Science and Social Synthesis II

8/2/2019 Science and Social Synthesis II

1/28

SCIENCE

GRADE FIRST

PLANT NEEDS

PARTS OF THE PLANT

TYPES OF PLANTS


2/28

TREES BUSHES GRASS

GRADE SECOND

Plant Cell Structure

Plants are unique among the eukaryotes, organisms whose cells have membrane-enclosed nuclei and organelles, because they can manufacture their own food.Chlorophyll, which gives plants their green color, enables them to use sunlight toconvert water and carbon dioxide into sugars and carbohydrates, chemicals the celluses for fuel.

1. Cell Membrane:The function of the cell membrane is to allow waste material to exit the cell. The cellmembrane forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside.

2. Cell WallThe function of the cell wall is to provide structural support and to control the amountof water entering the cell.

3. Golgi BodyIt puts proteins into packages, called vesicles.

4. Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumRead more in BotanyThe function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize and exports proteinsand glycoproteins.

5. LysosomesThe purpose of lysosomes are to digest things. They could be used to digest food orbreak down the cell when it dies. Lysosomes are The cells garbage disposal system.

6. CytoplasmThe function of the cytoplasm is to distribute oxygen and food (nutrients) to other partsof the cell and it supports all parts inside the cell. It has three main functions: storage,energy, and manufacturing.

7. NucleolusThe nucleolus is where ribosomes are made. The nucleolus disappears during cell

reproduction.


3/28

8. VacuoleThe function of the vacuole is to store water, nutrients, and other substances thatcannot be used right away. They tend to be larger in plant cells because plants arewatered.

9. Ribosomes

Ribosomes are the protein builders or protein synthesizers of the cell.

10.ChloroplastChloroplasts are the food producers of the cell. They contain chlorophyll, the greenpigment that is needed for photosynthesis. The main purpose of this organelle is toproduce sugars and starches.

11.NucleusThe nucleus regulates all cell activity. It contains chromosomes, structures made up ofgenetic information, that direct a cells growth and reproduction.

12.Smooth Endoplasmic ReticulumThe function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to package proteins for transport,synthesize membrane phosolipids, and releases calcium.

13.MitochondriaThe function of the mitochondria is to provide the cell with energy. Through theprocess of respiration, the mitochondria uses oxygen to change sugar into energy

14.Centrosome:The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced.

Animal Cell

The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of cells (or in some cases, asingle cell). Most cells are very small; most are invisible without using a microscope. Cells


4/28

are covered by a cell membrane and come in many different shapes. The contents of acell are called the protoplasm.

The following is a glossary of animal cell terms:

1.Cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell

membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blockingothers.

2.Centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located nearthe nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is wheremicrotubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the twoparts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of thecentrosome.

3.Cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles arelocated.

4.Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. Itproduces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteinsand carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell.5.Lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane andcontaining digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place.

6.Mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The innermembrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). Themitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) forthe cell.

7.Nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

8.Nnucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced.Some cells have more than one nucleolus.

9.Nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. Thenucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) andcontains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane.

10.Ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sitesof protein synthesis.rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous,

infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER iscontinuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes thatgive it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and producesproteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into thecell membrane).

11.Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected,membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (theER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called theER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes andproduces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from roughER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and

membranes.

12.Vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills withfood being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.


5/28


6/28

GRADE THIRD

PLANTS CLASSIFICATION AND PARTS


7/28

PLANTS REPRODUCTION

POLLINATION

Flowering plants use the wind, insects,bats, birds and mammals to transferpollen from the male (stamen) part of theflower to the female (stigma) part of the flower.

PARTS OF A FLOWER

Sepals protect the bud until it opens.

Petals attract insects.

Stamens make pollen.

Carpels grow into fruits which contain the seeds.

FERTILISATION

Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule.Fertilised ovules develop into seeds.The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary.

WIND POLLINATION

Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attractinsects.They do have stamens and carpels.These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

SEED DISPERSAL

Seeds are dispersed in many different ways:WindExplosionWater

AnimalsBirdsScatter

Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to thestigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs


8/28

when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilizationoccurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant.

When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall offleaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many differentkinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that

encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods.When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION


9/28


10/28

ANIMALS REPROUCTION


11/28


12/28

GRADE FOURTH

POLLINATION

Flowering plants use the wind, insects,bats, birds and mammals to transferpollen from the male (stamen) part of theflower to the female (stigma) part of the flower.

PARTS OF A FLOWER





FERTILISATION

Pollen grains germinate on the stigma, growing down the style to reach an ovule.Fertilised ovules develop into seeds.The carpel enlarges to form the flesh of the fruit and to protect the ovary.

WIND POLLINATION

Some flowers, such as grasses, do not have brightly coloured petals and nectar to attractinsects.They do have stamens and carpels.These flowers are pollinated by the wind.

