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Transcript of School Emergency Management: An Overview Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (REMS)...
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School Emergency Management: An Overview
Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (REMS) Technical Assistance
(TA) Center
Office of Safe and Healthy Students (OSHS)
Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE)
U.S. Department of Education (ED)
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Section 1: Introduction
School Emergency Management Overview
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Four Phases of SchoolEmergency Management
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School Emergency Management Plan
A school emergency management plan
Is the first step to securing our schools; Addresses a wide range of events (e.g., natural, man-made) that can disrupt teaching and learning; andAddresses events that occur in and outside of the school day.
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Key Elements of School Emergency Management
Plans• Framed by the four phases
• Uses an all-hazards approach
• Tailored to the unique school
• Developed with community partners
• Incorporates the Incident Command System (ICS)
• Communicated as appropriate
• Practiced consistently
• Continually reviewed and revised
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Section 1- Introduction Summary
What you can do:
Review your plan to ensure it includes key elements
Contact community partnerships and schedule a meeting
Assess and prioritize hazards and risks Plan an exercise or drill aimed at
revising your plan
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Section 2:Prevention–Mitigation
Phase
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Prevention-Mitigation Phase:Objectives
Define “Prevention” and “Mitigation”
Demonstrate how Prevention-Mitigation measures emerge from an assessment
Provide sample strategies
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Prevention–Mitigation Phase
Prevention is the action schools and districts take to decrease the likelihood that an event or crisis will occur.
Mitigation actions are steps that eliminate or reduce the loss of life or property damage for events that cannot be prevented.
Many hazards have both and components.9
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Prevention – Mitigation Phase
Designed to assess and address Safety and integrity of facilities Security Culture and climate of schools
Uses an all-hazards approach Builds on what schools are already doing Reliant on community partnerships and
leadership Is an ongoing process Directly linked to the other three phases
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Prevention and Mitigation Examples
Fencing hazardous areas Anchoring outdoor equipment Installing building access control measures Conducting school vulnerability
assessments Establishing wellness programs Establishing policies promoting health,
safety, and security
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Assessment & Prioritization
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Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) CPTED is a multi-disciplinary four-strategy
approach to deterring criminal behavior and supporting a safe school environment
1. Natural Surveillance
2. Territorial Reinforcement
3. Natural Access Control
4. Target Hardening
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Example: Building Accessand Exits
Know who is entering school buildings
Lock doors when practical
Access cards or coded entry locks
Anticipate exit routes during an emergency
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Example: Building Materialsand Structures
Roofing – structurally sound? Materials fastened securely?
Awnings – will they hold up in a storm? Outdoor utility connections protected?
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Prevention-Mitigation:School Grounds
School grounds - buffer between school buildings and the outside world Campus entry points Trees and shrubs around buildings and
hidden areas Emergency vehicle access Unsafe equipment
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Preventing Violence:School Culture and Climate
Positive culture & climate = Less likelihood of violence
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• Welcoming • Connectednes
s • Respect• Cooperation
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Culture and Climate Assessment
Useful for violence prevention and other important objectives
Culture and climate improvement requires a long-term strategy
Includes program-based solutions, e.g. anti-bullying program
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Prevention–Mitigation Phase: Summary
What you can do: Work with community partners to
conduct an assessment of school buildings, grounds, and surrounding community
Develop customized plans and procedures related to assessment outcome
Work to improve school culture/climate and implement violence prevention programs
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Section 3: Preparedness Phases
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What is the Preparedness Phase?
