antarcticaappearslong,narrow,andenormous!o Ontheglobe,Antarcticaappearssmallerandmoreround.HowdoestheappearanceofGreenlanddifferonthismapcomparedtotheglobe?o Onthismap,Greenlandlookslargerandwider.o Ontheglobe,Greenlandlookssmallerandnarrower.Whatcanyouconcludeaboutshapeandsizeonaglobecomparedtothismap?Whichismoreaccuratetoscale?o TheMillerprojectiondoesnotaccuratelydisplaypolarareas.Thedistortionofareasand

shapesisextremeinhighlatitudes.o Scaleismoreaccurateontheglobe.

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Usetheoverlayfeaturetoshowthenamesofcountries.AskstudentstolocateCapeHorn,ChileandTasmania,Australiaontheirflatmaps.Lookingatyourmap,whatisthemostdirectroutefromCapeHorn,ChiletoTasmania,Australia?o Onthismap,themostdirectrouteappearstobeastraightlineovertheoceanbetweenthe

SouthAfricaandAntarctica.

StoptheanimationontheSpheresothatthegeographiclocationsabovearevisible.TilttheSpheretoallowaclearviewofAntarctica.UsingthelaserpointertracethepathbetweenCapeHornandTasmaniastayingovertheoceanbetweenSouthAfricaandAntarctica.Isthereamoredirectroutebetweenthesetwolocations?o Yes,headingsouthoverAntarcticaismuchshorterdistance.Note:PointoutthattheroutewouldlookstraightinGoogleEarth,forexample.ButitcouldlookcurvedontheSpherebecausethelaserpointerisliterallymovingoverthecurvedsphere.Ausefulresourceregardingthisishttp://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/6822/why-is-the-straight-line-path-across-continent-so-curved.YoucanrepeatthisactivityfortravelbetweenSeattle,WashingtonandAstana,Kazakhstan.Whatcanyouconcludeaboutthedistancesanddirectionsonthismapcomparedtotheglobe?o Distancesaremoreaccurateanddirectroutesareeasiertofindonaglobethanonthis

map.“AmapprojectionisusedtoportrayallorpartoftheroundEarthonaflatsurface.Thiscannotbedonewithoutsomedistortion.Everyprojection[includingtheMillerprojection]hasitsownsetofadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thereisno‘best’projection.EveryflatmapmisrepresentsthesurfaceoftheEarthinsomeway.NomapcanrivalaglobeintrulyrepresentingthesurfaceoftheentireEarth.However,amaporpartsofamapcanshowoneormore—butneverall—ofthefollowing:Truedirections.Truedistances.Trueareas.Trueshapes.”(source:https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/MapProjections/projections.html).Thechoiceofmapdependsonhowthemapwillbeused.

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PRE&POSTASSESSMENT Thefollowingassessmentcanbegiventomeasurestudentknowledgebeforeandafterthelesson.1.Whichofthefollowingmaybedistortedonamap?

a) Distanceb) LandmassShapec) LandmassSized) Alloftheabove

2.OnamapbasedontheMillerprojection,thepoles(AntarcticaandGreenland)appear

_______thantheyreallyare.a) Smallerb) Larger

3.WhichtwocontinentsareactuallycloserthantheyappearonamapbasedontheMiller

projection?a) NorthAmerica&SouthAmericab) NorthAmerica&Africac) Africa&Australiad) Africa&Europe

4.Theshortestactualtraveldistancebetweentwocitiescanalwaysbefoundbydrawinga

straightlinebetweenthecitiesonamap.a) Trueb) False

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LESSON2:HURRICANESByJenniferMangan,Ph.D.,AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofInterdisciplinaryLiberalStudies,JamesMadisonUniversityRuntime:45minutes

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES Studentswillbeabletoidentifythemainingredientsforhurricaneformation.Theywillbeabletoidentifythestagesofhurricanedevelopment,wheretheydevelop,andthepathstheytake.TheCoriolisEffectanditsinfluenceonthesestormswillbediscussedandtheroleoflatentheatwillbeaddressed.

Left:HurricaneSeason:WaterVaporandSST–20052Right:SeaSurfaceTemperatureNOAAModel(withvegetation)3

2SpaceScienceandEngineeringCenter,UniversityofWisconsin3Dixon,et.al.,NOAA/GeophysicalFluidDynamicsLaboratory(GFDL)

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CORRELATIONSTOVIRGINIASTANDARDSOFLEARNING ES.12:ThestudentwillinvestigateandunderstandthatenergytransferbetweenthesunandEarthanditsatmospheredrivesweatherandclimateonEarth.Keyconceptsinclude:

a) Observationandcollectionofweatherdatab) Predictionofweatherpatterns c) Severeweatheroccurrences,suchastornadoes,hurricanes,andmajorstorms

SS.4.6:Thestudentwillinvestigateandunderstandhowweatherconditionsandphenomenaoccurandcanbepredicted.Keyconceptsinclude:

a) Weatherphenomenab) Weathermeasurementsandmeteorologicaltoolsc) Useofweathermeasurementsandweatherphenomenatomakeweatherpredictions.

CORRELATIONSTONEXTGENERATIONSCIENCESTANDARDSESS2.C:TheRolesofWaterinEarth’sSurfaceProcesses

o Thecomplexpatternsofthechangesandthemovementofwaterintheatmosphere,determinedbywinds,landforms,andoceantemperaturesandcurrents,aremajordeterminantsoflocalweatherpatterns.(MS-ESS2-5)

ESS2.D:WeatherandClimate

o Weatherandclimateareinfluencedbyinteractionsinvolvingsunlight,theocean,theatmosphere,ice,landforms,andlivingthings.Theseinteractionsvarywithlatitude,altitude,andlocalandregionalgeography,allofwhichcanaffectoceanicandatmosphericflowpatterns.(MS-ESS2-6)

o Becausethesepatternsaresocomplex,weathercanonlybepredictedprobabilistically.(MS-ESS2-5)

o Theoceanexertsamajorinfluenceonweatherandclimatebyabsorbingenergyfromthesun,releasingitovertime,andgloballyredistributingitthroughoceancurrents.(MS-ESS2-6)

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DATASETS BlueMarbleTheBlueMarbleisadetailed,true-colordepictionoftheEarth.Thecloudimageisacompositeofthreedays’worthofdata.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=82HurricaneSeason–2012The2012Atlantichurricaneseasonshowninthisdatasettiedseveralotheryearsasthethirdmostactiveyearinrecordedhistory.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=372

SeaSurfaceTemperatureNOAAModel(withvegetation)Thisdatasetshowshowtheglobalocean'ssurfacewatertemperaturesvaryoverthecourseofafewyears.Inadditiontoseeingtheeffectsoftheseasonalcycle,theviewercanseehowsurfaceoceancurrentsandeddiestransportheatandwateraroundtheglobe.Theimagesweregeneratedfromastate-of-the-artcomputermodelofEarth'sclimatecreatedatNOAA'sGeophysicalFluidDynamicsLaboratory(GFDL).http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=132 HurricaneSeason:WaterVaporandSST–2005ThisdatasetisawatervaporsatelliteimagewithseasurfacetemperaturesbelowitavailablefromJune30,2005throughOctober31,2005.Becausewatervaporemitsradiation,satellitescanbesettodetectwatervaporintheatmosphere.Allcloudscontainwatervapor,sowhenthesatellitedetectsanareawithahighconcentrationofwatervapor,itisdetectingacloud.Thecloudsinhurricanesareeasytodetectbecausetheyarewellformedandcontainanexcessofwatervapor.https://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=2HurricaneTracks:Cumulative–1950-2005Thedatasetshowsthepathsofalltropicalcyclonesfrom1950through2005.Circlesrepresenttropicalcyclones,squaresrepresentsubtropicalcyclonesandtrianglesrepresentextratropicalcyclones.Thecolorsindicatethemaximumsustainedwindspeed.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=5HurricaneSeason–2005Thisdatasetshowsthe2005hurricaneseason,thefirstseasoninwhichfourmajorhurricaneshittheU.S.HurricaneKatrinawasoneofthosemajorstorms.ItwasoneofthestrongeststormstoimpacttheU.S.coastduringthelast100years,causingwidespreaddevastationalongthecentralGulfCoast.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=3

