SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - NITI Aayog

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CHAPTER -10

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

10.1 Science and technology (S&T) is widelyrecognised as an important tool for fostering andstrengthening the economic and social developmentof the country. India has made significant progressin various spheres of science and technology overthe years and can now take pride in having a strongnetwork of S&T institutions, trained manpower andan innovative knowledge base. Given the rapid paceof globalisation, fast-depleting material resources,increasing competition among nations and thegrowing need to protect intellectual property, theimportance of strengthening the knowledge baseis an important issue that needs to be recognisedduring the Tenth Plan. Recognising the globaleconomic order, the focus of the Tenth Plan in thescience and technology sector would be to:strengthen application-oriented research anddevelopment (R&D) for technology generation;promote human resource development, especiallyin terms of encouraging bright students to take upscience as a career; encourage research in andapplication of S&T for forecasting, prevention andmitigation of natural hazards; integrate thedevelopments in science and technology with allspheres of national activities; and harness S&T forimproving livelihood, employment generation;environment protection and ecological security.

APPROACH AND THRUST

10.2 Recognising that in the globally integratedknowledge-based world, the comparativeadvantage is shifting to those with the capability ofabsorbing, assimilating and adopting thespectacular developments in S&T for nationaldevelopment, the Tenth Plan will give a specialthrust to the sector by leveraging the stronginstitutional framework built up in post-independentIndia.

10.3 The approach in the Tenth Plan would beto lay greater emphasis on the development of

indigenous technologies and focus on latesttechnologies available elsewhere. Significant effortswill be made in those areas where India has acompetitive edge globally and where the benefitsof S&T can percolate to people who have beendenied these benefits so far. This will requireemphasis on the development of innovativetechnologies to meet the country’s needs and topreserve, protect and add value to indigenousresources and biodiversity and protect andpreserve the country’s rich traditional knowledge.Harnessing of the full range of technologies(traditional, conventional and modern) would go along way in national development.

10.4 Indian exports today derive theircompetitive advantage on the basis of cheap labourand abundance of natural resources. The Indianexport basket does not have a significant amountof technologically-intensive products. This situationneeds to change. Therefore, emphasis would beon the export of high-tech products and export oftechnology.

10.5 The Tenth Plan will give high priority totechnologies that are oriented towards humanwelfare. These include technologies that providecreative and cost-effective solutions in healthservices, population management, mitigating theeffects of natural hazards, conservation of land,water and energy resources and their integratedmanagement for sustainable development.

10.6 Human resource development in scienceand technology is an area of concern today. Thedeclining popularity of science and the unwillingnessamong the youth to take up science as a career willjeopardise India’s future. Imaginative and innovativeprogrammes would need to be undertaken to attractthe students to scienc e and technology andenhance the number of young scientists.

TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN 2002-07

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10.7 Science is an endless frontier, a uniquehuman activity without limits. During the Tenth Plan,massive support would be provided to basicresearch, especially in universities, so that India cancontribute significantly towards advancing thatfrontier.

10.8 While building on the comparativeadvantage that India possess in the emerging areasof information technology (IT) and biotechnology,special attention would be given to agriculture andagro-based industries and infrastructure sectors likeenergy, transportation, communication and housing.S&T concerns will be integrated into various policiesand programmes covering the economic, energy,environmental and other socio-economic sectors.This integration will be reflected in the identificationof technological choices, the investments and theS&T interventions in the individual sectors. Theapproach will be to make S&T an essentialcomponent in the Plans and programmes ofdevelopment sectors.

10.9 The following would be important focusareas during the Tenth Plan:

Interface Between Industry, R&D Institutionsand Academia

10.10 S&T has enormous significance foreconomic growth at the macro level and for buildingbusiness competitiveness at the micro level.Globalisation and liberalisation have thrown upimmense opportunities and some challenges forS&T. In an increasingly competitive world, Indianindustry needs the support of indigenous S&T in abig way. Over the past few years, it has beenincreasingly recognised that greater coordinationand cooperation between industry on the one handand the R&D/academic institutions on the other isnecessary for facing these challenges and takingadvantage of the opportunities offered.

10.11. At the macro level, S&T managementshould focus on meeting the needs of the nation(including industry), and encompass a widespectrum of activities, namely basic research,applied research, technology transfer, design,development, fabrication, tests and trials,manufacturing, marketing, maintenance andproduct support during the life cycle. At the micro

level, R&D institutions and the academia must movefrom R&D to R&D and Engineering so that theindigenous technology can meet the specificrequirements of the Indian industry.

10.12 In the present liberalised, competitiveenvironment, industry should pay much moreattention to the external sources of technology andupgrade its technology through quantum leaps intechnological inputs. It should anticipate and takeadvantage of technological changes to develop newproducts. Customers’ experiences and preferencesmay project new demands, which will stimulate thedevelopment of newer technologies. Technologymanagement for industry can, thus, be viewed as acontinuous process.

10.13 In order to strengthen the interfacebetween industry–R&D–academia and to enhancethe level of industry participation, appropriate stepsneed to be taken at various levels by all concerned— Government, industry associations, R&Dinstitutions and universities. The awareness ofmutual strengths and requirements would requiremeasures like: joint workshops/seminars andexhibitions; promotion of sandwich programmesinvolving attachment of students to an industryduring their academic stints; establishment ofsustained one-to-one linkages between R&D/academic institutions and the industries located ina particular region; and setting up of accurate, up-to-date, reliable, realistic and user-friendly databaseon indigenous technological expertise/infrastructure, S&T personnel, R&D programmes,technological breakthroughs and innovations etc.Encouraging the mobility of S&T personnel betweenindustry and R&D/academic institutions would alsobe a thrust area. Academic institutions and R&Dlaboratories also need to organise appropriatetraining programmes for industry personnel in orderto cater to the specific requirement of industry.Policy, procedures and systems should be reformedto encourage the academic faculty to acceptcontract/collaborative research for industry.

10.14 Technology transfer to industry would beanother thrust area. R&D/academic institutionsshould give appropriate importance to design andproduct engineering aspects, the application andconstant upgrading of the technology to betransferred. Interaction with the industry should not


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end with technology transfer but the agencyproviding the technology must constantly interactwith the user industry for problem solving,technology absorption, and improvement/upgradation of the technology. Government andindustry associations should work together for theestablishment of independent test facilities forreliable quality-checks, calibration and also fortechnology validation. Establishment of IndustryS&T Interface Institutions (ISTI), with technologymanagement centres manned by qualifiedpersonnel, could also be considered, besides theestablishment of S&T entrepreneurship parks,Technology Business Incubators, upgrading R&Dinfrastructure of the industry through consortiumsof industry associations. Incentive/supportmeasures would also need to be introduced forpromoting the purchase of products developedthrough indigenous technologies.

Application of Science & Technology for theSociety

10.15 There is an urgent need to make all-outefforts to ensure that appropriate research outputs,which can be put to use for the benefit of society,are generated and reach the people. It is, therefore,essential to evolve a mechanism and identifyprogrammes for application of S&T for improvingthe quality of life of the people, particularly theweaker sections and women, for the developmentof rural areas to reduce regional imbalances andfor inculcating scientific awareness among themasses. During the Tenth Plan, a mechanism wouldneed to be instituted through which the scientificinstitutions/departments take stock each year of theindustrial products developed and the impact ofthese on improvement in the quality of life in therural areas, in terms of health and nutritional status,purchasing power potential and increasingknowledge and empowerment.

10.16 The S&T interventions must aim atproviding simple, affordable scientific solutions,which help the individual save time and energy andaugment income. The kind of technologies to beprovided should be what people want rather thanwhat someone else wants them to adopt. Thisapproach would not only ensure acceptability of thetechnological innovations but would also help ininculcating a scientific temper amongst the masses.

Technologies that aim at value addition in theproducts of cottage/small scale industry can play avital role in improving their competitiveness. Broadlyspeaking, S&T can play important role in reachingIT to the remotest parts of the country byemphasising on computer literacy, making itaccessible even to those not having formaleducation. The ‘problem population’ can thus beconverted into a valuable ‘human resource’ throughactivity-oriented training and skill improvement,helping to develop entrepreneurship and facilitatingself-employment by using new technologies. Forthis, it is important to involve people by working onscientific and research-based solutions for theirlong-term problems like drought, epidemics,drinking water shortage, nutrition, sanitation, health,housing etc. and other day to day problemsincluding shift towards non-conventional energysources and product packaging.

10.17 It is also important to find ways of makingpeople cultivate the habit of using natural resourceslike wood, bamboo, medicinal plants etc. morejudiciously through application of environmentally-clean technologies. In order to measure the successof these endeavours, the Research Audit Cells(RACs) may be set up not only to judge the merit ofthe R&D endeavors but also to weigh the claims ofthe developing agency. In order to optimise theimpact of R&D efforts, there is a need to introducea network approach amongst the various agenciesinvolved in R&D. Information dissemination onuseful technologies needs to be strengthened andthe concept of Common Facility Centres needs tobe introduced for motivating people to use varioustechnologies for their benefit and to providenecessary assistance to the user groups on newtechnologies. These centres, which may be locatedclose to the user groups as permanent serviceinstitutions, are expected to maintain both forwardand backward linkages and provide a link betweenthe user and the S&T agency.

10.18 Special emphasis would be given toidentifying, promoting and supporting grass rootinnovations, adding value to them and disseminatingthem to ensure that the impact of such innovationsis reflected in improved prospects of livelihood of alarge number of people. Efforts would be made toscout for advanced time and energy-saving tools/machineries and equipment available in othercountries, their adaptation, motivation of


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entrepreneurs to take up their manufacture and alsoencourage the innovators of advanced tools andequipments.

International Cooperation in S&T

10.19 International cooperation in science andtechnology is essentially a mechanism to enableinteraction between scientific researchers to updateand refine the knowledge base, develop advancedtechnology and to take mutual advantage ofcomplementary scientific and technologicalcapabilities. This helps in the creation of nationalscience and technology assets through optimumutilisation of available resources. The aim is onbuilding capability in terms of upgrading skills,modernisation of facilities and exchange ofinformation. The thrust during the Tenth Plan wouldbe on: participation in major internationalprogrammes; establishment of centres ofexcellence/international quality facilities by wooingnon-resident Indian as well as foreign scientists towork in these institutions; intensification ofcooperation with developing countries by offeringfellowships to science and technology personnelfrom those countries to work and be trained in India;programmes for attracting talented young Indianresearchers working abroad to work in Indianinstitutions or Swarnajayanti Fellowship, initiatedin 1997; and also inviting foreign scientists toundertake research in Indian institutions and utiliseinternational class facilities like the Giant MeterRadio Telescope in Pune, telescope facilities inHanley in Ladakh etc. The Tenth Plan would alsoemphasise catalyzing technology development byestablishing joint R&D centres for pre-commercialtechnology development; showcasing Indianexpertise/technologies through exhibitions;integration of the S&T International CooperationProgramme with major national programmes likenatural disaster mitigation, AIDS/cancer research,alternate energy sources, clean technologies;protection of intellectual property rights arising fromjoint research/cooperative projects; coordination ofinternational S&T cooperation and management ofthe database/information system, enhancing S&Trepresentation in Indian missions abroad etc. Someof the science and technology areas identified forinternational cooperation include: basic sciences,high performance ceramics, high performancepolymers, nano-materials, nano-technology and

nano-electronics, sensors, manufacturingtechnology, bionics, development of coupledatmosphere-ocean models for extended rangeprediction/climate prediction, global networking fornatural disaster management, functional genomicsand proteomics, diagnostics and vaccine research,plant and agricultural biotechnology, technologiesfor exploration and exploitation of ocean resources,training of scientists/technologists from developingcountries in coastal zone studies, research in theocean atmosphere coupled models with advancedcountries, science popularisation/communication(like the establishment of a Chair) etc.

Human Resource Development in Science andTechnology

10.20 Although there has been a phenomenalgrowth in the number of universities and collegesimparting science education, there has been aconsistent decline in the percentage of schoolstudents opting for science after passing the highersecondary examinations, from 32 per cent in 1950to 15 per cent now. There has also been a markedchange in the profile of students taking up thescience stream. Today, high school students optingfor science are often those with low scores whilein the past, those with high scores would opt forscience. Even the majority of the meritorious 150students selected for the mathematics, physics,chemistry and biology Olympiads do not opt forcareers in the sciences. The drop-out rate amongthe research fellows qualifying the National EntranceTest (NET) is also a fairly high 35 per cent.

10.21 Human resource/manpower developmentassumes a special significance in the process ofdeveloping technological innovations as well asimplementation of new technologies and findingsolutions to problems arising during the process ofmodernisation. It is also a measure of the strengthof the country as it contributes to socio-economicdevelopment. Development of S&T manpowerdepends on the quality of higher education inscience and technology. Considerablestrengthening of the scientific and technicalmanpower will be needed with the liberalisation ofthe economy and the thrust on science andtechnology programmes. This would be done byselectively nurturing excellence in S&T education;identifying talented students and motivating them


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to take up science and technology as a career;providing avenues and opportunities for thoseengaged in the science and technology field toupdate and enhance their knowledge and skills;devising strategies to retain the best talents in activescientific work and involve the corporate sector inscience education and R&D. All this will be achievedthrough setting up of specialised science institutesas centres of excellence on par with the IndianInstitutes of Technology (IITs) and Indian Institutesof Management (IIMs); adoption of at least oneschool and one undergraduate college by eachnational laboratory; attracting talented students toR&D through an assured career opportunityscheme; and upgrading the knowledge base ofteachers through the concept of floating academicson a regional basis in new emerging areas likegenomics, bio-informatics, conducting polymers etc.Other measures will include: liberalisation of travelgrants for attending conferences/seminars abroad,co-joint appointments with universities abroad;getting the corporate sector to sponsor chairs inspecialised institutes and to adopt a school orcollege; providing graduate-level and postgraduate-level merit scholarships/fellowships from a centralfund for netting young talented scientists etc.

