School of Architecture, Building & DesignBachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

Building Services (ARC 2423)

Project 2Case Study, Documentation and Analysis of

Building Service Systems

Done by :

Chuah Chu Ying 0303269

Eleanor Ng Cui Shan 0302936 Elliot Kong Zen-Wie 0312656

Hong Si Mun 0312643

Khoo Chee Mei 0301246

Koik Pei Yi 0301246

Lee Pui Yee 0312847

Acknowledgement

We would like to extend our utmost gratitude towards the management of V Square (VSQ) in allowing us to expand our knowledge in building services present in a commercial building. Their approval and willingness to share crucial information in aiding our endeavor has helped us immensely in completing this report.

Our thanks and gratitude also extends especially towards the two staff members of VSQ management, Miss Hanisa and their technician Mr Firdaus. Their willingness to set aside their duties and partake in our investigation in the midst of their busy schedule is greatly appreciated. Without their help, our understanding of the building systems present in the building would not have been achieved with such speed and depth.

Lastly we extend our sincerest thanks towards our tutor -Mr Adib, for without his guidance and knowledge we would not have known what to investigate and which information would be deemed crucial in our report.

Abstract

The objective of this project is to develop an understanding of what building services are present in buildings and investigate how they function. Upon these comprehensions, we would attempt to analyze and derive towards a conclusion on whether the investigated systems require an alternative in order to function more effectively or whether the present system serves its function well enough.

The building we selected is given the name V Square (VSQ) and is located in section 14 of the Petaling Jaya district. The building houses the new Brickfields Asia College (BAC) campus and is also home to other commercial outlets as well as offices.

In our investigation, we would partake in the inquiry of the building’s electrical system, its fire protection system as well as its water supply system. We would also examine how the building deals with its sewerage system and also their mechanical transport system. Lastly we would also be conducting a study on the building’s air conditioning system in order to fully develop an understanding of the typical systems found in most buildings.

Contents

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Electrical System 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Overview of Electrical distribution system 2.2 power transmission 2.3 investigation 2.3.1 Schematic Diagram of Electrical flow of Brickfields Asia College (BAC) Building in V Square (VSQ) 2.3.2 Electrical system of Brickfields Asia College (BAC) Building 2.3.3 TNB Substation 2.3.4 Consumer HT Room 2.3.5 Consumer Transformer Room 2.3.6 Consumer Main Switchboard Room 2.3.7 Low voltage switch room 2.3.8 Consumer Generator Set Room 2.3.9 Ventilation in Generator Set Room 2.3.10 Electric Riser Room 2.4 Analysis

3.0 Air Conditioning System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Investigation 3.2.1 Location of the plant room 3.2.2 Introduction of VRV system 3.2.3 Advantages of using VRV system

Contents

3.2.4 Components of VRV system 3.2.5 The I-Manager Controller 3.2.6 Advantages of using I-Manager 3.2.7 Wired Remote controller 3.2.8 Multi Split Air-Conditioning 3.2.9 The inverter technologys of multi split air conditioning 3.2.10 Exhaust Fan 3.2.11 Advantages of using exhaust fan 3.3 Analysis

4.0 Mechanical transportation system 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Investigation 4.2.1 Gearless Traction Elevators 4.2.2 Components in the elevator 4.2.3 Standard Elevator 4.3 Analysis

5.0 Water Supply System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Gravity System 5.3 Pumping System 5.4 Combined gravity and pumping system 5.5 Investigation 5.5.1 Main water supply 5.6 Analysis

Contents

6.0 Sewerage System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Diagram of wastewater flow 6.3 Investigation 6.3.1 Sanitary 6.3.2 Kitchen 6.3.3 Biomatic grease interceptor 6.3.4 Stack system 6.3.5 Sanitary appliances 6.4 Analysis

7.0 Fire protection system 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature review 7.3 Passive Fire Protection System 7.4 Active Fire Protection System 7.5 Analysis

1.0 Introduction

V Square (VSQ), Petaling Jaya

V Square or otherwise known as VSQ is a commercial building erected upon a 2.6-acre leasehold land which is located within petaling jaya along jalan Utara (Section 14). The building has 4 major components featuring two blocks of corporate towers, a single block for corporate businesses and two blocks of corporate offices with retail spaces located on the lower levels.

The two corporate towers are 19 stories each and one of them houses the campus of malaysia’s renowned law college, Brickfields Asia College (BAC). The other corporate office block is made up of 7 stories and houses the VSQ management office. Another corresponding corporate business suite is 17 stories high and has various business tenants residing within.

The uniqueness of our chosen building is that all the essential building service systems is not housed in one single tower. Hence upon further investigation, it has prompted us to conduct a study across various segments of the premise due to its dispersed yet interconnecting building service systems located in various towers.

2.0 Electrical System

2.1 Introduction

Electric power system is a network of electric components used to supply, transmit and use electric power. This system provides an overview of electrical power distribution systems commonly encountered in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. This chapter of the report would be discussing the common system voltages used in electrical power distribution system and the connection of electrical loads and grounding.

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Electricity System

Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB), a public listed company registered under Companies Act 1965, is entitled with the following responsibilities: • To generate, transmit, distribute and sell energy to consumer throughout Peninsular Malaysia.

• To plan, install, operate and maintain electricity installation for the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

To achieve the above objectives, the company owns and operates power plants and the National Grid, all of which are installed for the purpose mentioned above. They also provide consumer service centers, call management centers, substations and administrative offices throughout Peninsular Malaysia. TNB’s core activities are in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity which are being handled by 3 Divisions: • Generation Division • Transmission Division • Distribution Division The transmission voltage networks are 500kV and 132kV, whilst distributions are 33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV and 415/240 volts.

2.1 .1 Overview of Electrical Distribution Systems According to the TNB Electricity Supply Application Handbook, the transmission voltage networks in Malaysia are 500kV, 275kV and 132kV, whilst the distribution voltages are 33kV, 11kV and 400/230 volts.

Indoor distribution consists of the TNB switching station, high voltage room, low voltage room, transformer room, and gen-set room.

Figure 1: Transmission of electricity from power plant to commercial consumer

2.2 Power Transmission

Electric power transmission is the main part of electrical energy , from generating power station to substations. Transmission lines carry electricity at high voltages over long distances from power plants to connect with each other. After that, electricity from transmission lines is reduced to lower voltages at substations, and distribution companies then bring the power to your home and workplace. Low Voltage i. Single-phase, two-wire, 240V, up to 12 kVA maximum demand ii. Three-phase, four-wire, 415V, up to 45 kVA maximum demand iii. Three-phase, four-wire, C.T. metered, 415V, up to 1,000 kVA

Medium Voltage & High Voltage i. Three-phase, three-wire and 11 kV for load of 1,000 kVA maximum demand and above. ii. Three-phase, three-wire, 22kV or 33kV for load of 5,000 kVA maximum demand and above iii. Three-phase, three-wire, 66kV, 132kV and 275kV for exceptionally large load of above 25 MVA maximum demands.

Transformer

Transformer is a device that transfers an alternating current from one circuit to one or more corresponding circuits, usually with an increase (step-up transformer) or decrease (step-down transformer) of voltage. The input current is fed to a primary winding, the output being taken from a secondary winding or windings inductively linked to the primary.

