SCIAF Proposal

8/8/2019 SCIAF Proposal

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VETAID / CEDES GAZA POST EMERGENCY

LIVESTOCK SUPPORT PROJECT

MARCH 2002 TO FEBRUARY 2003

Proposal submitted to SCIAF

December 2001

VETAID

Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 OPZ,Scotland, United Kingdom

Tel: 0131 445 6241 Fax: 0131 445 6242 E-mail: [email protected]



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LIST OF ACRONYMS

AMRU Mozambican NGO specialising in women’s developmentCBAHW Community-Based Animal Health WorkerCEDES Ecumenical Committee for Social Development (Mozambican NGO)

CFA Community Farmers’ AssociationDINAP National Directorate for LivestockDNER National Directorate for Rural ExtensionDPADR Provincial Directorate for Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentEC European CommunityFDC Foundation for Community Development (Mozambican NGO)GNP Gross National ProductGOM Government of MozambiqueINIVE National Veterinary Research InstituteJOA Jersey Overseas AidLWF Lutheran World FederationNGO Non-Governmental OrganisationORAM Mozambican NGO specialising in land use and tenancyPROAGRI National Agricultural Development Programme

SDP District Livestock ServicesSPER Provincial Services for Rural ExtensionSPP Provincial Livestock ServicesSTG Pound SterlingUEV Veterinary Epidemiology UnitUSD United States Dollars



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1. SUMMARY

Project Location: Mabalane, Massingir, Guijá and Chókwè Districts, Gaza Province, Mozambique

Amount requested: USD 68,817

Sterling equivalent: STG 48,289 (based on the InforEuro rate of December 2001)

Total budget: USD 218,296 for VETAID component

USD 459,355 for VETAID / CEDES total

Budget period: March 2002 to February 2003

Applicant: VETAID

Project summary: This project has developed from a post-flood emergency programme in 2000which concentrated on emergency flood aid and post-flooding rehabilitation.This project aims to increase the food security of families in the flood affectedareas. This will be done by improving animal production and agriculturaldiversification. In collaboration with the Mozambican NGO CEDES, anintegrated approach incorporating livestock and agricultural activities will betaken. Activities will include the delivery of village-based animal health services,farmer training and agricultural extension, with extensive participative

involvement by local communities. A focus will be put on service delivery andmonitoring through local “promoters” and Community Farmers’ Associations(CFAs).

Target population: • 60 veterinary promoters will be supported and approximately 6,000 livestocktreatments per month may be expected to be carried out by them;

• 3,000 livestock owning families in about 150 villages will benefit from theveterinary promoters’ activities through improved livestock production;

• 270 beneficiary families of a tree planting and extension programme in 10villages will continue to receive assistance;

• 10 agricultural promoters will be selected and trained from these villages, whowill assist approximately 300 families;

• approximately 1,500 members of over 30 CFAs will benefit from improvedanimal health services, agricultural extension and strengthened markets foragricultural products.

2. PROJECT AIM AND OBJECTIVES:

2.1 Overall goal

The overall goal is to sustainably improve food security and rural livelihoods of the communities in the targetdistricts of Chókwe, Guijá, Mabalane and Massingir, which were severely affected by the floods of 2000. Therebuilding of a productive and diversified agricultural system in the area will have a direct impact on thereduction of poverty.

2.2 Specific objectives

The specific project objectives are:

1. to improve family sector livestock health and production;2. to improve the marketing and supply mechanisms of veterinary medicines and materials;3. to further develop the family income from agricultural activities and diversification;4. to stimulate community self-help, advocacy with district government and the increased marketing of

agricultural products.

These objectives are consistent with the Government of Mozambique’s national agricultural developmentprogramme, PROAGRI.



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3. PROJECT BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT:

3.1 Project area

The project area is classified within Mozambique’s southern plains and river basins ecosystem. Extendingfrom Maputo through Gaza and parts of Inhambane and Sofala Provinces, the climate is semi-arid with amixture of scrubland and grasslands, and the countryside is sparsely populated. Soil fertility is poor.Settlements tend to be clustered around the rivers as the potential for agriculture is greater and theavailability of drinking water is limited elsewhere.

The project is located in the Districts of Mabalane, Massingir, Guijá and Chókwè, Gaza Province (see Annex2). These districts, which lie in the Limpopo River valley, have a large agricultural potential and the highestlivestock density of the country. These districts were among the worst affected by the floods of February andMarch 2000.

3.2 Background information relevant to the project

After Mozambique’s independence in 1975, the 16-year civil war resulted in 1 million human deaths, 5 milliondisplaced people, destruction of infrastructure, a breakdown of socioeconomic systems and servicesprovision, and drastic reductions in livestock numbers. Recurrent droughts and floods had further impacts onrural life.

The Limpopo River valley is fertile and hence was relatively densely populated, with well-developedagricultural and livestock infrastructure. Extensive irrigation schemes were built on the lower Limpopofloodplain by the Portuguese colonists. Livestock infrastructure (acaricide dip tanks and treatment corridors),too, was well-developed, and there were sizable commercial ranches. Much of this infrastructure wasdestroyed during the war.

After the implementation of a peace treaty in 1992, Mozambique has made a remarkably rapid recovery.Although it relies heavily on foreign aid, the economic and social progress that has been achieved hasexceeded expectations. However, it is still categorised among the poorest countries in the world, and itsuffers from the classic problems of very poor countries (high population growth, low literacy rate,unemployment, poor health care, poorly developed infrastructure). Two thirds of the population live in abjectpoverty, and poverty reduction is the primary objective both of the Mozambican government and of NGOsworking in Mozambique.

This is an essentially agricultural country, with agricultural activities accounting for about 40% of GNP, 60% ofexport revenues and employing 80% of the Mozambican population. The human population is around 18

million, of which about 70% live in rural areas. Within the family sector, mixed farming systems (i.e. livestock / arable farming) predominate. Cattle ownership is favoured but small ruminants and poultry are equallyimportant. Animal traction is common and considered to be of increasing importance for agriculturalproduction. Arable crop cultivation is rain-fed; some irrigation is practised on the floodplains.

Agricultural production is mostly subsistence in nature; some marketing is done to supplement familyincomes, but this is very limited. Few agricultural inputs are used as the budget for this is limited and theexpertise required to apply these is lacking. The staple food crop is maize; other crops that are cultivatedinclude cassava, groundnuts, some drought-resistant crops such as sorghum and millet, some vegetables(onions, tomatoes, leafy vegetables) and fruits such as bananas, mango, cashew and citrus. Some rice iscultivated using irrigation.

Animal traction is used, but not on a large scale due to low availability of ploughs, trained animals andknowledge. Most hoeing and preparation of the land is done by hand; as a result the area of cultivated land is

limited.

In Gaza Province, cattle numbers fell from over 400,000 in 1982 to 97,909 head of cattle in 1996; thisrepresented 28% of the national herd. The livestock density is the highest in Mozambique, but still muchlower than the land’s carrying capacity. Livestock husbandry, too, does not rise much above the subsistencelevel; it is constrained by inadequate nutrition, lack of access to animal health services, and poormanagement. Smallholder livestock production systems are low input, using indigenous breeds of animals.Generally, multiple species of livestock are kept to optimise usage of seasonal food sources, and as a bufferagainst species-related disease incidence and mortality. Goats and poultry are kept as a source of meat andeggs; they are considered as a savings and insurance mechanism, i.e. to provide immediate cash or as away of funding cropping inputs. Cattle are important for status and as long-term investments, and are usedmainly for draft power, manure and meat production.The national supply of livestock products steadily decreased in the 1980s and early 1990s, and annual



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consumption per person of livestock products is still very low when compared to the African average.Demand for livestock products by the rapidly growing population is increasing. The national production oflivestock products is insufficient to meet domestic consumption, with imports covering more than half theannual requirements in the case of meat.

The government veterinary services have been severely constrained by a lack of resources. A combination offactors (limited transport availability, bad roads, deteriorated infrastructure such as acaricide dip tanks andlow coverage of districts by personnel) resulted in a marginal level of animal health services on the villagelevel, reduced ectoparasite control (breakdown of dipping strategies), and limited capacity for carrying out

annual livestock censuses and vaccination campaigns. PROAGRI was defined in 1997; priority was placedon support to the family sector. It set out the key principles and priorities for a national livestock policy:• restocking the national cattle herd (at national level, importation of 10,000 head over 5 years);• privatisation of veterinary services (including the establishment of veterinary promoters);• rehabilitation of the infrastructure needed (dip tanks, treatment corridors, diagnostic laboratories, etc.).