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WaveHeights–HurricaneKatrina2005ThisanimationshowspredictedwaveheightsfromaNOAAwaveforecastingmodel,calledWAVEWATCHIII®.ModelpredictionsareshownintheAtlanticOceanduringthetimeperiodthatHurricaneKatrinaoccurred.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=490HurricaneSeason-20172017wasthemostcostlyhurricaneseasononrecordandtiedforfifthasthemostactiveseasonsincerecordsbeganin1851.ThisvisualizationnamesbothAtlanticandPacifichurricanesin2017,includingrecord-breakinghurricanesHarvey,Irma,Maria,andOphelia.https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/hurricane-season-2017/HurricaneHarvey:CloudswithPrecipitation-2017HurricaneHarveywasanextremelydestructiveAtlantichurricanewhichbecamethefirstmajorhurricanetomakelandfallintheU.S.sinceWilmain2005.HarveycapturedarecordforthewettesttropicalhurricaneinthecontiguousU.S.droppingover51inchesofraininsoutheasternTexas.HarveycouldverywellalsobethemostexpensivehurricaneinU.S.history,withestimatesofdamagetopping200billiondollars.https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/hurricane-harvey-clouds-with-precipitation-2017/HurricaneIrma:TrueColor(GOES-16)-2017ThisTrueColoranimationshowingHurricaneIrmaandalittlebitofHurricaneMaria(alsoseenisaPacifictropicalcyclonenamedKatia),ismadefromNOAA'snextgenerationGOES-16satellitebeforeitbecameoperationalasGOES-East.GOESsatellitesorbitabout22,000milesfromthesurfaceoftheEarthingeostationaryorbitandbecausetheyrotatewiththeEarth,theyonlyseeonehemisphere.https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/hurricane-irma-true-color-goes-16-2017/GOES-16TrackstheBigThreeThisshortmovierecapshighlightsofHurricanesHarvey,Irma,andMariafeaturingGOES-16ABIimagery,plusaloopofHurricaneHarveydisplayedwithGeostationaryLightningMapper(GLM)data.https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/goes-16-tracks-the-big-three/Sea-SurfaceTemperatureAnomaly-Real-timeThisreal-timeseasurfacetemperaturevisualizationisprovidedbytheNOAAVisualizationLabusingdatafromNOAA’sCoralReefWatch.Thedatacombinesmeasurementsfromallcurrentgeostationaryandpolar-orbitingsatellites,includingU.S.satellitesandthoseofinternationalpartnerssuchasJapanandEurope.Thosemeasurementsarethensubtractedfromthelong-termmeanSSTforthatdaytocreatetheanomaly.Sincethedataisat5km/pixelresolution,notonlycanyouseelarge-scalepatternssuchasElNinoandLaNina,butalsomanysmallerfeatures,suchashurricanewakes.https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/sea-surface-temperature-anomaly-real-time/

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Clouds(colorized)–Real-timeThisvisualizationisacompositeofGOES,Meteosat,andMTSatsatellitedata.MeteosatandMTSataresimilartoGOES,butareoperatedbyothercountries.Thisreal-time,colorenhancedvisualizationisshadedsothatthesignificantcloudsarebrightlycoloredinordertostandoutfromthesurface.Thelowestcloudsarewhite,mediumlevelcloudsareshadesofpurple,andthehighestcloudsareteal.Thebackgroundofthisimageisthe"BlueMarble."Thedataisconsistentlyupdatedsothatthepastthirtydaysofdataareavailable.https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/clouds-colorized-real-time/

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HURRICANETRACKINGWORKSHEET(PAGE1OF4)HurricaneSandyisfamousfordoingalotofdamagetotheU.S.coast,especiallyinNewJersey.ItalsohittheVirginiacoastline.UsingthecoordinatedataandtheAtlanticBasinHurricaneTrackingchart,plotthehurricane’strack.Plottingtips:

• Longitudeandlatitudemaybedisplayedasdegrees,minutesandsecondsorasdecimals.Inthiscase,longitudeandlatitudearedisplayedasdecimals.Tomakethepointseasiertoplotonyourmap,youmaywanttoroundthedecimalstothenearestwholenumberinthespaceprovided.

• Notewherethestormchangescategory,e.g.fromtropicalstormtohurricane,orbetweenhurricanecategories.Usethesesymbols:

tropicalstorm tropicaldepression hurricane/typhoon4• Itisnotnecessarytousetheabovesymbolsforeverypoint,justwherethecategory

changes.• Afteryouhavemadeyourdotsonthemapcorrespondingtothelatitudesand

longitudesonthedatasheet,connecteachstorm’sdotslightlywithyourpencil.

QUESTIONS1.WhereontheEarthdidthisstormoriginate?Whydoyouthinkitformedthere?2.Whatweatherconditionsdoyouthinkexistwherethestormwasformed?3.Wheredoesthestormcompletelydieout?Whydoyouthinkthishappens?

4Dependinguponlocation,tropicalcycloneshavedifferentnamesaroundtheworld.IntheAtlanticandEasternPacifictheyarecalledhurricanes.IntheWesternPacifictheyarecalledtyphoons.IntheIndianOceantheyarecalledcyclones.(source:http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/hurricanes)

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HURRICANETRACKINGWORKSHEET(PAGE2OF4) 4.Doyouthinkwearelikelytohaveabighurricaneproblemhereatourlocation?Whyorwhynot?5.TheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneWindScaleisa1to5ratingbasedonahurricane'ssustainedwindspeed.Thisscaleestimatespotentialpropertydamage.

a.WhatisthehighestcategoryofhurricanethatSandyreachedaccordingtotheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneWindScale(below)?Circleyouranswerinthetablebelow.

b.Whattypeofdamagecanbeexpectedasaresult?Underlineyouranswerinthetablebelow.

Table1.Saffir-SimpsonHurricaneWindScale(tablesource:http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php)

6.WhydidHurricaneSandydosomuchdamageinNewJerseybutalotlessdamageinVirginia?