SEED DISPERSAL

Seeds are dispersed in many different ways:WindExplosionWater

Animals

BirdsScatter

Plant Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to thestigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurswhen the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilizationoccurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant.

When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall offleaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many differentkinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure thatencloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods.

When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.


13/28

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION


14/28


15/28

ANIMALS REPROUCTION


16/28


17/28

ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO WHAT THEY EAT


18/28

GRADE FIFTH

POLLINATION


19/28

PARTS OF A FLOWER





Plant Reproduction

Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to thestigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurswhen the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilizationoccurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant.

When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off

leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many differentkinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure thatencloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods.When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.

ANIMAL REPRODUCTION


20/28


21/28

STEPS OF GROWING

STEPS OF GROWING

GERMINATION BABY BOY YOUNG MAN ADULT OLD MAN


22/28

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS


23/28

SOCIAL

PRIMARY

USA BORDERS

USA SYMBOLS

Symbols

The United States shares international land borders withtwo nations:The Canada United States border to the northThe Mexico United States border to the south


24/28

Flag of the United StatesSeal of the United StatesNational bird: Bald EagleNational personification: Uncle SamNational Christmas tree: General Grant tree

National creed: American's CreedNational flower: RoseNational tree: OakLiberty BellStatue of LibertyMount Rushmore

American bisonWhite HouseUnited States CapitolNative Americans in the United States

USA BASIC INFORMATION

FLAG : The flag consists of 13 alternate stripes, 7 red and 6 white; these represent the 13 original colonies.

Fifty five-pointed white stars, representing the present number of states in the Union, areplaced in nine horizontal rows alternately of six and five against a blue field in the upperleft corner of the flag.

ANTHEM : The Star-Spangled Banner.

MONETARY UNIT : The dollar ($) of 100 cents is a paper currency with a floating rate.There are coins of 1, 5, 10, 25, and 50 cents and 1 dollar, and notes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50,and 100 dollars. Although issuance of higher notes ceased in 1969, a limited number ofnotes of 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 dollars remain in circulation.

HOLIDAYS : New Year's Day, 1 January; Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr., 3rd MondayThe culture of the United States is a Western culture originally influenced by Europeancultures. It has been developing since long before the United States became a countrywith its own unique social and cultural characteristics such as dialect, music, arts, socialhabits, cuisine, and folklore. Today, the United States of America is an ethnically andracially diverse country as a result of large-scale immigration from many different countriesthroughout its history.

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, military and scientificcompetitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moralelements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism,egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and democracy), American culture has a variety ofexpressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity. The flexibility of U.S.culture and its highly symbolic nature lead some researchers to categorize Americanculture as a mythic identity; others see it as American exceptionalism.

It also includes elements which evolved from Native Americans, and other ethnicsubcultures; most prominently the culture of African Americans and different cultures fromLatin America. Many cultural elements, especially popular culture, have been exportedacross the globe through modern mass media.

The United States has often been thought of as a melting pot, but recent developmentstend towards cultural diversity, pluralism and the image of a salad bowl rather than amelting pot. Due to the extent of American culture there are many integrated but uniquesocial subcultures within the United States. The cultural affiliations an individual in theUnited States may have commonly depend on social class, political orientation and amultitude of demographic characteristics such as religious background, occupation andethnic group membership.

USA LANGUAGES


25/28

Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, 30 states havepassed legislation making English the official language and it is considered to be the defacto national language. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, more than 97% of Americanscan speak English well, and for 81% it is the only language spoken at home. There aremore than 300 languages besides English which can claim native speakers in the United

Statessome of which are spoken by the indigenous peoples (about 150 livinglanguages) and others which were imported by immigrants.

Spanish has official status in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the state of NewMexico; Spanish is the primary spoken language in Puerto Rico and various smallerlinguistic enclaves.[7] According to the 2000 census, there are nearly 30 million nativespeakers of Spanish in the United States. Bilingual speakers may use both English andSpanish reasonably well but code-switch according to their dialog partner or context.Some refer to this phenomenon as Spanglish.

USA NATIONAL HOLIDAYS

Fireworks light up the sky over the Washington Monument. Americans traditionally shootfireworks throughout the night on the Fourth of July.

Martin Luther King Day memorializes the legacy of Dr. King, who is often regarded as thepatriarch of the Civil Rights Movement. Dr. King is pictured above delivering his "I Have aDream" speech.

Inauguration Day is the only Federal holiday that is not annual but rather occurs only onceevery four years. The day begins with the inauguration ceremony and ends with a militaryparade.

Halloween is often observed in the United States. It typically involves dressing up incostumes and an emphasis on the bizarre and frightening.

The United States observes holidays derived from events in American history, religioustraditions, and national patriarchs.

