DNA recombinant technology Introduction

It is the process of introducing genes in DNA sequences to certain desirable character

also called genetic engineering Applications: Agriculture Transgenic plant

to produce genetically modified plants like a BT cotton

Disease resistant and pest resistant and to give high yield Golden Rice:

to resolve a vitamin A deficiency in human Medicine: Humulin:

Manufactured by injecting the human insulin into E. coli Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII:

used for haemophilic patients for clotting of blood HIV test

HIV protein is administrated to find the antibody secretion of HIV. Bioremediation

Superbugs – Pseudomonas putida to reduce the non-degradable oil spills in seas and oceans Aesthetics:

to create a different colour the flower & leaves in plants. Food production:

Non-pathogenic mutants of E. coli can produce Chymosin from which cheese can be produced.

Animal husbandry:

To produce the disease resistant animals by cloning Eg: Dolly by Ian Wilmut Tools used:

Polymerases

Ligase

Restriction endonucleases

Plasmid Conclusion:

These are the application of DNA recombinant technology

Global warming Introduction

Rise of temperature in earth atmosphere due to the release of greenhouse gas Greenhouse gas

Carbon dioxide nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons Effects of global warming Change in temperature

temperature had been increased up to 0-6 degree Celsius 20th century 1998 - hottest year Change in sea level increase the up to 0.1 meter to 0.2 m Decrease of snow and Ice content

Ice content in the Arctic and Antarctic region are decreased by 10% Increases the sea level In ecosystem ocean acidification extinction of species Human inundation Inundation of islands like Maldives –leads - migration of people Food production

High in high latitude and low in low latitude International eforts UNFCCC 1994

to maintain the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere Montreal 2005 Developed nations to reduce the emission Kyoto protocol, 2005

Reduction of emission by 5% from 1992 emission Nairobi in 2006 Developing nations like India refused to reduce the emission until the developed nations to do so Durban 2011 Green climate fund to help poor nation In India Afforestation by Forest conservation act 1980 Bijini Bachalat Yojana in Rajasthan to give compact fluorescent lamp. Conclusion: In Tamil Nadu, Pasumai Kudil Thittam (Green house building) introduced in 2013

ATP Introduction

ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is also called as energy currency of cell nucleotide responsible for the energy transmission in the human body Structure: Exactly a ribose sugar, adenosine & phosphate group during hydrolysis, high energy bond breaks and releases high energy Formation

Photosynthesis Respiration Fermentation During photosynthesis Thylakoid membranes of chromosome light reaction 1 glucose = 38 ATP 4 - oxidation of FADH2 30 - oxidation of NADH2 4- substrate phosphorylation Uses Mechanical - muscular contraction Chemical - macromolecules acting Transportation of substance between membrane ATP as on off switch

Combines with protein to form the complex protein the protein regain its function after separation of ATP ATP in energy transfer

ATP exothermic ADP by liberation of energy ADP endothermic ATP Utilization of energy ATP as energy currency

Cannot store energy but receives & liberates energy it releases high energy during hydrolysis Conclusion

So ATP called as energy currency of the cell.