Figure 2: Transformer

Figure 3: Low Voltage Switch

Low Voltage Switch

The use of low voltage switch room is utilized in which all the incoming power supplies divide into separate circuits which is thenmanaged and safeguarded. The power will be divided into a number of functional units which covering all the electrical and mechanical constituents.

Genset

Gensets would normally will be installed in offices, commercial buildings, shopping mall and other large scaled buildings. This is because genset will automatic start to generate and supply emergency electric power when the main electrical distribution of electricity is distrupted.

Sub board and Distribution board

The use of sub board and distribution board are components of an electrical supply system which divides the electrical power into subsidiary circuits while provides a protective fuse for each circuit.

Figure 4: Genset

Figure 5: Sub board and Distribution board

Substation

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or vice versa. substations hold several important functions in order for the electrical system to be completed. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

An uninterruptible power supply is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power when the main power fails to provide electric. UPS been called as the emergency power system or standby generator because it helps in protecting some other important electrical equipment when an unexpected power disruption occurs.

Figure 6: Substation

Figure 7: Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

2.3 Investigation

2.3.1 Schematic Diagram of Electrical flow of Brickfields Asia College (BAC) Building in V Square (VSQ)

2.3.2 Electrical system of Brickfields Asia College (BAC) Building

TNB

Transformer(TX) 1

Transformer(TX)2

Main Switch

Board 1

Main Switch

Board 2

Main Switch

Board 3

Main Switch

Board 4

Block 2

Block 1

Block 3

Block 4

Block 5

Unit Common Area

NormalEssential

Generator

Normal

Figure 8: Consumer HT Room

The electricity distribution starts from the TNB Switch Gear Room, the TNB switchgear room transfers 11KV of electricity to the Consumer HT Room (Figure 9).

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

Figure 9: Consumer Transformer Room

Figure 10: Consumer Main Switchboard room

The Consumer HT Room will transfer the 11KV of electricity to the two Consumer Transformer Rooms (Figure 9) which are going to step down the 11KV of electricity to 415V & 240V

The 415V & 240V electricity is then transferred to the Consumer Main Switchboard in the same room. Then, from the transformer switchboard room, (Figure 10), the 415V & 240V will be transferred to the building and to other units.

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

11KV

Consumer HT room

Genset Room

Transformer(TX)

Main SwitchBoard(MSB)

415V & 240V

2.3.3 TNB Substation

Figure 11: TNB switchgear room

Figure 12: Consumer HT room

The TNB substation is the main power supply provider for the Brickfields Asia College (BAC) Building. Inside the TNB Switchgear Room (Figure 11), there is a transformer that supplies 11KV of electricity to the Consumer HT Room (Figure 12), which willthen be supplied to the whole building. Since this room is a TNB property (figure 13), entering this room is prohibited except for those who are authorized by the TNB Company is allowed inside this room. Hence, we did not manage to take any pictures of the transformer inside the room.

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

Figure 13: TNB Barricade

Figure 14: Consumer Transformer room

Figure 15: Consumer HT Device

2.3.4 Consumer HT Room

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

HT is the combination of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. The HT is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done as well as to clear faults downstream. The consumer HT device (Figure 15) receives 11KV of electricity from the TNB substation transformer, and then it will transfer the 11 KV of electricity to the consumer transformer room (Figure 14), which will step down the 11 KV of electricity to 415V & 240V to be transferred to the consumer main switchboard which is in the same room as the transformer.

Figure 16: Main Switchboard Room

Figure 17: Transformer

2.3.5 Consumer Transformer Room

A transformer is a device that changes or transforms alternating current of one voltage to an alternating current of another voltage (Figure 17). In this case, the transformer receives 11 KV of electricity from the consumer switchgear room and because it has to be transferred to the consumer main switchboard room, the amount of 11 KV of electricity is too huge to be transferred. Therefore, the transformer will convert the 11 KV of electricity to 415V & 240V by a process called “Step Down”. upon receiving 11KV of electricity from the consumer switch room, the transformer will step down the voltage and convert it to 415V & 240V. And the converted voltage will be transferred to the main switchboard room (Figure 16)

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

Figure 18: Consumer Transformer room

Figure 19: Electric Switchboard

2.3.6 Consumer Main Switchboard Room

A switchboard is large, free-standing assembly of switches and fuses (and/or circuit breakers), which normally provides switching and over current protection to a number of circuits connected to a single electric source. Metering and other instrumentation are also often included. The electric switchboard is a device that directs electricity from one source to another (Figure 19). After receiving 415V & 240V from the consumer transformer room (Figure 18). The switchboard will direct this voltage to the each of the appliances of the building respectively.

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

Figure 20

Figure 21

Figure 22

2.3.7 Low voltage switch room

Low Voltage plant receives 415v from transformers, after that it distributes the low voltage to sub board and distribution.(Figure 20)

The safety light indicator helps to indicate whether it is safe or dangerous to go inside the room, when the light becomes green, that means it is safe to go in. And when the light becomes red that means it’s dangerous to go in (Figure 21)

Rubber Mat acts as an insulator, which prevents electric shock when people stand too near to the voltage control machine. This mat is 4mm thick and may only be removed when the electricity supply is cut off (Figure 22)

Figure 23: Location of the consumer Genset room

Figure 24: The periodic maintenance scheldue

2.3.8 Consumer Generator Set Room

Consumer HT room

Transformer(TX)& Main SwitchBoard(MSB)Room

Genset Room

If there is no electric power supply from TNB station : • Generator set will generate electricity automatically using petrol from fuel tank in 5 seconds. • The electricity generated will transfer to low voltage (LV) room followed by sub-port and distribution board (DB) box.

Engineers will come half a year to check whether the generator set is working.

Figure 25: Generator Set

The generator set (Figure 25) acts as a backup power to the BAC building in case of fault error or power outage to the main power supply. This generator set functions exactly like a car engine; it requires battery, oil, radiator and even an exhaust pipe to extract the gas out. This generator can supply up to 650 KVA to the building

Macht Power Generator set Place of Origin: Malaysia Brand Name: MACHT Model Number: DS / DM 650 Output Type: AC Frequency: 50/60Hz Rated Power: 520kw/650kva-572kw/715kva Rated Voltage: 230/400V Rated Current: 122.4A-900A Cooling System: water-cooled Safety device: oil pressure gauge, water temp gauge, fuel level gauge Mounting system: anti-vibration mounting and non-skid steel base Fuel tank: 8hr fuel tank (optional) Auto starting system: auto start module (optional) Aspiration: turbo charges Safety control: circuit breaker protection Engine accessories: muffler, bellow, shock pad, toolbox, engine and alternator manuals.

Figure 26: Exhaust Pipe Figure 27: Outlet air throught exhaust pipe

Figure 28: Gen-Set Fuel Tank

Figure 29: Gen-Set Fuel Tank

2.3.9 Ventilation in Generator Set Room

- Exhaust piping and mufflers should be insulated. - Permit airflow across entire generator set from alternator end to radiator end - Louvers shall open immediately upon generator set start–up for emergency - Inlet should not be located near engine exhaust outlet.- Inlet and outlet should not be located on the same wall- Outlet should be located as high as possible and inlet should be located as low as possible, while maintaining fresh air flow across the entire set

Maintenance The diesel will be refilled once it is not full (based on the sight level indicator) for standby use.