In the absence of adequate veterinary services, diseases severely constrain livestock productivity. The lack ofadequate ectoparasite control (especially ticks) is the most serious problem. A high degree of endemicity oftick-borne diseases has been confirmed. Other parasitic diseases (including worm infections) also causemuch damage. Newcastle Disease in poultry cause up to 100% mortality during outbreaks, which occurannually in many areas.

3.3 Problems to be addressed by the project

A number of studies and reports identify the fundamental cause of food insecurity and rural poverty as beinglow agricultural production and this has been further worsened as a result of the floods. This comes aboutthrough a number of interrelated factors, as summarised in the figure below:

Agricultural production is mostly at subsistence level, and a number of regions within the project area areclassified as food insecure by the World Food Programme. These areas are especially vulnerable. Very littlecash can be raised in this environment. This is however a prerequisite for the investment necessary toachieve improved production levels. As a consequence, few inputs can be made in agricultural production tobreak the poverty cycle.

Three main causes can be identified:• low productivity of livestock;• low agricultural production;• poor rural marketing structure.

Food insecurity

Low productivity of livestock

Low farm incomes

Low agricultural production Poor rural marketing structure

Livestock diseaseconstraints

Poor husbandrypractices

Low breedingpopulations

Low yields Low areacultivated

Lack of ruraltransport

Lack of veterinarysupplies

Lack of veterinaryservices

Lack ofexpertise

Poor cultivationtechniques

Lack ofinputs

Lack ofimplements

Lack of draughtanimals

Damagedinfrastructure

Breakdown oftrading links

High prices

Low availability

Weak Gov’t sector

Absence private sector Effects / consequences of war

Lack of formalrural markets

Figure 1. Problem tree of low agricultural production as the fundamental cause of rural poverty.



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Low productivity of livestock A breakdown during the war in, and the low present capacity of, the government veterinary services hasconstrained livestock production. Animal health service provision on the village level is virtually non-existent.As a result, infectious diseases such as tick-borne diseases in cattle and goats have become highly endemicand cause significant losses. A host of parasitic diseases in all species severely constrain productivity.Regular outbreaks of epidemic diseases such as Newcastle Disease in chickens and African Swine Fever inpigs can cause up to 100% mortality. At present, the government veterinary services are involved in aprocess of privatisation, under which animal health services are to be further devolved to communityorganisations and private individuals. These types of community organisations do not yet exist or are very

weak, and the potential within the family sector to support private veterinarians is perceived to be too limited.The problems with animal health will only increase if an alternative system (such as community-based animalhealth service provision through veterinary promoters) is not supported.

The availability of veterinary medicines and materials is very limited. There are only a few suppliers inMaputo, and a low number of suppliers carrying a limited stock and selling a limited range of drugs in theprovincial capitals. Virtually no outlets are available to family sector farmers outside these towns. Because allveterinary drugs have to be imported, and there is no competitive market, prices of these products tend to beinordinately expensive.

Many animals were lost during the war; populations have only partially recovered since. The breeding nucleusis therefore still limited. Animal husbandry practices follow traditional methods and the rate of reproduction islow. Therefore the recovery rate of the livestock populations is also slow.

Low agricultural production The majority of the project area is arid with a low agricultural potential; soil fertility is poor. Agricultural inputsare minimal: traditional cultivation techniques are used and yields are low. The crop seeds used are of poorquality. Most hoeing and preparation of the land is done by hand, as the availability of draught animal powerfor ploughing is low. As a result the area of cultivated land is limited. The slow rate of hand cultivation alsomeans that planting may not have taken place when the rains arrive.

The purchase and use of improved varieties of seeds, agricultural implements or draught animals are beyondthe budget or technical expertise of family sector farmers. Artificial fertilizers are either not readily available ortoo expensive. Pesticides are hardly applied. Many farmers lost the equipment they possessed when theywere displaced during the war, and have not been able to replace this; therefore there is a shortage ofmaterials such as ploughs. There is also a lack of skills and parts to properly repair, maintain and use theexisting stock of agricultural equipment.

Poor rural marketing structure

The mechanisms of formal livestock and agricultural markets and trading links have broken down during thewar, and have recovered to a very limited extent. An explanation for this is that low production fromagriculture and livestock means that there are few surpluses for sale, so that sales for income generation arescarce.

Sale of livestock and agricultural produce tends to be small-scale, localised and informal. There is limitedaccess in the target areas to central markets where better prices may be fetched. The state of existingmarket infrastructure has deteriorated due to a lack of proper maintenance. Rural people have little or noaccess to marketing information, and few resources to enable them to sell here.

Livestock also fulfill an important role in rural transport, specifically for pulling carts and wagons. These areused to take agricultural produce and other goods (such as charcoal) to regional markets.

4. IMPLEMENTING ORGANISATION:

4.1 Implementing agency

The project will be jointly implemented by VETAID and CEDES (see Annex 3 for organogram). Thisapplication is being made by VETAID, for financing of the livestock component within the project. CEDES willbe responsible for procuring financing of the agricultural component within the project, and are applying toCAFOD for funding. The project aims, objectives, description, implementation, monitoring and evaluation asdescribed in this proposal will include all activities for a better oversight. However, differentiated summarybudgets are presented in the relevant section.

VETAID is a registered charity and company limited by guarantee, which has been in existence since 1989. Itis a member of Vétérinaires Sans Frontières - Europa, a collective of 10 European organisations involved in



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livestock based development initiatives. VETAID’s head office is in Edinburgh; the head office of VETAIDMozambique is in Maputo.

The project will be managed from the established VETAID office in Chókwè town. Monthly progress reportsare submitted by the project coordinator to the VETAID Mozambique head office. Monthly financial reportsare compiled by the project accountant, completed by the senior accountant in Maputo, and sent to theVETAID UK office.

While all VETAID staff are ultimately answerable to the livestock coordinator, the nature of the work implies

that a high level of flexibility and autonomy in functioning is required. Weekly internal office meetings serve todiscuss and coordinate activities.

CEDES and VETAID have strong links with 52 communities with which this project will be working. Bothorganisations consider community involvement of elementary importance for the sustainability of the project.At least one veterinary promoter has been selected from each of these communities, and CFAs have beenestablished in 32 villages. In all cases the project strives to inform and work with the locally existingadministrative structures.

4.2 Organisational capacity to implement proposed project

VETAID started working in Mozambique in 1990, and has built up extensive experience working in the familysector particularly in relation to livestock. Project activities have included :• institutional support with training of technicians and rehabilitation of livestock infrastructures, Inhambane

Province;• reconstitution of local herds with small stock (chickens, ducks and small ruminants) as well as continued

training of technicians, Inhambane Province;• strengthening of veterinary services, rehabilitation of livestock infrastructures, training of technicians and

introduction of a pilot project to restore local herds through animal importation, Tete Province;• institutional support for livestock services (particularly laboratories), livestock restocking, rehabilitation of

livestock infrastructure, training of promoters and livestock technicians, Gaza and Inhambane Provinces;• re-introduction of trained draught animals, associated draught tools and equipment and the integration of

agricultural and livestock production, Bilene District, Gaza Province;• community livestock development programme (institutional support, livestock restocking, introduction of

animal traction, community-based veterinary service provision), Inhambane Province;• emergency post-flooding veterinary and agricultural assistance (training of promoters, livestock restocking

and distribution of seeds and tools) in eight districts of Gaza Province;• post-emergency veterinary and agricultural rehabilitation and development (cost-recovery, restocking,

construction of treatment corridors, tree planting programme) in four districts of Gaza Province.

As a result of an experience of over ten years implementing these activities, VETAID has a well-establishedcountry programme in Mozambique, a thorough knowledge of the local situation and a strong reputation inthe field of livestock development. Accounting and reporting procedures are well-defined.

