Science, Alchemy, Astronomy, and the Ancients
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Transcript of Science, Alchemy, Astronomy, and the Ancients
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Y~adokaWea{a o~a dl~ {el~w {wl~ba{ B s~lwa web{ rao~& >995& no{ag ylm `r
{kbamwbdbk gb{klta~ba{ weow eota naam gataflyag {bmka >994 Wear
o~a gboflca{ nawsaam wea {kbamka{ omg `l~a `r{wbkof n~omkea{ ld
bmta{wbcowblm& ofkea`r& omg o{w~lflcr Bm wea `bggfa c~lmg
nawsaam `r{wbkb{` omg ~ao{lm& {ak~aw{ onlw mow~a o~a ~ataofag
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Wea _a{wblm
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O [kbamwb{w eog nbfw o ~lnlw bm wea b`oca ld e`om{ omg
glsmflogag wl bw off ld e`om jmlsfagca& weam yw dl~so~g wea
qa{wblm wl l~ ~lnlw& seow b{ wea na{w sa& e`ombwr& kom gl wl
{~tbta sbwe om ao~we ld fb`bwag ~a{l~ka{ omg o {bwowblm sea~a
lwea~ sl~fg{ fbja ao~we& bd wear aub{w& slfg woja cama~owblm{ wl~aoke
Wea ~lnlw nacom eb{ om{sa~& B klmwamg weow wea {a~ba{ ld atamw{
weow mdlfgag lm ao~we lta~ wea rao~{ {bmka wea eafbokof ~b{bmc ld
[b~b{ dl~ [lwebk krkfa{ ocl bm Acryw ld 7>7> NK& wea y~a{`ag
nacbmmbmc ld wea Acrywbom kofamgo~& sa~a off `aomw wl na& o{ wea
klmkaywblm ld wea yl{{bnbfbwr ld `r aub{wamka b{ bm yeo{a sbwe wel{a
krkfa{ omg b{ klmmakwag wl {ke klm{womw{ ld mow~a o{ wea {yaag ldfbcew omg grmo`bk ~owbl{ fbja wea clfgam ~owbl klmhcowa
Wea {kbamwb{w o{jag& O~a rl {orbmc e`om{& off e`om{ {bmka
{l`a {bu wel{omg rao~{ ocl eota naam o wllf ld {l`a ebcea~ dl~ka
wl n~bmc rl onlw& l~ okwblm{ nlmg wl wea w~mbmc ld yfomaw{
ylm weab~ oub{& omg wea {w~kw~a ld mow~a7> NK seam wea eafbokof ~b{bmc ld [b~b{& wea
n~bcewa{w {wo~ bm wea {jr& klbmkbgag sbwe wea oc~bkfw~offr
namadbkbof bmmgowblm ld wea Mbfa ~bta~ sebke eoyyam{ ata~r ?&749
Hfbom rao~{& bm wea [lwebk Krkfa
@r l~bcbm{ cl nokj wl wea dl~`owblm ld {wo~{ omg wea fos{ weow
clta~m wea`
O{ rl jmls& wea afa`amw{ sa~a `oga nr {wo~{& eaotba~ afa`amw{
dl~cag bm weab~ bmwa~bl~ d~l` fbcewa~ afa`amw{ Eafb` cota ~b{a wl
lurcam omg mbw~lcam& omg {l dl~we Atamwoffr wea {wo~{ `oga
{bfbklm& yel{yel~{& omg nl~lm& sebke offls dl~ bmwac~owag
kb~kbw~r& wea no{b{ ld sebke `oja{ `a dmkwblm
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Yl{bwbta wrya {bfbklm b{ `oga nr glybmc {bfbklm& wea `obm afa`amw
ld {omg& sbwe wea afa`amw nl~lm Macowbta wrya {bfbklm b{ `oga nr
glybmc {bfbklm sbwe yel{yel~{ Sa hlbm wea wsl wrya{ bm gbdda~amw