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HURRICANETRACKINGWORKSHEET(PAGE3OF4) Table2.BestTrackforHurricaneSandy,October22-29,2012 (source: http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/al182012_sandy.pdf) Date/Time(EST)

Latitude (N)

Latitude (N) rounded to nearest whole degree

Longitude (W)

Longitude (W) rounded to nearest whole degree

Wind Speed (kt)

Stage

10/22/12; Noon 13.1 78.6 30 Tropical depression

10/22/12; 6:00 pm

12.7 78.7 35 Tropical storm

10/23/12; Noon 12.6 78.4 40 Tropical storm

10/24/12; Midnight


10/24/12; 6:00 am


10/24/12; Noon 16.6 76.9 65 Hurricane 10/24/12; 7:00 pm

17.9 76.6 75 Hurricane

10/25/12; 5:25 am

20.0 76.0 100 Hurricane

10/25/12; 9:00 am


10/25/12; 6:00 pm


10/26/12; 6:00 am


10/26/12; Noon 26.4 76.9 65 Hurricane 10/27/12; Midnight


10/27/12; Noon 28.8 76.5 70 Hurricane 10/27/12; 6:00 pm


10/28/12; 6:00 am


10/28/12; 6:00 pm


10/29/12; 6:00 am


10/29/12; 6:00 pm


10/29/12; 9:00 pm

38.8 74.0 75 Extratropical

10/30/12; Midnight

39.5 74.5 70 Extratropical

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HURRICANETRACKINGWORKSHEETANSWERKEY 1.WhereontheEarthdidthisstormoriginate?Whydoyouthinkitformedthere?• Thestormoriginatedbetween10degreesNand15degreesNoftheequator,eastof

NicaraguaandnorthofPanama(inthetropics)becauseitrequiresasourceofheatandwarmwater.Bothofthesethingscanbefoundinthetropics.

2.Whatweatherconditionsdoyouthinkexistwherethestormwasformed?• Studentswillhavebroad,generalanswerstothisquestion,whichisfine.Answersshould

alludetowarmthandhumidity.Somemightunderstandthatlowpressuremustbepresent.

3.Wheredoesthestormcompletelydieout?Whydoyouthinkthishappens?Thestormdiesoutnear40degreesN,overNewJersey.• Thestormcompletelydiesout1)overland,and2)asitgoesnorth,i.e.tocoolerlatitudes.• Sincehurricanesneedwaterandwarmthtoexist,iftheyloseeitheroneorbothofthese

things,thestormwilldissipate.

4.Doyouthinkwearelikelytohaveabighurricaneproblemhereatourlocation?• SampleanswerforHarrisonburg,VA:HarrisonburgisnotlikelytohaveaBIGhurricane

problembutwecertainlycangetstormsourway,asseenwithHurricaneIrenejustafewyearsago(2011).Wehadstrongwindsandheavyrainfallaspartsofthatstormpassedovertheregion.However,wearefarenoughfromthecoastthathurricanesarenotlikelytohitfullstrengthwithregularity.

5a.WhatisthehighestcategoryofhurricanethatSandyreachedaccordingtotheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneWindScale?• Sandyreachedmaximumsustainedwindsof115milesperhour(100knots)shortlybefore

makinglandfallinCubaonOctober25.SandywasaCategory3hurricaneatthatpoint.(source:http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL182012_Sandy.pdf)

5b.Whattypeofdamagecanbeexpectedasaresult?• Devastatingdamagewilloccur.Well-builtframedhousesmayincurmajordamageor

removalofroofdeckingandgableends.Manytreeswillbesnappedoruprooted,blockingnumerousroads.Electricityandwaterwillbeunavailableforseveraldaystoweeksafterthestormpasses.

6.WhydidHurricaneSandydosomuchdamageinNewJerseybutmuchlessdamageinVirginia?• SandydidnothitVirginiadirectly.Thecoastwasaffectedbythewinds,butSandywasout

intheAtlanticofftheVirginiacoastline.• SandyhitthecoastofNewJerseyasaCategory1hurricane.

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• Category1windspeedsof74to95milesperhour(62to82knots)arestrongenoughtodoseriousdamage.And,windsfromSandygeneratedalargestormsurge.“Stormsurgeissimplywaterthatispushedtowardtheshorebytheforceofthewindsswirlingaroundthestorm.Thisadvancingsurgecombineswiththenormaltidestocreatethehurricanestormtide,whichcanincreasethemeanwaterlevel15feetormore.”(source:http://www.noaa.gov/resource-collections/hurricanes).Anyonewhohastriedtomoveajugofwaterknowshowheavywateris.Imaginetheforceoflotsofwaterhittingbuildingsandcoastalstructures.

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PRESENTATIONTIPS

• OrientyouraudiencetotheSpherewiththeBlueMarbledataset,ifyouhavenotdone

sointhepreviouslesson.YoumightalsousethistimetotalkbrieflyaboutsphericaldisplaysandhowSOSinparticularwasdeveloped(seehttps://sos.noaa.gov/what-is-sos/history-of-sos/),butbesurethatthedepthoftechnicaldetailisappropriateforamiddleschoolaudience.

• Shortentheprogrambyeliminatingyourdiscussionoflatentheatifneeded. • Familiarizeyourselfwithrecentmajorstorms,suchasKatrina,Irene,Sandy,Harveyand

Irma.KatrinawasofnationalinterestwhileSandyandIrenewerealsooflocalinterest.• FamiliarizeyourselfwiththemostrecenthurricaneseasonforboththeAtlanticand

PacificOceanbasins.• Lengthentheprogrambydiscussinganyhurricanesthathavebeeninthenewswithin

thelastyear.Talkaboutwhothehurricaneimpactedandhowthehurricaneaffectedtheenvironment,economyandsociety.

• Familiarizeyourselfwiththetermstropicaldisturbance,tropicaldepression,tropicalstorm,hurricaneandextratropical.

• Distributetheworksheetdevelopedforthisscriptatyourdiscretionastimeallows.Itcanbeusedinanumberofways:

o CompletethehurricanetrackingactivityeitherasagroupontheflatscreenintheSphereTheaterorgiveindividualhandouts.

o DistributetheworksheetbeforetheSpherepresentationandhavestudentsworkindividuallyorinsmallgroupstocompletetheexerciseandanswerthequestions.ThendotheSpherepresentationandhavethemwritethecorrectanswersastheyencounterthemduringtheshow.

o Usetheworksheetasanassessmentofthepresentation.Distributeitforindividualworkafterthepresentationhasbeencompleted.

o Thefollowingdatasetsmaybeusedinconjunctionwiththeworksheet:“HurricaneSeason-2012”and“WaveHeights-HurricaneSandy2012”.

• Rotateonthez-axisforbetterviewingoftheNorthernHemisphere.ThisisdoneontheiPad.

Right:iPadcontrollerscreenwithrotationiconshown.

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RESEARCHSOURCESTheinformationinthisoutlinerepresentstheessentialsforfacilitatingthelesson.Sincethislessonismeanttobeveryinteractive,preparationforstudentquestionsisessential.EachofthedatasetshasapageontheNOAAScienceOnaSpherewebsite.Herearesomeotherusefullinks:

o NOAAScienceOnaSpherehttp://sos.noaa.gov

o NOAANationalHurricaneCenterhttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/

o WeatherChannelHurricaneInformationhttp://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane

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INSTRUCTORSCRIPT BlueMarble(skipifyouhavejustpresentedLesson1:Globesvs.Maps)ThisisScienceOnaSphere,developedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).Havestudentsorientthemselveswithrespecttotheglobe.CanyoufindNorthAmerica?Asia?TheAtlanticOcean?ThePacificOcean?HurricaneSeason–2012TilttheSphereonthez-axisandpointoutthatthisallowsabetterviewoftheNorthernHemisphere.Cananyonedescribewhatahurricaneis?o Ahurricaneisalarge,rotatingtropicalstorm.Wheredotheytypicallyform?o Theyformoverwarmtropicaloceanwaters.