4.3 Collaboration with governmental and non-governmental groups with development initiatives inthe area

The Mozambican NGO CEDES is VETAID’s partner in this project. Within this collaboration, VETAID willprovide the technical expertise needed for the specific livestock and veterinary components, while CEDESwill be responsible for the agricultural and extension components. For an equitable partnership, both NGOswill work side by side within a defined programme structure, i.e. coordinating and implementing field activitiesin accordance with this proposal, and pooling resources such as office facilities and field transportarrangements, but separating financial and administrative responsibilities.

Collaboration between VETAID and the Mozambican veterinary services has traditionally been close, withVETAID having provided institutional support and training of staff as a means of strengthening of theveterinary services (see above). In terms of implementation of activities in the field, there is communicationand harmonisation of activities and policies, e.g. regarding restocking of livestock, rehabilitation andconstruction of infrastructure, training and monitoring of promoters, and introduction of cost recovery. Thisproject will also work closely with the District Livestock Services (SDPs) in the four target districts. Regularmeetings to discuss progress will be organised with Provincial Livestock Services (SPP) in Gaza. Reportsand information will also be passed on to the National Directorate of Livestock (DINAP) and the VeterinaryEpidemiology Unit (UEV).Other NGOs developing livestock activities include LWF and World Relief. VETAID have in the pastorganised veterinary promoter training courses for extensionists of these NGOs. Various NGOs have



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distributed livestock in the target area. In three cases, there was a collaboration between these NGOs andVETAID, with veterinary promoters trained by the project involved in the health care monitoring of theseanimals.

During the lifetime of this project, linkages with the following organisations, institutions and agencies will bemade or strengthened:• the Provincial Directorate for Agriculture and Rural Development (DPADR), to discuss and put into context

all agricultural activities;• DINAP and the SPP, to discuss the process of integration of veterinary promoters into the national

veterinary system;• the National Directorate for Rural Extension (DNER) and the Provincial Directorate for Rural Extension

(SPER), to discuss extension aspects and the training of agricultural promoters;• commercial veterinary drugs suppliers, to stimulate the development of a marketing and distribution

system;• other NGOs, to collaborate on field activities (e.g. pertaining to support to CFAs);• the National Veterinary Investigation Institute (INIVE), for the continued implementation of Newcastle

Disease vaccination campaigns in poultry.

5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

5.1 General description

The overall goal of the project is to sustainably improve food security and rural livelihoods of the communitiesin the target districts of Chókwe, Guijá, Mabalane and Massingir, which were severely affected by the floodsof 2000. This will be achieved by adopting an integrated approach incorporating both agricultural andlivestock components, specifically:1. the improvement of family sector livestock health and production through the development of the

established Community-Based Animal Health Worker (CBAHW or “veterinary promoter”) network byproviding refresher training, improved monitoring and support and sale of veterinary medicines;

2. the improvement of marketing and supply mechanisms of veterinary medicines and materials by solicitingincreased active involvement of the government veterinary services and commercial suppliers, to makethe work of the CBAHW network more sustainable;

3. the further development of family income from agricultural activities and diversification through theestablishment of an effective extension service, farmer education and training of agricultural promoters;

4. the stimulation of community self-help, advocacy with district government and marketing of agriculturalproducts through the development and support of Community Farmers’ Associations.

5.2 Timescale

Emergency and subsequent intermediate post-flood activities in the target area have been carried out in 2000 / 2001 and will be complete by February 2002. The timescale of this proposed project is 12 months (March2002 - February 2003). During this period, a proposal will be made to the Food Security Unit of the EC, for afurther 36 months’ f inancing (March 2003 - February 2006).

5.3 Project beneficiaries, how they have been identified and participation in implementation

The previous projects have been working in the area for 18 months and so contacts with the localcommunities have now been built up. Consultation with government institutions and CFAs have establishedwhich villages and beneficiaries are to benefit.

Veterinary promoters, their clients and their livestock The previous project trained and supported about 60 veterinary promoters; these 60 promoters will be directbeneficiaries of this project. The number of clients (family sector farmers) supported per veterinary promoterhas varied, but an accurately estimated average of 50 has been made on the basis of registered treatmentsduring the period of the previous project. This means approximately 3,000 livestock owners are estimated tobenefit. Assuming no more than one member per family consults a veterinary promoter, 3,000 families willbenefit from the promoters’ activities through improved livestock health. As these promoters treat livestock inan average of two to three villages, approximately 150 villages will be covered by the veterinary promoternetwork.A total of 100,000 livestock treatments in the four target districts has been registered through veterinarypromoter monitoring in the period May 2000 - October 2001; therefore 6,000 registered livestock treatmentsper month may be expected. This number is an under estimation as many treatments are not registered.



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In the period May - September 2001, a turnover of 550 USD per month was generated in sales of veterinarydrugs, which amounts to almost 10 USD per veterinary promoter per month. On the basis of this, an annualturnover of over 6,500 USD is expected.

Agricultural promoters, contact groups and extension programme An initial number of 10 agricultural promoters will be selected and trained from these villages; each of thesepromoters will work with 25 to 30 contact farmers. This project component will directly benefit about 300families.

270 beneficiary families in 10 villages in the districts of Massingir, Mabalane and Guijá will benefit from anagricultural extension programme which will be developed in all villages in which VETAID has previouslydeveloped contacts in the communities, i.e. up to 150 villages.

Community farmers’ organisations (CFAs) 32 CFAs with a total of 1,615 members in the four target districts were registered during the previousprogramme (see Annex 5). Veterinary promoters will be involved in each CFA, being responsible for thelivestock health care component. The CFAs will also be a platform for the delivery of farmer education andagricultural extension. Therefore these 1,615 members will directly benefit from the project.

How beneficiaries will be involved in implementation of the project The project has developed links with CFAs over the past months and begun to draw up agreements on howthey will work with the project. This will be developed and their involvement in project planning and monitoringwill grow. CFAs will help with the baseline survey at the start of the project. They will be closely involved in theimplementation of the project through being involved in selecting beneficiaries and in supporting andmonitoring the promoters in their area. They will also be key in the development of the marketing networks.

CFA members, beneficiaries and promoters will all be involved in the periodic evaluation of the work and inthe final evaluation of the project.

5.4 Impact on communities

By addressing the problems summarised in 3.3 above, farm incomes will be increased and food security willtherefore also be improved. This impact on reduction of poverty and the strengthening of capacity of thetarget groups will be achieved as follows:

Increased productivity of livestock Improved animal health service provision on the village level via veterinary promoters will lead to reducedlivestock morbidity and mortality caused by infectious and parasitic diseases, and increased reproductivity oflivestock. Through the involvement and strengthening of community organisations, a broader base for thedevelopment of such sustainable services will be achieved. Improved monitoring by the Governmentveterinary services and accreditation of veterinary promoters will contribute to the institutionalisation of suchnetworks.

A reliable supply, distribution and marketing mechanism of veterinary supplies will lead to increased

Food security

Increased productivity of livestock

Increased farm incomes

Increased agricultural production Strengthened rural marketing structure

Improved husbandrypractices

Higher yields Increased areacultivated

Improvedrural transport

Farmereducation

Improved cultivationtechniques

Moreinputs

Moreimplements

More draughtanimals

Rehabilitatedinfrastructure

Reactivation oftrading links

Rehab. formalrural markets

Reducedlivestock disease

More access toveterinary supplies

Improvedveterinary services

Reasonable prices

More availability

Stronger Gov’t sector

CBAHW networks

Figure 2. Effects of increased agricultural production on the reduction of rural poverty.



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availability of veterinary medicines and materials in district towns. The establishment of village pharmacies bythe CFAs, involving the veterinary promoters, is a priority; this will lead to more controlled use of theveterinary drugs, a greater efficiency and an increase in herd treatments. The affordability of veterinaryproducts is another issue that must be addressed for the sustainability of the project.

Through farmer education, husbandry practices will be improved. This will also have an impact on livestockreproductivity.

Increased agricultural production

Through agricultural extension, improved cultivation techniques and crop diversification will be introduced.The training of agricultural promoters will be an activity which will address issues such as the cultivation ofdrought-resistant crops, use of improved varieties of seeds and other inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides,and animal traction. Land use planning and crop rotation will also have an impact on agricultural production.The project will make available implements to these communities. Involvement of CFAs will be maximised tofacilitate the transfer of knowledge within the communities.

