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Science as a subset of Art Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong University of Technology Delft, the...
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Science as a subset of ArtProf.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong
University of Technology Delft, the Netherlands, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism, Chair Technical ecology
Possible
Probable
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Questions
1. What established methods and types of research has “Research by Design” taken up or “codified” as its own?
2. How does “Research by Design” relate to, or position itself, with respect to other established academic communities and traditions?
3. How could “Research by Design” be formalized/systematized in order to gain recognition as a scientific methodology within the creative disciplines?
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Question 1: established methods
What established methodsand types of research
has “Research by Design”taken up or “codified”
as its own?
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1 Established methods
CONTEXT determined Design Researchor variable
determined or variableOBJECT
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1 Established methods
CONTEXT determined Design Researchor variable Typological Research
determined or variableOBJECT
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1 Established methods
CONTEXT determined Design Research Design Studyor variable Typological Research
determined or variableOBJECT
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1 Established methods
CONTEXT determined Design Research Design Studyor variable Typological Research Study by Design
determined or variableOBJECT
•The object of design study is variable by definition
•Social and physical context delimits that object
•But ‘context’ is everything
•How to handle context?
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How tohandlecontext
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Question 2; Other academic traditions
How does “Research by Design”relate to, or position itself,
with respect toother established academiccommunities and traditions?
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2. Other academic traditions
Preface by our Rector FokkemaWithin the range of a technical universitythe object of urban, architectural and technical design is amongst all others most sensitive to context.
Context: political, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial; at many levels of scale.
So: case studies. Difficult to generalise!
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Ways to Study and Researchurban, architectural and technical design
CONTENTSIntroductionA. Naming and describingB. Design research and typologyC. EvaluatingD. ModellingE. Programming and optimisingF. Technical Study G. Design StudyH. Study by designEpilogue
determined variable OBJECTdetermined Design Research Design Studyvariable Typological research Study by designCONTEXT
Study by design
Empirical research
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2. Other academic traditions
Language games: being able knowing choosingModalities: possible probable desirable
Sectors: technique science managementActivities: design research policy
Reductions as toCharacter: legend variables agenda
Location or time: tolerances relations appointments
Distinguished in verbal sentences by modal verbs such as ‘can’, ‘will’, ‘want to’.
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2. Other academic traditions
The task of Science The task of Design The task of Art
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Classical empirical research
1. problem statement (problem isolation)2. clear aim (aim isolation)3. references4. starting points5. hypothesis6. variables7. data8. method9. content10. publish
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Design related study
1. can not isolate problems from a coherent field of problems
2. brings aims together in a field of aims, a concept
3. has many references, not only written text but especially images: forms, types, models, concepts, programmes
4. has many starting points
5. has designs as hypothesis assuming: “This will work”
6. has many context variables (“parameters”)
7. while the object still varies in your head
8. has many ways to study (needs a book with 10 000 key words)
9. content grows drawing, calculating and writing
10. publishes with the medium as a message
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Empirical research orDesign related study
• Research produces probabilities by causes
• Design produces possibilities by conditions
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Make probable by causes Make possible by conditions
Not every condition is a cause,but every cause is a condition for something to happen
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Unravelling condition and cause
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Domains of future
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Domainsin design science
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Question 3: recognition as a scientific methodology
How could“Research by Design”
be formalized/systematizedin order to gain
recognition as a scientific methodologywithin the creative disciplines?
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3 Recognition as a scientific method
A. Make the context of your case explicitB. Distinguish probable, possible and desirable futuresC. Do not isolate problems and aims
as always advised in empirical science.
But extend them intoa field of coherent problems anda field of coherent aimsas the proper basis of a design conception.
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How tohandlecontext
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3A Making the future context explicit
• protects your study against judgments with other suppositions about the future context
• raises the debate about the robustness of your study in different future contexts
• makes your study comparable to other studies in comparable contexts
• raises a ‘field of problems’by subtracting desirable futures from the probable ones
instead of an isolated ‘problem statement’
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3B Probable, possible and desirable future contexts
Three fields of desirable futures
Probable, but not desirable;Desirable, but not probable
Desirable futures changing by design
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3C Do not isolateproblems and aims
as always advised in empirical science
But extend them intoa field of coherent problems and
a field of coherent aimsas the proper basis of a design conception.
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3 Recognition as a scientific method
A. Make the context of your case explicitB. Distinguish probable, possible and desirable futuresC. Do not isolate problems and aims
as always advised in empirical science.
But extend them intoa field of coherent problems anda field of coherent aimsas the proper basis of a design conception.
