FACULTY OF HUMANITIESSCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

POLITICS

COURSE UNIT OUTLINE 2015/16

POLI 31032 Children, the Family and Social JusticeSemester: 1Credits: 20

Lecturer(s): Dr Liam ShieldsRoom: 4.063 Arthur Lewis Building Telephone: Email: liam.shields@manchester.ac.ukOffice Hours: contact via email to arrange hours

Lectures: Thursday 1-3pm Mansfield Cooper G 22

Tutorials: Monday, following the lecture,

TU1: 10-11 Zochronis B 25

TU2: 11-12 Roscoe 2.4

TU3: 12-1 Roscoe 2.4

Mode of assessment: Two 3,000 word assessed essays (45% each) and participation (10%)

Reading Week: 2nd – 6th November 2015

Administrators: Julie Tierney, julie.tierney@manchester.ac.uk 0161 306 6906

Chantel Riley, chantel.riley@manchester.ac.uk 0161 275 2499

UG Office G.001 Arthur Lewis Building

***IMPORTANT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ***

Essay 1: Due Monday Monday 16th November 2015Essay 2: Due Monday Monday 18th January 2016

Communication: Students must read their University e-mails regularly, as important information will be communicated in this way.

Examination period: 18.01.2016 - 29.01.2016Re-sit Examination period: 22.08.2016 - 02.09.2016

Children, the Family and Social Justice - POLI31032

The family is a profoundly influential political and social institution. How it is organized and regulated greatly effects the lives of adults who value the kinds of intimate relations it makes available and the lives of children, who are uniquely sensitive to the quality of their upbringing environment. That alternatives to the status quo may fare better or worse with respect to the values at stake renders the family susceptible to normative assessment. This course considers some of the key philosophical debates about the demands of social justice and their implications for the family and public policy. Among other things, we will discuss the moral demands that bear upon the decision to procreate and use procreative technology; we will discuss the moral demands that bear upon the determination of child custody, including discussion of children’s rights; and we will discuss the moral demands that apply to the family, including those that apply to what parents may do for their children and inequalities between partners.

Teaching: The course will be taught in several two-hour lecture, which are paired with weekly one-hour seminars. Lectures begin on October 1st 2015. Seminars begin the following Monday.

Schedule and Topics

NB: Lecture on 12th October will take place on Monday 4-6pm in University Place 5.212

1st October: Lecture One – intro and procreative rights5th October: Seminar One – procreative rights8th October: Lecture Two – procreative technology12th October: Seminar Two – procreative technology12th October: Lecture Three – children’s rights19th October: Seminar Three – children’s rights22nd October: Lecture Four – parents’ rights: genetics, gestational and intention26th October: Seminar Four – parents’ rights: genetics, gestation and intention29th October: Lecture Five – parental rights: interestsWeek commencing November 2nd: Reading Week9th November: Seminar Five: parental rights: intersts12th November: Lecture Six – sharing the costs of child-rearing16th November: Seminar Six – sharing the costs of child-rearing16th November: Essay 1 Due19th November: Lecture Seven – Parental Partiality: advantage23rd November: Seminar Seven – Parental Partiality: advantage 26th November: Lecture Eight – Parental partiality: comprehensive enrolment30th November: Seminar Eight – Parental partiality: comprehensive enrolment3rd December: Lecture Nine – Justice of the Family and Justice in the Family7th December: Seminar Nine – Justice of the Family and Justice in the Family10th December: Lecture Ten – summaryWeek Commencing 14th December - individual meetings with essay plan18th January: Essay 2 Due

Expectations and Assessment: Students are expected to have completed all the required reading prior to the seminars and should prepare answers to each week’s discussion questions, which they may be asked to read out in class.

The course will be assessed in three ways:1. A 3,000 word assessed essay (topics 1-4) to be submitted in time to allow for feedback

before second essay. (45%)2. A 3,000 word assessed essay (topics 5-9) to be submitted after the module concludes. (45%)

3. Seminar participation and contribution. (10%)

Students are encouraged to select their own essay question, but some suggestions are below.

1-4q What is the right to procreation? What if any conditions apply to its exercise?q What, if anything, is morally wrong with gamete donation?q Do children have a right to be loved?q Do arguments from gestation or genetics succeed in establishing the relevance of biology to parental

rights?5-9

q Do parental interests help explain why we need not allocate child-rearing rights to the best possible custodians?

q Are children public goods? What implications might the answer to this question have for how the costs of child-rearing should be shared?

q What limits, if any, does the value of the family impose on the realization of equality of opportunity?

q Do parents have the right to enrol their children in religious practices?q Does gender justice require an equal division of household labour?

General Reading: There is no textbook for this course. Students will be required to read from a wide range of academic journals and research monographs. Students wishing to get a general sense of the literature in this area and the key debates may consult the following resources suitable for beginners.

Online AcademicBrake, Elizabeth and Millum, Joseph, "Parenthood and Procreation", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2013/entries/parenthood/>.Archard, David William, "Children's Rights", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/rights-children/>.