Strengthened rural marketing structure The development of improved trading opportunities is a particularly relevant issue in the target districts. Therailway from Maputo to Zimbabwe passes through Chókwè, Mabalane and Guijá; the tar roads in Chókwè,Guijá and Massingir are currently being rehabilitated. Accessibility of the target area will be greatly improvedwithin the next year or so.

The lack of a formal market of livestock and agricultural produce implies that buyers (agents and traders thatenter the area from cities such as Maputo) must travel from village to village and from household tohousehold. This is inefficient and time-consuming. It is in the interests both of the sellers (i.e. family sectorfarmers) and the buyers to improve coordination. Both the quantity of produce sold as well as the pricesfetched can be higher if linkages could be improved. Therefore the income generated will be correspondinglyamplified.

Strengthened capacity of target groups to input to decision making The project will carry out capacity building work with CFAs in terms of supporting them to develop clearorganisational goals and workplans / activities. They will also be provided training in negotiation techniquesand in how to work with the district authority in terms of presenting their priorities and negotiating with them.The project will support CFAs in their links with government agencies over issues such as land, livestock andagricultural services.

The network of promoters are currently beginning to be used much more by the government for the deliveryof animal vaccination campaigns; however, the government has not developed a formal system for

remunerating promoters for this work. This and other issues in terms of the professional role of promoters inthe provision of increasingly privatised animal health services in the Province need to be resolved. Theproject will provide support for the development of the network of promoters by facilitating periodic promoternetworking meetings where promoters can discuss issues of common concern. The project can input tothese meetings, in response to requests from promoters, on issues such as how the district and provincialgovernment operates and how to present their concerns to the relevant people and could provide training onsuch things as negotiation skills and presentation skills. This will enable promoters to develop better links withgovernment and present a co-ordinated input to the development of government policy on privatised animalhealth service delivery.

5.5 Gender perspective

The tradition of cattle raising in the target area is long-standing, and there is a very high demand fromfarmers for cattle. The ownership of cattle, however, requires a high level of means and investment. Savings,

in particular revenues from miners employed in South Africa, were invested in cattle herds. The project areais characterised by a patriarchal social system, but over several decades the impact of the migration of able-bodied males to South Africa, to be employed in mine exploitation, has been significant. According to severalstudies, in the men’s absence, women have assumed the role of de facto head of households. While thefinancial expenditures tend to be the men’s prerogatives, most crop cultivation, storage and processing, andlivestock husbandry (especially the smaller species such as poultry) are the responsibility of the women.While the project has encouraged the selection of female candidates for training as veterinary promoters,90% or so of those promoters currently supported are male. The explanations for this are that:• few girls get an equivalent education to boys (or indeed any education at all), being kept home to assist

with household tasks, and an important selection criterion was basic literacy and mathematical skills;• the selection procedure was done via the village administrative structures, which are very patriarchal;• the benefits of veterinary promoters are specifically perceived to be the treatment of cattle, and cattle are



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prioritised - and large stock are still considered to be “men’s business”;• with respect to cost recovery: men tend to control the money and are responsible for making the

payments of the promoters.

With the restocking programmes, the project has tried to target poorer and vulnerable stakeholders such asfemale-headed households and widows. With cattle restocking this was difficult, as an inscription fee whichwas harmonised with Government schemes was demanded, which could frequently not be paid by thesehouseholds.

To address these issues the previous projects have tried to target vulnerable female headed households asfollows:• goat restocking was introduced to target women and over 50% of the households that profited were

female-headed;• previous projects have also specifically sought to involve women with Newcastle Disease vaccination

campaigns, as village poultry is most frequently the responsibility of women. This will be continued in thisproject;

• also, 80% or more of the 260 beneficiaries of a previous tree planting scheme are female. This proportionwill be reflected in the agricultural promoters selected for training during the course of this project.

In addition to the above approaches, this project will encourage CFAs to include women members and toconsult women on their needs and priorities.

5.6 Advocacy work

As mentioned in section 5.4 above, the project will include two key advocacy and capacity building activities,i.e. the development of CFAs and supporting them to link with district and provincial government and thedevelopment of a network or “association” of trained promoters who will be able to present issues of concernto promoters to the government and input to animal health servcies policy development.

This project will work with the close involvement of the provincial and district agricultural and livestockservices. The district livestock delegates will join project staff for promoter monitoring visits; therefore they willbe eminently aware of field activities and this will be important in developing the links between promoters andgovernment personnel. Government personnel will also be involved when collaborating with the CFAs tostrengthen rural marketing mechanisms. Regular meetings will be held with the provincial livestock services,and project activity reports will be disseminated to them. This information will also be sent to the governmentat national level.

The ongoing support and collaboration with CEDES will allow a more integrated agricultural approach to betaken by VETAID, while enabling CEDES to expand its community base and gain more capacity ofimplementing agricultural activities.

5.7 Collaboration with similar development initiatives

As outined in section 4.3 above, the project will work closely with CEDES, the district veterinary service anddistrict and provincial agricultural departments.

VETAID is the only NGO in the target area specialised in livestock-related activities. No other NGOs arepresently training, monitoring or supporting a comparable network of veterinary promoters. However, severalNGOs incorporate certain agricultural and livestock-related activities in their programmes, such as LutheranWorld Federation (LWF) and World Relief. VETAID has in the past organised veterinary promoter trainingcourses for extensionists of these NGOs. Other NGOs such as HelpAge, FDC, ORAM, AMRU and theCanadian Presbyterian Church have distributed livestock in the target area. Most of these distributions were

performed as post-flooding relief. In several cases, there was a collaboration between these NGOs andVETAID, with veterinary promoters trained by the project involved in the health care monitoring of theseanimals.

There is no Governmental extension network in the project area. Several NGOs (e.g. LWF) are working withcommunity self-help groups similar to CFAs (often with microcredit schemes); VETAID is working to developlinks with LWF and there will be cooperation to ensure that work is not duplicated and the impacts can beoptimised.

6. IMPLEMENTATION:



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The following activities by VETAID and CEDES will be carried out in the districts of Chókwè, Guijá, Mabalaneand Massingir. VETAID will supply the technical expertise needed for the specific livestock related andveterinary tasks, whereas CEDES will be responsible for the agricultural and extension components.

6.1 Description and implementation of main activities

First specific objective: To improve family sector livestock health and production by consolidation of the veterinary promoter network through continued training, monitoring and sale of veterinary medicines

A total of 59 veterinary promoters, trained in earlier projects and resident in the area (see Annex 4), will besupported through one refresher course of one week’s duration, through monitoring visits of extensionistsand project staff twice per month, through the supply of veterinary drugs at cost price, and through extensionprogrammes aimed at farmers. The technical content of the training and the supply of veterinary drugs will bedetermined by the project veterinarian. The size of the promoter network which is currently around 60 will bemaintained and where necessary a small number of new promoters may be trained to replace villagepromoters who have left or stopped functioning.

Monitoring visits by four project extensionists (one based in each district) will be carried out on a two-weeklybasis. These visits will be arranged in advance. The extensionist will collect and discuss the treatmentsmonitoring data with the promoter, correcting any problems and assisting with any treatments if necessary.The extensionists will also check the veterinary drug stock and cash box administration of the promoter. Thepromoter will have the opportunity of purchasing veterinary medicines and materials from the extensionist.These will be sold at cost price, i.e. at full cost recovery.

The veterinary technician will visit each district in consecutive weeks, i.e. once per month. During this visit hewill meet with as many promoters as possible, discussing the functioning of the extensionists and mediatingin any problems such as non-payment issues. He may also meet with the CFAs. At the end of the week, thetechnician will meet with the district livestock delegate to discuss his findings in the field.

The monitoring information will be analysed at the project office. A database that has been specificallydesigned for processing this information will be used for presentation. The resulting data will be disseminatedto involved parties, including SPPs and the UEV of DINAP.

The district livestock delegates will receive on-the-job training on monitoring the promoters. Although thepromoters are essentially independent and deliver private services, the government livestock services mustbe able to monitor the quality of the services.

Vaccination campaigns against Newcastle Disease will be implemented. Newcastle Disease is the single

most constraining disease to village poultry, causing up to 100% mortality during outbreaks, which occurannually in most areas. Past experience from similar campaigns have had a large impact on the number ofvillage chickens, with a rapid rise of stocks.