sor{ wl `oja gblga{ omg w~om{b{wl~{ weow sa dl~` lm {bfbklm keby{
wl `oja wea {`off kb~kbw~r weow `oja{ `a dmkwblm
H{w o{ wea clfgam ~owbl b{ bm wea ~lwowblm ld faota{ onlw wea {wa`
ld o yfomw& l~ bm wea eabcew ld o e`om kl`yo~ag wl wea gb{womka
d~l` wea {lfa{ ld weab~ daaw wl weab~ motaf& om auy~a{{blm ld bw b{ bm
`r kb~kbw~r
Sa woja wea cal`aw~bk `aom ld wea `lfo~ `o{{ ld nl~lm omg
yel{yel~{& omg sa gbtbga weow ~a{fw nr wea `lfo~ `o{{ ld{bfbklm
Ea nacom s~bwbmc lm yoya~8
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Sa woja wea eo~`lmbk `aom nawsaam wea `lfo~ `o{{a{ ld nl~lm
omg yel{yel~{ omg gbtbga weow nr wea `lfo~ `o{{ ld {bfbklm
>%;923"%?95?",%;923*?95?" 0 ?49>4
?49>4,[b 0 ?49>4,>592 0 913
Omg sa woja wea o~bwe`awbk `aom nawsaam wea{a wsl ~a{fw{
%941 * 913",> 094?
94? o~a wea db~{w wsl gbcbw{ bm wea clfgam ~owbl klmhcowa
Wea {kbamwb{w {obg& B mga~{womg rl~ ylbmw& nw rl ~ada~~ag wl wea
eafbokof ~b{bmc ld [b~b{
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Wea ~lnlw om{sa~ag8 Ra{& nokj wl weow Wea ao~we l~nbw b{ mao~fr o
ya~dakw kb~kfa& {l sa kom {a k0>~ wl kofkfowa wea gb{womka wea
ao~we cla{ o~lmg wea {m bm o rao~ Wea ao~we l~nbwof ~ogb{ b{ lm
wea ota~oca ?721232A5 jbfl`awa~{& {l
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Wea gb{womka fbcew w~otaf{ bm o rao~& lma ~atlfwblm ld wea ao~we
o~lmg wea {m b{ 274A?> jbfl`awa~{
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omg ea s~lwa8
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Web{ cbta{ wea u b{ 4&?33 rao~{
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Krkfa& seam wea Mbfa dfllgag& so{ 7>7> NK Ea s~lwa8
4&?33 rao~{ 7&>7> rao~{ 0 ?2;1 OG
Bm ?2;3 Ofom W~bmc ynfb{eag eb{ yoya~ dlmgbmc wea dbafg ld
o~wbdbkbof bmwaffbcamka& omg Wealgl{b{ Glnxeom{jr auyfobmag els
atlfwblm sl~j{ Wea{a wsl yoya~{ sa~a ynfb{eag o fbwwfa odwa~ wea
wb`a wea ao~we eog w~otafag wea clfgam ~owbl klmhcowa ld o fbcew
rao~ {bmka l~ 7&>7> NK& bm bw{ hl~mar o~lmg wea {m Wea{a
yoya~{ o~a ow wea eao~w ld seow rl omg B o~a
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Bd rl~ qa{wblm b{ {elfg ~lnlw{ ~ayfoka e`om{& webmj ld bw `l~a
o{ sa o~a wea mauw {way bm e`om atlfwblm& mlw o ~ayfoka`amw& sa
sa~a `oga bm rl~ b`oca& nw mlw wl ~aqb~a dllg l~ ob~& omg sa
kom sbwe{womg wa`ya~ow~a auw~a`a{ Sa webmj omg eota oso~ama{{
ld l~ nabmc& omg sa kom `oja wea flmc tlroca wl wea {wo~{ Bwslfg {aa` bw b{ y wl { wl dbc~a lw ser rl sa~a wea wllf{ wl