Academic Books and Edited CollectionsArchard, David & Macleod, Colin (ed.s) 2002. The Moral and Political Status of Children. Oxford University Press.Archard, David and Benatar, David (ed.s). 2010. Procreation and Parenthood: the ethics of bearing and rearing children, Oxford University Press.Brennan, Samantha and Noggle, Robert (ed.s). 2006. Taking Responsibility for Children. Wilfrid Laurier University Press.Clayton, Matthew. Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing. Oxford University Press. 2006.

Journalistic PiecesAdam Grant, Raising a Moral Child <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/12/opinion/sunday/raising-a-moral-child.html?_r=0>James Bernard Murphy, In Defense of Being a Kid <http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704709304576124612242184274>Elizabeth Kolbert, The Case Against Kids: is procreation immoral? http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/books/2012/04/09/120409crbo_books_kolbert

Michael Sandel, The Case Against Perfection: https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/2004/04/sandel.htm

Weekly Readings: Readings are marked as required, when students are expected to have read them before the seminar discussion. They are marked recommended if they are relevant to the central issue discussed. Students are strongly encouraged to read and to write assessment pieces on the topics that they find most interesting. However, essay questions should be approved by the convenor. Further reading, provided for that purpose, is relevant to important issues that we may not get a chance to discuss in class but which you may wish to pursue in assessments.

1) Procreative RightsCreating another human being is a profound and momentous act and it should not surprise us that the decision to have a child calls for moral reflection. This week, we will examine the moral considerations that bear on the decision to procreate. In particular, we ask i) whether adults have a right to procreate and ii) whether we can wrong a child by bringing him or her into existence.

Required Reading Conly, Sarah. "The right to procreation: Merits and limits." American Philosophical Quarterly 42.2 (2005): 105-115.Elizabeth Harman, ‘Can We Harm and Benefit in Creating?’ Philosophical Perspectives 18 (2004): 89-113.

Recommended ReadingDavid Benatar, “The Limits of Reproductive Autonomy”, in Archard and Benatar ed.s Paul, Laurie, 2015, “What You Can't Expect When You're Expecting,” Res Philosophica, 92(2)Benatar, David, 1997, “Why it is Better Never to Come into Existence,” American Philosophical Quarterly, 34: 345–55.Mary Warnock Podcast on the right to have a baby: http://philosophybites.com/2008/05/mary-warnock-on.htmlJulian Savalescu Podcast on Design your babies: http://philosophybites.com/2012/04/julian-savulescu-on-designer-babies-.html

Further Reading

The Right to ProcreateYoung, Thomas, 2001, “Overconsumption and Procreation: Are they Morally Equivalent?,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 18(2): 183–192.Floyd, S. and D. Pomerantz, 1981, “Is there a Natural Right to Have Children?,” in Morality and Moral Controversies, John Arthur, (ed.), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Bayles, Michael D., 1979, “Limits to a Right to Procreate,” in O'Neill and Ruddick 1979, pp. 13–24.Brazier, Margaret, 1998, “Reproductive Rights: Feminism or Patriarchy?,” in Harris and Holm 1998, pp. 66–76.Cassidy, Lisa, 2006, “That Many of Us Should Not Parent,” Hypatia 21(4): 40–57.Harris, John, 1998, “Rights and Reproductive Choice,” in Harris and Holm 1998, pp. 5–37.Harris, John. "The right to found a family." Children, Parents, and Politics (1989).Warnock, Mary. Making babies: Is there a right to have children?. Oxford University Press, 2002.

Michelle Taylor-Sands. "Saviour siblings and collective family interests." Monash bioethics review 29.2 (2011): 12-1. Oxford University Press: 2002), Smilansky, Saul, 1995, “Is there a moral obligation to have children?,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 12(1): 41–53

Wrongful LifeFeinberg, Joel. "Wrongful life and the counterfactual element in harming." Social Philosophy and Policy 4.01 (1986): 145-178.Shiffrin, Seana Valentine, 1999, “Wrongful Life, Procreative Responsibility, and the Significance of Harm,” Legal Theory, 5(2): 117–148.McMahan, Jeff, 1998, “Wrongful Life: Paradoxes in the Morality of Causing People to Exist,” in J. Coleman and C. Morris, (eds.), Rational Commitment and Social Justice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons, ch. 16 Elizabeth Harman, ‘Can We Harm and Benefit in Creating?’ Philosophical Perspectives 18 (2004): 89-113.Gregory Kavka, ‘The Paradox of Future Individuals,’ Philosophy & Public Affairs 11 (1982): 93-112.Harman, E. (2009) ‘Critical Study: David Benatar, Better Never to Have Been’, Noûs, 43 (4), 776–785. Holtug, Nils, 2001, “On the Value of Coming into Existence,” The Journal of Ethics, 5: 361–84. Wasserman, David, 2005, “The Nonidentity Problem, Disability, and the Role Morality of Prospective Parents,” Ethics 116: 132–152. Woodward, James, 1986, “The Non-Identity Problem,” Ethics, 96: 804–831.

2) Procreative TechnologyNew reproductive technology enables us to make more decisions about the kind of children that develop and how they are to be born. Normative considerations bear upon the decisions about how to have a child and even once we have resolved to procreate. We will look at the normative problems raised by i) the permissibility of genetic selection, ii) gamete donation and iii) surrogacy.