ACHIEVEMENTS DURING NINTH FIVE YEARPLAN

10.22 Some of the significant achievementsmade by the Central S&T departments/ agenciesduring the Ninth Plan are:

Department of Space

10.23 The major thrust of the space programmeduring the Ninth Plan has been towardsstrengthening the space-based services for thecountry’s socio-economic development. One of themajor targets set for the Ninth Plan in the launchvehicle area was the development of theGeosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)towards achieving self-reliance in launching theIndian National Satellite System (INSAT) satellites.The activities in earth observation systems wereoriented towards building state-of-the-art satellitesystems configured for applications related to themanagement of land and ocean resources,addressing both emerging national needs as wellas global service requirements. In the area of

satellite communication and meteorology, the effortswere directed towards augmenting the INSATsystem with additional capacity and newer servicesthrough the development and launch of thirdgeneration INSAT satellites, based on demandsvoiced by the users. A number of studies andexperiments were also planned in the areas ofspace science and environment. Besides,significant progress was made in the participationof industry, policy initiatives, international co-operation, commercialisation of space capabilitiesand human resource development.

10.24 The major milestones in the Indian PolarSatellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) programme werethe successful flight of PSLV-C1 on 29 September,1997 carrying the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite(IRS), IRS-1D, into orbit, PSLV-C2 on 26 May, 1999placing three satellites — Indian IRS-P4 (Oceansat)and two auxiliary foreign satellites TUBSAT(German) and KITSAT (Republic of Korea) — andPSLV-C3 on 22 October, 2001 carrying theTechnology Experiment Satellite (TES) in additionto two foreign piggyback satellites like BIRD ofGermany and PROBA of Belgium. All thisstrengthened India’s capability to tap the vast globalpotential that exists in this field. The TESdemonstrated advanced technologies for future highresolution imaging systems. The launch of IRS-P4(Oceansat) has opened up new vistas for oceandevelopment and coastal studies. The PSLV C2 andC3, apart from being commercial ventures, haveestablished the multiple satellite and the multipleorbit launching capability of PSLV. The productionof PSLV has now been taken up with substantialindustry participation. Another major landmark inthe Indian space programme was the successfullaunch of the first development flight, GSLV D1,carrying the Geo-stationary Satellite (GSAT) on18 April, 2001. The GSLV project, with complexdevelopments involving cryogenics, was a majorstep towards achieving self-reliance in launchingthe 2T INSAT type of satellite.

10.25 The launch of INSAT-2E, India’s mostadvanced communication satellite, started in April1999, INSAT-3B, the first in the third generationINSAT satellites, in March 2000 and the INSAT-3C in January, 2002 enhanced the capacity ofINSAT’s space segment for developmental andother applications like mobile communication


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services. It also strengthened India’s capability tosuccessfully fabricate and operate the INSAT classof satellites.

10.26 The remote sensing applications havegrown over the years to cover diverse themes as apart of the National Natural Resources ManagementSystem (NNRMS) for which the Department ofSpace is the nodal agency. The data from IRSsatellites has played a vital role in implementingseveral national missions in key areas of socialdevelopment. The network of international groundstations receiving the IRS data has been expandedwith the addition of seven ground stations. Importantapplications of IRS data are in wastelanddevelopment; generation of developmental actionplans for sustainable development for 175 problemdistricts; characterisation of the bio-diversity atlandscape level in the bio-rich areas of the NorthEastern Himalayas, Western Himalayas, WesternGhats and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Otherapplications include: landslide risk zoning usingsatellite maps along important tourist and pilgrimroutes in Uttaranchal and Himachal Pradesh;national mission on drinking water; seasonalsnowmelt runoff estimation; operationalisation ofsatellite remote sensing-based crop acreage andproduction estimation (CAPE). In addition, IRS datawas also used in Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)mapping, environment impact analysis, wetlandmapping, grassland mapping; disaster managementsupport; forest cover mapping; drought monitoring;and flood monitoring, land use/land cover mapping;mineral targeting etc.

10.27 The INSAT, established in 1983 with thelaunch of INSAT-1B, is providing operational spaceservices in the areas of telecommunication,television broadcasting and meteorology. INSAT-2E heralded new capabilities such as global beamsand capacity lease to the internationaltelecommunication organisation (INTELSAT).INSAT-2E is the most advanced satellite in INSAT-2 series and is a forerunner of the forthcomingINSAT-3 series. The INSAT-3B and INSAT-3Chave augmented the private VSAT (very smallaperture terminal) networks and the NICNETservices. INSAT-3B provides fixed satellite servicesin extended C-band and Ku-bands and mobilesatellite services in S-band. One of the transpondersis also used for setting up the Education and

Training Network in Andhra Pradesh. Work onINSAT 3A, 3E and 3D are also in progress. Withthe growth in the INSAT system, the applicationservices have also been expanded to includeadditional Doordarshan channels/regional servicesand news gathering services, expansion of theVSAT networks for remote rural communication andbusiness communications and educationalchannels. The application services also covercommunication services in strategic applications,developmental communication networks in differentstates, mobile satellite services, internet services,search and rescue services, VSAT services usingC band and extended-C band, meteorologicalservices and a host of other services. One of theimportant applications of the INSAT system hasbeen the satellite-based interactive network for ruraldevelopment. Towards this end, a pilot project todemonstrate the developmental communicationsand training for rural development in the Jhabuadistrict of Madhya Pradesh, has been successfullycompleted. Other services introduced in the INSATsystem relate to tele-medicine for remote and ruralareas and flood forecasting through 100 real timehydro-meteorological data collection platforms.

10.28 Another important initiative of the NinthPlan was the setting up of a North-Eastern SpaceApplications Centre (NE-SAC) at Shillong as anautonomous body under the Department of Spaceto provide access to high technology spaceinfrastructure for focussed development activitiesof the north-eastern states.

10.29 In the area of international co-operation,the Department of Space has acquired a significantrole as a result of the recognition by other countriesof India’s achievements in the areas of satellitetechnology, space applications and the operationalcapability to launch satellites. A significant eventwas India playing host to the second ministerialconference on space applications for sustainabledevelopment on behalf of the United NationsEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific (UN-ESCAP) in 1999. The conferenceadopted a Delhi Declaration which launched thesecond phase of ESCAP’s regional spaceapplications programme identifying commondenominator projects under a minimum commonprogramme of the region. At the initiative of UN,India has also established a Centre for Space


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Science and Technology Education for Asia andthe Pacific (CSSTE-AP) with a view to providecapacity- building opportunities in space scienceand technology for the countries in the region.

10.30 There has been significant progress inmarketing of the space capabilities developedthrough the space programme. Two importantachievements in this direction are the leasing ofeleven 36MHz transponders on board INSAT-2E toINTELSAT and launching of four foreign satellitesof Belgium, South Korea and Germany on boardPSLV-C2/C3. Several other export contracts forproviding space services and supply of spacehardware have also been executed during the Planperiod.

10.31 The Department of Space has also takenseveral policy initiatives. A policy framework forsatellite communication in India including provisionsfor the use of INSAT capacity by the non-government sector and also provisions for theprivate sector to establish satellite systems has beenapproved by the Cabinet. A remote sensing datapolicy, taking cognizance of the issues relating tothe availability of high resolution data fordevelopment purposes has also been drawn up.The Department is also working on the adoption ofa map information policy with reference to the usageand digitisation of Survey of India toposheets. ANational Spatial Data Infrastructure is also beingconceptualised to provide access for the country’smap information in computerised digital geographicinformation system (GIS) format to facilitatedevelopmental planning and decision-making.

Department of Atomic Energy (R&D Sector)

10.32 The projects being pursued under the R&Dsector of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)envisage comprehensive research in several areasrelated to nuclear energy and its applications. Theprogrammes are being pursued by severalconstituent units and aided institutions. This sectorprovides much-needed research support to thepeaceful applications of nuclear energy.

10.33 The nuclear power programme involves along-term strategy for exploiting the indigenousnuclear fuel resources in the country. It consists ofsetting up of Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors

(PHWRs) in the first stage, Fast Breeder Reactors(FBRs) in the second stage and Thorium-BasedReactors in the third stage. The first stage is alreadyin the commercial domain and has demonstratedexcellence in performance standards. However,sustained R&D support to continually upgradetechnology for safe operation at high capacityfactors, life extension and further improvement ofeconomic viability will be an ongoing programme.Investments made in R&D in this area have resultedin India mastering all aspects of this difficulttechnology and the power reactors and fuel cyclefacilities are operating satisfactorily.

10.34 All the technology objectives of the FastBreeder Test Reactor have been realised and thereactor is operating satisfactorily with its advancedplutonium-uranium carbide fuel, far exceeding itsoriginally stipulated performance standards. Thedesign of the 500 MWe Prototype Fast BreederReactor (PFBR) is progressing well.

10.35 The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre(BARC), Mumbai, has made good progress in thedesign and development of the Advanced HeavyWater Reactor (AHWR), which aims to utilise thecountry’s vast thorium reserves. The design of thisreactor incorporates advanced safety features.Various activities are being pursued to ensure thecompletion of the detailed project design report. Asa part of setting up of a critical facility for AHWRand 500 MWe PHWRs, detailed design of varioussystems has been completed and preliminary safetyanalysis report has been prepared. Process designand detailed engineering for the Advanced ReactorExperimental Facility have been completed.

10.36 BARC has contributed significantly towardsthe development of several control andinstrumentation systems for the nuclear powerplants being set up by Nuclear Power Corporationof India Limited (NPCIL). Systems developed byBARC include programmable digital comparatorsystem, dual processor hot stand-by process controlsystem, dual processor hot stand-by reactorregulating system, channel temperature monitoringsystem, on-power fuelling control system, andsupervisory control and data acquisition system(SCADA). BARC has handed over three channelinspection systems (BARCIS) to NPCIL for their fielduse and operators from the sites have been trained


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to operate the system. The ANUPUMSupercomputer developed by BARC is beingcontinuously upgraded.

10.37 In the area of technology development forrecycling of nuclear waste, a facility for theseparation of Uranium-233 from thoria and thoriumtargets irradiated in the Dhruva and Cirus reactorshas been completed and is undergoingcommissioning trials. A waste immobilisation plantat Trombay for the treatment and immobilisation ofhigh level waste from the reprocessing plant atTrombay has been commissioned. Revamping andrefurbishing of waste management facilities atTrombay, Tarapur and Kalpakkam has madesignificant progress.

10.38 Indigenous efforts for the design anddevelopment of turbo-expanders, heliumcompressor, cryo-heat-exchangers and simulationrigs, which are critical equipment fordecontamination and upgrading of heavy water, arein various stages of progress. Construction of adesalination plant at Kalpakkam to demonstrate thefeasibility of coupling a desalination plant with anuclear reactor is progressing well.

10.39 The radiation technology applicationsinclude health-care, agriculture, food preservation,industry and research. Important programmesunder health care include: setting up of a RadiationMedicine Centre (RMC) at BARC, which hasbecome the nucleus for the growth of nuclearmedicine in the country; comprehensive treatmentfor cancer and allied diseases at the Tata MemorialCentre, Mumbai; a Regional Radiation MedicineCentre at Kolkata as a part of the Variable EnergyCyclotron Centre (VECC); radiation detectioninterface and software to estimate the percentageof labeling of radio-pharmaceuticals at RMC;besides upgrading/modernisation of majorequipments like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),X-ray machines, mammography, orthopatographand ultrasonography machines.

10.40 Application of radiation to agriculture hasresulted in the release of 22 improved varieties ofseeds. Of these, black gram (urad) accounts for 95per cent of the cultivation of pulses in Maharashtra.Applications of radiation technology for industry

span a wide range including radiography, waterhydrology, gamma scanning of process equipment,use of tracers to study sediment transport at portsand harbours, flow measurements etc. To enhancethe analytical capabilities of the isotope hydrologylaboratory, sophisticated instruments like computer-aided tomography facilities for advanced industrialnon-destructive testing applications, isotope-processing facilities and shielded lead cell set upfor development of radio-pharmaceuticals havebeen procured.

10.41 The areas that are receiving attentionunder technology development are lasers andaccelerators. Besides the Synchrotron RadiationSource (SRS) Indus-1 at Centre for AdvancedTechnology (CAT), Indore, the second SRS, 2.2GeV Indus-2, is being operationalised. In addition,few other accelerators are under development atCAT, which can be used for radiation processing ofpaper pulp, surface modifications, paint and resincuring and other industrial applications; andaccelerators for radiation processing of agriculturalproducts and sterilisation of the medical products.An Electron Beam (EB) Centre at Kharghar, NaviMumbai is being set up in collaboration with theSociety for Applied Microwave ElectronicEngineering and Research (SAMEER) for furtherenhancement of facilities for the commercialapplication of EB irradiation. The heavy ionaccelerator programme and the radioactive ionbeam programme is also progressing well at VECC.The Laser Programme which has industrial andmedical applications developed a surgical CO2 lasersystem and a dozen of them have been supplied tovarious hospitals.

10.42 Important technologies transferred to otheragencies include: development of finite element-based software package specially tailored to rotordynamic analysis of turbo-pumps required forindigenous development of cryo-engines andNickel-Titanium shape memory sleeves for thelightening insulator assembly for LCA; constrictedarc plasma generator for testing strategic thermalprotection systems for rocket motors and re-entrysimulator devices; development of a pipe inspectiongauge for monitoring the health of cross-country oilpipelines for Indian Oil Corporation etc.


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Department of Biotechnology

10.43 The main thrust of the biotechnologyprogrammes was on short-term and long-termresearch support for excellence, new products orprocesses, large-scale demonstrations, validationof R&D leads, involvement of user agencies andindustries, technology development and transfer,innovations for patenting purposes and high qualityresearch publications. Emphasis was also laid onestablishing new centres of excellence, facilities,programme support in priority areas, expansion ofbio-informatics network and human resourcedevelopment. Efforts were made to ensure thatbiotechnology tools are utilised to harness thebiological wealth for societal and economic benefitof the country on an environmentally sound basis.Some of the new initiatives in bio-technologyresearch include: setting up of a national facility forvirus diagnosis and quality control of plants raisedby tissue culture; programme on genomics;bioprospecting of biological wealth; setting up of aWomen’s Biotechnology Park at Chennai; settingup of a Biovillage at Mocha at Porbandar in Gujarat;and setting up of a patent facilitating cell.