Figure 31: Enlarged plan of the location of the electric riser room

Figure 30: Location of the electric riser room

2.3.10 Electric Riser Room

Electrical Riser

Electrical Riser

Figure 32: Junction

box

Figure 33: Electrical

Busway

Figure 34: Electrical

Meter

The electric riser room is a power control room, which can be found in every floor of this building. Each electric riser room in each floor controls all the electric appliances of the particular floor. The riser room contains distribution board, junction box, and a bus panel

The junction box (Figure 32) it is an integral part of a circuit protection system where circuit integrity has to be provided, as for emergency lighting or emergency power lines, or the wiring between a nuclear reactor and a control room. It is also functions as a connector to every floor and a distributor to the distribution box for each floor respectively.

Connected from the junction wall, the distribution box functions to divide the electrical power feed into subsidiary circuits, while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit. The distribution receives power from the junction box and distributes to the electrical appliances of the whole floor level through the electric conduit.

The Electrical Busway’s (Figure 33) function is to allow signals to be transferred between devices, the mixing of output signals from the devices or the distribution of input signals or power amongst the devices. The Busway is connected to a control room where they can check the performance of every electrical appliances of the floor level.

The Electric meter (Figure 34) is a device that measures the amount of electrical energy consumed by the building. Every month, the TNB will check how much electric this building had consumed by reading the reader on the electric meter. On the reader, the amount of electricity consumed will be shown and the TNB will issue a bill towards the building based on the amount of electricity consumed that is reflected on the re

2.4 Analysis

Brickfields Asia College (BAC) has its own TNB (Tenaga Nasi-onal Berhad) sub-station which distributes all the power that the building needs. Distribution cir-cuits are led from a transformer located in an electrical sub-station, where the voltage is reduced from the high values are used for power trans-mission.

To provide backup during a power supply cut off, the gener-ator will supply electrical power during a power cut and prevent discontinuity of daily activities and the disruption of business operations. An engine-generator is the combination of an electrical generator and an engine mounted together to form a single piece of equipment. Engine-generators are used to supply electrical power in places where utility power is not available, or where power is needed only temporarily.

Conclusion

Electric Power Supply: Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) Location No. Of TNB sub-station: 1 Ground Floor (Back and side of the building) No. Of Transformer: 2 Basement 1No. Of Low Voltage room: 1 Basement 1No. Of Gen-set room: 1 Basement 1No. Of Sub-board and Distribution board Every Floor/Every Section From the above, electrical system in Brickfields Asia College (BAC) are deemed comprehensive and safe as they obeyed the Uniform Building By Law and Tenaga Nasional Berhad requirement. The arrangements of the plants are well designed, as there is no transmission problem. The plant rooms are well maintenaned and organized accordingly.

Based on the study and research conducted in this chapter, it can be said that the electrical distribution system is suitable for BAC as it is a vital component of the building due to the fact that it contains a lot of students and business users thus consumes a lot of elec-trical usage.

In accordance to this, the electrical services at BAC is quite sufficient as it is sufficient in terms of the electrical distribution and usage.

What can be recommended is that the building should intro-duce solar power to create a sustainable environmental approach for the building in away that is not going to affect the performance of daily usage and activities of users of BAC.

3.0 Air Conditioning System

3.1 Introduction

Air conditioning is the process of altering the properties of air to achieve thermal comfort. A typically common use of an air conditioner in Malaysia is utilizing a device that low-ers the air temperature of the surrounding. The cooling is typically done using a simple refrigeration cycle and commonly for comfort cooling in buildings. Air conditioning can also be provided by a simple process called free cooling. Free cooling systems can have very high effi-ciencies. Free cooling and hybrid systems are mature technology. Type of air-conditioning and exhaust fan in XXX building.• VRV system• multi-split air conditional• Jet exhaust fan

3.2 Investigation

3.2.1 Location of the plant room

Figure 35: 4th Floor PlanRed Box = AC Ledge

Purple Box = I-Manager Control room

Figure 35 shows the floor plan of block 1. It indicates the position of the AC ledge and I-manager control room. Each floor of block 1 has two AC ledge and one I-manager control room. The I-manager control room for block 1 is located in 4th floor of the building. The temperature control for each individual unit is located in the office area which is controlled by a wired remote controller.

The VRV system is a multi-split type air conditioner for commercial buildings. The name VRV derives from the technology that is given the name “variable refrigerant volume.” The brand that is used in this building is Daikin. In year 1982, Daikin co-developed a refrigerant with Carrier and is an innovator in the Split System Air Conditioning Market. They are also the inventors of Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) air conditioning systems (These systems are called Variable Refrigerant Volume or VRV by Daikin). This VRV technology enables variable refrigerant flow control to provide customers with the ability to maintain individual zone control in each room and floor of a building. This technology circulates only the minimum amount of refrigerant needed at any one time and enables individual climate control of air conditioning zones.

3.2.3 Advantages of using VRV system

VRV system is specifically designed for large-sized buildings. There are a few advantages that focus on the large building. The main advantage of using VRV system is its Energy-Saving Operation. The outdoor units can operate up to 4.41 COP to reduce energy consumption. VRV system has the inverter technology that minimize energy consumption to deliver optimum energy savings. This is an important selling point of VRV system nowadays due to the world that pay attention on sustainable.

3.2.2 Introduction of VRV system

Besides that, VRV system enables precise individual control. VRV systems enables individual climate control settings for each zone to provide the utmost in comfort to commercial building settings instead of the main controller (I-manager). VRV system is also very adaptable to design purposes. The outdoor unit is in modular design and there is a wide selection of indoor units to ensure system designs that are ideally suited to the environments where they are installed. Next, VRV system is highly reliable. It has various advanced features that ensures reliable and stable system operation. The outdoor units for VRV system performs with the capacities up to 56kW for a single outdoor unit and 168kW for a 3-unit combination are available. Featuring compact size and small footprint, VRV outdoor units enables space-saving and easy installation. In addition, VRV system enables the flexibility in the building layout. It is able to perform maximum connection of 64 indoor units to 1 outdoor unit, large allowances for piping length and level difference provide a flexible layout. VRV system also enables one to increase high static pressure for the outdoor unit fan that gives greater installation flexibility.

Compressor

3.2.4 Components of VRV system

Figure 36: Master Compressor Figure 37: Slave Compressor

The air conditioning compressor is one of the parts that typically gets a lot of usage and provides that critical cool air on hot summer days. The air-conditioning compressor compresses refrigerant and sends it to the building’s air condenser. There are two compressor in each floor The master compressor (Figure 36) and the slave compressor (Figure 37).

Diagram of compressor

Small Type Large capacity inverter compressor

Highly integrated heat exchanger

Efficient automatic test operation

Improve reliability at high ambient temperature

Large airflow, high external static pressure and quiet technology

Figure 38: Detail diagram of compressor

The compact design provides quiet operation and comfort.

I-manager known as intelligent manager which is the main controller of the VRV system. Not only does it controls VRV systems, the software also provides simple but sophisticated facility management including lighting and fire alarm systems for single or multiple buildings.