Second specific objective: To improve the marketing and supply mechanisms of veterinary medicines and materials by soliciting increased active involvement of the government veterinary services and commercial suppliers The availability of veterinary drugs and materials on the open market, which is a prerequisite for the long-termfunctioning of promoters, is at the moment extremely limited. Under the cost recovery system initiated by theprevious project in 2001, proceeds of drug sales entered a revolving veterinary drug fund. The promotersbought at the Maputo cost price for these drugs and materials. Buying from the project was advantageousbecause the prices were slightly lower (transport and administration costs for medicines were not included),and the promoters could buy the medicines during monitoring visits (therefore cutting back on traveling timeand costs).

The project will also ensure an adequate stock of these veterinary materials in Chókwè. The moneygenerated by sales will be used to augment the stock. Hence, this revolving fund will ensure a continuedavailability, enabling the promoters to continue delivering veterinary care.In addition, more active collaboration will be sought with commercial suppliers of veterinary drugs andmaterials in Chókwè and Maputo. The promoters constitute a potentially lucrative source of sales, which untilnow has not been utilised. Through sensitisation of these commercial suppliers, an important step in thisdirection can be achieved. The local availability of a larger range of reasonably-priced veterinary products isessential for the sustainability of the project.

Third specific objective: To further develop the family income from agricultural activities and diversification through an effective extension service, crop diversification, farmer education and



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training of agricultural promoters Training and functioning of agricultural promoters and contact farmer groups This will initially take place in the 10 villages selected for the tree planting programme, as the conditionsrequired for participation (i.e. the communities’ trust and confidence) are already in place. Continuedinvolvement in these villages is called for; monitoring and support are required to the beneficiaries of thedistributed fruit trees.

As this is the first training of agricultural promoters, activities will start on this relatively small scale. Moreintensive support is possible with a small group, and this will facilitate supervision and control. These

activities should be expanded in future.

The project will work closely with village farmers; participation will be encouraged through the organisation ofvillage meetings. The 10 village communities will be requested (through the village administrative structures,and with a local CFA if possible) to:• select one suitable candidate for training as agricultural promoter;• allocate a plot of cultivable land as a demonstration plot;• identify a “contact group” of 25 - 30 farmers who will work together with the agricultural promoter.To structure this group, the working activities and regulations will be discussed in each village beforeinception of activities. These regulations will be defined by the project and made available to all participants inbooklet form.

The promoters will receive a 2-week training course in crop cultivation techniques and care of tree seedlings,crop diversification (e.g. cultivation of drought resistant crops), environmental awareness and land use

planning, crop rotation, and contact farmer education. They will then be issued with a starter kit (a set ofagricultural implements, knapsack sprayer, wheelbarrow, fertiliser and packets of seeds, etc.). This kit will befree of charge, and will be the promoters’ individual responsibility to use appropriately. The project will sellreplacement materials at cost price (in analogy to the veterinary promoter network) to agricultural promotersand contact farmers.

Training in - and use of - animal traction will also be included in the training course. Ploughs and harnesseswill be provided. Spans of oxen will however not be included, as up to five spans would be necessary pervillage to plough all the contact farmers’ land (i.e. 50 spans in all); this is beyond the scope of this projectphase. Locally available animals will be used, of which the payment for their services will be negotiated by thepromoter and groups. In contrast to the individual promoters’ kits, and to avoid monopolisation, these “largematerials” will be managed and used by the groups, or the CFAs where possible.

The promoter will cultivate the demonstration plot, applying the techniques from the training course and usingthe materials provided. The promoter will share knowledge with contact farmers and assist them in applyingthe same techniques on their plots. The contact farmers will pay the promoter a small set fee for materialsused from their kits (e.g. spraying pesticide) or direct assistance (e.g. consultation services). The promoterand contact farmers alike will pay an agreed daily fee for the working cattle for animal traction to theseanimals’ owners.

The yields that the promoters manage to produce on the demonstration plot will be theirs to use or sell. Thecontact farmers too will benefit by achieving higher yields. It is the project’s intention that the increasedincome generated this way will be reinvested in a continuation of these agricultural activities. If successful,the number of contact farmers can be increased.

Extension programme The extension programme will be designed by the extension co-ordinator. The extension service will be usedto disseminate information on agricultural practices, tree planting and care for trees, crop diversification, andland use planning. Extension information will be illustrated and explained on leaflets that will be distributed

during extension meetings.

This programme will target a broader group of beneficiaries than the agricultural promoter trainingprogramme. It will start in the same villages in which agricultural promoters will be selected, and should beextended to include the communities in which active CFAs will be supported (see below). In all, 150 - 200farming families should directly benefit, with a knock-on effect of the distributed extension material.

Fourth specific objective: To stimulate community self-help, advocacy with district government and the marketing of agricultural products through continued support to, and development of, CFAs While many data have been submitted by CFAs regarding organisational details and member lists (seeAnnex 6), the concrete activities that will be undertaken in conjunction with them have still largely to bedeveloped. A programme through which these CFAs can apply for a grant of USD 500 to 1,500 is currently



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running; a selection of 15 or so of the most capable CFAs will be given these grants. The money will be usedfor such activities as the establishment of a community veterinary pharmacy or the acquisition of ploughs andcattle for animal traction. Follow-up to this programme will be required, and an evaluation (of expenditures,accountancy and reporting) will be performed.

The priorities during the lifetime of this project will be to:• discuss and formalise the regulations and working procedures;• further develop and assist in the formulation and implementation of initiatives and activities as defined and

prioritised by those CFAs, integrating livestock and agricultural elements;•

give information on the legal aspects of associations, land registration and other relevant issues;• provide training in negotiating techniques, simple accounting, and basic administration skills;• collaborate with other implementing development agencies working with similar types of community

organisations, e.g. with microcredit applications.

The project will actively encourage the exchange of experiences between different CFAs, whether formal orinformal. These linkages will be essential for the marketing of agricultural products and livestock. With theproject’s coordination and resources, the CFAs will organise fixed marketing days and venues (e.g. in thedistrict capitals). Direct links will be established with those interested in purchasing livestock or agriculturalproducts.

The project will contact those interested in purchasing livestock or agricultural products through directcontacts with those agents and traders identified, and via media such as local radio.

The appropriate Government authorities will be informed and, where necessary, be involved (e.g. for theinspection of livestock and issuing of transport permits).



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6.2 Schedule

ACTIVITIES 2002 2003

03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 01 02

0 PROJECT ADMINISTRATION

Staff recruitment, contract admin. etc.

Definition of management procedures and work plan

Quarterly reports

Meetings with SPP

Base line survey and final evaluation and report

1 ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICES

Promoter support

Training (refresher course)

Monitoring and drug sales

Impact assessment

Newcastle Disease vaccination campaigns

Networking meetings between promoters

Establishment & monitoring of village pharmacies

2 VETERINARY MEDICINES

Revolving drug fund purchases

Involvement of commercial suppliers

3 AGRICULTURAL SERVICES

3.1 Agricultural promoters

Contacts with 10 selected communities

Selection of agricultural promoter candidates

Development of curriculum

Training

Purchasing materials for promoters / contact groups

Distribution of kits and materials

Monitoring of promoters / contact farmer activities

Monitoring of tree planting

Sale of replacement materials

Baseline survey / impact assessment3.2 Extension programme

Identification of villages

Development of extension material

Contacts with farmers / CFAs

Distribution of extension material

Implementation of agricultural extension

4 WORK WITH CFAS AND MARKETING

Monitoring of grants programme

Baseline survey / impact assessment

Definition of regulations, procedures, activities etc.

Advice and support on legalisation, negotiation skills

and advocacy with district governmentCo-ordination of marketing days

Publicising information on marketing days



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7. MONITORING AND EVALUATION:

7.1 Monitoring systems

Veterinary promoters The previous project has set up an intensive monitoring system for promoters which this project will alsoadopt. The promoters provide detailed information on their activities for epidemiological surveillancepurposes. Fortnightly visits by project staff will be set up during which the information will be collected andany problems discussed. Detailed data will be compiled in the project database, which will allow accurate

analysis of:• the numbers of livestock treatments per species, per type of treatment, per month, per district and per

promoter - each parameter separately or any combination of two or more of these parameters;• the quantities and types of veterinary drugs used by individual promoters, including the sales made since

the introduction of cost-recovery in March 2001;• the diagnostic and treatment mistakes made by the individual promoters (which are classified into “minor”

and “major” errors).

