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SCIENCE: YEAR 7 REVISION GUIDE—BIOLOGY SECTION

British Islamic Academy

BIA - YEAR 7 - SCIENCE REVISION BOOKLET (B&C&P) 1

Science Department

This Revision Guide will be generated as the year progresses. Each topic is

covered with both ‘key fact’ sheets, a question sheet and a suggested revision

method.

The question sheet is designed to test your revision of the key facts and see if

the information has sunk in. Just answering the questions is not an effective

revision method.

You will be given a set of sheets for each topic as you cover them in lessons.

The revision sheets will help you to revise for the end of unit test and your

school entrance exams at the end of year 8.

You will be given one hard copy to store in this folder but replacements can

be found online in the Student and Parent Portal section of the school

website. You are allowed to print as many copies as you like for your own

use.

We hope that they will be useful.

Good Luck

The Science Department



© Boardworks Ltd 2004 1 of 20 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 1 of 34

KS3 Biology

7D Variation and Classification




Learning Objective:

• I will be able to understand variation and classification. (4a)

• I will be able to understand how variation and classification can affect organisms. (5c)

• I will be able to identify variation and classification in collect survey (5b-5a)





Contents

Spotting variation

What causes variation?

Summary activities

The classification system




What are the differences between these organisms?

Spot the differences British Islamic Academy



There are lots of differences between these organisms. For example: some have leaves; some lay eggs; some eat plants.

These organisms are different because they are all from different species.

Spot the differences British Islamic Academy



There are also differences between organisms of the same species.

For example, these people are all from the same species but how many differences between them can you spot?

Spot the differences – same species British Islamic Academy



Even though people are all from the same species, there are many ways in which they are different from each other.

Some of them are male, some are female, some are tall, some are short.

The differences that occur both between different species and within the same species are called variation.

What is variation? British Islamic Academy



Contents

Spotting variation


Summary activities






Variation is caused by two factors: 1. Some features are cause by inherited factors.

These are features that are passed on from parents. For example, natural hair colour is an inherited feature.

2. Some features are caused by environmental factors.

These are features that are affected by the surroundings. For example, someone can be born with brown hair which then gets lighter in the Sun or might be dyed a different colour.

What causes variation? British Islamic Academy



Environmental or inherited? British Islamic Academy



Sometimes it is not easy to determine whether a feature is inherited or environmental. Scientists have now decided that only four characteristics are truly inherited and not affected by the environment at all. Can you guess what they are?

Environmental or inherited?

1. natural eye colour

2. natural hair colour

3. blood group

4. some inherited diseases




Some features are caused by a mixture of inheritance and the environment, for example, nose shape. Someone might have a nose that looks just like their mum’s.

How can the environment affect skin colour?

What about other features?

But if they were in an accident, they might break their nose and put a kink in it. So their initial nose shape was probably inherited but over time it is likely to have been affected by the environment.




Contents

Spotting variation


Summary activities






There is a lot of variation between organisms, but some organisms also have many features in common.

How many features common to both cows and dolphins can you think of?

Common features

Compare a cow and a dolphin, you might think they do not have many things in common but you will be surprised.




Common features British Islamic Academy



Cows and dolphins have several features in common.

Many other organisms also share common features.

Scientists use common features to put organisms into groups.

Grouping organisms based on their common features is called classification.

What is classification? British Islamic Academy



Sort these organisms into four groups based on their similarities.

Classification – grouping organisms British Islamic Academy



One way that a scientist might have grouped these organisms is to put them into the following four groups:

These groups come from the scientific system for classifying organisms.

Classification – grouping organisms

1. Plants

2. Birds

3. Mammals

4. Reptiles




The classification system begins with very big groups that include a lot of organisms and then moves down to smaller groups made up of fewer organisms. The biggest groups are called the kingdoms. All living things are classified into five different kingdoms.


plants protoctista animals monera fungi

living things




The five kingdoms British Islamic Academy



Which kingdom? British Islamic Academy



Classifying animals

How can different types of animals be classified?




Animal classification

invertebrates vertebrates

animals

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. They have soft inner bodies which are held in shape by a flexible covering of outer cells or by a hard covering called

an exoskeleton.

Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone. They have a firm body

because of the muscles that connect to their

skeleton.