10.44 A major thrust has been given to productand process-oriented biotechnological R&D forapplication in agriculture, health sector and industry.Basic research was supported through R&Dprojects to develop expertise and understand basicbiological processes for further applications inprotein engineering, drug and molecular design,identified potential molecules for development ofvaccines and diagnostics for infectious diseases.Some of the achievements in plant biotechnologyare: the International Rice Genome SequencingProgramme; development of markers for highquality protein content; development of molecularmethods for hybrid seed mustard; production oftransgenic plants of tobacco with viral resistanceetc.

10.45 Under the biofertilisers programme,technologies were transferred to four industriesproducing mycorrhizal and rhizobial biofertilisers formass multiplication and distribution. Biopesticideformulation technologies have been transferred tothe industry under the Integrated Pest Managementprogramme.

10.46 In animal sciences, the embryo transfertechnique in camels was standardised and a newprotocol for camel superovulation was developed forthe first time. Seven different types of transgenic micecarrying antibiotic markers, Hepatitis-B antigens, inter-leukin genes and other markers have been developedand a new rabies vaccine for animals has beenproduced and is being tested for technology transfer.

10.47 Considerable progress was made in theareas of bio-prospecting and molecular taxonomy, seribiotechnology, medicinal and aromatic plants,biodiversity conservation, medical and foodbiotechnology. Fourteen genetic clinics wereestablished for providing molecular diagnosis andcounselling for the common genetic disordersprevalent in the country. Powerful computationalcapability for handling large-scale human genomesequence data for functional genomics programme,robotic methodologies for genotyping and PolymeraseChain Reaction (PCR) based diagnostics for commongenetic disorders have also been developed.

10.48 Four Jai Vigyan National S&T Missions inthe areas of development of new generationvaccines, biotechnology for herbal productdevelopment, coffee improvement andestablishment of mirror sites for genomics werelaunched. About 25 technologies have beentransferred to different industries. These include,diagnostic kits for HIV, hepatitis, dengue,assessment of reproductive hormones, Japaneseencephalitis, vaccines for leprosy, drug formulationfor septic shock, plant tissue culture protocols,formulation of biofertilisers, high protein gene fromAmaranthus and bioremediation technology formine spoiled dumps and crude oil spillage.

10.49 Fifty five centres set up under the Bio-informatics Biotechnology Information System(BTIS) net and six interactive computer graphicfacilities have continued to disseminate informationto the researchers under the bioinformaticsprogramme. The main focus of human resourcedevelopment has been to generate highly trainedscientists/students in large numbers throughconsolidation of 38 post-graduate, post-doctoral andone-year diploma courses and 19 additional coursesincluding one-time support for strengthening post-graduate programmes.


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10.50 Some significant contributions were madeby the autonomous institutes in basic R&D of newproducts and technologies. At the National Instituteof Immunology (NII), New Delhi, one Australian, twoAmerican and one Canadian patents were grantedand a biosafety level-3 facility has been established.A number of studies conducted at National Centrefor Cell Sciences (NCSS), Pune, on cell culture,tissue banking and engineering have resulted in thedevelopment of biocompatible synthetic matricessuitable for controlled drug release and immuno-isolation of islets and dermal equivalents fortransplantation for burn patients. The Centre forDNA Finger-printing and Diagnostics (CDFD),Hyderabad, started a new born screeningprogramme for diagnosing in born errors ofmetabolism. The National Brain Research Centre(NBRC), New Delhi, was established in 1999 withthe main aim to undertake, aid, promote, guide andcoordinate research in basic and clinicalneuroscience. At the National Centre for PlantGenome Research (NCPGR), New Delhi, whichstarted functioning from 1 April 1998, a novel genehas been used for generating transgenic plants ofagronomic importance. The relevant technology hasbeen transferred to Cadila Pharmaceuticals forindustrial production of animal feed supplement.

10.51 During the Ninth Plan, the NationalBioresource Development Board (NBDB) was setup under the chairmanship of the Minister of Scienceand Technology with the main objective ofdeveloping a policy framework for the effectiveapplication of biotechnological and related scientificapproaches for R&D and sustainable utilisation ofbioresources, especially for the development of newproducts and processes.

Department of Science and Technology

10.52 The activities of the Department of Scienceand Technology are primarily focussed towardsscientific research, technology development, socio-economic development, scientific services,international cooperation and supportingautonomous S&T institutions.

10.53 Some of the major R&D programmessupported by the Department include: sub-Himalayan cenozoic sediment studies;macromolecular crystallography; bio-organic

chemistry; Raman spectroscopy study on stronglycorrelated systems; laser application in highresolution molecular spectroscopy; non-acceleratedparticle physics; etc. A programme on drugdevelopment was initiated for promotingcollaborative R&D in drugs and pharmaceuticalsinvolving national laboratories, industry andacademic institutions. Thirty research projectsrelating to new chemical entities/formulations totreat diseases like cancer, arthiritis, diarrhoea,gastritis, pancreatitis, tuberculosis, Hepatitis-B,rabies etc. were funded. Four national facilities foridentification of the immuno-modulating potential ofherbal products and extracts of natural origin,pharmacological testing, characterisation of crystalsand medium throughput screening in differentnational laboratories were established.

10.54 Several major research facilities/centres ofexcellence and programmes were establishedduring the Ninth Plan. These were: the NationalCentre for Computational Fluid Dynamics at IIT-Chennai; Technical Acoustics facility at the IndianInstitute of Science (IISc), Bangalore; LaserScanning Confocal Microscope Facility at theBanaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi; X-rayfacility for Structural Biology at the IISc (along withDBT); National Single Crystal X-Ray DiffractometerFacility at the University of Hyderabad; cross flowturbine technology for microhydel application etc.

10.55 The Swarnajayanti Fellowships and theKishore Vaigyanik Prothsahan Yojana werelaunched, with support from the IISc, IIT-Mumbaiand the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, NewDelhi. These programmes were aimed atencouraging young scientists, besides providingsophisticated analytical instruments such as ICP,WMR, EPR Mass Spectrometer XRD, TEM, SEMetc to the scientists from academic and researchinstitutes and users from industries.

10.56 Technology development programmeshave been pursued through the TechnologyDevelopment Board, Technology InformationForecasting Assessment Council (TIFAC), NewDelhi, and Advanced Research Centre, Hyderabad.The Technology Vision 2020 Reports published byTIFAC have, for the first time, documented newareas of S&T covering various science disciplines.Besides, it also released 31 reports on frontier


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technologies like transgenic seeds, recombinantDNA products, bio-degradable plastics etc. TIFACalso facilitated networking of seven engineering/research institutions with high performancecomputing facilities for taking up selectedtechnology demonstration projects.

10.57 Keeping in view the importance ofprotection of intellectual property rights in theglobalised world, a Patent Facilitating Centre (PFC)was set up in 1995 which has helped in generatingpatent awareness. Under the TechnopreneurPromotion Programme (TePP) started jointly by theDST, Department of Scientific and IndustrialResearch (DSIR), and TIFAC, several projectsrelating to zeolite-based catalytic converter, nextgeneration membrane oxygenerator etc. weresupported.

10.58 Through the IS-STAC mechanism, 12 jointtechnology projects have been taken up in the areasof column flotation technology for ore benefactionand pilot plant for enrichment of helium fromhydrothermal sources etc. As a means of promotingS&T for socio-economic development, RuralTechnology Parks have been set up in thenortheastern region. A number of need-based S&Tprojects were supported in several places includinghilly regions in the farm and non-farm sector. Thesecovered areas like: inland aquaculture, sustainableagriculture, solar/bio-mass-based energy devices/systems, post harvest technologies, land-basedactivities, women’s health, rural engineering etc.Three women’s technology parks were also set upat Dehradun, Manipal and Barmer. A majorbreakthrough was achieved with the launching of aproject on food security by installing a fishaggregation device in Andaman Island for theprimitive tribal group.

10.59 Project-mode support to tackle state-specific problems was provided to the State S&TCouncils. These projects related to: the problem ofhigh mortality of broiler birds at Namakkal, TamilNadu; drying of large cardamom in Sikkim;documentation of medicinal plants in the Tharregion of Rajasthan and in Madhya Pradesh;documentation of traditional fishing crafts and gearsin Manipur; cultivation of ginseng by tissue culturetechnique in Manipur; use of hydrams for irrigationpurpose in Himachal Pradesh; demonstration plants

for cupola furnace in Bihar and solar passivehousing technology in Manipur.

10.60 Under the S&T Communication andPopularisation Programme, four National Children’sScience Congress (NCSC) were organised. Atelevision serial Kudratnama on science andtechnology was also telecast and videoprogrammes on different scientific topics exhibited.Under the NRDMS programmes, 15 GIS databasecentres were set up, Planning Atlas for somedistricts of Gujarat was prepared and coordinatedprogrammes for ground water modeling, coastalzone management and conservation, and bio-geodatabase and ecological modeling were taken up.

10.61 Since the DST is a nodal department forinternational S&T cooperation, several programmeswere undertaken in this area. These include: settingup of an Indo-US S&T Forum; launching of theDepartment of Science and Technology-NationalScience Foundation (DST-NSF) programme from1999; supporting technology-oriented projects onsurface engineering of components; steel forautomobiles; special plastics processing andpharmaceuticals development under an Indo-German programme; and DST-DAAD project-based Personnel exchange Programme. In addition,several joint projects in the fields of advancedmaterials and manufacturing technologies,information technology etc. were taken up.Agreements were also concluded with the ThirdWorld Academy of Sciences (TWAS) andInternational Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP).

10.62 Scientific services in the areas ofmeteorology, survey and mapping have beenprovided to the user agencies through the IndianMeteorological Department (IMD), Survey of India(SOI), Dehradun, National Atlas and ThematicMapping Organisation (NATMO), Kolkata and theNational Centre for Medium Range WeatherForecasting (NCMRWF), New Delhi. Significantachievements of the IMD are: commissioning of twoDoppler Radars at Chennai and Kolkata; installationof 10 High Wind Speed Recorders; CycloneWarning Dissemination Systems; Current WeatherInstrument System at the Ahmedabad andGuwahati airports; new instrument for measuringRunway Visual Range at the New Delhi and Kolkataairports; upgrading of the seismological network


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through the establishment of a NationalSeismological Data Centre at New Delhi, which isconnected online to the Global SeismologicalNetwork. In view of modern technologies and multi-disciplinary approach being adopted in the planningprocess, the SOI introduced digital cartographytechniques in its circles and units to create DigitalCartographic Data Bases (DCDBs) from thetopographical maps.

10.63 Thirteen DST-aided autonomousinstitutions continued their research activities andtransfer of technologies to industries. Significantachievement of these institutions include:development of a folion spray beneficial to cropyield; development of laboratory-scale process formicrobial detoxification of cyanide and metal-cyanide complexes; nano-structured semiconductorand CMR materials and devices; and establishmentof the world’s highest observatory for opticalastronomy in the Himalayas. Professional scienceacademies continued their efforts in promotingscientific activities such as publication andcommunication programmes in S&T and promotionof engineering education and research.

Department of Scientific and IndustrialResearch (DSIR) including Council of Scientificand Industrial Research (CSIR)

10.64 The DSIR has been providing project-based support to industries under the ProgrammeAimed at Technological Self Reliance (PATSER)for the development and demonstration ofindigenous technologies. Thirty-five technologydevelopment and demonstration projects werecompleted in the Ninth Plan in the areas of digestedorganic supplement from agriculture waste, earthmoving machinery, cold rolling mill, ginger oil-basedon green ginger, upgradation of technology for solarphotovoltaic cells, interactive voice responsesystem, nuclear-based moisture and density gaugeetc. These resulted in the commercialisation ofproducts and processes and led to the filing of 20patents. Thirty projects were taken up jointly withthe DST under the TePP. In addition, recognitionwas given to 249 newly announced R&D units inindustry and 104 non-commercial Scientific andIndustrial Research Organisations (SIROs). Otheractivities of the DSIR included: publication of 50quarterly newsletters and organising the annual

national conference on in-house R&D in industry.The National Research Development Corporation(NRDC), New Delhi, continued its efforts ondevelopment and transfer of indigenous technologythrough invention and promotion programmes,particularly in the areas of biodegradable plastics,rice husk particle board, glucose bio-sensor,spirulina algae, glycol- based anti-freeze coolant,manufacture of shrimp food, etc. Central ElectronicsLtd. (CEL), Sahibabad, was engaged in thedevelopment of technologies in the areas of solarphotovoltaics, high throughput aluminiummetallisation of Ultra High Efficiency (UHE) solarcells, switched mode power plant, new ferritetechnology etc. The National Information Systemfor Science & Technology (NISSAT) was furtherstrengthened through sectoral information centreson food, drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals andtextiles; setting up of the Value Added PatentInformation System (VAPIS), and launching of 100short-term courses on information science andtechnology.

Council of Scientific & Industrial Research(CSIR)

10.65 As a premier national R&D organisation,CSIR continued to provide through its 40laboratories and 80 field centres, valuable scientificand industrial R&D not only for India’s sustaineddevelopment but also for meeting its strategicneeds. Implementation of various programmes inthe CSIR was done in accordance with a white paperon Vision 2001 and CSIR’s mission statement thatseeks to provide scientific industrial R&D tomaximise economic, environmental and societalbenefits. The important organisational reformsenvisaged by CSIR are: organisationalrestructuring to enable CSIR to be more responsiveto the customer and the market; linking R&D to themarket place through alliances and networking;stimulating intellectual property management, bothwithin the CSIR and outside; investing in select highquality science; and refurbishing the ageing humancapital.

10.66 The broad achievements of CSIR include:the total external cash-flow for the 1997-2001 periodcrossed Rs. 1,000 crore and this catalysed industrialproduction to the tune of over Rs. 17,000 crore;filing of nearly 1,400 Indian patents and 650 foreign


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patents and increasing the impact factor perresearch paper from 1.26 to 1.552.