The girl with three biological parents: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28986843

Required ReadingLiao, S. Matthew. "Selecting children: The ethics of reproductive genetic engineering." Philosophy Compass 3.5 (2008): 973-991. Satz, Debra, 1992, “Markets in Women's Reproductive Labor”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 21(2): 107–131.Benatar, David. "The unbearable lightness of bringing into being." Journal of Applied Philosophy 16.2 (1999): 173-180. [N.B. This is very short]

Recommended ReadingClayton, Matthew. "Individual autonomy and genetic choice." A companion to genethics (2002): 191-205. Savulescu, Julian. "Procreative beneficence: why we should select the best children." Bioethics 15.5‐6 (2001): 413-426. Anderson, Elizabeth, 1990, “Is Women's Labor a Commodity?,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 19: 71–92.

Further Reading

Gamete DonationBayne, T., 2003, “Gamete Donation and Parental Responsibility,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 20(3): 77–87.Prusak, Bernard G. Parental Obligations and Bioethics: The Duties of a Creator. Vol. 14. Routledge, 2013.Frith, Lucy. "Gamete donation and anonymity The ethical and legal debate." Human Reproduction 16.5 (2001): 818-824.Ferracioli, Luara. "On the Value of Intimacy in Procreation." Journal of Value Inquiry (forthcoming) <available online first>Page, Edgar, 1985, “Donation, Surrogacy, and Adoption,” Journal of Applied Philosophy.

Genetic SelectionSparrow, Robert. "Defending deaf culture: The case of cochlear implants*." Journal of Political Philosophy 13.2 (2005): 135-152Parker, Michael. "The best possible child." Journal of Medical Ethics 33.5 (2007): 279-283.Savulescu, J. and G. Kahane, 2009, “The Moral Obligation to Create Children with the Best Chance of the Best Life,” Bioethics 23(5): 274–290.Heyd, David, 2003, “Male or Female, We Will Create Them: The Ethics of Sex Selection for Non-Medical Reasons,” Ethical Perspectives, 10(3–4): 204–214.Vehmas, Simon, 2002, “Is It Wrong to Deliberately Conceive or Give Birth to a Child with Mental Retardation?,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 27(1): 47–63.Purdy, Laura. "Is preconception sex selection necessarily sexist?." Reproductive biomedicine online 15 (2007): 33-37. Purdy, Laura. "Prenatal testing and disability rights." Social theory and practice 27.4 (2001): 681-687.

SurrogacyArneson, Richard, 1992, “Commodification and Commercial Surrogacy,” Philosophy and Public Affairs, 21(2): 132–164. Dodds, Susan and Karen Jones, 1989a, “Surrogacy and Autonomy,” Bioethics, 3(1): 1–17. 1989b, Karen Jones, “Response to Purdy's ‘Surrogate Mothering’,” Bioethics, 3: 35–39.Oakley, Justin, 1992, “Altruistic Surrogacy and Informed Consent”, Bioethics, 6(4): 269–87.Purdy, Laura, 1989, “Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?,” Bioethics, 3(1): 18–34.

IVFDe Wispelaere, Jurgen, and Daniel Weinstock. "State Regulation and Assisted Reproduction: Balancing the Interests of Parents and Children." (2013). Burley, Justine. "The price of eggs: Who should bear the cost of fertility treatments." The Future of Human Reproduction: Ethics, Choice, and Regulation, ed. John Harris and Soren Holm 127 (1998): 49.

3) Children’s RightsAs human beings children are worthy of equal moral consideration. Many people believe that equal moral consideration entitles a person to certain rights to protect their choices. Such rights help us to explain why it is that you, and not I, can decide where you live, what meals you eat and what

religion, if any, you worship. However, young children are not general thought capable of making the kinds of choices that these rights are required to protect. This week we consider i) whether children can have rights, if so, ii) what they protect, and, in particular, iii) whether they can have a right to love.

Required Reading: Brighouse, Harry. "What rights (if any) do children have." The moral and political status of children (2002): 31-52, Liao, S. Matthew. "The Right of Children to Be Loved*." Journal of political philosophy 14.4 (2006): 420-440. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: http://www.unicef.org.uk/UNICEFs-Work/Our-mission/UN-Convention/

Recommended Reading: Griffin, J., 2002, ‘Do Children Have Rights?’ in The Moral and Political Status of Children: New Essays, D. Archard and C. Macleod (eds.),Oxford: Oxford University Press: 19–30. Dwyer, James G. The relationship rights of children. Cambridge University Press, 2011: AppendixBrennan, S., 2002, ‘Children's Choices or Children's Interests: Which do their Rights Protect?’ in The Moral and Political Status of Children: New Essays, D. Archard and C. Macleod (eds.),Oxford: Oxford University Press: 53–69. Archard, David William, "Children's Rights", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/rights-children/>.