The animal kingdom is divided into two groups:




Animal classification British Islamic Academy



Animal classification – activity British Islamic Academy



Features of vertebrates British Islamic Academy



Which type of vertebrate? British Islamic Academy



Which classification group? British Islamic Academy



whale tuna

perch

shark

sprat

sturgeon

trout

flounder

salmon

seahorse

In terms of classification, which of these organisms is the odd one out and why?

The odd one out

The whale is the odd one out. All of the rest are fish, a whale is a mammal.

whale




raven penguin

platypus

duck

kiwi

swan robin

eagle pigeon

owl

In terms of classification which of these organisms is the odd one out and why?

The odd one out

The platypus is the odd one out. All of the rest are birds, a platypus is a mammal.

platypus




In terms of classification which of these organisms is the odd one out and why?

caterpillar

ladybird

ant

moth

horse fly

silverfish

scorpion

cockroach

lice

cicada

The odd one out

The scorpion is the odd one out. All of the rest are insects, a scorpion is an arachnid.

scorpion




Contents

Spotting variation


Summary activities






Glossary

classification – Sorting living things into groups.

environmental variation – Differences between organisms that are due to the environment.

inherited variation – Differences between organisms that are due to their parents.

invertebrate – An animal without a backbone.

kingdom – The largest groups that living things are sorted into.

species – A group of organisms that can reproduce with each other to produce viable offspring.

variation – The differences between living things.

vertebrate – An animal with a backbone.




Anagrams British Islamic Academy



Plenery: British Islamic Academy



Homework

Find out how your hair colour can change by the

environment



Biology: Classification and Variation revision Classification

• Grouping together of living things is called classification • All living things can be put into large groups called Kingdoms • There are 5 kingdoms and every living organism belongs to one of

the kingdoms. The 5 kingdoms are: Bacteria – made up of a single cell that does not have a nucleus Protists – made up of a single cell that does have a nucleus Animals – made of many cells that do not have cell walls Plants – made of many cells that have cell walls and can cary out photosynthesis Fungi – made of many cells that have cell walls but do not carry out photosynthesis The Animal Kingdom The Animal kingdom is divided into invertebrates (without backbones) and vertebrates (with backbones)

• Invertebrates One group of invertebrates are called arthropods (jointed legs) and in this group are the insects and spiders (arachnids) Feature Insect Spider Number of legs 6 8 Number of body parts 3 2 Antennae Yes No

• Vertebrates The vertebrates (with backbones) are divided into five groups – fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Feature Fish Amphibian Reptile Bird Mammal Backbone Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Body covering Wet

scales Smooth, wet skin

Dry scales

Feathers Fur or hair

Constant body temperature

No No No Yes Yes

Produce young

Lay eggs in water

Lay eggs in water

Lay eggs on land

Lay eggs with hard shells

Give birth to live young



Variation Variations (characteristics) are differences between living organisms

• These variations (characteristics) are caused by: • Information inherited from parents (genes); e.g. eye colour • The environment you live in (e.g. exercise, accent)

Different kinds of variation There are two kinds of variation:

• Discontinuous variation can be easily put into different groups. For example, male or female, blood groups.

• Continuous variations fall into many groups. These groups almost

run into one another. For example, height (you do not just have tall or short).

Genes and Characteristics

• A gene is a code that carries information for a characteristic (e.g. eye colour).

• A chromosome carries many genes (instructions). • A nucleus contains many chromosomes – 46 (23 pairs) in human

body cells.



SCIENCE YEAR 7 REVISION GUIDE—CHEMISTRY SECTION



Acids, Alkalis and Neutralisation

Acids

Have a low pH

Have a sour taste (tartaric acid used in toxic waste sweets!!)

Contain Hydrogen and are used to make Hydrogen in reactions with metals.

Make Carbon Dioxide in reactions with carbonates.

Can react to produce salts – Hydrochloric Acid Chloride Salts, Nitric acid Nitrate

Salts, Sulphuric Acid Sulphate Salts etc.

Alkalis

Have a high pH

Soapy texture (often used in cleaning fluids)

Alkalis are soluble bases (bases which have dissolved)

All alkalis are bases but not all bases are alkalis.

Bases

Substances which can neutralise an acid.

When dissolved in water to form a solution are called alkalis

Usually metal oxides, hydroxides or carbonates e.g. Magnesium Oxide, Sodium

Hydroxide.

The pH Scale

Used to help identify the strength of an acid or base/alkali.