10.67 The Ninth Plan programmes/activities ofthe CSIR were implemented in 16 broad sectors.These were: aerospace; biology and biotechnology;chemicals; drugs and pharmaceuticals; earthresources and natural hazards mitigation; ecologyand environment; electronics and instrumentation;energy; food and food processing; housing andconstruction; information products; leather;machinery and equipment; minerals, metals andmaterials; rural development; and exports of R&Dand services. Some of the significant achievementsof CSIR in these sectors are: design fabrication andair worthiness testing of a 9-14 seater light transportaircraft; certification of the two-seater trainer aircraft– HANSA-3 designed and built by NationalAerospace Laboratory (NAL), Bangalore, andcommencement of commercial production. Otherprogrammes were: development of several newproducts and processes like a versatile universalpolymer support; a promising genotype of Menthaarvensis through cross-pollination of Gomti andKalka varieties and its release for commercialcultivation; a new strain of Withania(Ashwagandha), yielding about 14 quintals of dryroots/hectare; catalyst-free esterification andtransesterification of vegetable oils for thepreparation of lubricants; mini refineries withcapacities varying from 0.5 to 2.0 million tonnesper annum (MTPA) and self-contained, skidmounted, low cost and low maintenance unitscongenial for installation in any location. Otherachievements were: a new anti-malarial drug(EMAL) and a new drug, Ablaquin for treatment ofrecurring malaria, now being manufactured andmarketed by Nicholas Piramal India Ltd., Mumbai;Chamber Ventillation Technique using injection ofhigh-pressure, highly stable nitrogen foam for thecontrol of fires in the long wall panels in mines whichwas successfully used in putting out the fires inJharia, Bihar; cokeless cupola, replacing coke bynatural gas fuel in foundries and reducing theemissions of polluting gases; process for treatmentof paper mill effluent water to separate the lignin;fluorescence-based prototype kit for detection ofadulteration of mustard oil; a high quality synthesissystem useful for the visually handicapped personsas a ‘reading’ machine as well as for informationretrieval in railways/airlines/tourism industry and

toys with voice synthesis; a technology for thedisplay of vital flight parameters at about the pilot’seye level; an eco-friendly mining method known aswide stall mining without stowing, for optimalrecovery of coal; a simple retrofit technology forconversion of two-stroke engines of petrol/dieselrun three-wheelers to CNG-operable engines; pre-harvest and post-harvest technologies for exportof mango, litchi, strawberry, guava and grapes;controlled/modified atmosphere storage of fruits andvegetables; process for extraction of ginger oil fromfresh ginger; alternate building materials whichutilise wastes and economise on energy and areeco-friendly; an Interlocking Concrete Block (ICB)pavement technique for special locations such asbus or container terminals, industrial roads, snow-bound regions as well as for rehabilitation of oldconcrete surfacing; powder x-ray diffractometer; anenvironment-friendly process for manufacture ofsynthetic rutile; a high homogeneitysuperconducting magnet with superconductingshims for radial and axial field corrections suitablefor NMR spectrometer application; and a low costonline water purification system. A centralised unitfor R&D on information products was also set up toconvert the dispersed and non-digital databases ofCSIR to merchandisable information products. Inaddition, a major coordinated drugs andpharmaceutical programme was mounted for thedevelopment and commercialisation of bioactivemolecules that which will help to put in place state-of-art expertise and facilities for new drug design.

10.68 One of the important activities undertakenby the CSIR was the modernisation of variousnational laboratories by introducing some state-of-the-art instrumentation facilities. An importantcontribution made by CSIR under the S&T-HRDscheme was to foster, sustain and upgrade thestock of the highly specialised scientists, engineersand technologists required for R&D. The schemehas provided support to the academic communityfor research schemes, award of fellowships/scholarships and scientists’ pool placement.

Department of Ocean Development

10.69 The programmes and activities undertakenby the Department of Ocean Development duringthe Ninth Plan relate to sustainable andenvironment-friendly exploration and utilisation of

marine resources, both living and non-living. Witha view to promoting polar science and as a treatyobligation, scientific expeditions to the Antarcticawere undertaken on an annual basis. Theactivities undertaken during these expeditionsincluded: commissioning of three componentseismometer that recorded 360 seismic events;trial test of fuel cells and wind energy audit forapplication studies; mapping of seasonalvariation of geomagnetic field and total magneticfield intensity; installation of two remote AutomaticWeather Stations which recorded various surfaceenergy flux; establishment of a permanent GlobalPositioning System (GPS) station; and apermanent environmental lab at Maitri.

10.70 Under the Drugs from Sea programme, sixorganisms possessing anti-diabetic, anti-diarrhoeal,anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-anxiety, anti-cholesterol,anti-bacterial and larvicidal properties wereidentified and 84 compounds having interestingbiological activity and novel chemical structure wereisolated. The activities under marine living resourcesprogramme include: acquisition of benchmark dataon marine benthos in the shelf waters of India toundertake studies on the impact of bottom trawlingon marine benthos. Systematic collection ofenvironment and productivity data of the exclusiveeconomic zone for summer, winter and inter-monsoon periods was also undertaken for possiblecorrelations with fluctuations in the availability anddistribution of living resources.

10.71 Survey and exploration in the CentralIndian Ocean Basin (CIOB) mine site was continuedfor re-validation of relative concentration and qualitycharacteristics of polymetallic nodules in differentpre-determined blocks. As a part of its obligationas a pioneer investor, the Department relinquished30 per cent of the allocated 1,50,000 sq. km. areato the International Sea Bed Authority (ISBA). Anenvironmental impact assessment study wascarried out at CIOB and the impact of disturbancein the test and reference site is being monitoredperiodically to ascertain the recolonisation effect ofthe benthic organism on the basis of the benthicdisturbance.

10.72 As part of technology development formining, demonstration of shallow bed miningtechnology at a depth of 420 m in open sea off

Tuticorin was conducted in March 2000 in whichslurry was pumped. An improved RemotelyOperated Vehicle (ROV) system is also ready fortest in waters upto 250 meters depth. The ROV iscapable of inspecting underwater structures,pipelines, sampling etc. As a part of technologydevelopment for extractive metallurgy, ademonstration pilot plant was set up with a capacityof 500 kg/day. In order to revalidate the laboratoryscale process package, demonstration campaignswere carried out at Regional Research Laboratory(RRL), Bhubneshwar and BARC.

10.73 Processing of data from the NationalMarine Data Centre on marine pollution at theMumbai regional centre of the National Institute ofOceanography, Goa, was undertaken under thecoastal and marine area management programmeand the information was disseminated to thePollution Control Boards whenever necessary.Under the Integrated Coastal and Marine AreaManagement (ICMAM) programme, GIS-basedcritical habitat information system was developedfor the Pichavaram mangroves, Gulf of Mannar, andKadamat, Malvan and Gahirmata (Lakshadweep)and environment impact assessment guidelineswere formulated for major coastal developmentalactivities and processes like construction of portsand harbours. In addition, assimilative capacity wasdetermined for the Tapi estuary in Gujarat andEnnore creek near Chennai in Tamil Nadu.

10.74 Ocean Observation and InformationServices were carried out by deploying the mooredbuoys, drifting buoys, current meter arrays forundertaking studies on oceanographic processesand validation of satellite data. An autonomouscentre, the Indian National Centre for OceanInformation Services (INCOIS), was established atHyderabad to cater to the need for generating anddisseminating quality data and data products. Fiftyunits of Integrated Fish Finder cum NavigationGuidance System (IFFNGS) were distributed inWest Bengal, Orissa, Maharashtra, Pondicherry,Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Gujarat andLakshadweep under the Coastal CommunityProgrammes (Societal Programmes). Theseprogrammes were taken up by the Department ofOcean Development for locating fishing shoals andthe position of fishing vessels in the sea. ThePotential Fishing Zone (PFZ) advisories were also


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generated regularly and disseminated on a bi-weekly basis. The Department has also beenassisting various institutions and universities tocreate infrastructure facilities, taking up researchand building up a skilled human resource base inmarine sciences.

10.75 The National Institute of OceanTechnology (NIOT), Chennai, completed the testingof a OTEC pilot plant of a capacity of 1 MW,undertook the work on design and manufacture ofan underwater thruster of 800 W power rating and140 mm diameter for operations at 1,000 metredepth and an underwater connector suitable foroperations at 1,000 metre depth in coastal andenvironmental engineering. It also took upindigenous development of instruments/hardwarefor marine and oceanographic use. To create oceanawareness among the public, the Departmentparticipated in a number of fairs/exhibitions andfunded various seminars, conferences, workshopsetc.

10.76 Several activities were undertaken topromote international cooperation and fulfillinternational obligation. India participated inmeetings of the International Seabed Authority andthe Antarctic Treaty Consultative Committee. It alsoparticipated in the programmes of the Commissionon Conservation of Antarctic Marine LivingResources, Scientific Committee on AntarcticResearch, International OceanographicCommission, Regional Seas and IndependentWorld Commission on Oceans. In additon, it signedMoUs with a number of bilateral organisations forundertaking joint ocean-related programmes. TheDepartment’s efforts lead to the InternationalSeabed Authority finally approving India’sapplication for work for the exploration ofpolymetallic nodules in the pioneer area.

TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN PROGRAMMES

10.77 In order to achieve the goals envisagedfor the Tenth Plan, efforts would be made to buildupon the strengths of the country’s S&T system andaddress its weaknesses. While the S&T system isrobust and has a graded organisational structure,lack of linkages with industry has resulted in R&Dbeing largely academic in nature, with very fewapplications and very little commercialisation and

patenting. Although the S&T infrastructure facilitiesin strategic areas as well as areas of basic scienceshave been strengthened significantly over the years,it is not robust enough to take on the nationalchallenges in some of the key areas. There is alsothe problem of obsolescence in a large number ofour research laboratories and academic institutions,since the scientific instruments are changing at avery fast pace and have a much shorter shelf life.India has also demonstrated its strength in severalareas of R&D which has led to the country achievingself-sufficiency in food grain production; eradicationof communicable diseases like small pox andplague, substantial decrease in the infant mortalityrate and increase in life expectancy; and thedevelopment of indigenous technologies and theircommercialisation particularly in health,engineering, drugs, agriculture, electrical systems;etc. In the strategic sectors, India has demonstratedits capability to build and operate nuclear reactors,including FBRs, build and launch satellites includingcryogenic technology for GSLV, and application ofspace technology for resource management,meteorological services etc. India has also emergedas a significant basic research power, with world-class scientists in almost all areas of basic research,a fact that is reflected in the quality and number ofpublications. Our scientists have built world-classfacilities like Giant Metre Wave Radio Telescope(GMRT), Variable Energy Cyclotron, SynchrotronRadiation Sources etc. and are also in the processof building superconducting cyclotron and asuperconducting steady state Tokamak. At theinternational level, India is now participating as anequal partner in several front-ranking experimentslike the compact mono solenoid (CMS) experimentand a large ion collider experiment (ALICE)experiment at European Organisation for Nuclearresearch, CERN, Geneva, experiments at Fermilabin the United States and RIKEN and KEK in Japanetc. However, India’s strength in R&D has nottranslated into commensurate benefits for societydue to lack of a sufficient number of competentscientists working in the areas of technologicalinnovation and commercialisation. Barring somelandmarks like GMRT and developments in thestrategic sectors, the instrumentation activities,particularly machineries and equipment, have beendeclining. India’s failure to compete technologicallywith the developed world has resulted in outright


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import of machineries and equipment. Further, theGovernment has so far been the main source offunding S&T activities in the country. This needs tobe significantly supplemented by the industry.Therefore, the focus during the Tenth Plan wouldbe on important areas of basic research, technologydevelopment, demonstration and disseminationincluding strengthening and creation ofinfrastructural facilities, development of skilled andtrained manpower and providing technology forsocietal benefits in the fields of space sciences,nuclear sciences, ocean sciences, biotechnology,scientific and industrial research and science andtechnology. The Salient features of the thrust of theTenth Plan and related programmes in each ofthese sectors are:

Space Science

10.78 The primary objective of the spaceprogramme has been to establish operational spaceservices in a self-reliant manner in the areas ofsatellite communications; satellite-basedinformation for the management of naturalresources and meteorological applications throughindigenous development of satellites, launchvehicles and associated ground segment. Thethrust will be on the development of spacetechnology and large-scale applications of thistechnology in priority areas to act as a catalyst foreconomic development, a tool for enhancing thequality of human resources and to strengthennational security. Technology advancement, whichis essential to maintain competitive relevance, willbe an important thrust area for future spaceendeavours. Considering the expected multi-foldincreases in the demand for space services in theyears to come, concerted efforts will be planned toidentify and develop industries to meet theproduction capacity requirements. Suitable policyinitiatives would be taken to promote industryparticipation in the space programme. The focuswill be to substantially enhance the participation ofindustries from a mere fabrication/productionfunction to assembly and testing at system/subsystem level with the overall goal of realisingthe ‘produced, tested and accepted’ space systemsand services from industry in a ‘ready-to-use’condition. The remote sensing applications havegrown to cover diverse themes as a part of theNNRMS and the data from IRS satellites have

played a vital role in implementing several nationalmissions in key areas of social development.

10.79 With the broad vision of developing Indiaas a leader in space technologies, the overalldirection of the Space Programme, formulatedwithin the framework of a Ten Year Profile (2001-2010), will be to consolidate the gains and buildupon the achievements of the Ninth Plan. Themajor goals set by the Department of Space for theTenth Plan are: to acquire new capabilities for spacecommunications by positioning indian satellitesystems – GRAMSAT and INSAT networks – foroperational services; to maintain leadership in earthobservations by positioning earth observationinfrastructure to meet the national imaging demandsand supporting the NNRMS and DisasterManagement Support (DMS). The other areas ofaction will be developmental activities and improvedweather and ocean state forecasting; major thrustfor space transportation by regular production ofPSLV, operationalising GSLV, upgrading launchcapabilities and undertaking major R&D leading tofuture generation vehicles; to encourage spacescience enterprise by mobilising high qualityscientific groups for advanced space scienceendeavours; to encourage spin-offs in humanresource development and with industry andinternational partnerships.