Indoor Unit

Figure 39: Ceiling mounted cassette (Compact with multi flow) Type

Figure 40: I-manager controller

3.2.5 The I-Manager Controller

The main advantage of using I-manager is the centralized control system. I-manager solves the handy area settings and simplifies detailed management of VRV system. It will display all floor plans and enables a quick search of desired air conditioning units. It will also show the operation history which in turn allows manner of control and origin in past operations of air conditioning units. The second advantage of using I-manager is the remote access of the system. The remote access with a PC allows total air conditioning management using the same type of screens as those displayed in the intelligent Touch Manager. The authorized users can centrally control individual air conditioning units from their own computers. Next, the automatic control of I-manager enables the VRV systems to be controlled automatically throughout the year by the schedule function. It also interlocks the VRV system and other equipment which enables easy automation of building facilities operation. It will allow adjustments to setback temperature settings even when rooms are unoccupied.

The Energy Management of I-manager is also an advantage of the I-manager. The Energy Navigator features simplified energy management by tracking energy consumption data and identifying inefficient operation. I-manager also allows the troubleshooting of the system. The contact information of maintenance contractors can be registered and displayed on the screen. The e-mails are sent automatically to alert them of malfunctions and potential trouble. Furthermore, the intelligent Touch Manager can link up with the Air Conditioning Network Service System for 24-hour monitoring of operating conditions and status. In addition, I-manager is capable of managing a small building or be expanded to handle medium- to large-sized buildings.

3.2.6 Advantages of using I-Manager

3.2.7 Wired Remote controller

Figure 41: I-manager controller diagram from daikin website

Figure 42: Wired remote controller

The simple, modern design complements the décor of any commercial setting. Featuring an intuitive operation menu and easy-to-read display, the remote controllers provide easy access to a full range of comfort and energy-saving settings.

3.2.8 Multi Split Air-Conditioning

Figure 43: Photo of mutli-split air conditional unit

Figure 44: Multi-split air conditional unit from daikin website

There is another type of compressor present in the building that we conducted our research. This type of multi-split compressor is for small offices. The slim size and small footprint of these outdoor units efficiently utilize space and meet the needs of small offices and shops with air conditioning capacities up to 15.5kW.

3.2.9 The inverter technologys of multi split air conditioning

Figure 45: Diagram of inverter techonlogy of multi split air conditioning

Air conditioner compressors are driven by motor, and motor rotation speed depends on power supply frequency. An inverter modulates power supply frequency to control motor rotation speed. Inverters stabilize temperature by adjusting compressor operation according to load to eliminate waste and save energy.

Even adopting an inverter to the fan motors of the indoor and outdoor units provides more precise control and contributes to energy savings. When temperature is higher than set temperature, the motor rotates faster to lower room temperature. Motor rotation speed is adjusted to maintain a constant temperature. Motor rotates when temperature is higher than set temperature. When temperature approaches set temperature, the motor rotation speed is reduced.

Motor stops when temperature is lower than set temperature. Variation width for temperature becomes large when temperature is adjusted by repeatedly starting and stopping the motor. Furthermore, the motor always rotates at constant speed, and energy consumption increases from the energy loss of starting and stopping. Lowering motor rotation speed according to load reduces both variation width for temperature and energy consumption.

3.2.10 Exhaust Fan

Figure 46: Floor Plan for Basement 1

Figure 47: Photo of Jet fan

Exhaust fan are designed to maintain indoor air quality by providing sufficient levels of fresh outdoor air and humidity control. It uses the theory of pressure to control the ventilation of the space.

The floor plan shown above (Figure 46) is the floor plan for basement 1. All the jet exhaust fan is focus to the fan room and goes out to the atmosphere.

Figure 46: Floor Plan for Basement 1

Figure 48: Basement plan showing the direct of jet fan’s focus points

Figure 49: Photo of piping for ventilation in basement 2,3 and 4

Figure 50: Photo of exhaust fan in basement 2 and 3

Figure 51: Photo of exhaust fan connecting to outdoor unit (Basement 2

connecting towards the unit in figure 50)

Figure 52: Photo of outdoor air processing unit

Figure 53: Photo of exhaust system in fire plant room

Outdoor-air processing unit is Supplying outdoor air at the same temperature of the room maintains comfort and lessens heat load caused by ventilation. It can be connected only to VRV system.

Besides, there is also an exhaust system in each mechanical plant room. It is to reduce heat from the motor. The exhaust fan is directly connected to outside atmosphere. It does not connect with the exhaust fan in the parking area.

Figure 54: Photo of control buttons for all the exhaust fans

Exhaust fan is used to improve the air quality. A steady inflow of fresh, conditioned air improves air quality of indoor settings. The energy efficiency of exhaust fan is low. It is one of the only sustainable system in nowadays. The energy recovery between supply air and exhaust air eliminates waste to realize efficient ventilation. The flexibility of installation of exhaust fan is very high due to the modular design. The system enables each unit to be tailor-fitted to the exact dimensions required.

3.2.11 Advantages of using exhaust fan

3.3 Analysis

UBBL Compliance

According to MS 1525; 2007 8.2.2 Where chillers are used and when the design load is greater than 1000kWr (kilowatts resistance), a minimum of two chillers or a single multi-compressor chillers should be provided to meet the required load. The compressor of block 1 is located outdoor. So there is no use of for chiller.

8.2.3 Multiple units of the same equipment type, such as multiple chillers, with combined capacities exceeding the design load may be specified to operate concurrently only if controls are provided which sequence.

Block 1 is using the VRV system which has two compressor, where it take turns to work.

8.4.4 Off-hour control 8.4.4.1 ACMV system should be equipped with automatic controls capable of accomplishing a reduction of energy use for example through equipment shutdown during periods of non-use or alternative use of the spaces served by the system. Exceptions:

a) System serving areas which are expected to operate continuously; and

b) Equipment with a connected load of 2kWe or less may be controlled by readily accessible manual off-hour controls

Since block 1 is using VRV system in the air-conditioning, its usage can be scheduled by using I-manager. 8.15 Preventive Maintenance

Conclusion

The owner should implement preventive maintenance system and schedule periodic maintenance on all the critical items of air-conditioning systems such as compressors, cooling towers, pumps, condensers, air handlers, controls, filters and piping.One of the technology of I-manager is it will automatically sent the reminder to the contractor when it reaches maintenance date.

4.0 Mechanical transportation system

4.1 Introduction

Vertical transportation is a way that patrons in a building use as a means of travelling between floors in a building. All buildings with more than one storey must at least present one set of stairs to ensure all the occupants can travel to different floors and levels.

In buildings with more than four storeys, a mechanical transportation system is implemented with the introduction of an elevator. An elevator is desirable due to the fact that when presented with one, most people would prefer to take the elevator rather than walk the flight of stairs towards higher levels. As a bonus addition to this fact, elevators also provide the most convenience as an apparatus for infirm and mobility impaired people to travel up floors. Hence, there are even times where we can discover that despite there being only two storeys in a house, it is equipped with a lift.

Another option of mechanical transportation system is the escalator which is most commonly used in shopping malls, airports, commercial buildings, or in some high buildings because it is an ideally suited transportation system for high volume applications. However, escalators is not always practical for high rise buildings as it may take consume alot of valuable floor space.

In VSQ PJ City centre, there is only one type of mechanical vertical transportation found in the building which is the elevator. The elevator is introduced to bring convenience to the users by allowing them to access various levels with a push of a button.