Further Reading

Can Children have Rights?Schrag, Francis. "The child in the moral order." Philosophy 52.200 (1977): 167-177. Eekelaar, J., 1986, ‘The Emergence of Children's Rights’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 6: 161–182. O'Neill. O., 1988, ‘Children's Rights and Children's Lives’, Ethics, 98: 445–463. Steiner, H., 1998, ‘Working Rights’, in A Debate Over Rights, Philosophical Enquiries, M.H. Kramer, N. Simmonds and H. Steiner, Oxford: Clarendon Press: 235–301. Lundy, Laura. "United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Child Well-Being." Handbook of Child Well-Being. Springer Netherlands, 2014. 2439-2462. Haydon, Graham. "The ‘Right to Education’ and Compulsory Schooling*." Educational Philosophy and Theory 9.1 (1977): 1-15. Archard, David. Children: Rights and childhood. Routledge, 1993. Brennan, Samantha, and Robert Noggle. "The moral status of children: Children's rights, parents' rights, and family justice." Social Theory and Practice 23 (1997): 1-26.

Right to LoveCowden, Mhairi. "What’s love got to do with it? Why a child does not have a right to be loved." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 15.3 (2012): 325-345. Matthew Liao, S. "Why children need to be loved." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 15.3 (2012): 347-358. Cowden, Mhairi. "A need is not a right." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 15.3 (2012): 359-362.

Right to an Open FutureFeinberg, Joel. "The child’s right to an open future." in Whose Child? Parental Rights, Parental Authority and State Power, W. Aiken and H. LaFollette, H., Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Co.: 124–153. Mills, Claudia, 2003 ‘The Child's Right to an Open Future?’ Journal of Social Philosophy, 34(4) Winter: 499–509. Lotz, Mianna, 2006, “Feinberg, Mills, and the Child's Right to an Open Future,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 37(4): 537–551. Prusak, Bernard G. "Not Good Enough Parenting." Social Theory and Practice 34.2 (2008): 271-291.

What is a Child?Schapiro, Tamar, 1999, “What is a Child?” Ethics 109, 715–38. MacLeod C (2010) Primary good, capabilities and children. In: Brighouse H and Robeyns I (eds) Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 174–193.Brennan, Samantha. "The Intrinsic Goods of Childhood." Keynote address at conference on Children, Sport, and Physical Activity: Philosophical Dimensions, University of Western Ontario, London, ON. 2007.Gheaus, Anca. "The ‘intrinsic goods of childhood’ and the just society." < https://www.academia.edu/2453658/The_intrinsic_goods_of_childhood_and_the_just_society>

4) Parental Rights: Genetic, Gestational and Intentional Accounts: As a matter of fact most bearers of parental rights are biological parents, but technology, such as surrogacy and gamete donation, complicates this fact by enabling a variety of biological and other relations to children. This week we consider how these relations bear upon who gets to be a parent. In particular, we look at the significance of genetic, intentional and gestational relations.

Core Reading: Archard, David. "What's blood got to do with it? The significance of natural parenthood." Res Publica 1.1 (1995): 91-106, Gheaus, Anca. "The Right to Parent One's Biological Baby." Journal of Political Philosophy 20.4 (2012): 432-455,

Recommended Reading: Velleman, J. David. "Family history." Philosophical Papers 34.3 (2005): 357-378.Austin, Michael, 2004, “The Failure of Biological Accounts of Parenthood,” The Journal of Value Inquiry, 38: 499–510.Millum, 2010, “How Do We Acquire Parental Rights?” Social Theory and Practice, 36(1): 112–132. Haslanger, Sally, 2009, “Family, Ancestry and Self: What is the Moral Significance of Biological Ties?,” Adoption & Culture, 2(1).Elizabeth Brake “Willing Parents: A Voluntarist Account of Parental Role Obligations,” in Archard and Benatar 2010, pp. 151–177

Further Reading:

Genetic

Kolers, Avery and T. Bayne, 2001, ““Are You My Mommy?” On the Genetic Basis of Parenthood,” Journal of Applied Philosophy, 18(3): 273–85. Fuscaldo, Giulianna, 2006, “Genetic Ties: Are they Morally Binding?,” Bioethics, 20(2): 64–76. Neil Levy and Mianna Lotz, “Reproductive Cloning and a (Kind of) Genetic Fallacy,” Bioethics 19 (2005): 232–50. Hill, J. L., 1991, “What does it mean to be a ‘Parent’? The claims of biology as a basis for parental rights,” New York University Law Review, 66: 353–420.

GestationFeldman, S., 1992, “Multiple Biological Mothers: The Case for Gestation,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 23: 98–104. Nelson, James Lindemann, 1991, “Parental Obligations and the Ethics of Surrogacy: A Causal Perspective,” Public Affairs Quarterly, 5: 49–61.

IntentionalBayne, T., and A. Kolers, 2003, “Toward a Pluralistic Account of Parenthood,” Bioethics 17(3): 221–42. Van Zyl, Liezl, 2002, “Intentional Parenthood and the Nuclear Family,” Journal of Medical Humanities, 23: 107–18. Steinbock, Bonnie, 1988, “Surrogate Motherhood as Prenatal Adoption,” Law, Medicine, and Health Care, Volume 16. Shultz, M. M., 1990, “Reproductive Technology and Intent-based Parenthood: An Opportunity for Gender Neutrality,” Wisconsin Law Review, 297(2): 297–398.Prusak, Bernard, 2011a, “The Costs of Procreation,” Journal of Social Philosophy, 42/1: 61–75.

