Science Chapter 2 Form 1

7/25/2019 Science Chapter 2 Form 1

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CHAPTER 2: CELL AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

An instrument that magnifes minute o!e"ts so the# "an e seen easi$#%

It is one o& the most im'ortant too$s o& s"ien"e%

Ph#si"ians an( io$ogists use mi"ros"o'es to e)amine a"teria an( $oo( "e$$s%

Parts o& mi"ros"o'e : E#e'ie"e *agni the s'e"imen # +,)% Rough &o"us -no

Change the 'osition o& the o!e"ti.e $ens /hen &o"using /ith $o/0'o/ere( o!e"ti.e

$ens%

Change the 'osition o& the o!e"ti.e $ens s$ight$# &or fne &o"using%

Use( /ith high0 'o/ere( o!e"ti.e $ens%

*agni the si1e o& a s'e"imen # )3 +,) or ,)%

Stage: P$a"e the g$ass s$i(e%

C$i': Ho$( the s$i(e on the stage%

4ia'hragm: Contro$ the amount o& $ight entering o!e"ti.e $ens%

*irror: Re5e"ts $ight u' through an o'ening un the stage to i$$uminate the

s'e"imen%

Base: Stai$i1e the mi"ros"o'e%

There are &our asi" -in(s o& mi"ros"o'es:

O'ti"a$ or $ight mi"ros"o'e

E$e"tron mi"ros"o'e

S"anning 'roe mi"ros"o'e

Ion mi"ros"o'e

Stru"ture o& "e$$

o Fun"tion

Nu"$eus Contro$ a$$ a"ti.ities o& the "e$$

o 6a"uo$es

Stores sa$t an( sugar so$utions 3 ho$( /aste sustan"es

o Chromosomes


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4etermines ho/ an organism eha.es 7geneti" in&ormation8

C#to'$asm A '$a"e /here a$$ "hemi"a$ rea"tions ta-e '$a"e

o Ce$$ memrane

Contro$ the mo.ement o& sustan"es into or out o& the "e$$

Ce$$ /a$$ Su''ort an( gi.es the "e$$ a regu$ar sha'e

o Ch$oro'$asts

A '$a"e /here '$ants ma-e &oo( # 'hotos#nthesis%

Contain "h$oro'h#$$ /hi"h is use( to tra' sun$ight &or 'hotos#nthesis%

Ce$$ memrane

Ce$$ /a$$

6a"uo$e Ch$oro'$ast

Nu"$eus Contro$s a$$ the a"ti.ities o& the "e$$

C#to'$asm A '$a"e /here a$$ "hemi"a$ rea"tion ta-e '$a"e%

Stores (isso$.es materia$

Ce$$ memrane Contro$s the mo.ement o& materia$ in an( out o& the "e$$

Ce$$ memrane

C#to'$asm

Com'aring Anima$ Ce$$ an( P$ant Ce$$

Both ha.e nu"$eus3 "#to'$asm an( "e$$ memrane%

4i9eren"es et/een '$ant "e$$s an( anima$ "e$$s

Regu$ar sha'e sha'e Irregu$ar sha'e

ith "h$oro'$asts "h$oro'$asts ithout "h$oro'$asts

ith a "e$$ /a$$ 7"e$$u$ose8 "e$$ /a$$ ithout "e$$ /a$$

Large .a"uo$es .a"uo$es

Has no .a"uo$e e)"e't in uni"e$$u$ar

+% hat is the asi" unit o& $i.ing things;


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Parame"ium3 Amoea3 #east3

P$euro"o""us3 Ch$am#(omonas%

Ase)ua$ re'ro(u"tion

*ore "om'$e) than uni"e$$u$ar organism

E)am'$es :

Human eings3 ir(s3 fsh H#(ra3

S'irog#ra3 moss3 earth/orm3 *u"or%

*a(e u' o& man# "e$$%

@*u$ti means man#% Li&e 'ro"ess are more "om'$e)%

6arious t#'es o& "e$$ /or- together to

'er&orm a s'e"if" tas-%

+% hat is uni"e$$u$ar organism;