10.80 The major objective of the satellitecommunications programme would be to developa self-sustaining satellite-based communicationnetwork : GRAMSAT programme - fordevelopmental communications, e-governance,tele-medicine, tele-education and rural developmentwith the involvement of state governments and non-government organisations (NGOs). The INSATsystem has five satellites — INSAT-2C, 2DT, 2E,3B and 3C. With INSAT-2C and 2DT reaching theend of their life in 2002, INSAT- 3A and 3E areplanned for launch in 2002-03. Thus, by the firstyear of the Tenth plan (2002-03), it is expectedthat INSAT-2E, INSAT-3B, 3C, 3A and 3E will be inservice and remain operational throughout the Planperiod. Together, they will provide a total capacityof 116 transponders. The fourth generation INSAT-4 satellite series, with a total capacity of 142transponders, has been planned to meet thecapacity and service requirements projected for theTenth Plan. One of the primary considerations in


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configuring the INSAT-4 has been the plannedavailability of GSLV Mk II with a lift-off capability of2T satellite by 2003-04.

10.81 The meteorological services provided bythe INSAT system are planned to be substantiallyenhanced with improved/new payloads as well asthrough establishment of dedicated meteorologicalsatellites, METSATs. To provide backup for thecrucial meteorological segment of INSAT, the firstsatellite, METSAT-1, carrying a Very HighResolution Radiometer (VHRR) and Data RelayTransponder (DRT) is planned for launch on boardPSLV. The METSAT-2 satellite, carrying VHRR andDRT, is planned for launch on PSLV during 2004-05. This will also eventually be a replacement forMETSAT-1. The other communication satellites thatare scheduled to be launched during the Tenth Planare: GSAT-3, GSAT-4 and AdvancedCommunication Satellite.

10.82 Within the framework of the long-termvision, the Indian Earth Observation Programmewill continue to serve as the mainstay of theNNRMS. A disaster management supportprogramme drawn up by the Indian SpaceResearch Organisation (ISRO)/Department ofSpace will be implemented during the Tenth Plan.The programme, with special focus on thenortheastern region involves: mapping andmonitoring support; creation of thematic andcartographic information database for flood-proneand cyclone-prone areas and ortho-photomapsof earthquake-prone areas; demonstration of theapplicability of GIS-based decision supportsystem for disaster management; infrastructure,including networking facilities; R&D support etc.

10.83 Based on the launch vehicle requirementscenario and the long-term vision of the spacetransportation system, programmatic targets havebeen set. PSLV would remain the workhorse vehiclefor earth observation and space science andmeteorology satellites. The development flights andoperationalisation of GSLV (Mk I and II) withindigenous cryo stage and the establishment ofsecond launch pad at Sriharikota Range (SHAR)will be completed .The development of GSLV MkIII will be an important thrust area. It is alsoproposed to develop the critical technology baserelated to the Recoverable Launch Vehicle (RLV)

and realisation of the proto unit of RLV technologydemonstrator.

10.84 While bilateral and multilateral efforts topursue international cooperation will continue, themajor thrust will be on: space mission operations,meteorology, environment and humanitarianservices such as Megha Tropiques; a cooperativesatellite mission with Synthetic Aperture Radar;international charter on Space DisasterManagement Support, Global Observing Strategy,Global Precipitation Mission etc.

10.85 Another thrust area would beorganisational development and human resources.These would relate to: consolidation of corecompetences and enhanced outsourcing;reorientation of administrative systems andefficiency improvement; motivation, improvingmorale and maintaining organisational health;succession planning through induction and retentionof talent; learning and knowledge management etc.

10.86 The major identified mission modeprogrammes would include: operationalisation ofNNRMS, technology development for futuregeneration launch vehicle, development of all-weather remote sensing technology, and applicationof space technology in education and health.

Nuclear Science

10.87 Nuclear science involves a chain ofactivities viz. research, development, demonstrationand deployment of technologies, which has been acrucial factor in building a self-reliant capability inall aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle. Concertedefforts have been made in the field of nuclearscience to carry forward the developments inadvanced technologies in order to insulate thecountry from technology denial regimes. Sinceenergy security is important for economic as wellas strategic reasons, thorium-based nuclear energysystems will have to be a major component of theIndian energy mix in the longterm. Realising thatIndia has to be in the lead in the development anddeployment of thorium utilisation technologies, thefuture policy of the Department of Atomic Energywill be to build a strong indigenous R&Dinfrastructure as well as to marshal the trainedscientific and engineering manpower in their futureprogrammes.


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10.88 India is pursuing a three-stage nuclearpower programme which has been formulated toprovide long-term energy security based onindigenous nuclear fuel resources. The programmeenvisages a closed fuel cycle involving reprocessingof the spent fuel to separate the fissile fuel forrecycling. The focus would be on R&D to ensurethat the technology does not become obsolete, thesafety and economic competitiveness of nuclearpower is continually improved, and capacityutilisation is maximised. Technology for the fuelcycle needs to be pursued along with the nuclearreactor technology with the objectives of:improvement in the existing technology for theenhancement in process performance;development of cross-cut technologies to mergenuclear reprocessing and waste management;development of new process and technologies tocater to the programmes involving FBR and AHWRfuel cycles etc. In addition, health, safety andenvironment programmes form an integralcomponent of the entire spectrum of activities inthe nuclear fuel cycle.

10.89 The Tenth Plan objectives in the field ofnuclear sciences include: utilisation of thorium asfuel on a commercial scale; large-scale deploymentof nuclear power; improving cost-efficiency ascompared to alternate options for energygeneration; attaining higher levels of safety throughutilisation of inherent and passive safety features;utilising the proliferation resistant potential of thethorium fuel cycle to the fullest extent. It will alsoattempt to provide for adaptability to non-electricalapplications, particularly desalination and hightemperature processing applications, includingthose for generation of non-fossil fluid fuels..Emphasis would also be laid on basic research innuclear sciences and allied areas. This would coverfrontier areas in physics (condensed matter physics,nuclear physics, plasma physics, astrophysics,accelerator and laser physics); in chemistry(radiation and photo-chemistry, laser chemistry,interfacial chemistry and chemical dynamics); inbiology (molecular biology, radiation biology,genetics, cancer research); in agricultural sciencesand food technology; and in mathematical andcomputer sciences. The radiation technologyapplications programme will continue to developresearch reactors, accelerators and lasers and otheradvanced technologies. Important mission mode

programmes would be identified in some of theseareas. Recognising the long-term strategicnecessity of ensuring the availability of adequateand quality human resource , emphasis would belaid on research-education linkages and evolving amechanism to facilitate large-scale deployment ofapplications, especially in agriculture.

10.90 The first stage of the nuclear powerprogramme started with the indigenousdevelopment of nuclear power plants based onuranium cycle in PHWRs. In the case of operatingplants, continuing R&D will be deployed in someareas like ageing management, life extension, in-service-inspection, repair technologies which cancarry all jobs remotely with minimum man-remconsumption and also in other programmes likeprogressive introduction of MOX fuel in the reactorsat Tarapur. Technology for the front end and theback-end of the fuel cycle also will be pursued handin hand with the nuclear reactor technology.

10.91 The second stage started with the FBRProgramme at Indira Gandhi Centre for AtomicResearch (IGCAR), Kalpakkam utilising plutonium-based fuel. Improvements and upgradation in thetechnology will be an important part of theprogramme in the coming years. For irradiation offuel and structural materials to be used in the fastreactors, various projects are to be pursued in theareas of physics and shielding, chemistry, materials,thermal hydraulics, structural mechanics,component development, fuel development, in-service-inspection, instrumentation and control andfuel cycle.

10.92 The third stage pertains to designing anddeveloping advanced nuclear power systems thatwill utilise the plutonium resources in an optimumway to maximise conversion of thorium to 233U,extract power in-situ from the thorium fuel, andrecycle the bred 233U in future reactors.

10.93 Keeping the objectives and the currentinternational trends in nuclear technology in view,a roadmap has been drawn up for the third stage ofthe nuclear power programme. This involves foursteps viz., development of AHWR for utilisingthorium for commercial power generation; designand development of high temperature reactor-basedpower packs, mainly for process heat and non grid-


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based electricity generation applications;Accelerator Driven Sub-critical Systems (ADS) toproduce several times more electrical energy thanthat required to run the accelerator; and accelerator-driven system with a fast reactor sub-critical core,together with a mainly thorium-fuelled thermal coresomewhat similar to that present in the AHWR.

10.94 Under the radiation technology applicationprogramme, one of the major activities to beinitiated is the setting up of a research reactor forisotope production and associated isotopeprocessing facilities at a new campus to be set upfor BARC. Development of technologies fordesalination will be given further impetus. Efforts todevelop technologies for the production of strategicmaterials in the country will be intensified. The DAEwill also initiate projects around all its installationsfor the deployment of technologies. Some examplesare: farming for the production of breeder seedsusing mutants developed by BARC; setting up oflaboratory facilities for the production of saplingsby tissue culture techniques for distribution tofarmers in the area; any other technology whichcould provide improved means of livelihood to thepeople. For this purpose, land around nuclearinstallations will be utilised with the farmers and theDAE scientists working together.

10.95 The important mission mode programmeswould be relating to the development of technologyfor utilisation of thorium, water desalination, nuclearmedicine, and application of irradiation technologyfor farm products.

Ocean Science

10.96 The ocean science programmes in theTenth Plan would be in the areas of exploratorysurvey, assessment and sustainable utilisation/harnessing of the ocean resources (living and non-living) and renewable sources of ocean energy andtechnological advances geared towards theprotection and preservation of the marineenvironment. Other programmes would coverdevelopment of technology relating toinstrumentation, diving systems, position fixing,materials development, oceanic data collectiondevices, submersibles, etc.; developmentalactivities related to integrated coastal and marinearea management, coastal community

development, etc.; establishment of an ocean-related information system; international co-operation in ocean science and technology;development of technologies relating to seabedmining, extractive metallurgy and conductingenvironmental impact assessment studies. Inaddition, strengthening of front-ranking researchin polar sciences through Antarctica expeditions;basic and applied research in ocean science andtechnology; human resource management; creationof centres of excellence in academic institutions;and public awareness on the potential uses of oceanwould also be taken up. Drugs from the seaprogramme would be directed towards productdevelopment, commercialisation of the products andconfirmation and optimisation of new leads alreadydeveloped. Thrust would also be given to surveyand exploration, mining and allied technologydevelopment and metallurgy of polymetallicnodules, and monitoring the health of coastalwaters; management of the marine environmentthrough capacity building using GIS formanagement of critical habitats; and developmentof a model for critical habitat information systemand zonation of coastal waters etc. Indian NationalCentre for Ocean Information Service (INCOIS),Hyderabad will continue to process and disseminatedata relating to ocean information to the usercommunity involved in areas like fisheries, weatherforecasting, climate, ports, shipping, etc. It will alsotake up development and issue of Ocean StateForecast. Emphasis would also be given onresearch in the areas of biological productivity,weather and climate studies, sea level variability,air-sea interaction, deep and bottom oceancirculation, bio-geochemical studies, technologydevelopment for energy and fresh water from sea,deep sea technologies including mining,technologies for coastal and off-shore applications,technology for data buoy and marineinstrumentation system etc.

10.97 Several new initiatives are proposed to beundertaken in the Tenth Plan. These include: settingup of a second permanent station in the Antarctica;research programmes in Southern OceanOceanography and in Polar Environment andEcology; biotechnological studies of Antarcticamicrobes and biodegradation of organic wastes byemploying psychrophilic bacteria; bioluminescenceand its significance in the Eastern Arabian Sea,


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survey of marine mammals of Indian EEZ; Climateand Marine Fisheries, Assessment of tunaresources of the Indian exclusive economic zone(EEZ). Other activities will relate to: basic researchon marine living resources; comprehensivesystematic EEZ topographic surveys; marinebiogeochemical studies; monitoring of harmful algalblooms (HAB) by setting up a regional centre formonitoring and surveillance of HAB in the IndianOcean sector etc. A new multipurpose vessel fortechnology services and demonstration is proposedto be procured. Mission mode programme in theareas of technology development anddemonstration of drugs from the sea, technologydevelopment of gas hydrates and large-scaletechnology demonstration of Ocean ThermalEnergy Conversion (OTEC) plant would be initiated.

10.98 Under the Polymetallic NodulesProgramme, survey and exploration, environmentimpact assessment, mining and allied technologydevelopment, and metallurgy will be continued. Bayof Bengal Fan (BENFAN) programme will also betaken up with emphasis on long coring of thesediments at selected locations. Comprehensivesystematic EEZ topographic surveys using state-of-the-art multi-beam systems will be initiated toidentifying areas for future detailed surveys for thenon-living resources exploration. A strategy wouldthen be evolved for comprehensive assessment ofresource potential of the Indian EEZ including gashydrates, cobalt crust, etc.

10.99 The existing stations for collection of near-shore samples identified under the Coastal OceanMonitoring and Prediction System (COMAPS)programme will be more carefully planned to reflectthe pollution load occurring close to the shore. Theactivities under Integrated Coastal and Marine AreaManagement (ICMAM) capacity buildingprogrammes funded by the World Bank, training tocoastal states on the use of GIS and on criticalhabitat information system using GIS, and zoningof coastal waters will continue. As a pre-requisitefor the preparation of ICMAM plans in selectedareas, eco-system modelling studies which can beused for management of the shoreline land,particularly to control erosion and accretion, will beconducted. Other R&D activities in this area include:decision support system for management of smallto large habitats, migratory patterns of turtles, long-

term monitoring of pollutants, development of onlinepollutant detection system using sensors for hotspotareas etc.

10.100 Under the Ocean Observation Systems, thenumber of moored buoys would be increased to 40with indigenisation of its prototypes. The number ofdrifting buoys would be increased to about 150, tidegauges to 34, besides 150 Array of Real TimeGeostrophic Oceanography (ARGO) floats.Extended Bathy Thermograph (XBT) line would alsobe added. Development of algorithms, models etc.will continue to make full use of the newly plannedIndian and foreign satellite missions such as MeghaTropiques, Oceansat-II etc. Consolidation of theongoing efforts under the Indian Ocean Modelingand Dynamics (INDOMOD) for operationalapplications will be continued on a priority basis.

10.101 Under the ocean energy programme,modification of the 1 MW OTEC plant to functionas a land-based or shelf-mounted plant for islandswould be taken up. Deep sea technology activitiesinclude development of technologies for directapplications to shallow and deepwater mining andtechnology base for deepwater applications. Thetechnology and necessary expertise for theexploration and recovery of gas hydrates will alsobe developed. National Institute of OceanTechnology (NIOT), Chennai would endeavor tohave institutional cooperation/collaboration fortechnology development with reputed national andinternational research laboratories, academicinstitutions, international organisations and privateR&D institutions. New initiatives include:development of wave-powered data buoys foroffshore applications and establishment of a marinemeteorology cell, and marine instrumentation andsensors calibration cell.