5) Parental Rights: Interest Based Accounts Any civilized society will deny abusive or neglectful parents custody of children. The child’s well-being and her interests are an important factor in determining who should rear her, but to what extent do these considerations matter? Do other considerations sometimes trump the interests of the child? This week we consider i) whether children should always be placed with the best parent and ii) if not, when and why merely adequate parents can be good enough. We also consider iii) whether a policy of parental licensing can be justified.

Core Reading: Vallentyne, Peter. "Rights and Duties of Childbearing." Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 11 (2002): 991, Brighouse, Harry, and Adam Swift. "Parents’ Rights and the Value of the Family." Ethics 117.1 (2006): 80-108.

Recommended Reading: Clayton, Matthew, Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing, OUP Ch. 2, Hannan, Sarah, and Richard Vernon. "Parental Rights: A role-based approach." Theory and Research in Education 6.2 (2008)LaFollette, Hugh, 1980, “Licensing Parents,” Philosophy & Public Affairs, 9(2): 183–97.Shoeman, Ferdinand, 1980, “Rights of Children, Rights of Parents and the Moral Basis of the Family,” Ethics, 91: 6–19.

Further Reading

Child-Centered

Dwyer, James. (2006) The Relationship Rights of Children. Cambridge University Press.Purdy, Laura Martha. In their best interest?: the case against equal rights for children. Cornell University Press, 1992 Hedman, Carl. "Three approaches to the problem of child abuse and neglect." Journal of social philosophy 31.3 (2000): 268-285.Archard, David. "Child abuse: parental rights and the interests of the child." Journal of applied philosophy 7.2 (1990): 183-194.

Dual-InterestSchrag, F. 1976. Justice and the Family. Inquiry 19: 193-208. Gheaus, Anca. "Is the Family Uniquely Valuable?." Ethics and Social Welfare 6.2 (2012): 120-131. Reed, Ryan. "Are the Kids Alright? Rawls, Adoption, and Gay Parents." Ethical theory and moral practice 16.5 (2013): 969-982 Kupfer, Joseph. "Can parents and children be friends?." American Philosophical Quarterly (1990): 15-26.Archard, David (2012). The Future of the Family. Ethics and Social Welfare 6 (2):132-142.

LiscensingDe Wispelaere, Jurgen, and Daniel Weinstock. "Licensing Parents to Protect Our Children?." Ethics and Social Welfare 6.2 (2012) Vopat, Mark. "Parent licensing and the protection of children." Taking Responsibility for Children (2007): 73-96. Frisch, Lawrence E. "On Licentious Licensing: A Reply to Hugh LaFollette." Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1982): 173-180. LaFollette, Hugh. "Licensing parents revisited." Journal of Applied Philosophy 27.4 (2010): 327-343.LaFollette, Hugh. "A reply to Frisch." Philosophy & Public Affairs (1982): 181-183.

6) Sharing the Costs of Child-RearingMany parents deliberately chose to have children knowing that they are expensive to care for. So why, then, should parents receive state subsidy for their activities while others who deliberately chose to avoid having children, perhaps because they are expensive, do not receive subsidies for their pet projects? This week we consider who should pay for the costs of child-rearing. In particular, we look at arguments for sharing the costs between parents and non-parents, restricting the costs to parents alone, and to imposing the costs of the children themselves.

Core Reading Tomlin, Patrick. "Should Kids Pay Their Own Way?." Political Studies (2014). Folbre, Nancy. "Children as public goods." The American Economic Review 84.2 (1994): 86-90

Recommended: Casal, P. and Williams, A. (1995) ‘Rights, Equality and Procreation’, Analyse and Kritik, 17 (1), 93–116. Olsaretti, Serena. "Children as Public Goods?." Philosophy & Public Affairs 41.3 (2013): 226-258,Clayton, Justice and Legitimacy in Upbringing. Chapter 2, esp. p. 61-86.George, R. (1987) ‘Who Should Bear the Costs of Children?’, Public Affairs Quarterly, 1 (1), 1–42.

Further:

Bou-Habib, P. (2013) ‘Parental Subsidies: The Argument from Insurance’, Politics, Philosophy and Economics, 12 (2), 197–216. Vallentyne, P. (2002) ‘Equality and the Duties of Procreators’, in D. Archard and C. M. McLeod (eds), The Moral and Political Status of Children. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 195–211. Casal, P. (1999) ‘Environmentalism, Procreation, and the Principle of Fairness’, Public Affairs Quarterly, 13 (4), 363–375. Casal, P. and Williams, A. (2004) ‘Equality of Resources and Procreative Justice’, in J. Burley (ed.), Dworkin and His Critics. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 150–169. George, R. (1994) ‘On the External Benefits of Children’, in D. T. Meyers , K. Kipnis and C. F. Murphy (eds), Kindred Matters: Rethinking the Philosophy of the Family. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 209–217. Serena Olsaretti, “Choice, Circumstances, and the Cost of Children,” in I. Carter, M. Kramer, and S. de Wijze (eds.), Hillel Steiner and the Anatomy of Justice (London: Routledge, 2009). Bou‐Habib, Paul, and Serena Olsaretti. "Equality, Autonomy, and the Price of Parenting." Journal of Social Philosophy 44.4 (2013): 420-438. Steiner, Hillel. "Silver spoons and golden genes: Talent differentials and distributive justice." In Archard and MacLeod ed.s, The Moral and Political Status of Children.Folbre, Nancy. Who pays for the kids?: gender and the structures of constraint. Routledge, 2004.Rakowski, Eric. "Who should pay for bad genes?." California law review (2002): 1345-1414.