4.2 Investigation

Elevator

Elevator is a vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building, vessel or other structure. Generally, elevator is powered by electric motor motor that is driven by traction cable and counterweight system like a hoist or hydraulic pump. An ideal performance of an elevator installation will provide minimum waiting time for a car at any floor level, comfortable acceleration, rapid transportation, smooth, rapid braking, accurate automatic leveling at landings, and rapid loading and unloading at all stops. More importantly, elevators shaft ways are major space elements whose integration into a building is a prime factor in composition, as is the design of the elevator lobby.

Figure 55: Elevator lobby in VSQ

Commonly there are 3 main types of elevators being used in highrise buildings. 1. Hydraulic elevators 2. Machine room less elevators 3. Gear or Gearless traction elevators

There are 5 elevators in Block 1 building of VSQ PJ City which is powered by gearless traction elevators.

4.2.1 Gearless Traction Elevators

Figure 56: Photo showing weight capacity of studied elevator

Gearless traction elevators is a gearless traction machine that consists of a dc or ac motor, the shaft of which is directly connected to a break wheel and driving sheave. The elevator hoist ropes are placed around this sheave. The absence of gears means that the motor must run at the same relatively low speed as the driving sheave. The gearless machine, along with the related drive equipment, is located above the hoistway in a penthouse or overhead machine room. This gearless machine however, is not used for basement applications.

As it is not economically practical to build motors for operations at very low speeds, a gearless machine is utilized for medium and high speed elevators, the range to use such mechanism is 2.5m/s or higher and the motor range from varies from 15 to 300 kW. Gearless traction car speeds are typically much faster than those of Geared traction applications. Geared traction cars can move at 500 fpm (2.5 m/s) or less and gearless traction cars move at speeds of 500 to 1,600 fpm (2.5 to 8.1 m/s). It is generally utilized for passenger service, with car capacities of 907 to 1633 kg which about 24 persons (figure 56). Gearless traction elevators design offers almost unlimited travel time from floor to floor where flight times are quicker.

4.2.2 Components in the elevator

Principal Components There are several principle components for a traction elevator in-stallation. 1. Car2. Cables3. Elevator machine4. Control equipment5. Counterweight6. Hoistway7. Rail8. Penthouse9. Pit

An idea of the functioning and orientation of these items of equipment can be obtained figure below (Figure 57).

Figure 57: Elevator component illustration

1. The car is the familiar apparatus holding the passenger which is a cage made by fire resistant material supported on a structural frame towards the top member in which the lifting cables are fastened. Car is guided in its vertical travel in shaft with the guide shoes on its side members. The car is provided with safety doors, operating control equipment, floor level indicators, illumination, emergency exits, and ventilation. It is designed for long life, quiet operation and low maintenance.

2. The cables which are also defined as ropes are made of groups of steel wires. It is linked to the top beam of the elevator and hold the weight of the car and its live loads. Depending on car speed and capacity, there are four to eight cables which are placed in parallel to each other. As each rope is normally capable of supporting the entire load, there are several ropes which are used primarily to increase the traction area on the drive sheaves, At the same time, it also increase the elevator safety factor.

3. The counterweight is an equivalent counterbalancing weight that balances a load. In traction elevator system, it is made up of cut steel plates stacked in a frame attached to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is fastened. There are two guide rails typically installed on the back wall of the shaft was used to controlled the counterweight in its travel up and down the shaft. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load. Several purposes to be served by counterweight which to provide adequate traction at the sheave for car lifting, to reduce the size of the traction machine, and to reduce power demand and energy cost. These advantages come at the cost of having to strengthen the overhead machine room floor, which must carry the extra structural load of the counterweight.

4.2.3 Standard Elevator

UBBL Requirement

Under UBBL section1984 123 – 128 lift.

124. For all non residential building exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

In VSQ PJ City Centre, Block 1 building it own 5 lifts in this 19th storeys building.

Figure 58: Standard Elevator dimensions and information

4.3 Analysis

Under UBBL 1984 section 152 – 155, ventilation to lift shafts. 152 (1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirement shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

Lift lobbies in VSQ were designed in every floors in front of the lift in VSQ PJ City Centre, Block 1 building.

Figure 59: 5 lifts in building block 1

Figure 60: Lift lobby provided in front of the lifts

Figure 61: Staircase design near the lifts to comply to fire protection standards

Figure 62: Machine room located on the top level of the building (Yellow) and existing staircase that is designed to

connect to the roof top of the elevator for maintenance purposes

Figure 63: Motor room on the roof top floor (19th floor)

Figure 64: Photo of gearless traction elevator

Figure 65: Photo of Control system which is a set of device used to command the

operations of the elevators

Conclusion

Mechanical transportation system provides great advantages to the building. It can travel up to many floors in a short amount of time. in comparison to the escalator, elevator requires very little space to be housed in the building. furthermore, the usage of elevators in VSQ PJ City Centre brings a lot of benefit in terms of time consumption to its user.

5.0 Water Supply System

5.1 Introduction

Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (also known as SYABAS) is a dominant water supply association which contributes fresh water to the entire Selangor region. The main sources of water are derived from the ground which is known as ground water, no additional treatment is needed for ground water other than adding chlorine or chloramines. No treatment is required because the natural rocks and soil will filter the ground water to a maximum purity level. Other sources of water include the river, lake, rainwater, and seawater. Water is accumiulated and stored in the dam or reservoir so that it can be utilized when there is water shortage. Raw water undergo a clarification process at the water treatment plant to treat and purify the water in order to ensure the safety of the consumers reveiving them. After carrying out the water treatment, the water is then filtered in the rapid sand filter. This type of filter is commonly used to remove much smaller substances such as sand particles. This process also helps discharge germs and other harmful particles. The water is then pumped under high pressure towards a service reservoir in which it functions as a storage for the processed water. after it is filtered, the treated water is then disinfected before it is dispensed to the consumers in which the end of water supply process is reached.

Figure 66: Water Supply System

5.2 Gravity System

Elevation, location, site condition and topography are vital and need to be taken into consideration when it comes to the usafe of systems in distributing water.

Gravity system (Figure 67) is advisable to draw water out when the source of water is at a sufficient height. No pump is required for this system as it uses gravitational forces to allow the water flow in a downward pattern from the reservoir or dam. It is the most beneficial, economical, and reliable distribution system when compared to others.

5.3 Pumping System Pumping system (Figure 68) requires high lifts pump to draw water out under a very high pressure before supplying to the consumers due to the height differences between the source of the water and the service area. Treated water is directly pumped into the distribution main without storing, also named as pumping without storage system. This type of system is not commonly used because under the circumstance that the power supply is cut off, the distribution of water will be stopped completely

Figure 67: Gravity system

Figure 68: Direct pumping system

5.4 Combined gravity and pumping system

Combining both pumping and gravity system (Figure 69) is the most common system used to supply water especially when there is a high and low point of water flow. Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated distribution reservoir before supplying the water to the consumers at a higher level. It is an economical, highly efficiency and reliable water supply system

5.5 Investigation Brickfield Asia College (BAC) consists of 19 levels which are to linked to the water distribution system. The college has a much higher demand on water usage when compared to an ordinary housing water system.