10.102 Under the Marine Research and CapacityBuilding and Ocean Awareness programme, OceanScience and Technology Centres (OSTCs) will befurther strengthened. Some of the new initiativesinclude training programmes for foreign students inIndia and taking ocean sciences to schools and tothe common man.

10.103 The Department of Ocean Developmentwould continue to participate in the meetings of theLaw of the Sea, International Sea Bed Authority,


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Antarctic Treaty System, Inter-governmentalOceanographic Commission and the Regional SeasProgramme. It will also initiate bilateral scientificcooperation. Under the Southern Ocean MarineLiving Resources programme, two cruises will beconducted for assessment of krill and tuna fish inthe Indian Ocean sector of the Antarctic waters incollaboration with South Africa, Poland and Russia.

10.104 Two research vessels ORV Sagar Kanyaand FORV Sagar Sampada, which are on the vergeof becoming obsolete, would be upgraded/renovated. In addition, it is also proposed to acquire/construct a new multipurpose vessel for technologyservices and demonstration to serve as a platformfor the programmes and as a utility science vessel,which will augment the capacity needed for theliving and non-living marine resources programmes.

10.105 Since developments in the ocean sectorhave national, regional and global implications andthe management of diversified programmesinvolving the Central and State Governments andtheir agencies is a complex task, an apex body –the Ocean Commission – on the lines of the SpaceCommission and Atomic Energy Commission isproposed to be set up.

10.106 Some of the mission mode programmesidentified for the Tenth Plan include: (i) large scaletechnology demonstration of OTEC plant (ii)studies on exploration and technology developmentof gas hydrates (iii) ocean information serviceaimed at generation, analysis, modeling, productdevelopment and dissemination of ocean data anddata products to users, and (iv) technologydevelopment and demonstration of drugs from thesea.

Biotechnology

10.107 India is well poised to embark uponbiotechnology-based national development. Theunderlying assumption of the policy framework isthat the developments in the field of biotechnologywill have the greatest impact on food, nutrition,health, environment and livelihood security. Therecent advances in many areas of biologicalresearch, notably genomics, cell biology, structuralbiology and molecular approaches to biologicalfunction hold great promise for future developments

in biotechnology. Long-term support would beprovided for basic biology research in areas relatedto infectious diseases, metabolic engineering,biomaterials, stem cell research, chemical ecologyetc. by providing the necessary infrastructure andinstrumentation facilities. Some important areas forresearch would be food and nutritional security;optimal utilisation of biological resources throughbiotechnological interventions; genomics; cost-effective, easy-to-administer and affordablehealthcare regime, especially molecular medicine;biotechnological solutions for environmental issueslike biodiversity conservation, and waste recyclingand pollution abatement. Conversion of indigenousresearch leads into biotech products and processeswould continue to be a major endeavour. This willbe facilitated by instituting new academia-industryand private-public partnerships. Human resourcesneeded for biology research and biotechdevelopment would be generated through specificprogrammes. The Department of Biotechnology’smission is to develop biotechnology as anintellectual enterprise, to provide the impetus to helputilise this knowledge for the benefit of mankind andto launch well-directed efforts for harnessingbiotechnological tools for generation of products,processes and technologies that will enhance theefficiency and productivity of agriculture and forestryimprove nutritional security, development ofmolecular medicine and environmentally safetechnologies for pollution abatement, biodiversityconservation and bio-industrial development andcreation of a strong infrastructure both for researchand commercialisation of bio-products,bioprocesses and biotechnologies.

10.108 Concerted and long-term support wouldhave to be provided to basic research in the newareas of modern biology and biotechnology andmechanisms to identify creative talents among theyouth need to be established. Commercialisationof the knowledge base should be facilitated throughsimplification of some procedures and policies.These include: single window clearance mechanismfor the biotech industry, especially based onrecombinant DNA technology; venture capitalfunding to encourage large-scale production ofbiotech products, incubators or pilot plants throughthe joint efforts of the public and private sectorsand tax holidays to publicly supported indigenousR&D. Bioscience enterprises will be identified and


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encouraged in three major areas: agriculture,health-care and the environment. Thecommercialisation of bio-products will beencouraged by developing innovative policies inconjunction with other government departments andagencies. Besides the ongoing programmes ongenetic counseling, emphasis would also be placedon genomics of humans, animals, plants andmicrobes, human genome diversity studies,molecular epidemiology; setting up of networkfacilities in at least four to five centres for highthroughput screening, functional genomics,microarray and structural genomics, etc. The majorfunding for this would come from industry, with theGovernment providing only a nominal support.Major mission mode programmes would be initiatedin the areas of genomics, new drugs and moleculesfrom important medicinal plants, bio-resourcescharacterisation, bio-fuels, new generationvaccines, food and nutritional security.

10.109 In the field of agriculture, biotechnologyresearch will be used mainly in crop improvementsfor high export-value products through geneticmodification of other crops or through in-vitrotechniques. Other approaches in this field are: finemapping of genome regions harbouring usefulgenes; developing transgenic biofertilisers; creatingan awareness among farmers on the benefits ofbio-pesticides and integrated pest management(IPM) technologies etc.

10.110 Research on plant biotechnology would bedirected towards molecular and genetic phenomenaassociated with the process of infection, progressionof disease (infectious and systemic) and theunderlying pathology; metabolic engineering usingrecombinant DNA technology; characterisation ofenzymes involved in carbon and nitrogenassimilation; plant tissue culture; bio-prospecting ofwild plants; generation of a network programme onbioengineering of crops for Bio-fuels and Bio-energy; development of medicinal and aromaticplant crops with value addition in terms of proteins,minerals, vitamins and bio-molecules of therapeuticvalue and industrial use, genomics of selectedmedicinal and aromatic plants etc. In animalbiotechnology, the focus will be on large animalsand employment of newer techniques like cloningand stem cell derived animals (transformed andnon-transformed).

10.111 In the area of aquaculture and marinebiotechnology, a Marine Biotechnology Centre wouldbe set up for research on novel enzymes, bio-remediation, extremophilic organisms, bio-medicals,genomics and proteomics of various marineorganisms. The areas of focus for medicalbiotechnology research are: tuberculosis, HIV,malaria, cholera, Japanese encephalitis, ediblevaccines, helicobactor pylori, rabies, cancer and drugdelivery systems. The programmes will be prioritisedtaking into consideration criteria like disease burden,cost effectiveness of technologies and the potentialutility of these technologies for community needs.

10.112 Broad areas of activity identified forgenomics (human, animal, plant and microbial) are:computational genomics and genome-sequencedata analysis, micro-array technology, structuralgenomics of humans and microbes, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis andpharmaco-genomics.

10.113 In the field of environment and biodiversity,the projects to be initiated relate to: collection,conservation and sustainable use of bio-diversity;bio-remediation, waste recycling and wastelandreclamation; development of biosensors, bio-indicators; phyto-remediation; and engineering ofmicrobes for pesticide degradation, production ofindustrial and specialty chemicals, resourcerecovery and waste recycling etc.

10.114 Major new initiatives are also planned inthe expanding area of bioinformatics. These include:dedicated high speed network for the BTIS net toachieve near-instantaneous access to the biologicaldatabases; setting up of teraflop supercomputerfacilities for bioinformatics; establishment of aNational Bioinformatics Institute for carrying outvarious activities like policy making; establishmentof a Centre for Genome Informatics for carrying outresearch related to genomics and proteomics thatinclude database mining, computational genediscovery, sequence similarity searching, geneexpression analysis, etc.

10.115 Besides continuing the existing biotechfacilities and repositories at various places, the newfacilities to be set up pertain to: high field nuclearmagnetic resonance (NMR) imaging facility, mass


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spectrometry and microarray facilities at two to threecentres; pilot plant facilities and biotech incubatorsfor diagnostics; good manufacturing practices(GMP), facilities in collaboration with private industryparticipation etc. Biotechnology parks andbiotechnology incubators will be set up in a fewstates in collaboration with the concerned StateGovernments. A few centres of excellence will alsobe set up in emerging areas such as: marine biology,high altitude biology, medical molecular biology,molecular ecology, invertebrate neurobiology andcomputational biology. To address biotechnology-related intellectual property rights (IPR) issues in aholistic manner, a Biotechnology–IPR Centre willbe set up as an autonomous society under the DBTfor organising training programmes and setting upof a Patent Information Networking System.

10.116 In the area of human resourcedevelopment, support would be provided to 20additional institutions and between 100 and 150fellowships, besides instituting distinguishedbiotechnology professorships, biotechnology chairsand national bio-sciences career awards.Popularisation of biotechnology will be intensifiedthrough the mass media and co-curricularprogrammes. In order to attract a large number ofsmall and medium scale biotech entrepreneurs, aBiotech Venture Capital Fund will be initiated incollaboration with organisations like the SmallIndustries Development Board (SIDBI), IndustrialDevelopment Bank of India (IDBI) etc.

10.117 While the existing programmes ofinternational collaborations will continue, the focusfor the initiatives will be on basic research in newbiology for understanding molecular and geneticphenomena of pathogenesis in plants, animals andhuman beings; plant molecular biology; biosensordevelopment; metabolic and tissue engineering; andproduct and process-oriented research involvingscale up/ field trials and validations throughtechnology transfer of both techniques andmaterials.

10.118 The autonomous institutes under thejurisdiction of DBT — NII, NCCS, CDFD, NBRC,NCPGR and the Institute for Bioresources andSustainable Development (IBSD) — will continueto conduct research within the framework of thepolicy guidelines laid down for the Tenth Plan. Each

of institutes will implement one or more MissionMode programmes.

10.119 Mission Mode Programmes would belaunched in the areas of genomics, developmentof new drugs and molecules from importantmedicinal plants with special emphasis on validationand standardisation of the active constituentsalready identified and bioresource characterisationand inventorisation and documentation of theendangered eco-system. They would also coverproduction, demonstration and testing of biofuels,development of new generation vaccines, and foodand nutritional security through enhancement ofcrop productivity, value-addition and geneticengineering for enhanced nutritional status.

Scientific and Industrial Research

10.120 The plans and programmes relating toscientific and industrial research are implementedby the DSIR and CSIR. The DSIR is concernedwith the promotion of industrial R&D, developmentof new technologies and processes, acquisition,management and export of technology anddevelopment of consultancy capabilities. Theobjectives/activities of the various programmes ofDSIR covers financial support for SIROs, fellowship,traineeship and international R&D collaborations;support to new technology development projects;support to grass roots decentralised projects;support for technology innovations and resourcecentres and chairs in technology and innovationmanagement; support for technology tradefacilitation centres, technology counselors indeveloping countries and product design centres.

10.121 During the Tenth Plan, variousprogrammes of DSIR relating to technology andR&D promotion in industries would be convergedunder one umbrella programme. In addition,support to the programmes of the NRDC and CELwould continue.

10.122 Important activities under the programmeon technology and R&D promotion in industriesinclude: recognition of new in-house R&D centresand SIROs; organising annual national conferencesfor presenting R&D awards to industries; approvalof commercial R&D companies and in-houseR&D centres u/s 35(2AB) of the Income Tax Act;


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financial support to recognised SIROs; award offellowships to selected meritorious research workerswho opt to work in recognised R&D centres;assistance to small and large industrial units forinternational R&D collaborations; support totechnology development projects in various areas;TePP; technology evaluation studies in importantsectors/areas and marketing of technologies;workshops and seminars. In addition, technologydevelopment studies, studies on technology andinnovation management and preparation of directoriesof foreign collaborations would also be supported.

10.123 The NRDC will continue to undertake theprojects under two programmes — InventionPromotion Programme (IPP) and TechnologyPromotion Programme (TPP). In addition to awards,assistance to investors, publications etc, some newprogrammes have been proposed for IPP likeorganisation of Inventors’ Clubs and exhibitions andrevamping their publications to cater to the needsof the small-scale industry. Under the TPP, for thedevelopment and promotion of rural technologies,a demonstration-cum-operating centre will be setup near Delhi for demonstration of rural andhousehold technologies. In order to promote theexport of technologies, the NRDC will participate ininternational exhibitions/seminars/trade fairs andprepare multimedia compact disc presentations oftechnologies. Other measures under the TPP relateto: setting up a technology information-related portalcovering information on indigenous and foreigntechnologies, IPR, R&D institutes and awards,training programmes etc.; interactive multimediapackage on IPR; funding of technology developmentprogrammes in the areas of gene delivery systems,digital fountain clock, slow release spray ofpesticides etc.; and providing loan/equity/convertibleloan/grant to licensees of NRDC technologies, etc.CEL will continue to work on technologies relatingto 250 micron thick silicon wafers for manufacturingsolar cells, and manufacture of 125 mm and 150mm pseudosquare multicrystalline solar cells. CELwould also initiate R&D work on thin film solar cells;photovoltaic products for use as building materials;strategic electronic equipments and systems so asto make this area of operation contribute to about20 per cent to 30 per cent of the turnover; digitalaxle counter and other signalling and safety systemsfor Indian Railways and export; and hybrid remotely-operated PV systems for microwave repeater

stations, and applications of piezo electric elementsfor defence and automobiles.

Council Of Scientific And Industrial Research(CSIR)

10.124 CSIR seeks to foster the values ofexcellence in science; global competitiveness intechnology based on high science; local relevancein tune with socio-cultural and economic ethos ofthe people and innovation in all the spheres ofactivities ranging from science to technologymanagement to financing. These principles, coupledwith the results of a SWOT analysis carried out inCSIR laboratories, were taken into consideration indrawing up the opportunities for CSIR technologiesin the market place. Accordingly, CSIR will seek toform strategic partnerships with Indian industry forinnovative research; application and developmentof technology; commercialisation of technology;technology transfer, especially to SMEs and helpingcertain weak industrial sectors to regain their growthrates and become competitive globally.