Generally on Public GoodsKlosko, George. "The principle of fairness and political obligation." Ethics (1987): 353-362.Klosko, George. "Presumptive benefit, fairness, and political obligation." Philosophy & public affairs 16.3 (1987): 241-259.McDermott, Daniel. "Fair‐Play Obligations." Political Studies 52.2 (2004): 216-232.Parsons, Stephen D. "Fair‐Play Obligations: A Critical Note on Free Riding." Political Studies 53.3 (2005): 641-649.

7) Parental Partiality: Conferring AdvantageWhatever our responsibilities to children in general, parents have particular responsibilities to their own. It is widely held, for example, that parents can favour their own children in particular ways and this partiality is believed, by some, to be constitutive of the kind of love and intimacy, which makes the family a valuable social institution. This week we consider what if anything can ground that partiality and what its limits might be. In particular, we consider the ways that parental partiality can conflict with norms of equality of opportunity and we examine some ways of resolving this conflict.

Core Reading: Brighouse, Harry, and Adam Swift. "Legitimate parental partiality." Philosophy & Public Affairs 37.1 (2009): 43-80.Munoz-Darde, V., 1999. Is the family to be abolished then? Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 99, 37–56.

Recommended Reading: Reshef, Yonathan. “Re-thinking the value of families” Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 16: 1, 130-150MacLeod, Colin. “Liberal Equality and the Affective Family” in Archard and MacLeod.Vallentyne, Peter, and Morry Lipson. "Equal opportunity and the family." Public Affairs Quarterly (1989): 27-45.

Miller, D. 2009. Equality of opportunity and the family. In: D. Satz and R. Reich, eds. Toward a humanist justice: the political philosophy of Susan Moller Okin. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Further

InheritanceSwift, A., 2005. Justice, luck, and the family: the intergenerational transmission of economic advantage from a normative perspective. In: S. Bowles, H. Gintis and M. Osborne-Groves, eds. Unequal chances: family background and economic success. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 265–275 White, S. What (If Anything) is Wrong With Inheritance Tax? Political Quarterly 79: 162-71 Clayton, Matthew. "Equal inheritance." Inherited Wealth, Justice and Equality 165 (2012): 98.

School ChoiceMacleod, Colin M. "The puzzle of parental partiality Reflections on How Not to Be a Hypocrite: School Choice for the Morally Perplexed Parent." Theory and Research in Education 2.3 (2004): 309-321.Brighouse, H. 'Putting Educational Equality in its Place' Education Finance and Policy 3(4) October 2008. Anderson, E. 2007. Fair Opportunity in Education: A Democratic Equality Perspective. Ethics 117: 595-622. Anderson, E., ‘Rethinking Equality of Opportunity: Comment on Adam Swift’s How Not to Be a Hypocrite’, Theory and Research in Education, 2 (2004), 323-342. Brighouse, Harry. "What's wrong with privatizing schools?." Journal of Philosophy of Education 38.4 (2004): 617-631. Brighouse, H., School Choice and Social Justice (Oxford University Press, 2000) Clayton, Matthew, and David Stevens. "School choice and the burdens of justice." Theory and Research in Education 2.2 (2004): 111-126 Reich, Rob, “Common Schooling and Educational Choice as a Response to Pluralism,” in School Choice Policies and Outcomes: Philosophical and Empirical Perspectives on Limits to Choice in Liberal Democracies, Walter Feinberg and Christopher Lubienski, eds. (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2008).

Bedtime Stories etc.Segall, S., 2010. If you’re a luck-egalitarian, how come you read bedtime stories to your children? Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 14, 23–40.Lazenby, H. 2010. One Kiss Too Many? Giving, Luck Egalitarianism and Other-affecting Choice. Journal of Political Philosophy 18: 271-86. Mason, Andrew. "Putting story‐reading to bed: a reply to Segall." Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 14.1 (2011): 81-88. Friedman, Milton, and Rose Friedman. Free to choose: A personal statement. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1990. See Ch. 6. Swift, A. “How Not to Be a Hypocrite: School Choice for the Morally Perplexed Parent”, 2003, Routledge.

