Science: A Way of Knowing & Providing Order to the Universe.
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Transcript of Science: A Way of Knowing & Providing Order to the Universe.
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Science: A Way of Knowing & Providing Order to the Universe
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• Methods of Science• Explanation in Science• Science and Pseudoscience• The Ordered Universe– Geocentric Universe– Heliocentric Universe– Newton’s Laws and the Founding of Modern
Science
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Major Methods of Science
• Observation: descriptions of natural phenomena usually in the search for patterns in nature
• Experiment: manipulation of nature to examine a phenomenon
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Deductive Method
• Most typical for natural philosophers following the rediscovery of Aristotle by western Europe
• Explanatory method of Plato and Pythagoras
• Clearly expounded by René Descartes in 1637 [Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method)].
René Descartes 1596-1650
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Inductive or Empirical Method
• Based on observation• The experimental
method is a subset of the inductive method
• Francis Bacon proposed the Great Instauration
• Novum Organum (1620)
Francis Bacon 1561-1626
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Human reason can be decieved in the following ways:
• Idylls of the Tribe (incorrect inference of cause and effect)
• Idylls of the Den (one’s views are influenced by others and may be upheld by ignoring contravening evidence)
• Idylls of the Marketplace (false arguments can be convincing due to ambiguity of communication)
• Idylls of the Theater (theories about the world can be false)
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William Gilbert• Contemporary of Bacon• Did not recognize Bacon as a
natural philosopher• Bacon critical of Gilbert’s
explanations– The Alchemists have made a
philosophy out of a few experiments of the furnace and Gilbert our countryman hath made a philosophy out of observations of the lodestone.
– [Gilbert] has himself become a magnet; that is, he has ascribed too many things to that force and built a ship out of a shell.
William Gilbert 1544-1603
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Explanation
• Hypothesis• Theory• Principle• Law
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Attributes of Pseudoscience
• Anything is possible (cannot be falsified)• Vague, exaggerated, untested claims• Refutation of alternative theory, but no
material confirmation of the claim
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biology - geology
chemistry physics
mathematics
COM
PLEX
ITY
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The Ordered Universe
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Construction of Stonehenge• Earthen banks (~3100 BCE)• Wooden Building (~3000 BCE)• Bluestones (~2600 BCE)• Sarsen Stones (2600-2400 BCE)• Final arrangement (2280-1600 BCE)
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Aristotle of Stagira 348-322 BCEEudoxus of Cnidus 408-355 BCE
Claudius Ptolemy ~90-168 CE
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Nicolaus Copernicus
1473-1543
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Giordano Bruno
• Dominican and non-trinitarian
• Praised Copernican system
• On trial and burned at the stake for heresy of Arianism
(1548-1600)
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Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler
1546-1601 1571-1630
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Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion• Law of Ellipses
• Equal Area Law
• (Period)2 /(Major Axis)3 is the same for all planets.
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Galileo Galilei
• Direct observations of the heavens with his improved telescope
• Saw blemishes on the moon and (later) on the sun
• Recorded the Medician stars and explained their changing positions as moons circling Jupiter
1564-1642
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Isaac Newton
• Law of Gravity: the strength of the gravitational force between two bodies of mass is relative to the inverse square of the distance between their centers of mass.
• Used this concept of gravity to explain Kepler’s Laws of motion.
1642-1727
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Robert Hooke, Edmond Halley, John Flamsteed
Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Edmond Halley 1656-1742 John Flamsteed 1646-1719
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Newton’s Laws of Motion
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• Conservation of momentum (P=mv)
• ƩP=0
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