Universal Indicator is used to help show the pH by checking the colour

it turns against the colour chart.

If an acid is diluted its pH does not change significantly.

Neutralisation

When acids and alkalis are combined to form salts.

The salt contains the metal from the alkali and part of the acid molecule.

eg Sodium Hydroxide + Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Chloride + Water

The salt depends on the type of acid e.g. sulphuric acid forms

sulphate salts.

ACID + ALKALI SALT + WATER



The Reactions of Acids with Alkalis, Bases, Metal Carbonates and Metals

The Rules

Bases are metal oxides or metal hydroxides, e.g. iron oxide and calcium hydroxide.

Alkalis are bases which dissolve in water. They are always metal hydroxides, e.g.

potassium

hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.

Metals all conduct electricity. Lots of them have names ending in ‘-ium’ although

there are a few

non-metals which also end in ‘-ium’. They include metals with common names like

copper, lead and aluminium.

Metal Carbonates are all metals combined with carbonate groups, e.g. copper

carbonate, potassium carbonate and iron carbonate. They are also classified as bases

because they neutralise acids, but they react with acids in a different way to metal

oxides and metal hydroxides.

Acids all contain hydrogen. The three we need to know are hydrochloric acid,

sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

Hydrochloric acid reacts to form chloride salts

Sulphuric acid reacts to form sulphate salts

Nitric acid reacts to form nitrate salts.

The Rules II

Base + Acid Water + Salt (BAWS)

Acid + Alkali Water + Salt (AAWS)

Metal + Acid Salt + Hydrogen (MASH)

Metal Carbonate + Acid Water + Salt + Carbon Dioxide (MCAWSCD)

A salt is a metal sulphate, metal chloride or metal nitrate.

Hydrochloric acid makes chloride salts

Sulphuric acid makes sulphate salts

Nitric acid makes nitrate salts Phosphoric acid makes phosphate salts

Neutralisation Reactions

1. Sulphuric Acid + Copper oxide

2. Nitric Acid + Iron carbonate

3. Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide

4. Sulphuric acid + Zinc

5. Acetic acid + aluminium

6. _____________ + ____________ lead nitrate + carbon dioxide + water

7. ______________ + Magnesium Magnesium chloride + _____________

8. Nitric acid + ____________ Calcium __________ + water

9. Zinc oxide + Nitric acid

10. Magnesium hydroxide + sulphuric acid

11. Copper + hydrochloric acid



Possible Revision Method—Review Cards (Flash Cards)

Review Cards pose questions with long answers or facts on the back.

Flash Cards can be used to learn key words or definitions

SC

IEN

CE

: Neutralisatio

n Salt N

ames

Questio

n

Answ

er(s)



Questions

If you have revised the previous sheets effectively you should be able to answer the following

questions without difficulty.

1. Is an acid’s pH low or high?

2. What chemical element do all acids contain?

3. Name a household acid.

4. What chemical compound do acids always produce in the reactions you have learnt?

5. What acid produces chloride salts?

6. What acid produces sulphate salts?

7. What acid produces nitrate salts?

8. What is an alkali?

9. Is an alkali’s pH high or low?

10. Name a household alkali.

11. Give two examples of bases.

12. What is the pH scale used for?

13. How do you find the pH of a chemical? (include all detail!) [3 marks]

14. Does an acid’s pH change much if water is added to it?

15. What determines which salt is produced in a neutralisation reaction?

For extra info or help with revision use the following pages in the KS3 CGP The Study Guide

Acids and Alkalis pg. 52

Neutralisation Reactions pg. 53

Reaction of Metals with Acids pg. 55

Reaction of Oxides with Acids pg. 56

https://www.mrgscience.com/yr-7-topic-2-acids-and-alkalis.html



7E Acids and alkalis

Acids and alkalis

Indicators

Neutralisation





Acids and alkalis



7E Acids and alkalis - Where are they found?British Islamic Academy


7E Acids and alkalis - Concentrated and dilute

Compare the particle model of a concentrated acid with aweak acid.

Which sentence best describes which acid?

A. This acid has only a few acidparticles compared to waterparticles.

B. This acid has a lot of acidparticles compared to waterparticles.

Why is a dilute acid less hazardous than a concentrated acid?

concentrated acid weak acid



FALSE! The Latin word “acere” means “sour”. Acids have a sour or bitter taste.

