Science Melody

8/3/2019 Science Melody

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3 Applications of

Boyles, Charles andGay-Lussacs Law

Boyles Law Uses/Application

1) A practical application illustrating Boyles Law would be the action of a

syringe. When we draw fluids into a syringe, we increase the volume inside the

syringe, this correspondingly decreases the pressure on the inside where the

pressure on the outside of the syringe is greater and forces fluid into the syringe.

If we reverse the actin and push the plunger in on the syringe we are decreasing

the volume on the inside which will increase the pressure inside making the

pressure greater than on the outside and fluids are forced out.

A more life dependent example of Boyles Law is the ction of the diaphragm ofour body. This is a muscle that is located just below the lungs. When we inhale the

diaphragm moves downward allowing the lungs an increased volume. This

decreases the pressure inside the lungs so that the pressure is less than the outer

pressure. This results in forcing air into the lungs. When we exhale the diaphragm

moves upward and decreases the volume of the lungs. This increases the pressure

inside the lungs above the pressure on the outside of the lungs so that gases are

forced out of the lungs. Of course, all of this is totally automatic and we take this

important cycle which is performed hundreds of times a day for granted until we

receive a sharp blow to that region that briefly paralyzes the diaphragm muscle.

We say the wind was knocked out of us, but Boyles Law was not allowed tofunction.

2)

Suppose that you buy a bag of chips at the top of amountain, once you hit the

bottom of the mountain,the bag explodes, causing chips to fly everywhere. This is

because theair contained in the bag expanded as the pressure inside of the

bagincreased.


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3)

The mechanics of a bicycle pump isgoverned by Boyles Law. The washerin a

bicycle pump allows air enters the barrel fromoutside during the upstroke, but

during the downstroke, this air can no longer escape to the outsideand is

compressed in the barrel. As the volumedecreases, the pressure increases, but atfirst, theair cannot escape because the valve in the bicycleinner tube prevents it

from entering that tube. Thisvalve is closed because the pressure of the airalready

in the tube prevents the entry of furthergas. Only when the pressure of the air in

the pumpis greater than that in the inner tube will the valveopen and allow more

air into the tube, furtherincreasing the pressure. This means that, at the next

stroke of thepump, the air will have to be compressed even more.As the pressure

in the tube increases, it gets harderand harder to depress the pump.

Charles Law1)

When flying hot-air balloons, balloonists apply the principle of Charless Law. As

the air inside the balloon is heated, its volume increases. The density of the air

decreases as the air inside the balloon is heated; it expands, resulting in an

increase in density of the air inside the balloon. The density of hot air is less than

of cold air. The difference in density between the air inside and outside the

balloon makes the hot-air balloon rise.

2)

Weather balloons are launched daily from weatherstations across the country.

The balloon begins at theearth at a certain P, T, and V and upon its accent

allthree of these variables change in response to thesurroundings.

3)

A rubber raft swells up when left in the sun on a hotday, providing the raft is not

completely inflated (if itcompletely inflated, it will rupture). Remember this if you

are ever stranded in tropical waters!5) The plunger in a turkey thermometer pops

outwhen the turkey is done. The higher temperature of the turkey causes thevolume of the air trapped underthe plunger to increase, which forces the plunger

tomove.


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Gay Lussac's Law

Applications of gay lussac's law on scuba diving?

In filling a scuba tank, you want to ideally fill at a rate of 200psi per min (dry)

and 400psi per min (wet).

The faster the gas molecules move, the more heat is generated. Fill the tank fast to

3000psi and it will be hot, when it cools it may only have 2600psi.

Sources of Air Pollution

Sources If we are focusing on specific pollutant,then we can narrow down the listof

sources. Otherwise, air pollution sources include anything that releases anything to

the air. Power plants electricity production Factories, refineries Painting Cars and

trucks All buildings cleaning products, heating, cooking, All people This is no help

at all! So lets look at some ofthe prominent pollutant species.

Airpollution comes from many different sources. Natural processes that affect air

quality include volcanoes, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates.

Wildfires produce smoke and carbon monoxide. Cattle and otheranimals emit methane

as part of theirdigestive process. Even pine trees emit volatile organic compounds

(VOCs).


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Many forms of airpollution are human-made. Industrial plants, powerplants and

vehicles with internal combustion engines produce nitrogen oxides, VOCs, carbon

monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfurdioxide and particulates. In most megacities, such as

Mexico City and Los Angeles, cars are the main source of these pollutants. Stoves,

incinerators, and farmers burning theircrop waste produce carbon monoxide, carbon

dioxide, as well as particulates. Otherhuman-made sources include aerosol sprays and

leaky refrigerators, as well as fumes from paint, varnish, and othersolvents.