The Preparedness phase is designed to strengthen the school community by coordinating with community partners through:
• Developing an emergency plan, policies and protocols
• Adopting the Incident Command System (ICS)• Conducting staff training and drills Goal is to facilitate a rapid, coordinated, and
effective response in the event of an emergency
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Steps for Developing an Emergency Management Plan
• Step 1: Collect existing resources
• Step 2: Conduct assessments
• Step 3: Identify gaps and weaknesses
• Step 4: Assemble plan
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Steps for Developing an Emergency Management Plan
• Step 5: Incorporate vulnerability data
• Step 6: Conduct trainings and exercises
• Step 7: Revise plans based on outcomes of trainings and exercises
• Step 8: Disseminate plan to stakeholders
• Step 9: Establish accountability measures
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Elements to be Addressed in an Emergency Management Plan
• All-hazards emergency procedures
• Emergency supplies
• Incident Command System (ICS)
• Communication plans
• Family reunification plans
• Training and exercises
• Recovery planning
• Annual review and revision
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Persons with Disabilities and Other Access and Functional Needs
Include district special needs experts on your planning team to address needs:Visual and hearing Mobility CognitiveAttentional Emotional MedicalCommunication
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NIMS & ICS
The National Incident Management System (NIMS)Used by all first responders, at all levels Creates a common operating picture and mutual goalsPuts forth the Incident Command System (ICS)
The Incident Command System (ICS)Put forth by NIMSUses a single management systemFacilitates effective response
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Key NIMS and ICS Principles
Emergencies require certain tasks or functions to be performed – ICS provides structure
Nature of the incident determines level of ICS activation – ICS is expandable and collapsible
Incident command - one incident commander: May vary for different types of incidents May change during incident response
Clear, pre-determined responsibilities and reporting lines
Uses common terminology and plain language
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Public Information Officer
Liaison Officer
Safety Officer
Student Supervision
Mental Health Response Team
Health Services/First Aid
Operations
Facility and Materials
Documentation/ Recorder
Documentation/ Recorder
Planning
Food Services
Transportation
Logistics
Personnel
Insurance Claims
Finance & Administration
Incident Commander and Incident Command Team
Student/Parent Reunification
Site Security
Situation AnalysisSituation Analysis
Communications
Timekeeper
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Emergency Management Drills
Define frequency, responsibilities and procedures for:
Fire evacuation drills Severe weather drills Lockdown drills
Include students and staff Use “Curve ball” contingencies Conduct after-action reporting
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Tabletop Exercises
Informal gathering of partners to orally review and practice the emergency plan’s elements
Provides an opportunity to Clarify roles of involved parties during an
emergency Identify resources needed in an emergency Identify and address gaps that may exist in
current plan Build relationships
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Full-Scale Exercises
Requires extensive planning – and a planning team
Conducted in collaboration with community partners including law enforcement and fire personnel
Focuses on specific elements of an emergency scenario
Used to help identify and address gaps that may exist in current plan and identify training needs
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Take Precautions
Ensure everyone involved understands the event is a drill and not an actual incident.
Use Website, community announcements, school communications,
Use signs and other notices for observers and passersby or observers
Discuss with students before
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Communication with the Media and Parents/Guardians Public Information Officer –reports
directly to the Incident Commander responsible for communications during an emergency
Template media statements Prior communications with
parents/guardians Staff and students
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Student Accountability Procedure
Define in advance how students will be accounted for: Before classes During classes In between classes After classes, and In the case of an emergency
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Parent/GuardianReunification Procedure
Need for accurate contact information Define notification procedures Need for clear instructions to
parents/guardians – photo identification
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Preparedness Phase: Summary
What you can do: Integrate the Incident Command System Define Response protocols and procedures Address the needs of persons with disabilities Develop communications procedures and
templates Develop student accountability procedures Develop reunification procedures Practice tabletops, drills, and full-scale
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Section 4: Response Phase
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What is the Response Phase?
When emergency management plans are activated to effectively contain and resolve an emergency Activate the Plan Deploy Resources Activate Communications Plan Work with Community Partners/First
Responders Account for Students and Staff Make Informed Decisions
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Key Elements of Response
Activate the plan and the ICS Work with first responders and other
community partners Assess of the problem and determine
response Deploy resources and make informed
decisions Account for students, faculty, and staff Reunify parents/guardians with students Initiate transition to the Recovery Phase Conduct an after-action assessment as a
tool for learning and improvement
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Response Actions
During an emergency, there are three primary responses: Evacuation Lockdown Shelter-in-place
Each response decision will depend on the specifics and the severity of the situation
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Response Actions: Evacuation
Use when locations outside the school are safer than inside the school
Identify multiple evacuation routes in coordination with community partners
Determine how teachers will account for students
Ensure teachers, staff members, and administrators have appropriate “Go-kits”
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Response Actions: Lockdown
Use when there is an immediate threat of violence in, or immediately around, the school.