Equal Opportunity in GeneralWilliams, Bernard (1962) "The Idea of Equality" in Philosophy, Politics and Society 2nd series ed. P. Laslett and W.G. Runciman. (Oxford: Blackwell)Westen, Peter. "The concept of equal opportunity." Ethics (1985): 837-850

Miller, David. "Two Cheers for Meritocracy*." Journal of Political Philosophy 4, no. 4 (1996):Segall, Shlomi. "Should the best qualified be appointed?" Journal of Moral Philosophy 9, no. 1 (2012): 31-54Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Revised version. Belknap (1999): 63-64, 73-78, 263-278, Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: a restatement. Belknap (2001). 43-44 and 163-166Cohen, Gerald A. "On the currency of egalitarian justice." Ethics (1989): 906-944.

Partiality in General: Nagel, Thomas (1995). Equality and Partiality.Niko Kolodny (2010). Which Relationships Justify Partiality? The Case of Parents and Children. Philosophy and Public Affairs 38 (1):37-75Cordelli, Chiara. "Distributive Justice and the Problem of Friendship." Political Studies (2014).

8) Parental Influence: Comprehensive EnrolmentMany parents share their religious, moral and philosophical views with their children who often take up those beliefs and practices as adults. We might think that sharing such beliefs and practices is as much a part of the valuable relationship between parent and child as is partially benefitting one’s children. However, children are uniquely vulnerable to their environment have independent moral standing and so parental influence can be problematic. We consider the grounds and limits to parental rights and child’s autonomy, which help to explain whether and why some forms of parental influence are wrongful and others are not, from supporting a football team to vegetarianism and religion.

Core Reading: Clayton, Matthew. "Debate: The Case against the Comprehensive Enrolment of Children." Journal of Political Philosophy 20.3 (2012): 353-364. Callan, E., 2002, ‘Autonomy, Child-Rearing, and Good Lives’, in The Moral and Political Status of Children: New Essays, D. Archard and C. Macleod (eds.), Oxford: Oxford University Press: 118–141.

Recommended Arneson, R. & Shapiro, I. 1996. Democratic Autonomy and Religious Liberty: A Critique of Wisconsin v. Yoder. in Hardin, R. & Shapiro, I. (ed.s). NOMOS XXXVIII: Political Order. New York University Press: 365-411.MacLeod, Colin M. "Conceptions of parental autonomy." Politics & Society 25.1 (1997): 117-140.Fowler, Timothy. "The status of child citizens." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 13.1 (2014): 93-113.

Further Noggle, Robert. "Special agents: children's autonomy and parental authority." (2002). Archard, D. 2002. Children, Multiculturalism and Education. in Archard, D. & MacLeod, C. (ed.s). The Moral and Political Status of Children. Oxford University Press: 142-60, Fowler, T. 2010. “The Problems of Liberal Neutrality in Upbringing” Res Publica 16 (4):367-381. Macleod, Colin. "Shaping Children’s Convictions." Theory and Research in Education 1.3 (2003): 315-330.Coleman, Joe. "Answering Susan: Liberalism, civic education, and the status of younger persons." Archard and MacLeod (2002).McLaughlin, T. H. "Religion, upbringing and liberal values: a rejoinder to Eamonn Callan." Journal of Philosophy of Education 19.1 (1985): 119-127.

Coleman, Joe, 2003, “School Choice, Diversity, and a Life of One's Own,” Theory and Research in Education, 1(1): 101–120. Burtt, Shelley. "Religious parents, secular schools: A liberal defense of an illiberal education." The Review of Politics 56.01 (1994): 51-70.Dwyer, James G. Religious schools v. children's rights. Cornell University Press, 2001. Brighouse, Harry. "Civic Education and Liberal Legitimacy." Ethics 108.4 (1998): 719-745.Fowler, Tim. "The limits of civic education: The divergent implications of political and comprehensive liberalism." Theory and Research in Education 9.1 (2011): 87-100. Morgan, Jeffrey. "Children’s rights and the parental authority to instill a specific value system." Essays in Philosophy 7.1 (2006): 10. Mullin, Amy. "Children, autonomy, and care." Journal of Social Philosophy 38.4 (2007): 536-553.Macedo, Stephen. "Liberal civic education and religious fundamentalism: The case of God v. John Rawls?." Ethics (1995): 468-496. Reidy, David A. "Education for citizenship in a pluralist liberal democracy." The Journal of Value Inquiry 30.1 (1996): 25-42. Gutmann, Amy. "Civic education and social diversity." Ethics (1995): 557-579. Callan, Eamonn. "Liberal Legitimacy, Justice, and Civic Education." Ethics 111.1 (2000): 141-155. Brock, Dan, 2005, “Shaping Future Children: Parental Rights and Societal Interests,” Journal of Political Philosophy, 13(4): 377–98.Stevens, David. "Creating Greener Citizens: Political Liberalism and a Robust Environmental Education." Studies in Philosophy and Education (2014): 1-18. Giesinger, Johannes. "Parental education and public reason: why comprehensive enrolment is justified." Theory and Research in Education 11.3 (2013): 269-279. Christina Cameron, ‘Clayton on comprehensive enrolment’, Journal of Political Philosophy, Jeffrey Morgan, ‘A critical review of Matthew Clayton: justice and legitimacy in upbringing’, Studies in Philosophy and Education, 28 (2009), 79–89. Stolzenberg, Nomi Maya. "" He Drew a Circle That Shut Me out": Assimilation, Indoctrination, and the Paradox of a Liberal Education." Harvard Law Review (1993): 581-667.