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7(8


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0 Conne"ti.e tissue

0 Ner.ous tissue

TISSUE OR?AN

An organ "onsists o& t/o or more -in(s o& tissues !oine( into one stru"ture that hasa "ertain tas-%

E)am'$es :

0 The heart

0 The -i(ne#

0 The $ungs

0 The stoma"h

0 The $i.er

0 The rain

?rou's o& organs &orm organ s#stems

Ea"h organ s#stem "arries out a ma!or a"ti.it# in the o(#%

E)am'$es :

0 Re'ro(u"ti.e s#stem

0 B$oo( "ir"u$ator# s#stem

0 4igesti.e s#stem

0 E)"retor# s#stem

0 Res'irator# s#stem

0 *us"u$ar s#stem

A$$ s#stem in the o(# &un"tion in a "oor(inate( manner to &orm a mu$ti"e$$u$ar

organism%

T#'e o& human "e$$ Stru"ture Res'e"ti.e &un"tion

0Re( $oo( "e$$

Trans'orts .ita$ &oo( an( o)#gen to a$$ 'arts o& the o(#%

0Ner.e "e$$


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Carries messages in the &orm o& e$e"tri"a$ im'u$ses aroun( the o(#%

0hite $oo( "e$$

Prote"ts the o(# &rom (amage # in.a(ers Human s'erm "e$$%

Ta-es 'art in &erti$isation to 'ro(u"e #oung ones%

0Bone "e$$

Form ones to su''ort the o(# an( 'rote"t organs%

Human egg "e$$

I& the egg is &erti$ise( it /i$$ (e.e$o' into an emr#o%

0E'ithe$ia$ "e$$

It 'rote"ts the interna$ an( e)terna$ 'arts o& the o(#%

0*us"$e "e$$

Contra"ts an( re$a)es to mo.e 'arts o& the o(#%

6ARIOUS SSE* IN THE HU*AN BO4

The L#m'hati" S#stem Bo(#s (e&en"es against in&e"tion%

0The S-e$eta$ S#stem Prote"t interna$ organ%

Pro.i(es o(# su''ort The En(o"rine S#stem

Pro(u"es3 stores an( se"retes "hemi"a$ sustan"es -no/n as hormones%

0The Re'ro(u"ti.e S#stem

For re'ro(u"tion The Ner.ous S#stem

4ete"t stimu$i an( res'on(s to them%

0The B$oo( Cir"u$ator# S#stem


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Su''$ies the "e$$s o& the o(# /ith the &oo(%

Trans'ort /aste 'ro(u"t%

The *us"u$ar S#stem Ena$es o(# mo.ement%

0The E)"retor# S#stem

Remo.es /aste 'ro(u"ts &rom o(#%

0The Res'irator# S#stem

Su''$ies o)#gen an( ai(s remo.ing o& "aron (io)i(e

0The 4igesti.e S#stem

Pro"esses &oo( 7ingestion3 (igestion3 asor'tion8%

+% State the &o$$o/ing stru"tures as "e$$G3 tissueG3 organG or s#stemG%

7a8 S'erm 0


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S#stem :


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! Can only be seen under microscope"! #ive in water or wet places"! $"g" Amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium, yeast"

*Multicellular organisms! Consist of many cells"! $"g" hydra, spirogyra, mucor"! %umans are the most comple& multicellularorganisms"2.3: Cell Organisation in the Human Body

2.4: The Human Being A Comle! Organism

! %umans are comple& organisms! %uman body is made up of millions of cells! 'he cells are specialised to perform certainfunctionsChapter 2 >>> Cell as a Unit of life

-Cell is a basic unitof living things.

-Each cell can function and survive on its own. Cells can perform life processessuch as

digestion, respiration, excretion, reproduction, growth, and response to stimuli.

-Animal celldo not have definite shapes because there areno cell wall. he cell do not

have chloroplaststo help manufacture food. he number of vacuolesin animal cells is ver!

smalland sometimes none at all.