Doyouknowofanyfamoushurricanes?o ResponsesarelikelytoincludeKatrina,Sandy,Harvey,IrmaandMaria.HurricaneKatrinahitLouisianain2005.HurricaneSandyhitNewJerseyin2012andHurricaneHarveyhitTexasin2017.HurricaneIrmaandHurricaneMariahitPuertoRicoin2017.IfyouliveinVirginia,youprobablyhearthemostabouthurricanesthathappenintheAtlanticOcean.DoesanyoneknowwhatwecallahurricanethathappensinthePacificOcean?o Atyphoon

Hurricanesaresometimesreferredtoastropicalcyclones (particularlywhentheyoccur intheIndianorSouthPacificOceans).Havestudentsobservetheloopingdataset,andhavethemlookforstormnamesastheyappear.Whatshapearethesestorms?o CircularHowaretheymoving?o Theyarerotatinginacircularpattern–counter-clockwiseintheNorthernHemisphere.

Theyarealsomovingeasttowest. Whatcausesstormstorotate?o TheCoriolisEffect

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TherotationoftheEarthmakesaircurrentsappeartobedeflectedastheymove,resultingincurvedwindpaths.Thisapparentdeflection,calledtheCoriolisEffect,setsupthecomplexglobalwindpatternsthatalsodrivesurfaceoceancurrents.ItisnamedaftertheFrenchmathematicianGaspardGustavedeCoriolis(1792-1843),whostudiedwaterwheelstounderstandthetransferofenergyinrotatingsystems.(source:https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/tradewinds.html)TheCoriolisEffectisaphenomenonthatcontributestoanylongdistancemovementacrossthesurfaceoftheEarth,especiallywindandoceancurrents.TheCoriolisEffectaltersthedirectionofanythingmovingwithrespecttotheground.ItiscausedbythespinoftheEarthonitsaxis.IntheNorthernHemisphere,theCoriolisEffectcausesstormstorotatecounter-clockwise(totheleft).IntheSouthernHemisphere,stormsrotateclockwise(totheright).Note:Thespinisonlyapparentwhenfluids(suchasairandwater)moveacrossEarth’ssurface.SeethePBSvideo-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI. Identifytheeyesofhurricanesastheyappear.Theeyeisaregionofverylowpressureandsometimespeopledirectlyundertheeyehaveclearskiesandlowwind;theyoftenthinkthehurricanehaspassedbutthisisnottrue.Theeyewallrimstheeyeandisthelocationofthestrongestwindsandmostintenseportionofthehurricane. SeaSurfaceTemperatureNOAAModel(withvegetation)TilttheSpheredownonthez-axistoallowforabetterviewoftheNorthernHemisphere.Whatdoyouthinkthisvisualizationisshowingus?o SeaSurfaceTemperature.SSTisanabbreviationforseasurfacetemperatures.Whatdoyounoticeaboutthepatternofcolorsandwhatdoesthattellusaboutseasurfacetemperatures?o Thereismoreredneartheequatorandmorebluenearthepoles.Thistellusthatsea

surfacetemperaturesarewarmerneartheequatorandcoldernearthepoles.Doyouthinkseasurfacetemperaturesareconsistentyear-round?o Seasurfacetemperature,muchliketheatmosphere’stemperature,isconstantlychanging.

Waterwarmsupandcoolsdownataslowerratethanair,sodailyvariationsarehardtoobserveintheocean.However,seasonalvariationscanbeseenasthewarmestwaterneartheequatorexpandstowardtheUnitedStatesduringthesummermonthsandwithdrawsduringthewintermonths.

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WhydoyouthinkSSTisimportantinrelationtohurricanes?o Hurricanesformoverregionsofwarmwater.Theyrequireoceantemperaturesofatleast

80°F(26.5°C)fortheirformationandgrowth.Thewarmwatermustbepresentthrougharelativelydeeplayer(~150ft,50m)oftheocean.(source:http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A16.html)

Ahurricaneisalargeheatenginestorm.Itgetsitsenergyfromwarmair,arelativelydeeplayerofwarmwater,andthesun.Ahurricanecannotformoverlandorovercoolwater.Latentheatisoneofthemainreasonsforhurricaneformation.Thoughtheairmaybehumidovertheocean,itisnotat100%relativehumidity.Therefore,thewaterevaporates,changingfromliquidtovaporandrisesintotheatmosphere.TheenergyrequiredtocausethischangeofstatecomesfromtheSun.TheSun’senergybecomeslatent(storedorreservedinthevapor)readytobereleasedwhenthevaporcondensesintoaliquid.Thetremendousamountoflatentheatreleasedwhenthewatervaporcondensesintoaliquid(thehugecloudmassofahurricane)completethisheat-enginecycleofabsorbingandreleasinglatentheatandmaintainsthehurricane’sstrength.Latentheatistheheatabsorbedorreleasedwhenwaterchangesphases.EvaporationisacoolingprocessthattakesenergyfromtheEarthtoturnliquidintogas(waterintowatervapor,oceanintoclouds).Thinkaboutwhenyougetoutofthepoolonawarmday-doyoueverfeelchilly?Thesamethingisoccurring;thewaterisevaporatingoffofyourskin,takingtheheatwithit.Theoppositeofevaporationiscondensation,whichisaheatingprocess.Whenwatervaporcondensesintowater,itreleasesenergyfromthevapor.HurricaneSeason:WaterVaporandSST–2005TilttheSphereonthez-axistoallowforabetterviewoftheNorthernHemisphere.Wheredoyouseehurricanesforming?o IntheTropics,lowlatitudes,neartheequator,overtheocean.Whydon’tyouseehurricanesformingnearthepoles?o Thewateristoocold.

Wheredothehurricanesdieout?Why?o Overland–theylosetheirsourceoffuel(warmwater).Havestudentswatchthewholecontinuousloopandnotethedatesdisplayedonthesphere.Basedonwhatyouobserved,whenishurricaneseason?o June1toNovember30.Duringwhatmonthsdoyouseemosthurricanesforming?o August/September

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ThefirstdayofsummerisinJune.WhyispeakhurricaneseasonintheNorthAtlanticlatesummerandearlyfall?o Thistiesbackintolatentheat;watertakestimetoheatup.OceansintheNorthAtlanticare

attheirwarmestafterwarminggraduallyallsummer.Waterneedstobeatleast26.5°C(80°F)inorderforhurricanestoform.

HurricaneTracks:Cumulative–1950-2005DirectthestudentstotheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneWindScale.Howmanycategoriesofhurricanesarethere?o TheSaffir-SimpsonHurricaneWindScalehasfivecategories.Windsneedtobeatleast74

milesperhourforastormtobeclassifiedasahurricane.Discussthefourstagesofhurricanedevelopment:tropicaldisturbance,tropicaldepression,tropicalstorm,andhurricane.Seebackgroundontheseat:http://scijinks.jpl.nasa.gov/hurricane/.Seehttp://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtmlfordefinitions(ifneeded)ofsubtropicalandextratropical.Stormsareassignedanameatthetropicalstormstageofdevelopment,beforereachinghurricanestatus.(source:https://public.wmo.int/en/About-us/FAQs/faqs-tropical-cyclones/tropical-cyclone-naming)Whyarehurricanesnamed?o Ithelpstoeaseconfusionsincetheremaybemorethanonehurricaneortropicalstormat

onetime.NamingoftropicalstormsfollowsastrictprocedureestablishedbyaninternationalcommitteeoftheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization.Theyusealternatingboys’andgirls’names,inalphabeticalorder,startingwith‘A’eachseason.FortheCaribbeanSea,GulfofMexicoandtheNorthAtlantic,therearesixfullalphabeticallists,andontheseventhyeartheystartoverwiththefirstlist.Namescanbere-usedindifferentyears,thoughsomeespeciallyseverehurricanesmayhavetheirnamesretired.Similarly,fortheEasternNorthPacificsixlistsareusedinrotation.