A robust system for the administration of the veterinary drug stock and the revolving fund is also already inplace which again will be used for this project. The access to the storeroom will be limited to two authorisedpersons, an inventory will be done fortnightly and sales strictly controlled. The extensionists making the salesin the field will be held accountable and any losses which cannot be satisfactorily explained will be deductedfrom their wages.

This information will be updated monthly and enable a precise quantification of the functioning of thepromoter network to be made. It will be compiled in project activity reports.

Much “informal” information will also be passed on by the promoters, via the extensionists. This participativelygained information can be very relevant, albeit qualitative. It tends to include sociocultural and indirectlyrelated issues such as the perceptions and priorities of family sector farmers and gender perspectives. Thiskind of information will be discussed in project meetings and will also be included in project reports.

Agricultural activities The tree planting programme will be monitored. Regular visits to the participating villages, inspection of theplots and discussion of any problems will be done on a regular basis. This is convenient from a practical pointof view as these villages will be focal points for the selection and training of agricultural promoters.

After training, support will be provided to the agricultural promoters much in analogy to the veterinarypromoters. While these promoters and the group of contact farmers will not be performing actions which arequantitatively verifiable (such as livestock treatments), a recording system for their activities will be devised.Two extensionists with motorbikes will be employed by the project to provide full-time support to theagricultural promoters, farmer groups and CFAs, performing fortnightly visits to all project sites. They will alsobe involved in the implementation of the agricultural extension programme. The agricultural extension co-ordinator will, aside from developing the programme, also perform regular monitoring visits in the field.Reporting will be on a monthly basis.

CFAs and marketing indicators The member lists of the CFAs have already been entered in the project database (see Annex 5) and thesewill be kept up-to-date. These lists also include information on the association’s objectives, administrativebody and contribution structure. The template will be expanded to incorporate the regulations and workingprocedures, activities and (eventually) the legal status.

The grants programme will be monitored, to ensure that the supported CFAs carry out the activities stipulated

by them in their grant applications.

The level of contact between CFAs and government departments and progress made with presenting thepriorities and issues of concern to the communities will also be monitored and evaluated.

7.2 Household level family sector food security baseline study

An assessment of the level of food security of households in the project area will be undertaken at the start ofthe project. This will serve as a reference for subsequent impact assessments (see 7.3 below). Householdfood security is a combination of having enough food for an active healthy life and the guaranteed access tothese food supplies throughout the year. This may be secured through a combination of factors includinghousehold food production / storage and earning income / having resources with which to buy food during



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lean times of the year or to supplement the nutritional content of the diet. This will be affected by access toresources / factors such as land, labour, employment, markets and decision making structures.

The baseline study will be conducted in all four districts included in the project area. About 60 families will beinterviewed from four villages per district, i.e. a total of 240 families in 16 villages. The key indicators whichwill be used to measure food security and the impact of the project will be discussed and agreed withparticipating villages/agencies however the following indicate which data is likely to be collected usingparticipatory techniques.

Aspects which may be studied include:• general data (family size and structure, employment and application of labour, level of income, access to

education and healthcare);• agricultural activities (cultivation techniques, types of crops cultivated, production systems, storage and

consumption of products, access to cultivable land);• livestock production (species raised, husbandry techniques, disease morbidity and mortality, use of animal

traction, consumption of livestock products);• income generating activities (income from formal labour, livestock production, marketing of agricultural

products and other income generating activities);• the resulting household level food security index (number of months in year with sufficient food, adequacy

of nutritional content and level of security of resources to secure this food).

As the project personnel will be engaged with the tasks described in 6.1, an external consultant will beemployed to perform this baseline study. Project personnel will however facilitate with contacts in the villages,

translations, etc. Use of the project’s resources in terms of office facilities and field transport will be made.

7.3 Impact assessment

The project’s progress can best be expressed in terms of the quantification of implementation indicatorsobtained through ongoing monitoring and evaluation such as described above in section 7.1. With theseprocedures in place, this will be objectively verifiable to a high degree. Thus progress can be continuouslymeasured during the project’s lifetime.

The measurement of the project’s impact should incorporate indicators which are more difficult to measuredirectly but which are equally meaningful for the livelihoods of the beneficiaries, such as increases in incomegenerated, improved food security and well-being, a higher level of knowledge and diffusion of thisknowledge, better community organisation, a stronger market for products, and other “spin-offs”. Theseimpacts take time to become manifest. An impact assessment will be performed and presented in February2003.

Regarding improvements in animal health, the following actions will be undertaken for an impact assessment:• interviews with veterinary promoters and livestock keepers which specifically address livelihood indicators;• a comparative survey of livestock health and production in areas with and without regular treatments by

promoters (including objective parameters such as tick burden, condition score etc.).

Regarding agricultural activities:• a baseline survey on agricultural production techniques, yields generated etc. will be done in the 10

selected villages before selection and training of agricultural promoters;• an evaluation of results obtained by promoters and contact group farmers (yields, income generated) will

be made after the first harvest.

Regarding CFAs:•

a baseline survey of sales of agricultural products and market mechanisms will be performed before andafter the planned interventions of strengthening the rural markets;• a baseline survey of level of confidence in working with district and provincial government and level of

interaction and on what issues will be carried out at the start of the project;• interviews will be done with randomly selected members of different CFAs towards the end of the project

to measure progress on these above issues.

Regarding food security:• the baseline household food security survey will be compared with a final measurement of household

level food security, using a combination of factors making up a food security index as outlined in section7.2.

Once again, an external consultant will be employed to perform this impact assessment (preferably the same



18

person who undertook the baseline study). Project personnel will facilitate with contacts in the villages,translations, etc. Use of the project’s resources in terms of office facilities and field transport will be made.

The results of these baseline surveys, comparative survey and interviews will be compiled and presented in areport, at the end of this project. In combination with the implementation indicators generated by monitoringand evaluation, a detailed description of the project’s impact can be made.



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8. BUDGET:

The total project summary budget will be presented first, with the summary budget of the VETAID component(including details on the local contribution and requested funding from other agencies) following.

8.1 Total project summary budget The total project budget is broken down into a VETAID component and a CEDES component. CEDES areapproaching CAFOD for funding and decisions are expected in early 2002. The currency of the budgets isUSD. Both organisations will make a local contribution.

Code Items Unit No. of Cost/unit Total VETAID CEDES

units Component Component

Agricultural inputs

A1 implements and materials various 1 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00Veterinary medicines / materials

A2 veterinary medicines and materials various 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Sum A SUPPLIES / MATERIALS 20,000.00 5,000.00 15,000.00

Office costs

B1 office costs Chókwè month 12 800.00 9,600.00 4,800.00 4,800.00

B2 computer (inc. modem) item 3 2,500.00 7,500.00 2,500.00 5,000.00

B3 printer item 2 350.00 700.00 350.00 350.00

B4 laptop computer item 1 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00

B5 digital camera item 1 500.00 500.00 500.00

B6 scanner item 1 175.00 175.00 175.00

B7 photocopier / printer / fax item 1 3000.00 3000.00 3,000.00Sum B NON-PERSONNEL 23,975.00 10,650.00 13,325.00

In country expatriate

C1 VETAID country programme coordinator man/month 3 4,000.00 12,000.00 12,000.00

C2 VETAID team leader / veterinarian man/month 12 3,500.00 42,000.00 42,000.00

In country locally engaged

C3 CEDES general director man/month 3 2,500.00 7,500.00 7,500.00

C4 CEDES team leader man/month 12 1,500.00 18,000.00 18,000.00

C5 VETAID revolving fund administrator man/month 12 600.00 7,200.00 7,200.00

C6 VETAID veterinary technician man/month 12 500.00 6,000.00 6,000.00

C7 VETAID trainer/ community co-ordinator man/month 12 600.00 7,200.00 7,200.00

C8 CEDES trainer / community co-ordinator man/month 12 600.00 7,200.00 7,200.00

C9 VETAID & CEDES extensionists (7) man/month 84 325.00 27,300.00 15,600.00 11,700.00