One important thing to rememberabout airpollution is that it doesnt say in one place.

Winds and weatherplay an important part in transport of pollution locally, regionally,

and even around the world, where it affects everythingit comes in contact with.

Effects of air pollution

Airpollution is responsible formajorhealth effects. Every year, the health of

countless people is ruined orendangered by airpollution.

Many different chemicals in the airaffect the human body in negative ways. Just how

sick people will get depends on what chemicals they are exposed to, in what

concentrations, and forhow long.

Studies have estimated that the numberof people killed annually in the US alone could

be over50,000.

Olderpeople are highly vulnerable to diseases induced by airpollution. Those with

heart or lung disorders are underadditional risk. Children and infants are also at

serious risk.

Because people are exposed to so many potentially dangerous pollutants, it is often

hard to know exactly which pollutants are responsible forcausing sickness. Also,

because a mixture of different pollutants can intensify sickness, it is often difficult to

isolate those pollutants that are at fault.

Many diseases could be caused by airpollution without theirbecoming apparent fora

long time. Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart disease may all

eventually appearin people exposed to airpollution.

Airpollutants such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and sulfurdioxide also have harmful

effects on natural ecosystems. They can kill plants and trees by destroying their

leaves, and can kill animals, especially fish in highly polluted rivers.


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Effects of air pollution in humans

The effects of airpollution on humans are fatal and life-threatening. WHO statistics

report that over2 million people succumb to the fatalities attributed to airpollution.

Consistent exposure to the pollutants leads to the development of:

y Cardiopulmonary diseasey Pneumoniay Premature mortalityy Heart attacky Asthmay Difficulty inbreathingy Wheezing and coughingy Acute vasculardysfunctiony Thrombus formationy Cystic fibrosisy Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasey Chronic bronchitisy Emphysema

How to minimize air pollution

Airpollution is one of the immense problems that humanity is suffering from. The air

we breathe is no longerfresh instead what we usually inhale are harmful airpollutants.Whetherwe are inside ourhome oroffice oroutside the house we are surrounded by

airpollutants that come from different sources. At home, some of the sources of air

pollutants are the household products we use (like pesticide, paint), molds, pollen and

cigarette smoke. The airpollutants are hazardous to ourbody and sometimes we

experience shortness ofbreath and cough. Radon 22 is one of the majorindoor

pollutants known to be the second majorcause of lung cancer.

Outside ourhomes, the majorairpollutants are carbon dioxide and nitrogen monoxide

which comes mostly from transportation vehicles and industrial plants. Burning fossil

fuel and deforestation can result to increase in production of carbon monoxide andaside from imposing harmful effects to us humans, carbon monoxide also contributes

to global warming which means the temperature of Earth increases and may result to

adverse effects to this world we live in.

Airpollution canbe minimized if all of us will find and follow ways on how to

minimize this problem and make the airwe breathe clean and fresh. We can start

minimizing airpollution right within ourhomes. Below are several tips we should start

to practice and follow to reduce airpollution and keep ourbody away from diseases

causedby unclean air.


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1.) Avoid using cardaily

Instead of using yourcar, you can travel by public transit to avoid more harmful

emissions that come from vehicles. If you are working, suggest carpool to yourco-

workers orride with a co-workerthat lives nearyou.

2.) Don't smoke

Smoking can cause airpollution and canbe very dangerous to ourhealth. It does not

only endangerthe person smokingbut also the people around him. Smoke from

cigarettes release thousands of pollutants in the form of small particles which is called

particulate matter. Furthermore, studies show that airpollution producedby cigarettes

ortobacco is 10 times greaterthan the emissions by diesel cars.

3.) Learn to recycle

Recycling can help a lot in minimizing airpollution because when we recycle and

reuse the things we have, lesserthings need to be produced by factories and this helps

lessen airpollution.

4.) Plant trees

Planting trees even in yourbackyard can help clean the airwe breathe because trees

produce oxygen we need.

5.) Save energy

Save energy at home orin the office by turning appliances and light off when not in

use can help lessen airpollution. You can also save money by cutting off electricity

consumption.

6.) Clean yourhome as often as possibleCleaning yourhome can remove dust and airpollutants and make yourhome saferand

healthierforyourfamily to stay.

7.) Select the products youbuy

Buy products that are reusable and eco-friendly. When shopping, you can use a canvas

baginstead of a plastic bag.

There are many otherthings that we can do to minimize airpollution. We should start

finding ways to clean ourairnowbefore more calamities will happen and might

imperil the health of ourchildren and those of the next generation. Let's act now insaving ourworld and makingit a betterplace to live.


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