Whatcategoryofhurricaneismostcommon?o Category1,butmoststormsdon’tevenmakeittoqualifyasahurricaneatall.Wheredoyouseethemajorityofthesestorms?o Lowerlatitudes,inornearthetropics.

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HurricaneSeason-2005TilttheSphereonthez-axistoallowforabetterviewoftheNorthernHemisphere.HavestudentslookforHurricaneKatrinaforming.Letthedatasetloopseveraltimestoallowtheaudiencetofindthestorm.The2005hurricaneseasonshatteredrecordsthathavestoodfordecades-mostnamedstorms,mosthurricanesandmostcategoryfivestorms.Therewere28namedstorms,15hurricanes,sevenmajorhurricanes(category3,4,5),andfourcategory5hurricanes.ItwasalsothefirstseasoninwhichfourmajorhurricaneshittheU.S.TheseasonstartedearlyandendedlatewithtwotropicalstormsinJune(whichhadn’thappenedsince1986)andthreetropicalstormsinNovemberwithonethatformedinDecemberanddissipatedinJanuary.Evenwithalltheserecords,the2005hurricaneseasonwillarguablybemostrememberedforHurricaneKatrina,whichdevastatedpartsofMississippi,Louisianaandinparticular,NewOrleans.Over1600peoplediedduringthestormandanestimatedcostforallthedamageis$75billion,makingKatrinathemostexpensivehurricaneever.(source:https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/hurricane-season-2005/)WheredidyouseeHurricaneKatrinadeveloping?o OvertheCaribbeanWhendoyouseeHurricaneKatrinaforming?o LateAugustWhatdoyouthinktheweatherandclimateconditionsarelikeintheCaribbean?o Warmair,warmwater,frequentsmallstormsPointouttheorganizationofthecloudsandtherotationofthestorm.Seeiftheycanfindtheeye.WaveHeights–HurricaneKatrina2005WhatwaspredictedtohappentowaveheightsasHurricaneKatrinamovedthroughtheGulfofMexico?o Waveheightswerepredictedtoincrease.Howhighwerewavespredictedtoget?o Waveheightswerepredictedtobeupto14meters.Actualwaveheightsofupto15.9

meters(55feet)wererecordedintheGulfofMexico.

Stormsurgeisrisingofsealevelattheshoreduetostormwinds.Whenstormsurgeoccursathightide,totalwaveheightisatitsmaximumanddamagecanbeespeciallyhigh.HurricaneKatrinaactuallymadefirstlandfallonthesoutherntipofFlorida,asaCategory1storm,butspentlittletimeoverlandandthereforelostlittleenergybeforemovingoverthewarmwatersoftheGulfofMexicoandquicklygainedenergytoaCategory5hurricaneasit

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turnednorthtowardsthecoastagain.ItwasaCategory3whenitmadelandfallwithsustainedwindsof125mph.(source:https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Katrina.pdf)WhydidKatrinacausesomuchdamageasaCategory3hurricane?o Categorythreehurricanesareverypowerful.Theyhavewindspeedsof111-130mph,

heavyrainsandcanresultinstormsurge.o TheregionwhereKatrinahitwasvulnerable.ThecityofNewOrleansisbelowsealevel,

withleveesbuilttokeepwateroutofthecity.AfterKatrina,nearly80%ofNewOrleanswasunderwater,primarilyduetofailureofthelevees.ConditionsofpovertyandpoorevacuationstrategiesfurthercontributedtothedevastationofHurricaneKatrina.

TheU.S.citiesofNewOrleans,LA,Mobile,AL,andGulfport,MSborethebruntofKatrina’sdamage.Rainfallratesexceeding1inchperhouralongwithanimmensestormsurgeresultedinfloodingofmanycoastalcities.(source:https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Katrina.pdf)HurricaneSeason-2017AfteralonglullinmajorhurricanesstrikingtheU.S.(2005-2017),the2017seasonwasanextremelydestructiveseason,featuring17namedstormsinjusttheAtlanticOcean,tyingitwith1936asthefifth-mostactiveseasonsincerecordsbeganin1851.AlltenoftheAtlantichurricanesoccurredinarow,thegreatestnumberofconsecutivehurricanesinthesatelliteera.Inaddition,itisbyfarthecostliestseasononrecord,withapreliminarytotalofover$368.66billion(USD)indamages,whichismorethandoublethecostof2005’stotal,andnearlyallofwhichwasduetothreeoftheseason'smajorhurricanes—Harvey,Irma,andMaria.(source:https://sos.noaa.gov/datasets/hurricane-season-2017/)WhatdoyounoticeaboutthetimingofHarvey,IrmaandMaria?Whyisthissignificant?o AllthreehurricanesoccurredwithinonemonthinAugust–September.Thiscreated

unprecedentedchallengesforcoastalcommunitiesandfirstresponders.

HurricaneHarvey:CloudswithPrecipitation-2017Here’salookaHurricaneHarvey,anextremelydestructiveAtlantichurricane.Usingthescaleshown,howmuchprecipitationwasassociatedwithHarvey?o 50mmperhour(almost2inches).Witharecordof51.88inches,HarveyisthewettesttropicalhurricaneonrecordinthecontiguousU.S.Theresultingfloodsinundatedhundredsofthousandsofhomes,displacedmorethan30,000people,andpromptedmorethan17,000rescues.Harveycausedatleast83confirmeddeaths.Preliminaryestimatesforeconomiclossesarebetween70and200billiondollars.HarveywasaCategory4whenithitTexas.

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WhatdoyouthinkcontributedtoHarvey’srecord-breakingrainfall?(Hint:notethetimelineofHurricaneHarvey.)o Thesystemstalledalongthegulfcoastforfourdays.HurricaneIrma:TrueColor(GOES-16)–2017ThisTrueColoranimationshowingHurricaneIrmaandalittlebitofHurricaneMaria(alsoseenisaPacifictropicalcyclonenamedKatia)ismadefromNOAA'snextgenerationGOES-16satellite.GOESsatellitesorbitabout22,000milesfromthesurfaceoftheEarthingeostationaryorbitandbecausetheyrotatewiththeEarth,theyonlyseeonehemisphere.DescribethepathofHurricaneIrma.o HurricaneIrmamadelandfallintheCaribbean(asaCategory5hurricane)thenhitFlorida

(asaCategory4hurricane).HurricaneIrmawasthestrongesttropicalstormeverobservedintermsofsustainedwindspeed,with36hoursofsustainedCategory5,185mphwinds.Irmacausedover100deathsintheUSandtheCaribbean.HurricaneMaria,seenalsointhisanimation,broketherecordforthemostintensetropicalcyclonetostriketheU.S.territoriesinhistory.MariahitPuertoRicoasaCategory4stormanddamagedtransportationandcommunicationsystems.Recentestimatesindicate4600deathsinPuertoRicoasresultofMaria.Here’sashortvideoaboutthetrackingofthesestorms.GOES-16TrackstheBigThreeAccordingtothevideo,howwerethesehurricanestracked?o TheAdvancedBaselineImager(ABI)onGOES-16trackedtheserecord-settingstormsand

suppliedcriticaldatatoweatherforecastersandemergencymanagementcoordinators.Scientistsandmeteorologistsuseanarsenalofforecasters,instruments,andcomputer-basedtoolstoproducethebestpossiblestormprojectionsthatextenddaysintothefuture.Aircraftandoceanbuoys(thatmeasurewaveheight,windspeed,andoceantemperature)arealsousedtopredicthurricaneactivity.Sea-SurfaceTemperatureAnomaly-Real-timeWhatisananomaly?o Ananomalyissomethingthatdiffersfromthenorm.