Water is supplied to each department of the entire BAC building in order for them to carry out their routine activities. Normal housing uses water mostly for bathing, cooking and doing their laundry. But in BAC, higher water consumption is required for various kinds of usage depending on its spaces and activities. Spaces that demands for more water include:

(a) Toilet/bathroom (b) Kitchen/pantry (c) Cafeteria

Figure 69: Combined gravity and pumping system

5.5.1 Main water supply

SYABAS is the primary water authority responsible to initiate the water distribution system by supplying fresh water from the main source to the BAC building through the communication pipe by direct water supply system. The water is then first collected and stored in the suction tank at the first basement level before it is distributed to other spaces such as toilets and pantries. The water is then pumped to the break tank at level 4 before it is supplied to the entire building. The break tank is also used to pump water to the roof tank at the top roof. The roof tank is acts like a reservoir to store excess water and use it when there is insufficient water supply. Both direct pumping and gravity water distribution system are used in this building.

Figure 70: Schematic diagram of water flor in BAC

Figure 71: Cross section of a suction tank

Figure 72: Diagram of water flow in BAC

Figure 73: Photos of pipeline from SYABAS

Figure 74: Photos of pipeline from SYABAS

Photos demonstrate the pipelines that are installed in the building. Water from SYABAS enters and flows through the pipelines. The blue and red pipelines implies the use for SYABAS water pipeline and firefighting system respectively. Clearance is made in the basement to build a more convenient pathway for pipelines. Clearance was made to have a precisely organized pipelines in basement for the reason that the minimal usage of space in the building.

The role of the suction piping is to provide a uniformly distributed movement of water to the pump suction, with the right amount of pressure to the pump in order to prevent overflow turbulence in the pump impeller. The suction tank is situated at the basement level of the BAC building. Gate valve is used to ease the repairing work of service pipe which is just beyond the communication pipe.

Figure 75: Photos of pump and gate valve

Figure 76: Details of a pump suction

Details of suction tank: o Normal capacity: 263,000 liters o Effective capacity: 235,000 liters o 200o ABS PN12 Scour combines with Overflow pipe

An overflow pipe is pipe that flows water to the nearest drain and removes the water to retention pond.

Figure 77: Pump control room and suction tank location (Basement 2)

Figure 78: Pump Control

The function of a pump control is to maintain a uniform water pressure from duty pump. Pump control will only be triggered and activate the standby pump automatically provided the duty pump is beneath the desired pressure. The average pressure required for a suction tank is approximately 25m3/h; therefore, if the pressure of a duty pump goes down to this density or more, standby pump, which plays as a backup mode, will turned on.

Figure 79: Photo of hydro pneumatic tank

A hydro pneumatic tank is located at the roof top of the building and is used to transport water in a certain given range of pressure to prevent continuously flow of water from the pump. It also used to restrict a pump to initiate if a minor call of water is required and helps in reducing the pressure surge. The motor driven pump supplies water from the roof top between the level 6th to level 19th as it is the lowest usage of space in BAC.

Water meter is a device used to record and measure the amount of water supply to the residential and commercial building that from a public water supply system. It also displays rate-of flow of water.

Ball valve is a spherical disc valve which use to monitor the flow of water in uPVC pipe. It has a higher durability and usually work to achieve a perfect shutoff even after years of disused.

Figure 80: Water meter and ball valve picures

Water tank is a container used to store water for daily routines. Water tank is made up of fiber reinforced plastic. Water is distributed from the suction tank on the basement level to the roof top tank and the break tank before it reaches to all floor levels.

Roof top water tank: Size: 4.0m x 10.0m x 3.0m Maximum cap: 12,000 liters Effective cap: 104,000 liters 150 o ABS PN12 scour combined with overflow which connected to rain water down pipe 100 o MSCL

Figure 81: Pump control room and water tank location on plan (roof top of BAC)

5.6 Analysis

Water Supply System by-Law (UBBL) 1984

According to law states that water meters are for the local authorities so that can keep changing the usage of water and it will be based on the water consumption.

Under UBBL by-law 84, suitable measures should be taken to avoid penetration of dampers and moistures into the building.

UBBL by-law 89, a chase made in a wall for pipes and other service facilities shall leave the walls at the back of the chase, with not less than 100mm thick in the external walls and not less than 100mm thick in party walls and shall not wider than 200mm.

UBBL by-law 123, allowing adequate accommodation for pipes, stop cocks to enable repairs and access openings to ducts or en-closures.

Conclusion

Based on our observations and investigations, we derived towards a conclusion that VSQ has fully complied with the UBBL laws hence we could not figure out any ohter methods to improve the water supply system.

6.0 Sewerage System

6.1 Introduction

Sewerage system is essential for water system to eliminate waste water. There are three types of water that is being eliminated from the building which are namely rainwa-ter, wastewater and groundwater. Sewerage ends at the entry of a sewage treatment plant which is sadly discharged into the environ-ment sometimes.

In this topic, an investigation upon ways to handle waste water would be conducted. Waste water are primarily released from two parts of our studied build-ing which are namely:

Sanitary appliances

Kitchen

Both of these discharges will undergo different process before sending for treatment. Waste water from sanitary appliances will first filter throught floor trap then channeled through for filtration. Waste from kitchen will first pass through grease interceptor for elimination of fatsand oils. Then, the waste would undergo the same process of passing towards filtration and undergo watertreatment.

6.2 Diagram of wastewater flow

6.3 Investigation

Figure 82: Flow diagram of waste discharge

Figure 83: Location of interceptor and sewerage plant

Filtration

Treatment tank

DesludgingTank

Waste water from toilet

Grease Interceptor

Rubbish

Dirt like tissues, plastic and paper will be filtered.

Dirty water for treating.

Collecting clean wateruntil it’s full to transfer to Indah water.

Indah water

Toilet

Biomatic Grease InterceptorLocation : Basement 1

Sewerage Plant roomLocation : Basement 2&3 (Double Volume)

Figure 84: Location of Kitchen

Figure 85: Schematic Diagram of sanitary system

Food and beverage(Kitchen)Location: Ground floor

6.3.1 Sanitary

Sanitary appliances like water basin, urinals, toilet bowls connect directly to the main pipe and transfer to sewerage treatment plant system.

Basically, waste water of sanitary appliances will be eliminated through water pipes and undergo filtration for treatment. During the filtration, rubbish like tissue, paper, hair will filter from water. The water will then be sent to a treatment plant in which chemical will be added to kill bacteria and the water would be treated.

After the dark water had been treated, the clear wastewater will be sent to a desludging tank until the tank is full. Indah water will collect the waste water when the desludging tank is full.

Figure 86: Rubbish that has been filtered from waste water

Figure 87: Chemicals would be added into the types of waste water pictured above

Figure 88: Hoses from indah water would be plugged into the exit point picture above

Figure 89: The pump of the pipe from indah water would then be transfered to indah water’s waste lorry collector

Figure 90: Flow chart of waste water flow from the kitchen

6.3.2 Kitchen

Food and beverage are located on ground floor. Heavy food waste like food, oil and liquids during preparation of meals in the cafeteria would be transferred through the sink and then sent to sewerage system. Before heading towards the sewerage plant, waste water will pass-through a grease interceptor to remove oil and fat from the water. Only then that the waste water would be transferred to sewerage tank.