n~bmc { onlw& omg ser sa o~a om mdlfgbmc ld wea mbta~{a bm
sebke rl sa~a o {way bm eo~`lmr sbwe bw{ bmma~ sl~jbmc{ d~l` wea
dl~`owblm ld wea {wo~{& weab~ yl{bwblm{ omg oyyo~amw n~bcewma{{ omg
wea {ybmmbmc ld wea ao~we omg bw{ `lwblm o~lmg wea {m
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Wea @aawbmc
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^bkj Yowwa~{lm& c~aawag Hlem @l~~b{lm& Kl`a bm Hlem& {bw glsm
Ea klmwbmag& Nadl~a rl waff `a seow rl eota clw& B slfg h{w
fbja wl ~a`bmg rl& web{ b{ o kfo{{bdbag y~lhakw Bd sl~g clw lw wea
clta~m`amw so{ ~a{ao~kebmc mas oca omg >9?> sa slfg fl{a offk~agbnbfbwr& o{ `ke o{ sa& lm wea lwea~ eomg& eota wl woja
ata~rwebmc {a~bl{fr
Hlem om{sa~ag& B mga~{womg& bd web{ amgbmc ld o Mowbta O`a~bkom
kofamgo~ krkfa n~lcew onlw wea mas sl~fg wear kfob` wl na
kl`bmc& wea lma wea Mas Oca {yaoj{ ld o{ om afatowag klffakwbta
klm{kbl{ma{{& omg sa w~mag lw wl na bm wea go~j& bw klfg na
a`no~~o{{bmc
Hlem klmwbmag& Faw `a caw lm sbwe bw B nacom sbwe Acryw Wea
Mas Oca `lta`amw b{ wbag y bm web{ fomg& sebke eo{ ofsor{ eog o
c~aow `r{wbqa o{{lkbowag sbwe bw Sa woja wea {b`yfa{w
dmgo`amwof mbw& wea aqbfowa~of w~bomcfa Bw b{ lma ld wea we~aa
~acfo~ {eoya{ weow wa{{affowa Weow b{& aqof omcfag& aqof {bgag
{eoya{ weow kom wbfa o {~doka sbwelw faotbmc coy{ Wea lwea~ wsl
o~a wea {qo~a omg ~acfo~ eauoclm Bd sa g~os bm wea ofwbwga ld{ke o w~bomcfa& sa k~aowa omcfa{ lm abwea~ {bga ld bw ow wea oyau&
sebke o~a ld `ao{~a ;9 gac~aa{ aoke Kob~l& Acryw omg wea C~aow
Yr~o`bg& dl~ off y~okwbkof y~yl{a{ o~a ow o fowbwga ld yf{ ;9
gac~aa{
^bkj flljag ow eb`& omg {obg& Cllg yfoka wl {wo~w Hlem Gbg bw cl
omrsea~a
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^bkj om{sa~ag& C~aow& sa o~a mls {l`asea~a bm wea Ml~wesa{w
Omrwebmc yakfbo~ wl weow ~acblm gac~aa{ D"& {l B n~lcew bm omlwea~
dokwl~& ow`l{yea~bk y~a{{~a [ao fataf eo{ wea ebcea{w ow`l{yea~bk
y~a{{~a& nako{a nabmc ow wea flsa{w ylbmw& wea~a b{ `l~a ob~ ybfag
y lm rl
Ea klmwbmag8 Bm kea`b{w~r `omr ~a{fw{ o~a cbtam dl~ ~aokwblm{
weow lkk~ ow {womgo~g wa`ya~ow~a omg y~a{{~a [womgo~g
wa`ya~ow~a b{ wea wa`ya~ow~a ow sebke sowa~ d~aaxa{& l~ nakl`a{
bka bm lwea~ sl~g{& omg& {womgo~g y~a{{~a b{ lma ow`l{yea~a& l~ wea
y~a{{~a weow lkk~{ ow {ao fataf
B mga~{womg Hlem& {l rl `ltag y wea L~aclm klo{w fbma mwbf
rl dlmg wea wlsm sea~a ;> gac~aa{ D lkk~~ag `l{w d~aqamwfr
Ra{ ^bkj& omg `r db~{w ca{{ so{ Wbffo`llj& L~aclm Dbmoffr B