10.125 Other factors which influenced theformulation of CSIR programmes for the Tenth Planare: responsibilities arising out of the internationalIPR arena; continuous training and retraining ofCSIR staff; advancement of knowledge throughenlarging the scope of fellowships to trans-disciplinary areas and supporting basic research;and extension of S&T to the masses by involvingthe NGOs.

10.126 The focus of the CSIR would be to providescientific industrial research and development thatmaximises the economic, environmental and societalbenefits. The major thrust of the programmes wouldbe on needs of and the opportunities in the marketplace; partnerships with industry for innovative R&D;development, application and technology transfer inareas that promote global competitiveness;technology based on high science and finding holisticand optimal solutions to the pressing problems ofthe nation. The core programmes include: highscience and technology for national aerospaceprogrammes; medicinal plant chemotypes forenhanced marker and value-added compounds;globally competitive chemical processes andproducts; development of speciality polymers;industrial waste minimisation and clean up; coal


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preparation for quality enhancement; biomolecules;infectious diseases handling; design analysis andhealth assessment of special structures etc. Theactivities in the area of leather processing technology,leather product technology, leather environmenttechnology, biotechnology in leather would bestrengthened. Mission mode programmes would belaunched in the areas of leather technology, carcassutilisation technology, design and development ofcivil aircraft, documentation of traditional knowledge,exploration and exploitation of the nation’s microbialwealth, molecular biology of selected pathogen,evolving pollution monitoring system/devices for air/water /solid waste, microwave tube technology andrural technology.

10.127 The Tenth Plan programmes of thenational laboratories have been formulated under14 heads. These are: aerospace, biology andbiotechnology, chemicals, earth resources andnatural hazards mitigation, ecology andenvironment; electronics and instrumentation,energy, food and food processing, health-care anddrugs and pharmaceuticals; housing andconstruction, information dissemination andproducts like leather, materials, minerals and metalsand manufacturing.

10.128 Under the S&T human resourcedevelopment programme, support to the CSIRProgramme for Youth Leadership in Sciencescheme and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee fellowshipscheme will continue. In addition, a ‘training andmotivation’ programme will be initiated for selectedscience teachers. In order to attract youth to scienceand to promote interest, excitement and excellencein science education at the school andundergraduate levels, each CSIR laboratory willadopt at least one school and one college in its area.It will not only offer its facilities for project work andexperimentation but also carry out student guidanceand motivational programmes. Fellowships will beoffered to researchers in trans-disciplinary areasand a spirit of entrepreneurship will be inculcatedamong research scholars through appropriatemotivation, skills development and venture financingso they may establish their own R&D enterprises.

10.129 The IPR regime is presently in a state offlux and there are major unresolved issues with

respect to ‘traditional knowledge’, ‘genomicsequences’, ‘copyright on the Net’ etc. NationalInstitute of Science, Technology and DevelopmentStudies (NISTADS), New Delhi in CSIR has beenmandated to coordinate this activity throughenhancing the portfolio of foreign patents from 500to 2,500 by the end of the Tenth Plan; identifyingpotential threats to and opportunities in the IPRregime; creating electronic/digital database onCSIR’s intellectual property and knowledge- baseholdings; developing educational programmes onintellectual property and technology management,etc.

10.130 During the Tenth Plan, CSIR hasenvisaged the establishment of an organisationalHuman Resources Development Centre atGhaziabad as a follow up to the recommendationsof the CSIR Review Committee in 1986. The Centreis expected to train around 600 senior personnelannually. Other activities under R&D managementsupport include: partnerships that could add valueto R&D activities in the national laboratories;popularisation of CSIR activities among massesthrough various media; and continuing support tothe Unit for R&D in Information Products to catalyseand mobilise packaging of information productsbased on CSIR databases in order to make it self-sustaining.

10.131 The objective of the New Millenium IndiaTechnology Leadership Initiative (NMITLI) scheme,initiated in February 2000, is to help India capturethe global leadership position in a few selectedtechnology areas. In the first year of its operation,CSIR initiated nine ‘proof of concept projects’. Oncompletion, five of these projects will qualify for thenext stage of specific product/process/application/development and upscaling. Around 20 per cent ofthe funding for these projects will come from externalsources. This scheme will enable India to acquireglobal leadership/monopoly position in at least threeniche technology domains.

10.132 Programmes under infrastructurerenovation and refurbishment include: internetconnectivity to all laboratories through a nationallevel Internet service provider (ISP) including VirtualPrivate Network (VPN) solutions to establish a CUG(Closed User Group) and refurbishing of theantiquated physical infrastructure which was built


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or acquired more than thirty years ago. Some ofthe laboratories like the Central Drug ResearchInstitute (CDRI), Lucknow, Central FoodTechnology Research Institute (CFTRI) Mysore,Central Salt and Marine Chemicals ResearchInstitute (CSMCRI), Bhavnagar etc. are housed incenturies-old palaces which were converted intolaboratories by carrying out minor renovations. Mostof the CSIR laboratories are not suited for modernday R&D especially in terms of good laboratorypractices (GLP), International StandardsOrganisation (ISO), National Accreditation Boardfor Testing Laboratories (NABL) requirements foraccreditation and certification. Also many buildingsare dilapidated and unsafe and need renovation.

10.133 Mission mode programmes have alsobeen identified in the design and development ofcivil aircraft like Stretched SARAS and HANSA;exploration and exploitation of the country’smicrobial wealth for novel compounds and bio-transformation processes; molecular biology ofselected pathogens for drug targeting; study ofmesozoic sediments for hydrocarbon exploration incoordination with the Department of OceanDevelopment; pollution control and monitoringsystem/devices for air, water and solid waste;development of microwave electron tubetechnologies for ultra high frequency communicationfor large-scale applications; development oftechnology for control of asthma resulting frompollution; standardisation, validation andintroduction of newer scientific herbal preparations;setting up of a Traditional Knowledge Digital Library(TKDL) for tracking and storing comprehensiveinformation and document on traditional knowledge;and environment-friendly leather processingtechnology, including carcass utilisation.

Science & Technology

10.134 It is widely recognised that long-termtechnological competence and internationalcompetitiveness can only come from a strongfoundation of high quality basic research. Whileencouraging research in basic sciences, there isneed to ensure that such research must be relevantto national priorities and goals. Above all, it shouldbe geared towards stimulating economic growth.The broad strategy in this area would be accordingpriority to synergy among science and technology,

public policy and organisation in order to achievethe national goals; focussing on knowledge capitalas a tool for faster economic development;reorganising the technology transfer systems tomake them client-controlled and user-driven so thattechnology dissemination losses could beminimised; making efforts to fulfil the S&T vision ina socially relevant and participatory mode. Otherelements of the strategy would be to raise thecountry’s capability and excellence in science andtechnology relevant to long-term strategy for overalldevelopment; orient efforts towards finding solutionsto poverty eradication, employment, environmentand other related issues on a priority basis; evolvean integrated science plan focusing as much onpopulation, education, gender, nutrition andenvironment as on production, sustainable growthand trade; enhance government and privateinvestments in research over the next five years;accelerate national, regional and internationalcollaboration for technology generation,assessment and transfer through information andcommunication technologies, while safeguardingagainst the attendant risks of globalisation. In orderto get the maximum gains of science to society andthe economy, it is necessary that a properatmosphere be created for original and basicresearch and financial support provided for it. Thedecline of Indian contribution to this field has beena matter of deep concern. It is necessary toremember that there can be no high technologywithout high science and vice versa. Indeed,science provides new insights and approaches fortechnology development. It is, therefore, of utmostimportance to create a strong edifice of basicresearch on which future aspirations of Indian S&Tcan be built.

10.135 India, with its rich intellectual capability, canbe a leader in basic research, if proper strategicthinking, adequate funding and facilitatingmechanisms are provided. If the problem of thedwindling number of young students opting forscience and scientific R&D is not effectivelyaddressed in the near future, India will cease to bea storehouse of quality technical manpower. Ournational laboratories, universities and highereducational institutions have an aging faculty profilerequiring infusion of quality young manpower.Secondly, adequate infrastructure for contemporaryR&D is lacking even in national laboratories and is


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almost absent in higher educational institutions.Systematic efforts need to be made to refurbish theR&D infrastructure for basic research, especially inthe higher educational sector. Given its scope forgenerating sustainable livelihood and reducingpressure on timber resources, a comprehensiveprogramme in the bamboo sector would be initiatedto boost the usage of bamboo, promote specialisedproduct development for commercialisation etc. Theprogramme will identify the technology-orientedbusiness opportunities for processing raw bamboointo value-added products and expedite theireconomic and marketing feasibilities. The areasidentified for mission mode programmes wouldinclude: technology for bamboo products, drugs andpharmaceutical research, instrument developmentincluding development of machinery andequipments, seismology, nano science andtechnology business incubators.

10.136 The thrust of the Tenth Plan programmesof the DST would be on basic research, technologydevelopment, S&T manpower development,providing scientific services to the community andto undertake programmes relevant to societalneeds. Within the framework of the broad strategy,some new initiatives will be taken. These will include:restructuring of Science & Engineering ResearchCouncil (SERC) into a National Science andEngineering Board (NSEB) as an autonomous bodyto provide directions to basic research; buildingstrengths in a few chosen emerging S&T areas likesystem/integrative biology, nano-technology,synchrotron facility, 6 to 8 M optical telescope,molecular electronics; evolving a tripartitearrangement for the involvement of scientificagencies, national laboratories/IITs and universitiesto prepare an Integrated Manpower DevelopmentProgramme; providing industrial researchfellowships to promote interaction between industryand academic institutions; formulating a separatescheme for women scientists with either excellentscholastic record or good publications to their credit;promotion of India’s capability to set up centres ofexcellence jointly with other countries through itsbilateral S&T programmes; encouraging talentedyoung Indian researchers working abroad to returnby offering competitive career awards to work inIndian institutions of their choice in nationallyimportant programmes; encouraging higher valueaddition activities and preservation of natural

resources through the development and applicationof high technologies such as biotechnology, newmaterials, computers, telecommunications andinformation techniques and systems, micro-electronics, etc.

10.137 The SERC mechanism is a majorprogramme under the R&D schemes. Though ithas gained reputation among the scientists, it wasfelt that it requires a new system of governance,which ensures a greater freedom for choice ofresearch areas, faster utilisation of funds andquicker disbursement to investigators. That is thereasoning for restructuring SERC into the NSEB.Several new national facilities will be set up, namely,Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, Crystal GrowthFacility, Low Temperature and High Magnetic FieldsFacilities, Biomedical Imaging and SpectroscopyFacilities, XRD and TEM facility, etc. Researchcentres will also be set up in the areas of non-linear and integrated optics, molecularmanufacturing, bio-engineering, tissue engineering,etc. The scheme on Fund for Improvement of S&TInfrastructure in Academic and Related Institutions(FIST) will be continued and about 1,000departments will receive support during the TenthPlan. Another continuing scheme is the YoungScientists Programme which includes the KishoreVaigyanik Protsahan Yojana, Schemes for YoungScientists, Boyscast, Swarnajayanti Fellowship forBasic Research and the Fast Track proposals forthe Young Scientists (FAST TRACK). All theseprogrammes will be brought under NSEB.

10.138 The other new initiatives of DST include:Patent facilitation scheme to create an awarenessabout the latest information on patents; creation ofan NSEB Chair and providing emeritus scientistposition to superannuated scientists etc. Flexibilityin manpower deployment and enhancement ofresearch fellowships will be introduced to attractmore candidates to Junior Research Fellowships,Senior Research Fellowships, Post-DoctoralFellowships (JRF/SRF/PDF). Other programmesrelate to selective support to professional bodiesfor quality based activities; encouragement to thesenior and young scientists in scientific events/seminars by providing internal/international travelsupport; refurbishment of the Regional ScientificInstrumentation Centres (RSICs) to minimiseobsolescence; expanding the scope of the National

S&T Management Information System (NSTMIS)to undertake activities relating to development ofnational level databases in selected S&T areas likeR&D outputs leading to commercialisation,outcomes of extramural sponsored researchprojects, scientific manpower, scientific equipments& instruments, etc; national level study oncommercialisation of patents; preparation of anational manual on the measurement of S&Tactivities; development of S&T indicators in the newknowledge economy etc. Some new initiatives willbe taken under the seismicity programme in thelight of the earthquakes disasters at Latur, Jabalpurand Bhuj.

10.139 The Technology Development Programmewill be given a boost by undertaking activities relatingto development of new and innovative technologiesthrough national as well as international programmesand funding of multi-disciplinary, multi-institutionaltechnology programmes in high, traditional andsocially relevant areas and mega projects on infra-red detector, image processing, etc. A moreinteractive approach would be evolved by creationof a DST-IS-STAC Forum with the developmentdepartments/Ministries and creating an independentwebsite covering the various STACs, their R&Defforts and S&T related policy issues, besides,replication and extending the existing activities ofthe Patent Facilitating Cell to more centres.

10.140 Under the drugs and pharmaceuticalsresearch programme, several new projects relatingto nutritional deficiency and related diseases —ironand protein deficiency, herbal drugs, new drugdelivery systems etc. — would be initiated. Effortswill also be made to set up new national facilitiesfor screening of anti-viral activity, combinatorialsynthesis, high throughput screening, regulatorytoxicology, clinical pharmacology, etc.

10.141 The ongoing activities of TIFAC likepreparation of TIFAC reports, Technology Vision2020 reports, homegrown technology programmeetc. will continue.

10.142 In view of rapid globalisation and thegrowing need to protect intellectual property rights,the DST will give a new thrust to international S&Tcooperation by encouraging participation of Indianscientists and the laboratories in the setting up of

major facilities abroad, establishment ofinternational class facilities within the country,intensification of cooperation with developingcountries by offering fellowships etc., encouragingyoung Indian researchers working abroad to return,showcasing Indian expertise/technologies throughexhibitions and ensuring linkages of internationalcollaborations with large programmes like naturaldisaster mitigation, AIDS/cancer research,superconductivity, technology missions etc. Inaddition, R&D programmes would be initiated in afew focused national priority areas like highperformance ceramics, nano materials, photonics,sensors, bionics, process engineering, exploitationof ocean resources etc.