7E Acids and alkalis - True or false?

True or False?

FALSE! Ethanoic acid is the chemical name for vinegar. Vinegar on pancakes - YUCK!

Most people prefer citric acid in lemon juice.

TRUE! Pure water is called neutral. In nature, rainwater is weakly acidic and seawater is weakly alkaline.

FALSE! They are called corrosive. Dangerous alkalis are sometimes called caustic.

FALSE! Only strong acids are dangerous. Weaker acids, like citric acid, are not harmful to skin.TRUE! Arabic chemists used to make alkalis from the

remains of plant ashes.

1. The word acid comes from the Latin word “acere”

meaning “sweet”. 2. The word “alkali” comes from the Arabic “al-qily” which

means “plant ashes”. 3. All acids are dangerous and can burn skin. 4. Acids and alkalis that are dangerous to taste and

touch are called caustic.5. Pure water is not an acid or an alkali. 6. The acid some people like to put on pancakes is called

ethanoic acid.




Indicators



Litmus is always red in an acid.

7E Indicators - What is an indicator?

How can you tell if a solution is an acid or an alkali?

Some chemicals have different colours in acid oralkaline solutions.These coloured chemicals are called indicators.Litmus indicator is a vegetable dye.

Litmus is purple in water. Litmus is always blue in an alkali.



7E Indicators – Litmus test British Islamic Academy


7E Indicators – Universal and pH scale

universal indicator

pH scale pH FACT: The pH scale was invented in 1909 bySoren Sorenson, a Danish chemist who wasworking on beer quality!

To tell the strength of an acid or alkali we need anaccurate indicator called …

It shows the strength of acids and alkalis based on the…

How can you tell if an acid or alkali is weak or strong?

Universal indicator is a mixture of several indicators.




Neutralisation



7E Neutralisation - What is neutralisation?

What happens to pH when an alkali is added to an acid?

An acid has a pH less than 7.

acid + universalindicator

An alkali has a pH greater than 7.

alkali + universalindicator



Why has the indicator turned green?

Mix an acid and an alkali together and a chemical reactiontakes place.

7E Neutralisation - What is neutralisation? British Islamic Academy


What would happen to the pH value if more acid wasadded to the mixture?

If the right amounts of an acid and an alkali are addedtogether the pH of the mixture changes to neutral (pH 7).

This reaction is neutralisation.

7E Neutralisation - What is neutralisation?

What would happen to the pH value if more alkali wasadded to the mixture?

acid + alkali neutral solution



7E Neutralisation - Using neutralisation

Neutralisation can be a very useful reaction.Match each problem with the correct neutralising treatment.

5. Mouth bacteria produce acidfrom sugary foods

4. Nettle sting contains acidwhich irritates skin

3. Power stations produce gaswhich forms acid rain

2. Acid rain pollutes lakesand poisons wildlife

1. Indigestion caused bytoo much stomach acid

Acidic problem

E. Calcium carbonate reducesacidity of water

D. Calcium carbonate neutralisesacidic gas before it is released

C. Antacid tablets

B. Regular brushing with alkalinetoothpaste

A. Rub with leaves ofalkaline plant

Neutralising treatment



SCIENCE

YEAR 7 RE

VISION GUIDE—PHYSICS SECTION



Sound

Made by vibrating matter

Travels much slower than light (speed of sound in air is 330m/s)

Frequency and Amplitude are two different measurements taken from sound

Frequency

The number of vibrations in one second.

How high or low (pitch) the sound is—high

frequency equates a high pitch; a low frequency

equates a low pitch.

Stringed instrument:

To change frequency—shorten string, tighten string,

make string thinner

Drum:

To change frequency—tighten skin, make skin thinner

Amplitude

Changes the volume of the sound

Stringed Instrument:

To change amplitude—pluck strings harder.

Drum:

To change amplitude— hit the skin harder.

Sound travels in Waves

Two types of wave: Transverse and Longitudinal

The shorter the wavelength (see diagram below) the higher the frequency.

These are graphs of sound waves—sound waves themselves are longitudinal.

Sound travelling through different mediums

Light travels faster through solids than liquids and gases. This is because the particles are closer

together and thus pass vibration on more efficiently.

Echoes: occur when sound reflects of a

surface and travels back to where it was

made.