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-"lant cellhave definite shape because the cell wallsare made up of cellulose. he cell can

also manufacture their own food because the chloroplasts have chloroph!ll. he vacuolesof

plant cell are bigand fill with cell sap.

Unicellular organismsare organisms made up of one cell onl! #single cell$.

Examples % Amoeba, Euglena and !east.


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Euglena

Amoeba

&ulticellular organismsare organsms with man! cells. &ulticellular organisms are more

complex than unicellular organisms. Examples % '!dra, (pirog!ra, human beings.


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spirog!ra human being

-)oth unicellular and multicellular organisms can perform similar life process.

-*rganisation of cell in the human bod! involves the following stages%

Cell +>> issue +>> *rgan +>> (!stem +>> *rganism

Cells

What is the basic unit of life?

In 1665, a physicist named Robert Hooke used one of the first microscopes to look more closely at

the living world. A slice of cork caught his eye. Looking at thousands of tiny chambers, Hooke termed

these structures cells because they reminded him of the rooms in a monastery.


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Subsequent observations built upon Hookes work and led to what is known as the cell theory. The

cell theory states the following:

All living things are made of cells.

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

All cells are produced from existing cells.

Hooke's microscope.

How is life organized around cells?

An organism may be characterized as having different levels of organization built around the cell.

Unicellular organisms are made up of only one cell, while some multicellular organisms are

comprised of trillions of cells. In multicellular organisms, groups of cells sharing similar structure form

tissues that carry out a specialized function. Different tissue layers form organs. And separate

organs often work together to carry out major bodily functions, such as digestion or circulation.

These teams of organs are referred to as organ systems. Growth of an organism is the result of an

increase in cell size and, in multicellular organisms, an increase in the number of cells.


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Levels of organization.

How are cells alike?

At first it might seem that the cells of such dissimilar creatures as the tiniest bacterium and a great

blue whale would be very different. The cells of any organism, however, demonstrate all the

characteristics of life: a life span that includes a living beginning, growth, development, reproduction,

and death; the constant use of matter and energy; response to changing internal and external

conditions; and the presence of DNA.

Although multicellular organisms can have diverse cell types, all cells have certain parts in common

(see the interactive cell picture below). All cells are bound by acell membraneand

containcytoplasm, which is where the cell parts lie. The nucleus of this cell contains the hereditary

moleculeDNA, which is also found in all cells. And, all cells contain ribosomes, which are so tiny that

they cant be seen in this cell. Ribosomes are structures that are responsible for constructing

proteinsthe molecules that carry out the instructions contained in DNA.


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Cytoplasm|Nucleus|Cell Membrane

Roll your mouse over the names of the parts to see them in the picture.

How are cells different?

One of the most basic distinctions among life forms involves the cell. In some cells, including those

of plants, animals, fungi, and protists, the DNA is contained in a nucleus, which is itself a membrane-

enclosed body. Cells that contain a nucleus are called eukaryotic (true nucleus) cells, and the

organisms with cells of this type are called eukaryotes. Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,

there are numerous compartmentalized bodies called organelles. Organelles serve specific

purposes within the cell, ranging from building proteins to making energy. Different types of

organisms may have different sets of organelles. Organisms that photosynthesize, like plants,

contain chloroplasts, for example.

There are cells that arent as structurally complex as those with a nucleus. Prokaryotic (before the

nucleus) cells lack a nucleus and organelles. Most single-celled organisms are prokaryotes that are

known as bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotes are still capable of performing many of the same typesof functions as eukaryotes. These functions occur in the cytoplasm instead of in organelles. In fact,

many bacterial and archaeal cells are capable of carrying out very complicated biochemical

reactions that allow them to harvest food and/or energy from very unlikely sources, such as

pollutants and poisons.


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C'A"E 2% CE A( A U/ *0 /0E

1uestions

he diagram below shows a plant cell.