Grease interceptor is usually used in kitchens to eliminate grease and fats from wastewater. The elimination is done to avoid grease and fats creates blockage in pipes for future channeling

Food Preparation

Water basin

Biomatic Grease Interceptor

Sewerage Plant

Indah Water

Figure 92: Diagram of interceptor

Figure 91: Biomatic grease interceptor

6.3.3 Biomatic grease interceptor

VSQ uses standard grease interceptor from Frosco with the size of grease interceptor being at 2400mm x4800mm.

Enzymes would be added into the waste to decompose and permanently convert grease and protein into water soluble substances

Figure 93: Biomatic grease interceptor outlet

Figure 94: Biomatic grease interceptor inlet

6.3.4 Stack System Stack system in VSQ are placed as a combined stack system which is the collection of placed in distributing water towards sanitary appliances. Single stack systems are placed in various spaces connecting through branches of pipes that are connecting to the main pipe line which is located at basement floor.

Pipe System Two pipes are provided in this building. One pipe is the soil stack which is the vertical drain pipe that carries soil waste from sanitary units. Another pipe is the waste stack which is the drain pipe that carries waste water from kitchen.

Figure 95: Stack pipe system

This kind of stack system are used for sanitary system to connect the branch pipes to the main pipe. Waste water from the main pipe will be channeling towards the sewerage treatment plant to be treated and discharged to Indah Water.

Branches pipes connect to main pipe to be channeled to sewerage treatment plant.

Waste stack the carry waste water from kitchen for channeling to grease interceptor.

Figure 96: Pipe Diameters

Waste from sanitary appliances like water basin, toilet bowl, floor trap and urinal will be channel to different sizes of pipe due to different pressure applied.

uPvc are chosen because

It doesn’t corrode and fit for sanitary piping. It doesn’t affect the taste and smell of water (non-toxic) Cost effectiveness and can be recycled.

Description Diameter ∅ MaterialWater Closet 100 uPVC

Basin 80 uPVC

Sink 32 uPVC

Vent pipe 50 uPVC

Main soil and waste pipe

150 uPVC

Vent Stack 100 uPVC

6.3.5 Sanitary appliances

Siphon-jet P-trap water closetWater enters through rim punching and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear trap, filling the trap way and creating an instant siphon action without rise of water level. The result is quick water withdrawal. Large water surface provides an efficient and clean operation.

Floor TrapAllow water to exit from toilet floorAnd prevents blockage due to objects such as hairs and tissue paper.

Figure 97: Bottle trap

a water trap prevents smells, bacteria and insects entering the property. It also prevent debris from enter the stacks.

6.4 Analysis

Conclusion

Based on observations and the compliance of ubbl water sewerage treatment laws. VSQ has managed to accomodate a

college with a high water waste discharge.

7.0 Fire protection system

7.1 Fire Safety

It is important to have a basic understanding about how a fire occurs and behaves within a building. Essentially, fire is a chemical reaction. A carbon-based material (fuel) mixes with oxygen (usually a component of air) and comes in contact with something hot enough to heat this mixture so that combustible vapours are produced. If these vapors dissipate, then nothing happens. However, if they come in contact with an ignition source--such as open flame--a fire results. Depending on the combustibility of the ignited fuel, the fire may start as a slow-growth scenario with a long smoldering period or it may grow rapidly with almost no smoldering time. In either instance, once visible flames appear, the fire’s destructive forces increase exponentially.

The flaming stage of a fire will start with a rapid rise in heat levels, initially along the room’s ceiling, and then throughout the entire space. During the first two to three minutes, ceiling temperatures can reach 1,000°C (1,800°F). Over the next few minutes, these temperatures will spread throughout the room as the ceiling’s layer of hot gases migrates. Ultimately, this gas layer acts like an oven’s broiler, superheating and igniting all combustibles in the room. At that point, the room and all within it are completely destroyed.

The fire can then spread through open doorways and wall penetrations, or through concealed wall and ceiling cavities to other spaces in the building. Ultimately, if not suppressed, the fire can lead to a total loss of the building and its contents, not to mention the loss of lives.

Based on these realities, the preferred fire is the one that never happens; this is the only way to actually avoid fire losses. Common fuels in hospitals include paper, wood and plastic furnishings, textiles, chemicals, gases, and other combustible components of the building. Typical ignition sources include electrical and lightning equipment, heating and air-conditioning systems, cigarette use, cooking, office equipment, extension cords, food and beverage preparation, and warming equipment.

7.2 Literature review

Fire prevention

Fire Prevention Activities must therefore focus on limiting the interaction of fuels and ignition sources. This should start with a complete fire risk analysis survey of the property to identify all combustibles and potential heat-producing devices. The next step is to eliminate all unnecessary fuels and heat sources. Recognizing the reality that total elimination is impossible, then precautions should be taken to make sure that the two elements do not come together.

7.3 Passive Fire Protection System

1. Primary measure integrated within the construction fabric of a building (using materials and chemicals that are fire retardant and fire resistant) to provide inherent fire safety and protection by responding against flame, heat and smoke to maintain the fundamental requirements of building compartmentation, structural stability, fire separation and safe means of escape. It measures achieve their intended purpose by raising the fire resistance of the structure, protecting the structure against the effects of fire, limiting and slowing down the movement of flame and smoke, and minimizing the danger of fire-induced collapse or structural distortion.

2. It does not need any special energisation or command signal to operate.

Fire Escape (staircase)

UBBL 1984 section 169: Exit Route No exit route may reduce in width along its path of travel from the storey exit to the final exit.

According to the UBBL standard, the riser maximum should be 180mm and the thread should be 255mm.

1. Mounted to the outside of a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building.

2. Design to ensure that any person confronted by fire anywhere in the building should be able to turn away from it and escape to a place of reasonable safety.

3. Corridors and stairways that form part of the escape route should be kept clear and hazard free at all times.

Figure 98: Escape route board is hanged on the wall outside the lift

Figure 99: diagram of fire escape staircase

Figure 100: Exit sign inside fire escape staircase

Figure 101: Interior of fire escape staricase

Figure 102: Fire Door Beside lobby

Fire Door

UBBL 173: Exit doors.

(1) All exit doors shall be operable from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.

(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including Magnetic door holders, shall release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the Fire alarm.

UBBL 164: Door Closers for fire doors:

1) All fire door shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.

1. A fire door is specifically designed to reduce the spread of fire and smoke between rooms.

2. Never use obstacle to make it impair and a regular check of the fire door is needed.

Fire Ventilation system

Function: • To keep escape and access routes free from smoke.

• To delay / prevent flashover and the subsequent full development of the fire.

• To reduce the thermal effects on structural components during a fire.

• To reduce Damage caused by thermal decomposition products and hot gaseous.

Smoke Detector System

Figure 103: Fire vent cover

Figure 105: Smoke detector

Figure 104: Fire vent in VSQ

Operation of the system:

It contains a photodiode/ photoelectric sensor. When there is no smoke, LED light passes in front of the detector in a straight line. When smoke penetrate the optical chamber disrupting the continous light beam, some light is spread by the smoke particles, directing it at the sensor and hence triggering the alarm.

UBBL 155: Fire mode of operation

The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in building or manually.

UBBL 153: Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.

1. All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

2. Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam causes the door to close within a preset time.