Used to measure distances. For example,

sonar or echolocation



Possible Revision Method—Audio

For auditory learners, try reading the information aloud, record yourself reciting key facts,

use video clips, put key facts into a well known tune or talk about your learning to

others.

Possible Revision Method—Summary Cards

Summary Cards contain the most important details of a topic. You should try to create

a summary of the information, including key words, concepts and diagrams.

Su

mm

ary T

op

ic: Ligh

t—Refra

ction, R

eflection a

nd D

ispersion

C

ard

No

. ________



Questions



1. What is unusual about how light travels?

2. Does light travel faster or slower than sound in air?

3. When light rays hit a mirror what process do they undergo?

4. What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?

5. Where do you draw the normal on a light ray diagram?

6. What happens when light travels from glass to air?

7. If light slows down when travelling from one medium to another does it bend towards or

away from the normal?

8. What happens when light rays are shone through a prism and refracted twice?

9. Draw diagrams of Reflection, Refraction and Dispersion.

10. What is it that makes sound?

11. What is frequency?

12. What is amplitude?

13. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?

14. How do you change the frequency of sounds coming from a guitar?

15. How do you change the amplitude of sounds coming from a drum?

16. What is an echo and how can it be useful?

17. Does sound travel faster in water or iron? Why?


Light Waves pg. 87

Reflection and Refraction pg. 88

How We See pg. 89

Colour pg. 90

Sound pg. 91

Hearing pg. 92



Density, Pressure and Speed Calculations

Density

Mass per unit of volume

Measured in g/cm3 or kg/m3

Density (g/cm3) = Mass (g) / Volume (cm3)

Mass (g) = Density (g/cm3) x Volume (cm3)

Volume (cm3) = Mass (g) / Density (g/cm3)

Pressure

Force per unit of area

Measured in N/m2 or N/cm2

Sometimes measured in Pascals. 1 pascal = 1N/m2

Pressure (N/m2) = Force (N) / Area (cm2)

Force (N) = Pressure (N/cm2) x Area (cm2)

Area (cm2) = Force (N) / Pressure (N/cm2)

Speed

Distance per unit of time

Measured in m/s or km/h

Speed (m/s) = Distance (m) / Time (s)

Distance (m) = Speed (m/s) x Time (s)

Time (s) = Distance (m) / Speed (m/s)

D = M/V

M = D x V

V = M/D

P = F/A

F = P x A

A = F/P

S = D/T

D = S x T

T = D/S



Conversions

Please be careful that you convert units appropriately and effectively. Remember the following:

1 metre = 100 cm

1 kilometre = 1000 m

1 m2 = 10000 cm2

1 m3 = 1000000 cm3

1 litre = 1000 ml

Questions



1. What is a more unusual unit used for pressure?

2. Without looking on the previous page. Write the full word equations (with units) for all

3 calculations relating to Density.


3 calculations relating to Pressure.


3 calculations relating to Speed.

5. How many metres in 1.53 km?

6. How many litres is 897ml?

7. How many metres is 1240cm?

8. What is the volume of a stone that has a mass of 120g and a density of 4g/cm3?

9. Mo Farah took 13mins 40s to complete the 5000m race at the London 2012 Olympics.

How fast was he

running on average?

10. How much pressure does the stiletto with an area of 1.4cm2 exert on the floor when a

woman weighing 500N stands on one leg?

11. What is the density of grandma’s fruit cake? It is a cuboid shape with a height of 10cm,

width of 15cm and length of 30cm and when placed on the scales measures in at 1kg.

12. Yohan Blake was clocked running 100m in training at an average of 40km/h. Would he beat

Usain Bolt’s 100m World record of 9.58s?


Speed pg. 77

Pressure pg. 84



The Solar System

• Recall the names of the planets

• Describe some characteristics of each planet

• Use information to state the order of the planets



The Sun Centre of the Solar System

The Solar System sun, like all others suns, is a star. The sun, and other stars, are luminous objects All other objects in the solar system orbit the sun



The Solar System The Solar System is made up of many objects, including; the sun, EIGHT planets, meteors and THREE dwarf planets.

Next Restart



Task: Complete the planets fact cards

• Each table has a different fact card on it

• You need to move around the room and complete the missing facts on your Top Trumps



Mercury

• Mercury is the planet nearest to the Sun.

• It is the second smallest of the planets.

• Mercury is dry, hot and virtually airless.

• There is no life on Mercury.

• Mercury has no moons.