C10 accountant / administrators (2) man/month 24 600.00 14,400.00 7,200.00 7,200.00

C11 logistician man/month 12 325.00 3,900.00 3,900.00

C12 driver / mechanic man/month 12 325.00 3,900.00 3,900.00

C13 guards (4) man/month 48 75.00 3,600.00 3,600.00C14 health cost local staff 5.3% of salary - 5,628.60 2,289.60 3,339.00

Sum C PERSONNEL 165,828.60 99,489.60 66,339.00

Vehicles

D1 vehicles 4x4 item 3 25,000.00 75,000.00 25,000.00 50,000.00

D2 vehicles 2x4 item 1 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00

D3 motor cycles item 7 5,000.00 35,000.00 20,000.00 15,000.00

D4 vehicle running costs month 12 3,750.00 45,000.00 18,000.00 27,000.00

D5 vehicle insurance year 1 5,750.00 5,750.00 2,000.00 3,750.00

D6 vehicle maintenance month 12 1,150.00 13,800.00 4,800.00 9,000.00

Training and extension

D7 training materials various 1 4,000.00 4,000.00 2,000.00 2,000.00

D8 training of promoters course 7 1,000.00 7,000.00 4,000.00 3,000.00

D9 extension to farmers programme 1 3,000.00 3,000.00 3,000.00

D10 support to farmers' associations various 1 15,000.00 10,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Sum D PERSONNEL SUPPORT 213,550.00 80,800.00 132,750.00E1 food security baseline study study 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

E2 project impact assessment study 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Sum E MONITORING / EVALUATION 10,000.00 10,000.00

Sum F ADMINISTRATION (6%) 26,001.22 12,356.38 13,644.84

Sum G BUDGET TOTAL 459,354.82 218,295.98 241,058.84

Sum H CONTRIBUTION FROM VETAID 53,901.00

Sum J CONTRIBUTION FROM CEDES 48,415.50

Sum K TOTAL REQUESTED 357,038.32 164,394.98 192,643.34

The local contributions from VETAID and CEDES will be in kind.



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8.2 Summary budget VETAID (including local contribution)

An application for financing (for STG 65,000) has been submitted to Jersey Overseas Aid. The total budgetrequired can then be broken down into:• a VETAID contribution;• a SCIAF contribution;• a JOA contribution.

A proportional allocation of the requested SCIAF and JOA contributions has been made. The budget is in

USD. The exchange rate for $ to £ is $1.4251 = £1 and so the SCIAF request total is for £48,289.34.

Code Items Unit No.of

Cost/unit Total VETAID SCIAF JOA

units $ $ Contribut'n $ Contribut'n $ Contribut'n $

Veterinary medicines / materials

A1 veterinary medicines and materials various 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 1,904.76 3,095.24

Sum A SUPPLIES / MATERIALS 5,000.00 1,904.76 3,095.24

Office costs

B1 office costs Chókwè month 12 400.00 4,800.00 1,828.57 2,971.43

B2 computer (inc. modem) item 1 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00

B3 printer item 1 350.00 350.00 350.00

B4 laptop computer item 1 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00

B5 digital camera item 1 500.00 500.00 500.00

Sum B NON-PERSONNEL 10,650.00 5,850.00 1,828.57 2,971.43

In country expatriate

C1 VETAID country programmecoordinator

man/month 3 4,000.00 12,000.00 4,571.436 7,428.57

C2 project team leader / veterinarian man/month 12 3,500.00 42,000.00 16,000.00 26,000.00

In country locally engaged

C3 accountant / administrator man/month 12 600.00 7,200.00 2,742.86 4,457.14

C4 revolving drug fund administrator man/month 12 600.00 7,200.00 2,742.86 4,457.14

C5 veterinary technician man/month 12 500.00 6,000.00 2,285.71 3,714.29

C6 trainer / community co-ordinator man/month 12 600.00 7,200.00 2,742.86 4,457.14

C7 veterinary extensionists (4) man/month 48 325.00 15,600.00 5,942.86 9,657.14

C8 health cost local staff 5.3% of

salary

2,289.60 872.23 1,417.37

Sum C PERSONNEL 99,489.60 37,900.82 61,588.79

Vehicles

D1 vehicles 4x4 item 1 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00

D2 motor cycles item 4 5,000.00 20,000.00 20,000.00

D3 vehicle running costs month 12 1,500.00 18,000.00 6,857.14 11,142.86

D4 vehicle insurance year 1 2,000.00 2,000.00 761.90 1,238.10

D5 vehicle maintenance month 12 400.00 4,800.00 1,828.57 2,971.43

Training and extension

D6 training materials various 1 2,000.00 2,000.00 761.90 1,238.10

D7 training of promoters course 4 1,000.00 4,000.00 1,523.81 2,476.19

D8 support to farmers' associations various 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 1,904.76 3,095.24

Sum D PERSONNEL SUPPORT 80,800.00 45,000.00 13,638.08 22,161.92

E1 food security baseline study study 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

E2 project impact assessment study 1 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Sum E MONITORING / EVALUATION 10,000.00 10,000.00

Sum F ADMINISTRATION (6%) 12,356.38 3,051.00 3,544.91 5,760.47

Sum G BUDGET TOTAL 218,295.98

Sum H CONTRIBUTION FROM VETAID 53,901.00

Sum J REQUESTED FUNDS FROM SCIAF $ 68,817.14 95,547.84

Sum K REQUESTED FUNDS FROM JOA $

Sum L TOTAL REQUESTED $ 164,394.98



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9. OTHER COMMENTS:

9.1 Risks

The following risks may be identified:• weak financial capacity for paying for services: little cash circulates in remote rural areas. As payment for

services is a prerequisite, this may adversely affect cost recovery. However the experience during theprevious project has shown that there is a demand for these services and people have been willing to pay;

• lack of interest from commercial suppliers: the potential of sales to the family sector may be considered

insufficient to justify investing in (see previous point). Logistical constraints of distribution could furtherexacerbate this. The project will put significant effort into showing the level of demand there already is andhelp initially with logistical constraints;

• high prices of products: the products stocked by the project are sold at the Maputo cost price; these arehigh, and in some cases could prohibit sales to beneficiaries – with more local distribution and salesthrough commercial suppliers these costs may come down;

• lack of coordination within CFAs: this would reduce their effectiveness. To date the contacts with CFAshave been positive and progress has been made with developing working procedures;

• low education level of beneficiaries: this may limit the introduction of new techniques though with carefulconsideration of the methods of provision of information including demonstrations and open days will help.

9.2 Assumptions

Assumptions at the level of the "goal level" of the project are:

• continued stability in the country;• favourable political, agricultural and livestock strategies;• potential for the development of rural markets;• potential for privatisation / commercialisation of agricultural and veterinary services.

On the level of the project, the following assumptions are made to obtain the results:• staff present from the start of the project;• collaboration with agricultural and livestock services at provincial and district levels;• farmer willingness to pay, i.e. ability to assess the benefits of payment for services;• interest for the development of activities from commercial sector;• support from communities, i.e. trained promoters willing to continue their activities, farmers willing to

participate and to be trained, and village communities prepared to organise and collaborate within CFAs.

9.3 Continuity

The involvement of CEDES will contribute to the sustainability of the project. CEDES are committed to long-term activities in the project area; they are interested in strengthening the agricultural activities within theirprojects. They already have grass-roots community organisations in Massingir District; this project will givethem the opportunity to develop similar networks in the other three target districts. As the donor-fundedequipment of the previous projects are to be ceded to CEDES, they also have availability of the materials andfacilities required to continue this work.

VETAID, too, have shown a long-term commitment to the implementation of project activities in the targetarea. During the running time of this project, a proposal will be submitted to the EC Food Security Unit forfinancing of an additional 3 years’ activities in the current project area.

The network of veterinary promoters has been supported for 3 years in some areas. While it is not self-sustaining yet, progress is being made in terms of increased networking between promoters and links with

government departments and commercial suppliers will be intensified during the life of this project. Theprovision of animal health services has led, via acceptance of payment for promoter services, to a demandfor these services. Increased involvement of CFAs and the development of a commercial veterinary drugssupply system will consolidate the achievements made to date. The concurrent development of agriculturalactivities, for which there is an equally high demand, will complement these activities. The resultingimprovement in agricultural production will be an incentive for those involved to continue after the project hasconcluded; experience has shown that this is the most effective motivation for continued activities.