Figure 106: Cross section of a smoke detector

Thickness and material of the wall

Concrete wall performs well in fire because it does not burn and it cannot be set to fire easily compare to other material which other building uses.

Figure 107: Diagram showing how concrete walls resist fire

Figure 108: Evacuation lifts located at right side of 3 lifts at every floor

Evacuation Lifts

Requirements: - The lift should be clearly identifiable - Evacuation lifts should be situated within a protected enclosure. - Enclosure should consist of lift well and protected lobby at every level - Lift should be provided with a switch marked ‘BOMBA LIFT’ at exit level. - A primary electrical supply should be provided exclusively to the lift from a sub-main circuit. - An alternative power supply should be provided to the lift.It should start automatically in an emergency. - Door to the lift should have minimum of 2 hours fire resistance

7.4 Active Fire Protection System

1. Active Fire Protection (AFP is an integral part of fire protection and characterized by items or systems, which require a certain amount of motion and response in order to work, contrary to passive fire protection.

2. Active system plays the foremost role in fire protection system as it is the first one to react in the event of a fire breakdown.

3. Used sensors and detectors to give maximum protection possible.

UBBL 1984 section 226:

Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require automatic system sprinkler or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard appropriate to extinguish fire in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of the occupants.

Figure 109: External Fire Hydrant is located at the border of the building

Figure 110: Hydrant Tanks

Figure 104: Fire vent in VSQ

To store water and supply water when the sprinkler system works. The Hydrant tank should be painted in red color.

Interior Pictures of Pump Room

Interior Pictures of Pump Room

Interior Pictures of Pump Room

Interior Pictures of Pump Room

Pump room controls the pressure of various pipe and pumps.

Wet riser system (Manual Fire fighting)

UBBL Requirements 1984, law 248- Marking on wet riser 1. Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted in red 2. All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installation and extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority.

1984, law 23- Installation and testing of wet rising system

1. Wet rising system shall be provided in every building i which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m above the fire appliance access level.

2. A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.

3. Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mm coupling fitted with a hose of not less than 38.1mm diameter equipped with an approved types cradle and variable fog nozzle.

The wet riser is placed at every floor beside the lift in a wet riser room.

Fire Pumps

Function

Acts as fire sprinkler and hose standpipes water supply powered by electric, diesel or steam.

Design

Connected to public underground water supply piping or a static water source such as tank, reservoir and lake.

Duty Pump

• Plays the role of supply enough pressure when the pres sure goes down • Standby pump is the backup system for duty pump • It can be switch off manually at the control panel

Standby Pump

• Activate when duty pump down • It can be switch off manually at the control panel

Figure 111: Duty Pump

Jockey Pump

• Called pressure maintenance pump, maintains the pres sure in the system. It works together with a fire pump as a part of the fire protection system.

Figure 112: Standby Pump

Figure 113: Jockey pump

Figure 114: Pressure valve connecting 3 types of pump to the wet riser system. The pressure is stated on the wall convenient for staff to check the pressure of the meters

Sprinkler System

Different diameters of pipes to control the pressure in the sprinkler head. The main pipe receiving water from the pipe of 100mm diameter and distribute to remaining pipes which is 40mm, 32mm and 25mm diameter respectively . The smaller the diameter, the bigger the pressure.

Design: • The piping network of sprinklers is constantly pressurized with water.

• Sprinkler’s head silicon bulb will rupture and water will spray from the actuated sprinklr head.

• Pressure in the pipeline would drop when water released and this will activate the pressure switch and pump set will run automatically.

Two Ways of Water sprinkler activate the alarm:

1. Smoke detector Control Panel Room Water Sprinkler Activate the Alarm

2. Water Sprinkler bulb breaks Water Sprinkler Control Panel Room Activate the Alarm

UBBL Requirements

The distance between two sprinklers should be at a maximum distance of 4.6 meters.

UBBL1984 section 227

Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominet position on exit routes to be visible from all direction and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.

UBBL 1984 law 228: Sprinkler valve

1. Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the fire authority.

2. All sprinkler system shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

Figure 115: Pressure meter of sprinkle system Control Valve.

Non water based : CO2 Extinguisher

Function: • Prevent explosion of flammable mixtures and extinguishing fire comprising of flammable liquids or gaseous. • CO2 acts as a heat stick by absorbing combustion energy and bring down the temperature of the vapour mixture. • Suitable to use in the Gen-Set room because it is a non-electrical conductive elements.

Advantages: • Effective fire suppression agent applicable to wide range of fire hazards • Reduce the oxygen level to a point where combustion cannot occur. • Not needed clean up, less business interruption.

Figure 116: Compartments of a co2 fire extinguisher

Figure 117: Fire extinguisher in the basment

Figure 118: Fire extinguisher in gen set room

Figure 119: CO2 system in VSQ

Fire Protection System

• CO2 Gas System Smoke Detector Control room (confirmed) Activate CO2 System Fresh Air Grill Closed CO2 released Fire is out Fresh air grill reopened

Figure 120: Motor generated Ceiling venting located in thebasement

Figure 121: Venting located in the lobby

• Smoke Control The objectives of smoke control systems are:

1. To keep escape and access routes free from smoke. 2. To facilitate fire fighting operations by creating a smoke free layer.

3. To delay and/or prevent flashover, and the subsequent development of the fire.

4. To protect the contents of the building.

5. To reduce the thermal effects on structural components during a fire.

Figure 122: Venting located in the emergency staircase

Figure 123: Speaker in the lobby

Figure 124: Speaker in the basement

• Command and control centre.

Figure 125: Speakers in the escape stairs

Figure 126: Intercoms communicate with the fire brigade and different section of the building by using an announcer.

UBBL requirement

UBBL 1984 section 238- Command and Control Centre

Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire bridage communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire station by passing the switchboard.

Figure 127: Elevator indicator in control rooms shows the position of elevator

Figure 128: 24-hours CCTV invigilate to check the situation of the area when alarm is triggered.

Figure 129: Control panel to trigger or stop the alarm system.

Fire Alarm System

Break Glass fire alarm.

Break the glass and press the button inside to trigger the alarm. The signal would send to control panel and the staff there would check the situation and take respective action.

Fireman switch UBBL Requirement

Under UBBL 1984 section 237. Fire Alarms All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section.

Figure 130: Fire Alarm system found throughout VSQ

Design: 1. Non-flammable material 2. Painted in visible colour ( red) 3. Specialized switch disconnector/ isolator. 4. Used by firemen to turn off neon lighting or other electrical equipment in case of fire to prevent overheated equipment from exploding. 5. Has an operating handle to switch off by using a fireman-hook or axe

Figure 131: fireman switch located at the emergency stairway

Figure 131: Fireman switch beside lift lobby

7.5 Analysis

The Fire protection system in the building is well communicated and generally meets the requirement of UBBL fire protection regulations. But there are still some improvements that could be made, such as the indication and guidelines of the fire equipment is not stated clearly beside the equipment. Some even do not have guidelines. Next, the hydrant tank for fire fighting should be painted in red in order to be more recognizable.

Conclusion

as a conclusion, if there is an emergency, the system can correspond effectively and evacuate the crowd safely. In our opinion, the fire fighting system is the most important safety system in a building. It saves property and most importantly lives.