• One day on Mercury lasts 58.7 earth days.

• It takes 88 days to orbit the Sun.



Venus • Venus is the second planet from the Sun.

• Venus is the hottest planet at 482 ° C

• Venus is covered with pale clouds which makes it difficult to see the surface of the planet.

• No life can exist on Venus.

• Venus has no moons.

• One day on Venus lasts 243 earth days.

• Venus has a tilt of 177 ° which means that it spins in a clockwise direction

• It takes 225 days to orbit the Sun.



Earth • The Earth is the third

planet from the Sun. • The atmosphere on Earth

protects it from the rays of the Sun.

• It has one moon. • About three-quarters of

the Earth’s surface is covered in water.

• One day on Earth lasts 24 hours.

• It takes 365.25 days to orbit the Sun.



Mars • Mars is the fourth planet

from the Sun.

• Mars has very little air.

• It has no surface water.

• It is bitterly cold on Mars.

• Rocks on Mars contain iron which makes the planet look red.

• Mars has 2 moons.

• It has a diameter of 6794Km

• One day on Mars lasts about 24.6 Earth hours.

• It takes 687 Earth days to orbit the Sun.



Jupiter • Jupiter is the fifth planet

from the Sun. • It is the largest planet in

the Solar System. • It has over 18 moons, two of

which are huge. • Only 18 moons are named • Its largest moon is called

Ganymede. • Jupiter has a small ring

system. • One day on Jupiter lasts

nearly 10 Earth hours. • It takes 11.9 years (4332

Earth day) to orbit the Sun.



Saturn • Saturn is the sixth planet

from the Sun.

• It is 1427 million Km from the sun

• It is surrounded by over 1000 rings made of ice and dust.

• It has at least 18 moons.

• One day on Saturn lasts about 10.2 Hours.

• It takes 29.5 years to orbit the Sun.



Uranus • Uranus is the seventh

planet from the Sun.

• Methane gas in its atmosphere gives Uranus a blue-green colour.

• It has 15 known moons.

• It has 11 known rings.

• Uranus has a tilt of 98 °, which means that is spins on its side

• One day on Uranus lasts about 18 Earth hours.

• It takes 84 years to orbit the Sun.



Neptune • Neptune is the eighth , but

sometimes it is the ninth planet from the Sun.

• Neptune has 2 moons. • Its largest moon is called

Triton. • It has two thick and two

thin rings around it. • It is 4497 million Km from

the sun • One day on Neptune lasts

19.1 Earth hours. • It takes 165 years to orbit

the Sun.



What about Pluto? • Pluto was thought to be the

ninth planet from the Sun, but sometimes it is the eighth.

• It has now been reclassified as a “Dwarf Planet”.

• It has a diameter of 2324Km

• It has a temperature of

-230 ° C

• It takes 90600 Earth days which is 248.2 Earth years to orbit the sun

• It follows a different orbital path to the planets



Use your Top Trumps to order the planets and complete your sheet



Make up a mnemonic to remember the order of the planets from the sun

• Mercury

• Venus

• Earth

• Mars

• Jupiter

• Saturn

• Uranus

• Neptune

• Pluto

• My

• Very

• Energetic

• Mum

• Just

• Skipped

• Up

• Nana’s

• Patio



Remember the Planets

Here is a quick way of remembering the names and order of the planets.

Next Restart

My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming

e r c u r y

e n u s

a r t h

a r s

u p i t e r

a t u r n

r a n u s

e p t u n e

Challenge: Write your own mnemonic to remember the order of the planets!



Questions

1. Which planet is the biggest?

2. Which planet has most moons?

3. Which planet has the longest day?

4. Which planet has the shortest year?

5. Which planets have rings?

6. Which is the only planet that spins clockwise?



What about Pluto?

http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ask_astronomer/video/2002-002.shtml

Click on picture to see a video



http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/cosmic_classroom/ask_astronomer/video/2006-003.shtml

Task: Use the data on the fact cards to complete the table and stick it into your books



The planets (and a dwarf planet) of the solar system

Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Temp’

Distance from sun

Diameter

Tilt

Number of moons

Rotation time

Orbit time



The Solar System

There are 8 planets that go around our Sun and Earth is one of them. There are eight planets

in the Solar System, some Dwarf Planets and thousands of asteroids (small lumps of rock), .

