Science Of Life Unit 1. The Scientific Method We use the Scientific Method, a series of...
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Transcript of Science Of Life Unit 1. The Scientific Method We use the Scientific Method, a series of...
Science Of
Life
Unit 1
The Scientific Method
•We use the Scientific Method, a series of investigative steps, to solve problems.
Step 1
•Make Observations:–Noting objects or events by using the senses
Ex: Noticing maggots on rotting meat.
Step 2
•Form a Hypotheses:–Making an educated guess or explanation
Ex: Suggesting maggots arise from meat. (that somehow the meat produces the maggots)
Step 3
•Make Predictions:–Expecting something to happen based on hypothesis
Ex: Any time meat is left to rot, maggots will appear on the meat.
Step 4
•Perform Experiments:–Using controlled experiments to test hypothesis
Ex: Place meat in various locations/situations, to see if maggots appear on all the meat.
Step 5
•Collect Data:–Analyze & organize info. from experiments.
–Check for error.Ex: Count the number of
maggots on the meat samples in all jars.
Step 6
•Form a Theory:–Explanation based on observations and experimental data
Ex: Maggots are formed when flies are able to land on the rotting meat.
The Six Steps
•O•H•P•E•D•T
bservation
ypothesis
rediction
xperiment
ata collection and analysis
heory
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDURE
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time
Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat
Uncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appearResponding Variable: whether maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
Scientific Method
Testing Your Skills!
Story #1• There is a cabin on the side of amountain. Three people are insideand they are dead. How did theydie?
Story #1
• Answer: They were killed in a plane crash. The three people were the pilot, co-pilot, and navigator. They crashed in snow storm.
• False Assumption: That the cabin was a mountain cabin. It was actually the cabin of a jetliner.
Story #2
• It is a hot August afternoon. The location is the living room in an old Victorian mansion. The 7-foot window is open and the curtains are blowing in the breeze generated by the thunderstorm that just passed. On the floor lie the bodies of Bill and Monica. They are surrounded by puddles of water and broken glass. Neither Bill nor Monica has any clothing on. Close your eyes and picture the scene. How did they die?
Story #2
• Answer: They suffocated. The storm winds blew open the window, which knocked their fish bowl off the table, and it crashed onto the floor.
• False assumption: That Bill and Monica are human. They are actually goldfish.
Story #3
• A woman leaves home and makes three left turns. She returns home again. On the way, she passed two women with masks. Who were the two women?
Story #3
• Answer: The umpire and the catcher.
• False Assumption: That the woman was walking on city streets. She really is on a baseball field
Themes in Biology
Diversity & Unity of Life:
•All living organisms share similar genetic make-up.
Interdependence of Organisms:
•Interactions of living organisms & their environment.
Evolution of Life:
•Change over time.
•Allows for variation between species.
Defining Life
•Biology: Study of Life
•How do you define if something is alive?
All Living Things....• Are made up of cells• Reproduce• Are based on a universal genetic
code• Grow and Develop• Obtain and Use Materials and Energy• Respond to their Environment• Maintain a Stable Internal
Environment• Change over time (as a group)
•Organization:–Cells: smallest unit capable of life
–All living things are composed of 1 or more cells.
–Unicellular: made of only 1 cell
–Multicellular: made of many cells
•Metabolism: all chemical reactions in an
organism–Main source of energy: Sun
•Homeostasis: –Maintaining stable conditions
–Ex: body temp. always around 98o F (37oC)
•Growth & Development:–Division & Enlargement of Cells
–Specialization of Cells
•Reproduction: –Essential for passing on blueprints (genes) from one generation to the next.
Levels ofOrganization
Levels of OrganizationOrganism
Groups ofCells
Cells
Molecules
Individual livingthing
Tissues, organs,and organ systems
Smallest functionalunit of life
Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemicalcompounds
Bison
Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain
Nerve cell
Water DNA
Levels of OrganizationBiosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
The part of Earththat contains allecosystems
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Populations thatlive together in a defined area
Group of organisms of onetype that live in the same area
Biosphere
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Bison herd
Microscopes
Important Concepts
•Magnification: ability to make an image look larger
•Resolution: ability to show clear detail
Types of Microscopes
•Light Microscope: –A beam of light passes through lenses to produce an enlarged image.
Types of Microscopes
–Use 2 sets of lenses:–Ocular lens - at top of scope, near the eye
–Objective lens - located near specimen
Types of Microscopes
–Total Magnification is found by multiplying the magnifications of the 2 lenses together:
10X x 40X = 400X(ocular lens) (objective lens) larger object
Types of Microscopes
•Electron Microscope:–Uses electrons instead of light.
–Can magnify 100x more than light microscopes.