samw o fbwwfa ml~we ld wea~a wl wea {`off db{ebmc wlsm ld Maeofa`&
omg nbmcl& o~lmg wea~a Bm weow o~ao wea ota~oca sbmwa~ fls b{ wea
d~aaxbmc wa`ya~ow~a ld sowa~
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Hlem klmwbmag& Web{ jbmg ld webmjbmc clw `a webmjbmc onlw lwea~
b`yl~womw wa`ya~ow~a{ B ota~ocag wea ml~`of e`om nlgr
wa`ya~ow~a ;3 gac~aa{ Kaf{b{& sbwe wea d~aaxbmc wa`ya~ow~a ld
sowa~& sebke o~a xa~l gac~aa{ Kaf{b{ Weow b{& dlmg wea yfoka
nawsaam wea wsl& sebke b{ {b`yfr ;3 gbtbgag nr >& sebke aqof{?51 gac~aa{ Kaf{b{ B nacom webmjbmc web{ o namadbkbof ota~oca
lta~ o rao~ dl~ c~lsbmc webmc{ Oc~bkfw~offr& lma ld wea c~aowa{w
y~lgka~{ ld& saff& y~lgka& b{ Ml~wea~m Kamw~of Kofbdl~mbo B
dbmoffr dlmg web{ ommof ota~oca wa`ya~ow~a wl aub{w bm ^ag Nfdd&
Kofbdl~mbo o~ao dl~ om ota~oca lta~ wea yo{w {atamwr rao~{& sebke b{
bm Ml~wea~m Kamw~of Kofbdl~mbo
^bkj h`yag bm& Cllg sl~j Hlem& off sa maag b{ o web~g ylbmw omgsa kom amkfl{a om o~ao sbwe o w~bomcfa
Hlem bmwa~~ywag& Weow b{ auokwfr seow B gbg Jmlsbmc wea {wowa
ln{a~towl~r& Ybma @lmwobm Ln{a~towl~r& b{ kfl{a{w wl wea kbwr
Namg& L~aclm& omg mlw do~ d~l` bw& B kel{a Namg Namg b{ mao~fr wea
fo{w kbwr bm L~aclm bd rl w~otaf ao{w d~l` wea toffar omg lta~ wea
Ko{koga `lmwobm ~omca omg eaog ao{w we~lce wea ebce ga{a~w
^bkj {obg& Bmwa~a{wbmc& seow gbg rl dbmg9?>
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Hlem oggag& Omg wea~a o~a atam flgca{ wea~a& o~lmg wea foja
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Wea
Klmta~{owblm
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Wsl n~lwea~{& lma om ofkea`b{w wea lwea~ om o{w~lml`a~& `aw dl~
fmke Wea sobwa~ {obg wl wea`& ^bcew web{ sor& o wonfa dl~ wsl
[rgmar& wea o{w~lml`a~& {obg Weomj rl& ^ofye& wea ofkea`b{w
{obg wl [rgmar& Rl glmw `bmg bd B {bw nr wea sbmgls
[rgmar {obg& Mlw ow off& odwa~ off rl eota ofsor{ {obg B o` bm wea
go~j
^ofye om{sa~ag& Ra{& off ld weow ~ao{lm& omg {jaywbkb{`& faota{ ml
~ll` dl~ bmwbwblm
Wear nlwe {ow glsm
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eota eog wl gl o fbwwfa o{w~lml`bkof ~a{ao~ke wl gatafly bw O{ rl
jmls& B mga~{womg wea y~bmkbyfa{ ld kea`b{w~r& o{ om ofkea`b{w&
nw wea gbdda~amka b{ B o` mlw glbmc {kbamka sbwe bw& nw o` clbmc
we~lce o y~lka{{ ld {yb~bwof gatafly`amw seam B `bu kea`bkof{&
rl lm wea lwea~ eomg gl auya~b`amw{ wl nbfg o nlgr ld
jmlsfagca weow `bcew na {ag wl {yyl~w o erylwea{b{ onlwmow~a
[rgmar om{sa~ag Ra{& omg o{ om o{w~lml`a~ B mga~{womg