3hich of the following structures A, ), C or 4 ma5es chloroph!ll which is re6uired for plants

to ma5e food7

2 he figure below shows cell 8.

)ased on the structures & and in cell 8, complete the following table.

ame of structure%

0unction of structure%

9 he following figure shows a plant cell.

#a$ *n the above figure, label structures ", 1 and using the following words .

#b$ 4raw lines to show the correct match between the structures and their

functions. 4raw the lines as shown below.

(tructure%

0unction%

"%

1%

%

- :acuole Cell wall ucleus

-'olds cell sap in plants

-Controls all activities of the cell

-"rotects and maintains the shape of the cell

-&a5es chloroph!ll which is re6uired for plants to ma5e food

Answers


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)

2 ame of structure 0unction of structure

& #ucleus$ Controls all the activities in the cell

#Chloroplast$ &a5es chloroph!ll which is re6uired

for plants to ma5es food

9 #a$ "% ucleus

1% Cell wall

% :acuole

#b$ 1 ; "rotects and maintains the shape of the cell

; 'olds cell sap in plants

Science and technology


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Cell #biolog!$, the functional basic unit of life

Cell #database$, a unit in a statistical arra! #as a spreadsheet$ formed b!

the intersection of a row and a column

Cell #E4A$, a term used in an electronic circuit design schematics

Cell #geometr!$, a three-dimensional element, part of a higher-

dimensional obect

Cell #ournal$, a scientific ournal

(torm cell, the smallest unit of a storm producing s!stem

Technology


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Entertainment and media


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The Cellis a 2@@@ ps!chological thriller film starring ennifer ope?.

The Cell(s)ma! also refer to

Bhe CellB #song$, b! ande5

U.(. Cellular 0ield, also 5nown as Bhe CellB, a baseball stadium in

Chicago

he Cells, a roc5 band

Molecular Biology of the Cell, a textboo5 published b! arland (cience

Bhe CellsB, a 2@@D song b! he (ervants

Bhe CellB #'!drogen s!stem$, b! he Cell /nc

Bhe CellB #The Vampire Diaries$- An episode of the : series The

Vampire Diaries

See also


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The Cells

8rigin Chicago

$enres oc5,/ndie roc5, "op pun5

3ears active F;present

7abels *ld eliable ecords, *rangeecordings

embers Cor! 'ance

ohnn! 0urman

&ar5 4o!le

1ast

members

)rede 'ovland

and! "a!ne

"at &c/nt!re

ic5 ess

The Cellsare a 9-piece roc5 band based inChicago, currentl! made up of

singerGguitarist Cor! 'ance, bassist ohnn! 0urman and drummer &ar5

4o!le.

he band were formed in F b! singerGguitarist Cor! 'ance and bassist

)rede 'ovland. 'ovland then dropped out to wor5 in the movie business, and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_labelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Reliable_Records&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cory_Hance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Furman&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brede_Hovland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Payne&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_McIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Ness&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_punkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_labelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Reliable_Records&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Recordingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cory_Hance&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Furman&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brede_Hovland&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randy_Payne&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_McIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Ness&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago


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'ance, guitaristGsinger "at &c/nt!re and drummer and! "a!ne continued the

band with guest bassists such as ic5 ess, formerl! of 0ig 4ish#a 5e! Cells

member during his stint$,(5id &ar5s, of )ox-*-Car, osh ames and )ob

ising . he! released their debut album,3e Can eplace Houunder *rangeecordings.

After touring behind 3e Can eplace Houas a 9-piece, 'ance, &c/nt!re and

"a!ne parted wa!s. "a!ne and &c/nt!re formed the band Cisco "i5e.

'ance recruited drummer &ar5 4o!le #formerl! of oud

uc!, :erbowand 3oolworth!$ and bassist ohnn! 0urman #formerl! of he

3ebb )rothers, he upinsand the 4arlings$ in late 2@@9. he new Cellslineup completed the bandIs second C4 Maydayin 2@@J, available on their

own imprint, *ld eliable ecords.

Discography

Science Chapter 2 Form 1

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