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YNS yXlT tXlT n#xCNN btlM N kmGl} XNdjMR xLbRT xNSYN x@L x!NLD The Evolution of Physics bts m{/cW XN!H BlL

. . . scientific concepts often begin with those used in ordinary language for the affairs of every day life,

but they develop quite. Differently.

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lWN hB m_qS SfLUL XN!HM YL

Why people enjoy physics (science)? First it is a joy of find out how the world behaves, knowledge of the

laws of nature allows us to look the world with a fuller appreciation of its beauty and wonder; second, we

all enjoy discovering something new ...of Perhaps not understood. Third. enjoy the satisfaction of success.

Fourth, wish to contribute to the progress of Civilization. (p.3)

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Fundamental ideas play the most essential role in forming a physical theory. Books on physics are full of

complicated mathematical formula. But thought and ideas, not formulaeare the beginning of every

physical theory. (Ibid, P. 177)

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Which starts quickly an empty vehicle or a loaded vehicle?

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If there is unbalanced external force acting on a body, there is an acceleration (Newton's second Law of motion).

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2.3 BRN (Light)

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mn#N yyW xgl[# XNdg XN!H sFL

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g{ 180 wYM 181 Y ytfWN NbB Ml@nt$ `YL lW YmSlL `Yl# xYrs@nt$ Y nW

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yr YmSlL yL DGGM yKb#N Xys mD YgLL

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YHN ygD {Ns /B bNWM yz!KS m{/F WS_ bz!H YnT QR} g#L

2.5 Sn GlT Thermodynamics/

XNd SNGlT XWqT xgl{ GlT Heat T kn xb! bN}}R qZqZ wdL |F YL bdTM Xnz!H h#lT ytnk# ytly yqT m-N ynbcW |FC n_C wYM ngC ktwsn g!z@ b tmY yqT m-N YcL GlT k mZ yCL yg#LbT xYnT nW Heat is form of energy btmY GlT lMl@ xND NR W yxND HR WN h#lt$M tmY W b!n# yqT m-cWN Temperature Xk#L kF DrG xYLM yNRWN W Flqlq GlT yHN yqT m-N GN xYlW-WM ySn GlT Xb@N cW wRq$ bg t-QbL bxdFRS g{ 232 Y XN!H gLL

. . . XNt bTMHRT b@Ch# WS_ ysCh# FT lzm- bmW yx!T ?ZB qT YsL

tBl mWT ylbTM

XRG_ YH xl{ yBrT GlTN ymlkT xYdlM XBrT GlT WS_ lN H YNE GNb@WN

xN_ ll@ kF l HbrsE g#Y mGl l xL nW Glt$ t$ yhB yST GlTN

b~brsE ?YwT WS_ yYN yGNb@ kF s!LM yR:txlM FsT kxND wgN wdl@ wgN

mmT yY yGlT {Ns hB nW yz!HN _T xQb! Tk#rT ybWM kxND yBrT F wd l@W XNdzW GlT h#l# yGlTN ngr tf_ ygL-W YNE xStsB bN b-bB ds! xYnT wdHbrsE ?YwT zM kF l Y lWN ysW ksW GN#nT lmGl{ ml# nW

Bz# g!z@ ngC s!Gl# YFl# YzrUUl# Yl-l# . . . When things are heated they

expand YHN GNb@ k?YwT LM gW cW yHbrsb#NM GNb@ = yzWN LE

xL mn xDR xdFRS WS_ XN!H SnBbL

BrT Lf xY g{ 9

... t-MqL bFL WW y=mD*cW ||C bm-n# tFtL g{ 235

TNT wdmqZqZ yMT dT nW /Evaporation is a cooling process YL YNs# N wBN ysWnCN qT =M lbT wQT s!LbN sWnFCN qZqZ YL yxdFRS

ds!M YHN ytf_ YNS GNb@ m\rT xDR bMb# bqrT giHW LB WS_ ytq-lW XT tkTl ymWN qT lBrD XNN t-QL y|n(GlTN ?G tkTl ytlgiW hB bxdFRS WS_ XN!H YnbL

... mjm XNzrzr q_l XNsqsq kz!M byTZW Xyn-r Xlls mNLL YjML XN Bz# g!z@ F yy bLB WS_ yGf-f_ FN xW_ ybRD /zN |TN ys-M YmSL g{ 303

YH xgl{ TnT xND GlT U-mW G;#Z ngR wd mqZqZ yMt$ MLKT XNdn h#l# XNM bsW xL WS_ ltqsqs xNC FT ymSkn# xmC mn#N Xy ysWN LJ ST ysE

mNfs#NM FT SKnT sbB y-YQ WB xgl{ YmSlL

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y\ xaN _T XNd XBdT YnT ST Br Br yL xD" nW ynT. . .