kea`b{w~r& ser glmw rl o{ om ofkea`b{w& {wgr o{w~lflcr
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^ofye yw wea qa{wblm wl eb`& Cofouba{ o~a klffakwblm{ ld {wo~{
weow dl~`ag lw ld cbomw co{ kflg{& omg yfomaw{ o~a {yea~bkof
`o{{a{ weow dl~` o~lmg {wo~{ Wea {wo~{ o~a ta~r do~ oyo~w& omg weayfomaw{ l~nbw kfl{a bmwl wea {wo~{& wea {wo~{ o~a auw~a`afr do~ oyo~w&
nw wea {wo~{ omg weab~ yfomaw{ o~a mlw& b{ weow ~bcew?! lurcam Sa kom w~aow nlwe o{ gbowl`bk
`lfakfa{ Wea `lfo~ `o{{ ld mbw~lcam co{ %M>" b{ >%?79?" omgwea `lfo~ `o{{ ld lurcam co{ %L>" b{ >%?499" [l& %omg ea s~lwa
lm o moyjbm"8
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Wea ota~oca l~nbwof gb{womka ld `o~{ d~l` wea {m kl`yo~ag wl
wea ota~oca l~nbwof gb{womka ld wea ao~we d~l` wea {m b{ ?1 omg
779? gbtbgag nr >51314 b{ ?1& l~ ;,> bm lwea~ sl~g{ B{ seow web{
{or{ b{ weow& wea `o~{-{m gb{womka b{ wl wea ao~we-{m gb{womka o{
`o~wbom ob~ b{ wl ao~we ob~
[rgmar {obg& Bmwa~a{wbmc& nw o fbwwfa `r{wbkof dl~ `a
^ofye {obg& @orna bw sbff {lmg o fbwwfa fa{{ `r{wbkof bd B {els rl
`l~a
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^ofye {obg& LJ& ea~a b{ seow B eota clw Wea ao~we ow`l{yea~a
so{ lmka `l{wfr ko~nlm gblubga %KL>" fbja wea `o~{ ow`l{yea~a b{
wlgor& mwbf yfomw fbda ko`a oflmc omg {wo~wag klmta~wbmc wea ko~nlm
gblubga bmwl lurcam& {bmc fbcew d~l` wea {m omg bm wea y~lka{{
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nlwwl` ld wea dllg keobm" O y~lka{{ koffag yelwl{rmwea{b{
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[rgmar om{sa~ag& LJ& B o` ml nblflcb{w& nw bw {lmg{ cllg wl
`a
^ofye klmwbmag& Saff cfkl{a b{ K4E?>L4& sebke cbta{ o `lfo~
`o{{ ld& %omg ea s~lwa lm wea moyjbm"8
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auyfomowblm& wea dl~`owblm ld wea {lfo~ {r{wa` b{ kl`yfbkowag omg
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bm nawsaam
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mow~a
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WEA
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Eb D~omj& weomj{ dl~ `ojbmc bw glsm ea~a& B ~aoffr oyy~akbowa rl
yffbmc osor d~l` rl~ sl~j ow wea ln{a~towl~r B o` {l cfog rl
klfg caw glsm ea~a {l qbkj& sa ~aoffr maag om o{w~lml`a~& omg B
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B d~wea~ s~bwa web{ bm wea nafbad weow wea okwof {bxa{ omg gb{womka{
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