Most of the planets have moons (natural satellites) that orbit them. For example Jupiter has

more than 60 and we are still counting them!

The four planets closest to the Sun are known as the inner planets. They are rocky planets,

made of rocks and sand, ice etc. The other planets are called the outer planets and they are

made from gas. The Earth is the only planet that has living things on it. The other planets are

too hot or too cold. Living things need liquid water to live and none of the other planets have

liquid water except Earth.

The Sun is huge compared with planets and is a ball of burning gas.

Pluto is no longer considered a planet because it does not follow the same orbiting pattern as

the other planets. So another class of planet was made called “Dwarf Planets”. Dwarf planets

are rounded like other planets but they do not have enough gravity to pull other pieces of

rock, like asteroids, into their orbit. Here is some information about the planets that orbit our

Sun and the space craft that have travelled to them.

Planet Distance from sun (km)

Mean surface temperature ⁰C

Mercury 58 000 000 170

Venus 108 000 000 460

Earth 150 000 000 15

Mars 228 000 000 -50

Jupiter 778 000 000 -143

Saturn 1 427 000 000 -195

Uranus 2 870 000 000 -201

Neptune 4 497 000 000 -220

Pluto 5 913 000 000 -205

Spacecraft Target How long it took to get there in Earth days

Apollo Moon 3 days

Magellan Venus 15 months

Phoenix Mars 11 months

Galileo Jupiter 6 years

Messenger Mercury 6.5 years

Cassini Saturn 7 years

Voyager 1 & 2 Jupiter; Saturn; Uranus; Neptune 13,23 months; 3,4 years; 8.5 years; 12 years

New Horizons Pluto 9.5 years



MERCURY

Temperature: 427 °C Distance from Sun: 56.9 Million Km Diameter: 4878Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 0.38 Year of Discovery: 1885 Rotation Time: 58.7 Earth Days Orbit Time: 88.0 Earth Days Moons: 0

VENUS

Temperature: 482 °C Distance from Sun: 108.2 Million Km Diameter: 12104Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 0.90 Year of Discovery: unknown Rotation Time: 243 Earth Days Orbit Time: 224.7 Earth Days Moons: 0

EARTH

Temperature: 15 °C Distance from Sun: 149.6 Million Km Diameter: 12756Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 1.0 Year of Discovery: n/a Rotation Time: 1 Earth Day Orbit Time: 365.25 Earth Days Moons: 1

MARS

Temperature: -23 °C Distance from Sun: 227.9 Million Km Diameter: 6794Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 0.38 Year of Discovery: 1580 Rotation Time: 24.6 Hours Orbit Time: 687.0 Earth Days Moons: 2

JUPITER

Temperature: -150 °C Distance from Sun: 778 Million Km Diameter: 142,800Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 2.3 Year of Discovery: 1610 Rotation Time: 9.84 Hours Orbit Time: 4332 Earth Days Moons: 63

SATURN

Temperature: -180 °C Distance from Sun: 1427 Million Km Diameter: 120536Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 1.16 Year of Discovery: 700BC Rotation Time: 10.2 Hours Orbit Time: 10760 Earth Days Moons: 60

URANUS

Temperature: -214 °C Distance from Sun: 2870 Million Km Diameter: 51118Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 1.17 Year of Discovery: 1781 Rotation Time: 17.9 Hours Orbit Time: 30700 Earth Days Moons: 27

NEPTUNE

Temperature: -220 °C Distance from Sun: 4497 Million Km Diameter: 50538Km Gravity Compared to Earth: 1.77 Year of Discovery: 1846 Rotation Time: 19.1 Hours Orbit Time: 60200 Earth Days Moons: 13

PLUTO

Temperature: -230 °C Distance from Sun: 5900 Million Km Diameter: 2324KM Gravity Compared to Earth: 0.06 Year of Discovery: 1930 Rotation Time: 6.39 Earth Days Orbit Time: 90600 Earth Days Moons: 3



Name Distance from Sun Diameter at Equator Ceres 413,700,000 km 950 km Pluto 5,874,000,000 km 2,306 km Haumea 6,452,000,000 km 1,739 km Makemake 6,850,000,000 km 1,502 km Eris 10,120,000,000 km 2,326 km



http://space-facts.com/ceres/

http://space-facts.com/pluto/

http://space-facts.com/haumea/

http://space-facts.com/makemake/

http://space-facts.com/eris/

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