Thisimageisshowingseasurfacetemperatureanomalies.Whatdoyouthinktheredmeans?o Redindicateswarmerthannormaltemperatures.Whatdoyouthinkthebluemeans?o Blueindicatescoolerthannormaltemperatures.

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Seasurfacetemperatureanomalyisthedifferencebetweenthecurrenttemperatureandthelong-termtemperatureaverage.Negativetemperaturedifferencesindicatethattheoceaniscoolerthanaverage,whilepositivetemperaturedifferenceindicatethattheoceaniswarmerthanaverageHowcanthisinformationbeusedtopredictlikelihoodandseverityofhurricanes?o Trackingseasurfaceanomalieshelpsscientistsquicklyidentifyareasofwarmingand

cooling,whichcanaffecthurricanedevelopment.Whilestormsaregeneratedincertainregionsandundersimilarconditionseachyear,theirmovement,strength,andlocationofeventuallandfallaresomewhatunpredictable.Severityofthestormisinfluencedbywatertemperatures-warmertemperaturesproducemorepowerfulstorms.Asseasurfacetemperaturescontinuetoincreaseyearafteryear,thepotentialforhurricanesalsoincreasesinmanyways.Warmerseascanresultinlongerhurricaneseasons,morefrequentstorms,strongerstorms,increasedunpredictability,andincreasedrangeofdestructivepotentialonland.Clouds(colorized)–Real-timeInfraredsatelliteimagesareusedbymeteorologiststodeterminewherecloudsare,butmoreimportantly,howthecloudsaremoving.Theinfrared,IR,satellitesworkbymeasuringtheinfraredradiationthatisemitted.Becausetheemittedradiationisproportionaltotemperature,thedataareconvertedtotemperaturevalues,whichcanbeusefulformeteorologists.Basedonthiscloudimage,istheremuchhurricaneformationhappeningnow?Whyorwhynot?o Answerswillvarydependingoncloudcoveratthetimeofthepresentation.Doyouthinkwearelikelytohaveabighurricaneproblemhereatourlocation?o HarrisonburgisnotlikelytohaveaBIGhurricaneproblembutwecertainlycangetstorms

ourway,asseenwithHurricaneIrenejustafewyearsago(2011).Wehadstrongwindsandheavyrainfallaspartsofthatstormpassedovertheregion.However,wearefarenoughfromthecoastthathurricanesarenotlikelytohitfullstrengthwithregularity.

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AUDIENCEFAQS 1.WhyisthereabandwithnohurricanetracksontheCumulativeHurricaneTrackvisual?o TheCoriolisEffect,whichisnecessarytocauserotationofhurricanesandtropicalstorms,increaseswithgreaterlatitudes.TheCoriolisEffectisnegligiblewithin5degreeslatitudeoftheequator,thereforetropicalstormscannotdevelopwithinthisbelt.

2.Whydohurricanesmoveeasttowest?o See:https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Hurricanes/3.Whatweresomeofthehurricanesthathadlargemonetarycosts?o HurricaneKatrina(2005)strucktheBahamas,Florida,Louisiana,Mississippi,andAlabama,withanestimatedU.S.$108billionintotallosses.ThiscomparestoU.S.$71billionforHurricaneSandy(2012).(source:https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone/facts).HurricaneHarvey(2017)hitTexaswithanestimated125billionintotallosses.However,KatrinaremainsthemostcostlyhurricaneinU.S.history,afteraccountingforinflation(source:https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL092017_Harvey.pdf).

4.Whenishurricaneseason?o Hurricaneseasonistheportionoftheyearhavingarelativelyhighincidenceofhurricanes.ThehurricaneseasonintheAtlantic,Caribbean,andGulfofMexicorunsfromJune1toNovember30.ThehurricaneseasonintheCentralPacificbasinalsorunsfromJune1toNovember30.ThehurricaneseasonintheEasternPacificbasinrunsfromMay15toNovember30.However,hurricanescan(anddo)occuroutsidethiswindowiftheconditionsareright.(source:http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.shtml)

5.Hasanyoneeverflownaplaneintoahurricane?o Yes,NOAAhasaircraftdesignedforflyingintohurricanesandrecordingscientificdata.6. Howdoesahurricaneform?o Tropicalcyclonesarelikegiantenginesthatusewarm,moistairasfuel.Thatiswhytheyformonlyoverwarmoceanwatersneartheequator.Thewarm,moistairovertheoceanrisesupwardfromnearthesurface.Becausethisairmovesupandawayfromthesurface,thereislessairleftnearthesurface.Anotherwaytosaythesamethingisthatthewarmairrises,causinganareaoflowerairpressurebelow.Airfromsurroundingareaswithhigherairpressurepushesintothelowpressurearea.Thenthat"new"airbecomeswarmandmoistandrises,too.Asthewarmaircontinuestorise,thesurroundingairswirlsintotakeitsplace.Asthewarmed,moistairrisesandcoolsoff,thewaterintheairformsclouds.Thewholesystemofcloudsandwindspinsandgrows,fedbytheocean'sheatandwaterevaporatingfromthesurface.

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PRE&POSTASSESSMENTThefollowingassessmentcanbegiventomeasurestudentknowledgebeforeandafterthelesson.1.WhereonEarthdohurricanesform?a) TheArcticb) Tropicaloceansc) Overwarmlandd) Antarctica

2.Whatcauseshurricanestorotate?a) TheCoriolisEffectb) Windhighintheatmospherec) Theequatord) Thejetstream

3.WhichoneoftheseisNOTanenergysourceforahurricane?a) Warmwaterb) Warmairc) TheSund) Ice

4.Whatdowecalltheenergyabsorbedorreleasedwhenwaterchangesphases?a) Solarpowerb) Evaporationc) Latentheatd) TheCoriolisEffect

5.Whatdowecallthecenterofahurricane?a) Theeyewallb) Rainbandc) Theeyed) Thezone

6.Atwhatstageofahurricane’slifedoesitgetaname?a) Tropicaldisturbanceb) Tropicaldepressionc) Tropicalstormd) Hurricane

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7.WhenisAtlantichurricaneseason?a) JanuarythroughAprilb) MarchthroughMayc) JunethroughNovemberd) AugustthroughOctober

8.Wherearethestrongestwindsinahurricane?a) Theeyeb) Theeyewallc) Thespiralrainbandsd) Theouteredge

9.Mosttropicalstormsneverdevelopintofull-blownhurricanes.a) Trueb)False

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LESSON3:TORNADOESByJenniferMangan,Ph.D.,AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofInterdisciplinaryLiberalStudies,JamesMadisonUniversityRuntime:30minutes

LEARNINGOBJECTIVES Studentswillunderstandthebasicideaofhowtornadoesareformed.Theywillbeabletoidentifytheconditionsthatareneededforatornadotoformandwheretornadoesdevelop. Left:LightningDetection–June2011–Aug20125Right:PrecipitableWater(OverLand)–RealTime6

CORRELATIONSTOVIRGINIASTANDARDSOFLEARNING 6.3:Thestudentwillinvestigateandunderstandtheroleofsolarenergyindrivingmostnaturalprocesseswithintheatmosphere,thehydrosphere,andonEarth’ssurface.Keyconceptsinclude:

e)Theroleofthermalenergyinweather-relatedphenomenaincludingthunderstormsandhurricanes

5VaisalaGLD3606AdvancedMicrowaveSoundingUnitProjectandSpecialSensorMicrowaveImager