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9.4 Other relevant information

Annex 1. Map of target areaAnnex 2. Log frameAnnex 3. Organogram of project structureAnnex 4. List of veterinary promotersAnnex 5. List of Community Farmers’ Associations (CFAs)



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ANNEX 1. MAP OF PROJECT AREA



24

ANNEX 2. LOG FRAME

DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLEINDICATORS

MEANS OF VERIFICATION ASSUMPTIONS

GOAL:To sustainably improve foodsecurity and rural livelihoods ofcommunities affected by thefloods of 2000.

improved livestock productivity;higher agricultural yields;increased income generationthrough product marketing

project reports; SDP / SPPreports; food security baselinestudy; impact assessmentstudy

participation of communities(including direct beneficiaries);support from commercial sector

OUTPUTS:1. Improved family sector

livestock health andproduction

2. Improved marketing andsupply mechanisms ofveterinary medicines andmaterials

3. Further developed familyincome from agriculturalactivities

4. Stimulated community self-help, advocacy with district

government and marketingof agricultural products

60 promoters performing circa6,000 treatments per month,assisting up to 3,000 families;veterinary promotersperforming vaccinationsreduced morbidity and mortalitydue to disease; higherreproductive rates

increased availability andaffordability of veterinarysupplies at district level

10 agricultural promoterstrained, up to 300 contactfarmers in groups, 150 - 200farming families to adoptpractices; CFAs involved inimplementation; increaseddiversity of crops; higher yields;increased area cultivated

30 CFAs have stronger

structures and links with districtgovernment; established formalrural markets; establishedtrading links with city-basedbuyers;established radio broadcastsand other advertising

monitoring database; foodsecurity baseline study andimpact assessment study;regular field visits and projectreports; training manuals andsupplementary materials

project reports; revolving drugfund and drug stocksadministration; monitoringdatabase; vaccinationcampaign reports; pricecatalogues of commercial

suppliers

food security baseline studyand impact assessment study;project reports; field monitoringvisits; training reports; revolvingfund records and stock records

Project reports; food security

baseline study and impactassessment study; field visitreports; local media monitoring

continued activities ofpromoters at village level;willingness and capacity to payfor veterinary promoterservices; receptiveness offarmers to new methods;participation of promoters;acceptance of vaccination andwillingness to pay bycommunities

sufficient interest amongcommercial suppliers;promoters continue to buy theproducts; promoters willing tobuy from commercial suppliers;

increased competition will leadto more reasonable pricing;sufficient incentive andadministrative capacity withinCFAs

active co-operation ofagricultural promoters, contactgroup farmers and CFAs;receptiveness of farmers andwillingness to implement newideas

co-operation from all CFAs;

effective dissemination ofinformation and willingness offarmers to attend and sell atmarkets; willingness of citybuyers to attend rural markets

ACTIVITIES:

Output 1

1. Provide refresher training to60 promoters

2. Set up fortnightlymonitoring visits topromoters and carry outdrugs sales

3. Liaise with promoters onvaccination campaigns

4. Support networkingmeetings

5. Establish and monitorvillage pharmacies

6. Carry out baseline andimpact assessments



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Output 2

1. Set up and support thedevelopment of revolvingdrug funds

2. Liaise between commercialdrugs suppliers,government and promoters

3. Identify cheapest sourcesand encouragecompetitiveness betweencommercial suppliers

4. Sell drugs to promoters andCFAs

Output 3

1. Contact 10 selectedcommunities and agreeselection criteria foragricultural promotercandidates

2. Develop curriculum andprovide training and starterkits to agriculturalpromoters

3. Introduce improvedcultivation techniques,including animal traction,through promoters

4. Support and monitorpromoters and contactfarmers, including treeplanting work

5. Sell agricultural inputs andequipment to promotersand contact farmers

6. Identify villages forextension programme andmake contact with CFAs

7. Develop extension material

8. Carry out extensionsessions and distributeextension material

9. Carry out impactassessment to comparewith baseline study

Output 41. Capacity strengthening ofCFAs through developingtheir regulations and legalstatus, procedures,workplans

2. Support CFA throughtraining on negotiationsskills/liaison with districtgovernment and provideadvocacy support

3. Monitor grants programme

4. Carry out baseline andimpact assessment survey

5. Develop inter-CFAcoordination to developsystem for markets, fix

dates and venues formarkets

6. Develop and disseminateinformation on marketsthrough media such asradio and other advertisingas well as through directcontacts with city-basedbuyers



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ANNEX 4. LIST OF VETERINARY PROMOTERS

District Village Name SurnameChokwe 25 de Setembro Goncalves Boavida Cuinica

Bombofo Vasco Arone Chauque

Chalacuane Alson Joaquim Cossa

Chalacuane David Vicente Mathe

Chate Carlos Vicente MuchangaChilembene Amaral Nicolau Mucavel

Chilembene Francisco Paulo Tivane

Chilembene Gabriel Ernesto Sibinde

Hokwe Rafael Paulo Chambal

Lionde Lucas Fenias Mutombene

Malhazene Cardoso Raul Macaringue

Manjangue Domingo Jossias Sitoe

Marrambajane Jacinto Abel Chivite

Massavasse Filipe Chauque

Matuba Tomas Fabio Maibaze

Muianga Agostinho Fernando Cossa

Muianga Alexandre Manuel Tivane

Nwachicoluane Henrique Chongo

Muzumuia Lucrencia Fabio Mula

Punguine Jacinto Augusto NgoveneGuijá Beniningo Antonio Eduardo MatusseChibabel Gloria Sebastiano Marsanganhe

Chibembe Otiniel Chiluanhane Chauque

Chivonguene Bernardo Chambal

Donga Francisco Valente Massingue

Dzindzine Rafael Jose Chirrindza

Guija Caudido Efraim Zita

Mubanguene Samuel Angelo Chivoze

Nalaze Castelo Francisco Maluleque

Sifo Ananias Fernando TivaneSifo Samuel Inez Dimande

Mabalane Chimangue Jeronimo Armando MbombiCombomune-rio Mario Nguluve

Combomune-rio Paulo Andre Ngovene

Combomune-sede Jorboamo Salomao Baloi

Covela Armando Chidzinga

Fucue Abner Jose Simango

Jasse Mauricio Jiquissene Tivane

Mabalane sede Paulo Francisco Chauke

Mabalane-sede Frazao Samuel Baloi

Mabalane-sede Joao Ussene Lapis

Mabalane-sede Pedro Xadregue Django

Mabomo Feliciano Machaul

Mabomo Pedro Gawane Valoi

Matize Antonio Fenias Chongo

Matize Regina Duzenta Tivane

Muginge Aurelio Joao Sitoe

Nhone Rui Armando ChidzingaTsocate Severino Alfredo Chirindza

Massingir Chibutane Fracao Ngulele

Chinhaganine Draivo Jonas NgoveneCanhane Ernesto Fenias Zitha

Macaringue Domingos Zefanias Tui

Madingane David Zefanias Manjaze

Makhavene Fenias Fabiao Mongoe

Mavodze Filomon Almeida Machaule

Mavodze Jaime Jeremias Mathe

Mavodze Albino Piosse Valoi

Mucatine Estevao Vicente Sitoe



ANNEX 5. LIST OF COMMUNITY FARMERS’ ASSOCIATIONS (CFAS)

District Village Total membersGuijá Chibabel 15

Bemingo 41Nalazi 63Pandzane 257 de Abril 26Songuene 20Maguigane 91Tomanine 45Total 326

Chókwè Bombofo 49Chalacuane 74Chidwachine 44Chiguidela 57Manhanguene 91Matuba 44Hokwe 64Xilembene 51

Malhazane 50Changulene 45Nwachicoluane 80Muianga 160Total 809

Mabalane Fucue 49Jasse 16Nhone 32Zone 8 10Matidze 50Combumune Rio 11Total 168

Massingir Chinanhgane 13

Chibotane 27Madingane 10Canhane 62Makhavene 18Mucatine 32Total 162

Grand total 1615

SCIAF Proposal

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