2.6 xNEnT /Relativity/

WbT XNQSs@ XWnTWT wzt. xNE cW lMl@ mk! WS_ l t ( mNgD R T C MC wzt. wd y-# YmSlL mNgD R lm tmLC mk! WS_ W t YNqqL l mT /Earth xTNqqSM l@ Pn@T Y nW l GN TNqqlC lxN + ll@W m lxN XWnT ll@W WT l!N YCL h#l#M ngR xNE nW ywqW yxlCN yYNS l!Q xLbRT xYNSYN Sl xNEnT tE ltlmdW ltW ?ZB lSrT kxND frNE ds! bmzWR Sl sC yfWN -Q*L ! ycW wRq$ yY-qSbT MKNT MNDnW) yxNEnTN }NS hB tktlW bxdFRS WS_ ktgli#T mkL _qEt$ XN!H Ynbl#

lmn# ... lmn# ... MNH nW y-mdW ...XMLH MNDH xNt ) SKN kF xDRgH SlMY B xYmSLHM ... Xn@N bsl -# xNtNM xG"H b!N XN!H lLH... g{ 183

XWnTM n WT yT Xh#n@W XHl# WS_ nW g{ 253

Bz# TKKL nW B ymNk#bTN ngR Xw_HB" g{ 253

Slz!H XWnTH... zlEnt$N x... g{ 255

yW yngR xD... mc&S bg!z@W \RaL ... X yns# XNdSqN MLT bxid nFS mW

m-#N XN!h#M yM MN ScW... g{ 255

xYN y MN+ msGL g{ 316

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2.7 Lk#lS /Calculus/

wsN yl@lW ngR lwQ bB ?G m\rT bM Bz# bTNN# R x!MNT Infinitesimal bDrG mQrB yT YrL Sl TNN> nrC wQ xNE bn mNgD

s!Y xGTM SlTNN> wQnWN g_mN wsN Sll@lW ngR ( bLk#lS ( wQ XNdMNCL

ytgnzbW cWM bxdFRS WS_ lz!H YNE xStsB Sr yn# sWN HbE GN#nt$N kfW UR lWN ywQ ymN QRbT m\rT dg# xglC xSFLL

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g{ 285

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-l

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xh#N l#TS MN Y-bL) YNS ?Brtsb# XN!H btq$bT wQT YHN RqT l_bB BlM l_T b|n({/#F sC m/N!SnT ytgn DLDY SfLgL

kz!H bT ytTNM SwS yYNSN y|n({h#FN xYq q$R"T xN ll@W mdRjT

yrWN Xg lmkT ySCl# xglCN kf- |C nQ lyT mkR TLQ | nW

bL tn>nT yz!H {h#F xQb! kcW wRq$ |C btlY xdFRSN m\rT xDR xQ yfqdWN xQR*L bsT KFlC mD qrcW BC y-qcW SrC bLl WS_ l#T YNE glC lSn({h#E Wbt$ brkt$TN xSt{ b_qEt$ lyT yYNSN y|n({h#FN

ZMD lmkT yK cW

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YHcE wrqT xQb!W yWcWN bR xNBN s!nUGR s!wY Wl dr mn h*N Y lg# ybl- QRbT Tk#rT cWN bR sC nUGR zND x!S xb n!vRs!tE xlC XN!HM xlC

XCh# XGr mNgCh#NM b!N cW wRq$N xfLg#T YHN DNQ ds! YNtEST fS tm... MnW rCh#T)

w

mnT SlcW nW lMN tn\# XNdTl# XRG- bmN l_qET sC tT lB"N w

LGl{ lz!H }/#F bz!H MLk# mgT TLLq$N xSt} drg#TN x dbb zWN x xl!

m/mDN bD yxR yN mMHN yD xStdR WNSL TMHRT HL {b@TN l!! x@FM xsN x zh#N xSWN x wNdwsN xnN x xs wRq$N R S xDs#N

X yx!S xb n!vRs!tE yNC _T tMN yz!H }/#F xQb! cW wRq$ XSkw!W xNrCh#M Yl#

b! m?FT

xLnH t$ 1982 y|n(}/#F Q"T x!S xb NGD t b@T

yx!T NC x 1980 yYNS t&Kl! mZgb T x!S xb

zh#N xSW 1992 y|n({/#F m\rWN x!S xb NGD t b@T

cW wRq$ 1962 xdFRS x!S xb NGD t b@T

Buche, F.J. 1988. Principles of Physics. McGraw-tlill.

Einstein, A. and Infeld L. 1995. The Evolution of Physics. University Press.

Misra, Swain and Das. A Text Book of Physics.

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