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ES.12:ThestudentwillinvestigateandunderstandthatenergytransferbetweenthesunandEarthanditsatmospheredrivesweatherandclimateonEarth.Keyconceptsinclude:

a) Observationandcollectionofweatherdatab) Predictionofweatherpatternsc) Severeweatheroccurrences,suchastornadoes,hurricanes,andmajorstorms

4.6Thestudentwillinvestigateandunderstandhowweatherconditionsandphenomenaoccurandcanbepredicted.Keyconceptsinclude:

a) Weatherphenomenab) Weathermeasurementsandmeteorologicaltools

CORRELATIONSTONEXTGENERATIONSCIENCESTANDARDS ESS2.C:TheRolesofWaterinEarth’sSurfaceProcesses

o Thecomplexpatternsofthechangesandthemovementofwaterintheatmosphere,determinedbywinds,landforms,andoceantemperaturesandcurrents,aremajordeterminantsoflocalweatherpatterns.(MS-ESS2-5)

ESS2.D:WeatherandClimate

o Weatherandclimateareinfluencedbyinteractionsinvolvingsunlight,theocean,theatmosphere,ice,landforms,andlivingthings.Theseinteractionsvarywithlatitude,altitude,andlocalandregionalgeography,allofwhichcanaffectoceanicandatmosphericflowpatterns.(MS-ESS2-6)

o Becausethesepatternsaresocomplex,weathercanonlybepredictedprobabilistically.(MS-ESS2-5)

o Theoceanexertsamajorinfluenceonweatherandclimatebyabsorbingenergyfromthesun,releasingitovertime,andgloballyredistributingitthroughoceancurrents.(MS-ESS2-6)

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DATASETS BlueMarbleTheBlueMarbleisadetailed,true-colordepictionoftheEarth.Thecloudimageisacompositeofthreedays’worthofdata.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=82 CookingUpAStormThisisan8minutevideothatteachesanaudienceabouttheatmosphericingredientsthatgointoatypicalsevereweatherdayinTornadoAlley.Thesefactors-moisture,instability,lift,andshear-areexplainedthroughaseriesofdatasetsandcreative,descriptivediagrams.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=295 PrecipitableWater(overland)–Real-timeTotalprecipitablewater(TPW)intheatmosphereistheamountofwaterthatcanbeobtainedfromtheEarth’ssurfacetothe"top"oftheatmosphereifallofthewaterandwatervaporwerecondensedtoaliquidphase.Significantfeaturesthatcanbeidentifiedinthisdatasetaretheatmosphericriversthatflowofftheoceansandontocoastallandareas.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=59 GLAPSModel:SeaSurfaceandGroundTemperature–Real-timeTheGlobalAnalysisandPredictionSystem(GLAPS)producesmapsforseveralweatherparametersoveralargeglobaldomain.ThisGLAPSdatasetshowsseasurfaceandgroundtemperatureindegreesFahrenheit.Thedataareavailableinreal-time,updatehourly,andincludethedataforthepastweek.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=69 LightningDetection–Jun2011-Aug2012TheGlobalLightningDataset(GLD360)networkdetectsbetween1and3millionlightningeventsaroundtheworldeverydayoftheyear.ThisdatasetshowslocationandfrequencyofflashesfromJune2011throughAugust2012.http://sos.noaa.gov/Datasets/dataset.php?id=366

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PRESENTATIONTIPS

• OrientyouraudiencetotheSpherewiththeBlueMarbledataset,ifyouhavenotdonesointhepreviouslesson.YoumightalsousethistimetotalkbrieflyaboutsphericaldisplaysandhowSOSinparticularwasdeveloped(seehttps://sos.noaa.gov/what-is-sos/history-of-sos/),butbesurethatthedepthoftechnicaldetailisappropriateforamiddleschoolaudience.

• Referbacktothe“CookingUpaStorm"conceptsfrequently.• Familiarizeyourselfwithanyrecenttornadoactivityinthearea(2011tornadoesin

RockinghamCountyarecoveredinFAQs).• LengthenthelessonbyaddingtheTwisterDashboard:ExploringThreeDecadesof

ViolentStormsactivity(describedonpage41)

RESEARCHRESOURCESTheinformationlistedinthisoutlinerepresentsaneffectiveordertogivethepresentationinandincludesessentialfactsabouttornadoesandtheirformation.Sincethislessonismeanttobeveryinteractive,preparationforstudentquestionsisessential.EachofthedatasetshasapageontheNOAAScienceOnaSpherewebsite.Herearesomeotherusefullinksthatweusedtofindinformationabouttornadoes:

• NOAAScienceOnaSpherehttp://sos.noaa.gov

• UniversityofChicago,DepartmentofGeophysicalScienceshttp://goo.gl/y16XQK

• UniversityofCalifornia,DepartmentofAtmosphericScienceshttp://goo.gl/bWkBwH

• NationalWeatherServicehttp://www.srh.noaa.gov/ffc/?n=torntext

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INSTRUCTORSCRIPT BlueMarble(skipifyouhavedoneinapreviouslesson)ThisisScienceOnaSphere,developedbytheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA).Havestudentsorientthemselveswithrespecttotheglobe.CanyoufindNorthAmerica?Asia?TheAtlanticOcean?ThePacificOcean?TilttheSphereonthez-axisandpointoutthatthisallowsabetterviewoftheNorthernHemisphere,wherewewillbeobservingtornadopatterns.Asyouswitchdatasets,youwillhavetore-tilttheSphere.Todaywearegoingtotalkabouttornadoes.Howmanyofyouhaveseenthemovies,TheWizardofOzorTwister?Howmanyofyouthinkthatthatiswhathappenswhentornadoeshit?Well,tornadoesdonotactuallysuckyououtofKansasandintoadifferentworldliketheydidtoDorothyinTheWizardofOz.Theyare,however,oneofnature’smostviciousstorms,andtheydofrequentlyoccurinthecentralpartofKansas.Whocantellmewhatatornadois?o Atornadoisafunnel-shaped,rotatingcolumnofairthattouchesboththegroundanda

cloudabove.Atornadoformswhentheupdraftofathunderstormbeginstorapidlyrotate.Thecolumnofairflowingupwardsinathunderstorm(calledtheupdraft)canbeginspinningifthewindsintheatmospherearechangingdirectionasyougohigher(calledwindshear).Canyouguesswhatcountrygetsthemosttornadoes?o TheUnitedStatesdoes,averagingaround1,200tornadoeseachyearCananyonenameastatethatgetsalotoftornadoes?(hint,hint:TheWizardofOz)o Kansas,Texas,andOklahomacommonlyreceivetornadoes.MosttornadoesintheUSoccur

inaplacenicknamed‘TornadoAlley,’inthesouthcentralU.S.Whydoyouthinksomanytornadoesoccurin“TornadoAlley”?o TornadoAlleyhasalloftheweatherconditionsneededfortornadoformation.Let’swatchthisshortnarratedvideoonhowstormsforminTornadoAlley,andthenwewilltalkabouthowtornadoescomefromthosestorms.CookingUpAStormCuetheshowandallowtheaudiencetowatch.

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Doesanyonerememberthe4ingredientstheytalkedaboutinthevideo?o Moisture,instability,lift,andshear.Forthenexttwodatasetsyoucanreferbacktothepointsmadeinthemovie.Stressthattornadoesneedseverethunderstorms(calledasupercellthunderstorm)andveryspecificingredientsandconditionstoform.PrecipitableWater(overland)–Real-timeDoesanyoneknowwhat“precipitablewater”is?o Itistheamountofwaterintheatmospherethatcanraindown.Whydoyouthinkitisimportanttoknowthiswhenyouarethinkingaboutstorms?o Stormsbringrain,andtheamountofraincandeterminetheseverityoftheeffectsofthe

storm.o Humidairisverydifferentfromdryair.Moistureisneededtostorelatentheat,whichisthe

mainenergysourceforthestorm.Latentheatisheatabsorbedorreleasedduringachangeofphaseatconstanttemperatureandpressure.