Thanksgiving has become a traditional American holiday which evolved from the custom ofEnglish pilgrims to give thanks for their welfare. Today, Thanksgiving is generallycelebrated as a family reunion with a large afternoon feast. European colonization has ledto many traditional Christian holidays such as Easter, Lent, St. Patricks Day, andChristmas to be observed albeit celebrated in a secular manner by many Americans today.Independence Day (colloquially known as the Fourth of July) celebrates the anniversary of

the countrys

Declaration of Independence from Great Britain. It is generally observed by paradesthroughout the day and the shooting of fireworks at night.

USA CAPITAL


26/28

USA PRESIDENT

USA STATES

USA ECONOMY

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to asWashington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16,1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a federal district to become thenational capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution. The District is therefore not a part of

any U.S. state. It was formed from land along the Potomac River donated by the states ofMaryland and Virginia; however, the Virginia portion was returned by Congress in 1846.

The President of the United States of America isthe head of state and head of government of theUnited States. The president leads the executivebranch of the federal government and is thecommander-in-chief of the United States Armed

Forces.

The president is indirectly elected by the peoplethrough the Electoral College to a four-year term,and is one of only two nationally elected federalofficers, the other being the Vice President of theUnited States. The Twenty-second Amendment,adopted in 1951, prohibits anyone from everbeing elected to the presidency for a third fullterm. It also prohibits a person from beingelected to the presidency more than once if thatperson previously had served as president, or

acting president, for more than two years ofanother person's term as president. In all, 43individuals have served 55 four-year terms. OnJanuary 20, 2009, Barack Obama became the44th and current president.


27/28

The economy of the United States is the largest among all the nations of the world. At

14.52 trillion USD, the GDP generated by this colossal economy is the highest. Its Gross

National Income (GNI) per capita is also among the highest, and is estimated at US

$47,240.

The major sectors comprising the economy of Untied States are Retailing, Energy,

Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Finance. The country remains the second-largest

consumer of energy in the world, and most of the energy needs are fulfilled through

petroleum. Even though manufacturing is not the leading sector of the economy, it is

enough to remain number one in the whole of the world. Airplane manufacturing is a major

activity in this sector. The country is also the largest trading nation of the world, with most

of the trade happening with Japan, China, and European Union.

USA RIVERS

USA IMPORTANT PEOPLE

GEORGE WASHINGTONFirst President of the United StatesBorn in 1732 - Died in 1799

George Washington became knownas "The Father of Our Country".He is an important person in thehistory of the United States.

ABRAHAM LINCOLNSixteenth President of the United StatesBorn in 1809 - Died in 1865

Abraham Lincoln was born in a logcabin in Kentucky to Thomas andNancy Lincoln. The family moved toIndiana and 8 year old Abe helped hisfather build another log house..


28/28

Henry Ford was born on a farmnear Detroit, Michigan. He neverreally enjoyed farming and leftthe farm at age sixteen, threeyears after his mother died.

USA FAUNA AND FLORA

Grizzly bear Bald eagle Squirrel Prairie dog

The native flora of the United States includes about 17,000 species of

vascular plants, plustens of thousands of additional species of other plants and plant-like organisms suchas algae, lichens and otherfungi, and mosses. About 3,800 additional non-native speciesof vascular plants are recorded as established outside ofcultivation in the U.S., as well asa much smaller number of non-native non-vascular plants and plant relatives. The UnitedStates possesses one of the most diverse temperate floras in the world

Mammals living nowhere else include the Hawaiian Monk Seal, the Red Wolf, the IslandFox, the Seminole Bat, the Olympic Marmot, the Utah Prairie Dog, the Hopi Chipmunk,Nelsons Antelope Squirrel, and the Giant Kangaroo Rat. Representatives of endemicgenera include the Pygmy Rabbit, the Dark Kangaroo Mouse, the Round-tailed Muskrat,the Red Tree Vole, the Florida Mouse, and the Golden Mouse.

Birds unique to the U.S. include the Gunnison Sage-grouse, the Greater Prairie-chicken,the Red-cockaded Woodpecker, the Nene, and the Hawaiian Hawk Hawaii is exceptionallyrich in endemic genera including the Palila.

Reptiles restricted to the United States include the American Alligator, the PanamintAlligator Lizard, the Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard, the unisexual Plateau Striped Whiptail,the Island Night Lizard, the Pigmy Rattlesnake, and the Eastern DiamondbackRattlesnake. Endemic genera include the Alligator Snapping Turtle, the DiamondbackTerrapin, the Florida Sand Skink, and the Scarlet Snake. The Florida Worm is the solemember of the family Rhineuridae.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cultivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prairie_dog.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tamiasciurus_douglasii_37808.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haliaeetus_leucocephalus-tree-USFWS.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grizzlybear55.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_eaglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_cultivationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzly_bear

Science and Social Synthesis II

Documents

Transcript of Science and Social Synthesis II