10.143 The science and society programmescomprise need-based individual projects fortechnology development/modulation anddemonstration where people’s need for technologycomponent and services will be given adequateattention. They will focus on the farm and non-farmsector, horticulture and processing techniques,inland aquaculture, modern nursery, solar/biomass-based energy devices/systems etc. Bamboofarming will be undertaken in the form of atechnology mission. The programmes will beimplemented at selected locations throughnetworking of people and S&T-based field groupsby linking them with S&T institutions.

10.144 The scheme on S&T for Women is aimedat empowerment of women through the introductionof S&T in the areas relating to technological needsof women. The focus of this scheme will be onincreasing incomes and creating employment basedon local resource; capacity building; inter-linkageswith R&D institutions for promoting and sourcingtechnology for women; non-traditional occupations;etc. Some successful technology packages will bereplicated in other locations as coordinatedprogrammes through networking of local women,S&T-based field groups and S&T institutions, besidesinitiating a few multi-sectoral programmes forbiomass utilisation, income generation and healthissues of women and disaster management in theseremote areas. Women Technology Parks will be setup in all the agro climatic zones of the country.

10.145 Efforts under the tribal sub-plan will becontinued to undertake research, development and


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demonstration in the traditional vocations for socio-economic upliftment and improving the quality oflife of scheduled tribes. Some of the areas forresearch under the special component plan meantfor the development of scheduled castes includecoordinated programme on waste re-cycling andmanagement; animal husbandry with reference tosmaller animals; quality product from bio-mass; etc.

10.146 The NRDMS network will be expanded bysetting up at least one district NRDMS centre in allstates to expose the respective state governmentsto the methodology of NRDMS and train theadministration in the adoption of the data-basedapproach for district level planning. Developmentsin the field of communication technology will beexploited to reach out to different groups with need-based science and technology.

10.147 Under the National Science andTechnology Development Board (NSTEDB), thescope and contents of the newly-initiated schemefor the establishment of Technology BusinessIncubators (TBIs) will be enlarged to help in thedevelopment of knowledge intensive enterprises,new product development and innovative ideas.Special training programmes as well as awarenessprogrammes will be organised in the fields of qualitycontrol, pollution and environmental control andIPRs, Besides adopting a cluster approach formodernisation through technology and designinputs and the possibility of setting up newenterprises would also be explored.

10.148 The National Centre for Medium RangeWeather Forecasting (NCMRWF) will be furtherstrengthened and encouraged to meet the ever-growing demands of weather forecasting throughappropriate communication infrastructure for reachingout to the user community. The IMD will continue toemphasise on the major areas of Space Meteorology,Telecommunications, Cyclone Warning, aviationservices, seismology and observational organisationsby inducting the latest technologies, particularly byproviding cutting-edge S&T in high value sectors. Newprogrammes proposed to be undertaken by IMDpertain to: starting a commercial cell; establishmentof a satellite based network of 1,000 stations forautomatic collection of meteorological data forassimilation in numerical models in near-real-time andpursuance of scientific work to develop improved

climate prediction models. Some of the importantinitiatives of the SOI include: introduction of dual seriesof topographical maps; upgradation ofphotogrammetric potential; establishment of NationalGeo-spatial Digital Infrastructure Centre; AirborneLaser Terrain Mapping Technology etc. NATMO’songoing schemes like District Planning Maps;Economic Science and Technology Atlas and revisionof the Forest Atlas of India, etc. will continue duringthe Tenth Plan.

10.149 The autonomous institutions under theDST will continue to pursue fundamental andapplied research in various related areas; producehigh quality manpower in unique and frontline areasof science and engineering and initiate work onupgradation of facilities. They will be modernisedto undertake research at par with developedcountries. The network of State S&T Councils willbe further strengthened by continuing support withfocus on S&T manpower, suitable careeradvancement of scientists working in S&Tsecretariats; identification, formulation andimplementation of location-specific and multi-sectoral programmes in the states; etc.

THE PATH AHEAD

10.150 It is recognised that technology plays apivotal role in national development. A three-pronged development strategy is called for coveringsocietal transformation, wealth generation andknowledge/resource protection. For societaltransformation, the focus should be on education,health-care, agriculture and governance. These willeventually lead to employment generation, higherindustrial growth, higher national efficiency andproductivity, empowerment of women, and ruralprosperity. The important areas in relation to wealthgeneration include information technology andcommunication, biotechnology, space technology,materials technology, and oceanography. Theservice-driven areas include weather forecasting,disaster mitigation, tele-medicine, tele-education,infotainment, conventional and non-conventionalenergy, environment and ecology etc. In order tobenefit from the potential of these areas, attentionshould also be given to the informal sector. Thiswould not only accelerate the growth of grossdomestic product (GDP) but would also helpimprove the quality of employment and increaseincomes of workers in the informal sector.

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Growth of knowledge society requires thedevelopment of capabilities for protecting theknowledge/resource and, therefore, involves areaslike strengthening of intellectual property rights,protection of biological and microbial resources,protection of native knowledge and culture, protectionof network and information generators from all kindsof electronic attacks.

10.151 The developmental strategy withtechnological-orientation should focus on meetingthe needs of the nation, including industry, andencompass a wide spectrum of activities, namelybasic research, applied research, technologytransfer, design, development, fabrication, tests andtrials, manufacturing, marketing, maintenance andproduct support during the life cycle. In the presentliberalised environment, industry should pay muchmore attention to external sources and upgrade itstechnology through radical technology jumps. Itshould anticipate and take advantage oftechnological changes , acquire appropriate newtechnology depending on its business strategy andcommercially exploit it to develop and produce newproducts for the competitive markets.

Tenth Plan Outlays for Science and Technology

10.152 The Plan outlays for the Central S&TDepartments/Agencies and for the S&T in Statesand Union Territories under State Plan for the TenthPlan are given in Annexure 10.1 and 10.2respectively. Schemewise breakup of Tenth Planoutlays for the Central S&T Departments/Agenciesis given at Appendix.

R&D IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

10.153 Out of the total of 1,180 R&D unitspresently registered with the DSIR, there are about300 units in electronics & IT. Some good institutionslike the Central Electronics Engineering ResearchInstitute (CEERI) Pilani, Electronic Research andDevelopment Centres (ER&DCs), Centre forDevelopment of Advanced Computing (C-DAC),SAMEER, IITs/ IISc, Optel, National PhysicalLaboratory (NPL), Electronics Corporation of IndiaLtd (ECIL) etc., have significant innovations in thefield of electronics and IT to their credit. However,the present investment in R&D within the country isnot on par with rest of the world.

10.154 Besides the public and private investmentin R&D, a number of Central/State Governmentagencies like the Department of InformationTechnology, the DAE, DBT-, Department of OceanDevelopment, DST, CSIR, DRDO, Indian Councilof Agricultural Research, Indian Council of MedicalResearch, ISRO, University Grants Commission(UGC) and others provide financial support for R&Dat academic institutions, R&D laboratories and inthe industry. These agencies play a catalytic rolein scientific innovations for accelerating the paceof development and creating infrastructure toenhance the country’s production capabilities.

Ninth Plan Review

10.155 Besides the Department of Space, DAEand DRDO, which have their own R&Dprogrammes, other government agencies investedabout Rs.200 crore on R&D programmes inelectronics and IT annually during the Ninth Plan.These programmes have been able to help Indiaestablish a technological base besides generatingspecific products.

10.156 During the Ninth Plan, over 200 R&Dprojects were initiated at a number of institutions.Some of the areas where significant success hasbeen achieved through sponsored R&D projectsare:

• Future Air Navigation System (FANS)programme led to the development ofGPS and Differential Global PositioningSystem (DGPS) and other airportmodernisation equipment.

• Design and development of ‘PARAM’series of Supercomputers by C-DAC.

• Design and development of meteorologicalinstruments like Cyclone Warning Radarand MST Radar which was the third of itskind in the world.

• Development of diagnostic and therapeuticinstruments for cancer therapy.

• Fibre optics systems such as fibre opticnode controller, fibre optic railwaysignaling system, fibre optic remoteterminal unit, etc. were developed.


1111

• Development of technologies relating toe-commerce, IT security and e-governance. A Versatile OnlineInformation System (VOICE) for the needsof citizen, civic administration andmunicipal corporations, etc., has beenimplemented in Andhra Pradesh.

• Prototyping of digital mobile radio forsecure and reliable mobile communicationwith full duplex voice and option forencryption. Other major communicationand broadcasting equipment developedare ultra high frequency (UHF) wirelessdata modems for high speed datacommunication and spread spectrum radiomodem for various networkingapplications.

• Thirteen resource centres for IndianLanguage Technology Solutions coveringall the languages listed in the Constitutionwere set up. Various informationprocessing tools to facilitate human-machine interaction in Indian languageswere developed.

• Retrofit automation for variousmanufacturing and process industriesincluding computerised energymanagement, were developed andimplemented.

• An indigenously developed 200 KV, 200MW national high voltage direct current(HVDC) project was successfullyimplemented. A state-of-the-art digitalSCADA system was implemented at the1500 MW Singrauli-Rihand-Delhi HVDCproject.

• Advanced software in the areas ofintelligent computing, visual computing,internet technology, on-line education, etc.,were developed.

• Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs) for various applications weredeveloped under the MicroelectronicsDevelopment Programme.

• Various simple to operate agro-instruments like fertiliser testing kit, soil andgrain moisture indicating instruments, soilnutrient measuring instruments, rice polishmeasurement have been developed.

Issues and Concerns

10.157 The IT industry is a highly knowledge andskill-intensive one and requires R&D on a regularbasis. Most of the leading international players,especially those in Very Large Scale Integrated(VLSI) chip design, have set up their design andR&D centres in India. Some Indian companies havealso made successful entry into global R&D servicesfor developing world-class products. However, eventhough the software sector has done so well, thefollowing concerns need to be addressed in theTenth Plan:

• The software export industry has beenmainly concentrating on the servicessector. Here, the overall productivity, whichis much lower than in the developedcountries, needs to be increased.

• The IT services sector has been able toprovide sustained growth over the lastdecade. In order to continue this, Indianindustry needs to take immediate steps tomove up the value chain.

• Though Indian professionals and the Indiansoftware industry have contributed to thedevelopment of intellectual property, theIndian industry owns very few patents.

• The performance of the hardware industryhas been below expectations.

10.158 For India to become an IT superpower, itis necessary that an integrated approach that booststhe hardware and software sectors, strengthensmanufacturing and lays emphasis on education,R&D and generation of IPR is evolved andimplemented.

Major Objectives and Initiatives- Tenth Plan

10.159 In line with the commitments requiredunder the World Trade Organisation’s Information


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Technology Agreement (WTO-ITA), the IT sectorwould be brought to a zero duty regime by 2005.Therefore, it has become imperative for India todevelop technologies, products and services ofinternational cost and quality and become a globalleader at least in some selected fields. Pursuingpurposeful R&D is the only way to meet thischallenge. However, we have to be careful not tofritter away our scarce financial and humanresources by trying to tackle all the areas. Thefollowing classification and strategy is envisagedfor R&D in IT:

• In the long-term R&D, the focus should beon key emerging subjects of basic researchlike nano-technologies, bio-informatics,etc., which are expected to be all pervasiveand have far-reaching impact. Researchin such technologies should be taken upin universities and reputed R&Dlaboratories.

• In the medium-term R&D, the focus shouldbe on current technologies like high-endcomputing, wireless technologies,microelectronics, GPS hardware,Photonics, Microelectronic MechanicalSystems (MEMs), next generation internet,blue-tooth technology, high-endcomputing cyber security, robotics etc.,which have mass deployment potential andwould create necessary infrastructure forachieving accelerated growth. This wouldalso enable us to apply these technologiesfor the development of new applicationsand upgrade existing products andservices at a lower cost as compared toimported technologies. Medium-term R&Dcan be pursued at technical institutions /R&D centres and industries.

• In the short term R&D, the focus shouldbe on improving products and reducingcosts. Thrust areas identified for R&D inthis category may be in technologiesrelated to low cost personal computers,capital goods, GIS software, e-commerce,e-governance, e-learning, transport andsafety, large database, multimedia, smartcard, etc.

10.160 Apart from these, a number of R&Dinitiatives are proposed to be taken up in Tenth Plan.These include: Media Lab Asia, telemedicine, e-commerce and cyber security, IT application forvisually handicapped, Internet-based distanceeducation, IT for watershed development, IT for themasses etc. A few centres of excellence areproposed to be set up at the existing reputedinstitutions in the areas of nanoscale technologies,communications system and networking,multimedia, signal and image processing, speechrecognition and synthesis for Indian languages.

Financial Resources

10.161 The Working Group on InformationTechnology for the Tenth Five Year Plan hasobserved that the IT industry needs to spend aminimum of 5 per cent of their revenue earnings onR&D to remain competitive. The Working Grouphas estimated a total R&D investment to the tuneof Rs.3,400 crore per year to be shared by industryand Government in the ratio of 80:20. The R&Dmodels can be designed based on the strategicvalue, gestation period, technology risk andcommercial potential of the technologies. A fewoptions for R&D funding are:

• The benefits of long-term R&D areuncertain and the gestation period couldbe more than 10 years. Such technologiesmay be unattractive for private sectorfunding and therefore, long term R&D willhave to be funded by the government.

• The gestation period of the medium-termR&D could be three to six years.Development of such technologies shouldbe funded by private sector enterpriseswith partial funds from the Government, ifneed be.

• The gestation period of short-term R&Dprojects is normally one to three years.Since these technologies have immediatecommercial potential and, therefore,should be funded to a large extent byindustry with minimum support from thegovernment funds.


1113

• The small and medium enterprises (SMEs)are neither able to set up their own R&Dinfrastructure nor retain high qualityresearch professionals. The industryassociations like Manufacturer’sAssociation of Information Technology(MAIT), Confederation of Indian Industry(CII), National Association of Software andServices Companies (NASSCOM) etc.,should come forward for creating properlinkages to share R&D between SMEs and

large manufacturing industries with a viewto enhance hardware production.

• International R&D cooperation needs to beutilised more effectively, especially in theareas of long-term and medium-termsresearch programmes. India should seekinternational cooperation in these areas,based on the strength of cooperatingcountries, institutions, research labs orindustries.


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Transcript of SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - NITI Aayog