RaiseyourhandifyoucanseeMexicoontheSphere.DrawattentiontothescaleontheSphere.Whatdoyounoticeaboutthemoisture(green)intheGulfofMexicocomparedtothemoistureintheNorthwesternUnitedStates.o Thereisalotofmoisture(green)inGulfofMexicoandlittlemoistureintheNorthwestern

UnitedStatesWhereisthelinebetweentheseairmasses?o CentralUnitedStates–thisisTornadoAlley!Tornadoescanformanywhere,aslongasthefouringredientsarepresent:moisture,instability,lift,andshear.TheseconditionsmostcommonlyaligninthecentralUnitedStates,buttornadoescanbegeneratedbyanysupercellthunderstormwiththecorrectconditions.Whentornadoesdoform,theirdestructiveforceisunmatchedbyanyotherweatherphenomenon.Withtoday’sweather,isthereanylikelihoodwewillbegettingatornado?o Answerswillvary.Remindstudentsthatyoucannothaveatornadowithoutathunderstorm

first.GLAPSModel:SeaSurfaceandGroundTemperature–Real-timePointoutthescalebar,andhavetheaudiencereadthismapforthemselves.Thesearenearreal-timedata(typicallyupdatedhourly)showingsurfacetemperaturesoverthelastweekorso.AsktheaudiencewheretherearewarmertemperaturesandwheretherearecoolertemperaturesintheUnitedStates.Usethesepointstomakeafurthercasefordifferentairmasses,andthelocationofTornadoAlley.

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LightningDetection–Jun2011-Aug2012Pointofthescalebarandhavetheaudiencewatchthedatalooponceortwicewhiletheyorientthemselvestothemap.WhereintheU.S.doyouseethemostlightning?o FloridaHasanyoneeverbeentoFlorida?Wasthereathunderstormwhileyouwerethere?ThunderstormsareveryfrequentinFlorida,occurringalmostdaily,buttornadoesarerarethere.ThethunderstormsthatFloridagetsarejustbasicstorms,andyouneedaverysevereandwell-formedstorm(calledasupercellthunderstorm)toproduceatornado.MostofthestormswegetinHarrisonburgarebasicstormsalso,sowearenotahightornadoriskarea,buttheymayoccurinanyareathatexperiencesthunderstormsWhatmonthsdoyouseethemostlightninginTornadoalley?o May-August(oranarrowertimeframe,June-July).Thesearepeaktornadomonthsthat

coincidewithstormsontheHighPlains(Midwest).Referagaintothe“CookingupaStorm”videofromearlier.

Whataresomewaysthatpeoplecanstaysafeduringatornado?o Listentonewsreportsregardingtornadowatchesandwarnings.Basementsandother

undergroundareasarethesafestplacestoseekrefugeduringatornado.Itisalsoagoodideatostayawayfromwindows.Tornadowindscanreach300milesperhour,strongenoughforprojectilepiecesofstraw(hay)topenetratesolidwood,likefencepostsandtreetrunks!Damagepathscanbeinexcessofonemilewideand50mileslong!

o Forgeneralinformationontornadoesandtornadodetection,seehttps://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/andhttps://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/tornadoes/detection/.

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TWISTERDASHBOARD:EXPLORINGTHREEDECADESOFVIOLENTSTORMSInthisactivity,studentswillinvestigatethreedecadesoftornadodatathroughaninteractiveStoryMap.TheStoryMapwascreatedbyEsriandtheactivitywasdevelopedbyKristinWegnerfortheUniversityCorporationforAtmosphericResearch(UCAR)CenterforScienceEducation(seehttps://scied.ucar.edu/activity/10396/print-all).AUDIENCEFAQS 1.HowoftendotornadoesoccurinVirginia?o AccordingtoNOAA,(1991-2010data)thereare,onaverage,18tornadoesthattouchdown

inVirginiaeveryyear.Monthly,1-4tornadoesoccurduringApril-October,withthemostfrequenttornadoesoccurringinSeptember(average4eachSeptember).

2.Whenwasthelasttornadointhearea?o DuringanovernightthunderstormonApril27-28,2011,severaltornadoestoucheddownin

ourarea.ThemostseverebeganinFulksRunandtravelednearlyparalleltoI-81forover33miles,nearlyreachingStrasburg!

o Thatsamenight,atornadotoucheddownjust4mileseastofhere,nearRockinghamMemorialHospital,runningapproximately3milesnorth,crossingbothPortRepublicRoadandRoute33.

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenatornadowatchandatornadowarning?o Atornadowatchisputinplacewhentheconditionssuggestatornadocouldforminthe

area,andyoushouldkeepaneyeontheskiesandwatchforsigns.o Atornadowarningmeansthatatornadohasbeensightedinthearea,andyoushouldtake

coverimmediately!

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PRE&POSTASSESSMENTThefollowingassessmentcanbegiventomeasurestudentknowledgebeforeandafterthelesson. 1.InwhichregionoftheUnitedStatesaretornadoesmostcommon?a) Eastcoastb) Midwestc) RockyMountainsd) Westcoast

2.WhichoneoftheseisNOTaconditionnecessarytoformatornado?a) Evaporationb) Moisturec) Instabilityd) Shear

3.Whenistornadoseason?a) Springb) Summerc) Falld) Winter

4.Tornadoescontainstrongrotatingwindsthathavethepotentialtocausedamage.a) Trueb) False

5.Whatshouldyoudotoprotectyourselffromatornado?a) Listentonewsreportsregardingtornadowatchesandwarningsb) Stayawayfromwindowsc) Seekshelterinabasementorundergroundaread) alloftheabove

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SUPPLEMENTALMATERIAL:TEACHINGDEMONSTRATIONVIDEOByKristenSt.John,Ph.D.,Professor,DepartmentofGeologyandEnvironmentalScience,JamesMadisonUniversityDuration:57minutesThisvideoprovidesanexampleofpedagogicalpracticeswithSOS.ThisvideoisarecordingofanactualinteractiveclimatemodellessonbyProfessorKristenSt.Johnwithherupperdivisioncollegesciencestudents.ThevideoisinterspersedwithcommentaryregardingpedagogicalpracticesthatareapplicabletoSOSlessonsatthemiddleandhighschoollevelaswellasatthecollegiatelevel.Thevideocontainsthreeparts:Part1:PartI:FramingthediscussionintheclassroompriortousingSOS(20min)Part2:UtilizingtheSOSclimatemodeldatasets(28min)a)ProvidinghandoutswithguidedquestionsDatasetDiscussion:GFDLA1BModel-TemperatureChangewithBusinessasUsualb)OrientingstudentstovisualizationsDatasetDiscussion:HADA1BModel-TemperatureChangewithBusinessasUsualDatasetDiscussion:GFDLB1Model-TemperatureChangewithaMoreEcologicallyFriendlyScenarioDatasetDiscussion:GFDL3714Model-SeaIceChangec)ViewingvisualizationsmultipletimesDatasetDiscussion:GFDLModel-PrecipitationAnomaliesPart3:Usingtheflatscreen:summaryandassessment(9min)a)Summarizingthetakeawaymessageonflatscreenb)[email protected],andyouwillreceivealinktothevideoandanaccesscode.

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