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Ideal contents of a study proposal
1.Object of study and its context
2.My study proposal
3.Accounts
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1 Object of my study and its context
1.1. Object of my study: scale, frame and grain
1.2. Probable future context: field of problems
1.3. Desired impacts of my study: field of aims
1.4. My designerly references: field of means
1.5. My portfolio and perspective: field of abilities
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2 My study proposal
2.1. Location and|or other future context factors
2.2. Motivation and|or programme of requirements
2.3. Intended results, contributions
2.4. Planning
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3 Accounts
3.1. Meeting criteria for a study proposal
3.2. References
3.3. Key words
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Criteria for a study proposal
A.Affinity with designingB.University breadthC.Concept formation and transferabilityD.Retrievability and accumulating capacityE.Methodical accountability and depthF.Ability to be criticised and to criticiseG.Convergence and limitations
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1 Object of my study and its context
1.1. Object of my study: scale, frame and grain
1.2. Probable future context: field of problems
1.3. Desired impacts of my study: field of aims
1.4. My designerly references: field of means
1.5. My portfolio and perspective: field of abilities
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How to limite, concentrate
1. give way to fascinations (motivated concentrations)2. choose a scale (frame and grain) before an object3. publish your portfolio evaluating it as field of abilities4. decide to improve or to extend them in your proposal5. publish images that fascinate you as a field of means6. look at them as a professional: which concepts, types,
models and programmes could you harvest?7. make your assumptions about the future explicit8. imagine the impacts your study could have9. cash your dreams
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Scale paradox
• On the level of one spot you should conclude ‘difference’
• On the level of 7 spots you should conclude ‘equality’
• Reversal of conclusions may appear by a factor 3 radius
• So, the order of size determines your view
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Levels of scale to be aware of
Radius = Radius =Global 10 000km Ensemble 100m
Continental 3000km Buildingcomplex 30mSubcontinental 1000km Building 10m
National 300km Buildingsegment 3mSubnational 100km Buildingpart 1m
Regional 30km Buildingcomponent 300mmSubregional 10km Superelement 100mm
Town 3km Element 30mmDistrict 1km Subelement 10mm
Neighbourhood 0.3km Material 3mm
• Different scales mean different legend units, categories, views, approaches,
conclusions
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Names and boundaries of size categories
• In this presentation ‘nominal values’ indicatean order of size
• They are ‘elastic’• 10m means
somethingin between3m and 30m
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A frame 100x the grain of a drawing representing a building
• r/R determines the resolution of a drawing or discourse,
• the ‘resolution of the argument’
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Limit your object of study by scale
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl
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Grain and impacts of your study
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl
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Explicit impacts within that context• indicate actors and specialists to join the team or take
into account• imply a societal and personal relevance or fascination• imply a field of aims• imply actors willing to finance your study• could produce a programme of requirements• before you have a precise study proposal !
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The object (O,o), its impacts inconvenient (I) or profitable (P)
• The programme of requirements is a set of desired impacts
• Locate them to locate the stakeholders
• Perhaps they are willing to pay the project!
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Subtracting futures
• Field of problems = Probable - Desirable
• Field of Aims = Desirable - Probable
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Desired impacts of your study
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl
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How to judge these impacts in a future context?
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl
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Layers of social and physical context
• Managerial/governmental contexts (active <> passive)• Cultural contexts (innovative <> traditional)• Economic contexts (growing <> declining)• Technological contexts (separating <> connecting)• Ecological contexts (differentiating <> equalizing)• Spatial contexts (accumulating <> dispersing )
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Changing context changes impacts
http://team.bk.tudelft.nl
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Let us try tomorrow
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Starting by key words
• y(x)
• landscape( villa)
• villa( landscape)
• villa( landscape( water system))
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Nested key wordsvilla(landscape(water-system, history))villa(landscape(water-system(history)))villa(landscape((water-system, occupation)(history, spatial dispersion)))
)( means a matrix:
history spatial dispersion
water-system 1 2
occupation 3 4
useful as a list of contents of your report:1 water-system(history)2 water-system(spatial dispersion)3 occupation(history)4 occupation(spatial dispersion)
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Syntactic key words
object y as a working (function, action, output, result, property) ofsubject x (independent variabele actor, input, condition, cause)
y(x)object(subject)Suffering object(subject)impact(condition, cause)aim(means)
The verb is replaced by brackets ()Form follows function. ~ form(function) landscape(villa)villa(landscape)
See also index of Ways to Study
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Operations (functions) y= f(x)• intuitive: f(x):= associated with x• conditional: f(x):= possible by x• set-theoretical: f(x):= part of x, encloses x, without x ...• logical: f(x):= if x, not x ...• mathematical: f(x):= x+x , x2...• causal f(x):= caused by x• temporal: f(x):= preceded, followed by x• spatial(formal): f(x):= near to, contiguous to, surrounded by x ...• structural: f(x):= connected with x, seperated from x ...• combinations: a box of boards connected by nails:
box(boards, nails)
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Valid, Reliable