Lock all exterior doors, if safe to do so Ensure public safety officials can enter the
building Follow predetermined policy about closing
blinds, turning off lights, and using status cards
Move all staff and students to an area not visible from windows or doors
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Response Actions: Shelter-in-Place
Use when students and staff must remain indoors during an extended period of time
Close all windows and turn off all heating and air conditioning systems
Plan for interrupted class schedules with substitute activities
Provide accommodations for eating, sleeping and personal hygiene
Have staff activate family emergency plans
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Response Communications
Messages to students and staff (plain language vs. codes, use of placards)
Messages to parents Discourage external
cellular communications by students and staff during emergencies
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Post-Incident Review
“Hot wash” vs. After-action reviews Hot wash: A brief meeting shortly after
an event intended to capture immediate impressions or explanations of actions.
After-action review: A thorough debrief and evaluation approximately a week following an event to capture key lessons learned from emergency response and make recommendations for improvements.
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Response Phase: Summary
What you need to do during Response: Activate the ICS Coordinate with first responders Adapt to an evolving situation Decide on Response strategies Account for students – reunify with
parents/guardians Communicate with parents/guardians
and the media
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Section 5: Recovery Phase
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Recovery Phase
Designed to assist students, staff, and their families in the healing process and to restore educational operations in schools.
Has four primary components: Physical/structural recovery Business/fiscal recovery Restoration of the learning environment Psychological/emotional recovery
Connected to other phases Uses an all-hazards approach Supported with community partners
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Physical and Structural Recovery
Physical/structural recovery addresses Assessment and repair of facilities Possible need for alternative sites or
buildings due to extensive damage
Business and fiscal recovery addresses Payroll and financial systems Student registration systems Record Management
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Academic Recovery
Academics – the primary purpose of schools Important in restoring normalcy in the school
environment Close link to Physical and Structural Recovery
Strategies: Doubling up classes Utilizing portable classrooms and community
buildings Distance learning
Emotional recovery can also greatly impact academic recovery
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What is Psychological/Emotional Recovery?Purpose: Promote coping and support resiliency for students and staff following an emergency
Key steps to take with community partners: Recognize factors that may impact
recovery Provide Psychological First Aid Establish a system for identifying and
monitoring children and staff who may need additional support
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A B
C
D E
FG
H
I
A = baseline functioningB = eventC = vulnerable stateD = usual coping mechanisms failE = helplessness, hopelessnessF = improved functioning
G = continued impairment (PTS)H = return to baselineI = post-traumatic growth
Adjustment Over Time in Crisis
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Spectrum of Mental Health Interventions
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Why Psychological First Aid?
When bad things happen children and adolescents are the most vulnerable victims.
“The day before I started high school my mom found my brother and his wife, dead.”“There was a man who had a gun and ran into our school. We had to put the school on lockdown.”“The water came through the house and I was drowning, and I didn’t see my parents nowhere.”
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How Do Some Adults Deal with Child Trauma?
“I don’t know what to say and I’m afraid I’ll make it worse”
Resulting Student Perceptions: “I had a couple teachers that did not get
the point at all.” “I don’t really talk to them because they
don’t know where I’m coming from, like nobody understands my pain.”
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How Do Students Deal with Trauma?
“Sometimes I talk to some of my teachers because I have my favorites, they ones I feel comfortable talking to.”
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With Psychological First Aid?
Every Adult On Campus
Plays an Important Role
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The Responsibility of Caring Adults
Listen Protect Connect Model Teach
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Psychological First Aid after School Crises
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Recovery Phase – Summary
What you can do: Inventory assets and estimate
replacement values Assess damages using a damage
assessment team; effectively manage reparations
Partner with mental health resources in the community; make counseling available
Identify/implement creative alternatives to continue learning
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REMS TA Center
For additional information, resources and technical assistance, please contact the Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (REMS) Technical Assistance (TA) Center
Phone: (855) 781-7367 (REMS)
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://rems.ed.gov
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