9) Justice in the FamilyExcessive state interference in the workings and organisation of the family may threaten its survival and its value. However, the family is also the locus of some of the most grievous and inequalities and injustices, such as child and domestic abuse. This week we consider how the demands of justice apply to the family. In doing so, we consider the demands of justice that apply to equality within the family, between partners, and consider how benefits and burdens within that relationship should be shared.

Core Reading Okin, S. M., ‘The Family: Gender and Justice’ (extracts from Justice, Gender and the Family), in M. Clayton & A. Williams (eds.), Social Justice. Blackwell.Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: a restatement. Belknap (2001): 167-168Munoz‐Dardé, Véronique. "Rawls, Justice in the Family and Justice of the Family." The philosophical quarterly 48.192 (1998): 335-352.

Recommended Cohen, Joshua. “Justice and Gender: Reflections on Susan Moller Okin”, in Satz, Debra, and Rob Reich. Toward a humanist justice: the political philosophy of Susan Moller Okin. (2009).Ingrid Robeyns (2007), “When Will Society Be Gender Just?” in Jude Browne, ed. The Future of Gender, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 54-74. 12(1): 1-19.

Anca Gheaus (2008), “Basic Income, Gender Justice and the Costs of Gender‐Symmetrical Lifestyles,” Basic Income Studies 3(3).

Further G. A. Cohen, Rescuing Justice and Equality, Ch. 3. John Rawls, The Basic Structure as Subject, The Philosophical Quarterly 48.192 (1998): 335-352, Cohen, Joshua. "Okin on Justice, Gender, and Family." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 22.2 (1992): 263-286. Ronzoni, Miriam. "What makes a basic structure just?." Res Publica 14.3 (2008): 203-218.Anne Phillips (2004), “Defending Equality of Outcome,” Journal of Political Philosophy Nancy Fraser (1994), “After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State,” Political Theory 22(4): 591-698. Anca Gheaus and Ingrid Robeyns (2011), “Equality-Promoting Parental Leave,” Journal of Social Philosophy 42(2): 173-91. Okin, Susan Moller. "Political liberalism, justice, and gender." Ethics (1994): 23-43. Arneson, Richard J. "Feminism and family justice." Public Affairs Quarterly (1997): 313-330. Susan Moller. "‘Forty acres and a mule’ for women: Rawls and feminism." Politics, Philosophy & Economics 4.2 (2005): 233-248. Okin, Susan Moller. "Justice and Gender: An Unfinished Debate." Fordham L. Rev. 72 (2003): 1537. Schouten, Gina. "Restricting Justice: Political Interventions in the Home and in the Market." Philosophy & Public Affairs 41.4 (2013): 357-388. Rethinking the Family Justice, Gender, and the Family. by Susan Moller Okin Review by: Will Kymlicka Philosophy & Public Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter, 1991), pp. 77-97Lina Eriksson and Robert E. Goodin (2007), “The Measuring Rod of Time: The Example of Swedish Day-Fines,” Journal of Applied Philosophy 24(2): 125-36 Sally Hasslanger (2000), “Gender and Race: (What) Are They? (What) Do We Want Them to Be?” Nous 34(1): 31-55. Brighouse Harry and Olin Wright Erik (2008), “Strong Gender Egalitarianism,” Politics and Society 36(3): 360-72. Aristotelian Society, 1999. Abbey, Ruth. "Back toward a Comprehensive Liberalism? Justice as Fairness, Gender, and Families." Political theory 35.1 (2007): 5-28. De Wijze, Stephen. "The Family and Political Justice–The Case for Political Liberalisms." The Journal of ethics 4.3 (2000): 257-282. Nussbaum, Martha. "Rawls's Political Liberalism. A Reassessment." Ratio Juris 24.1 (2011): 1-24. Baehr, Amy R. "Feminist politics and feminist pluralism: Can we do feminist political theory without theories of gender?." Journal of Political Philosophy 12.4 (2004): 411-436. Penrose, Brian. "Must the family be just?." Philosophical papers 29.3 (2000): 189-221. Chambers, Clare. "VII—The Marriage‐Free State." Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (Hardback). Vol. 113. No. 2pt2. 2013. Ingrid Robyens, Gender and the metric of justice’, in: H. Brighouse and I. Robeyns (eds.) Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 215-235. Okin, Susan Moller. "Justice and gender." Philosophy & Public Affairs (1987): 42-72. Okin, Susan Moller. "Gender, the Public and the Private." Feminism and politics (1998): 116-141. Young, Iris Marion. "Mothers, citizenship, and independence: A critique of pure family values." Ethics (1995): 535-556. Frazer, Elizabeth, and Nicola Lacey. "Politics and the public in Rawls' political liberalism." Political studies 43.2 (1995): 233-247.

Brake, Elizabeth. "Rawls and Feminism: What Should Feminists Make of Liberal Neutrality?." Journal of Moral Philosophy 1.3 (2004): 293-309.