School as social system

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School As Social System Azri Syazwan bin Atan (MPP153030) Nur Hanan binti Afandi (MPP151169) Nurul Amalin binti Mohamad Razali (MPP152050) Nurul Adni Nik Hassan (MPP151152) Nur Shuhada binti Zahari (MPP151151) Nor Idayu binti Rosli (MPP151183) Norliahazwani Samsudin (MPP151255) Siti Nor Syuhaidah binti Mohd Sufandi (MPP151173) Valerie Bukas anak Marcus (MPP151104)

Transcript of School as social system

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School As Social SystemAzri Syazwan bin Atan (MPP153030)Nur Hanan binti Afandi (MPP151169)Nurul Amalin binti Mohamad Razali (MPP152050)Nurul Adni Nik Hassan (MPP151152)Nur Shuhada binti Zahari (MPP151151)Nor Idayu binti Rosli (MPP151183)Norliahazwani Samsudin (MPP151255)Siti Nor Syuhaidah binti Mohd Sufandi (MPP151173)Valerie Bukas anak Marcus (MPP151104)

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Introduction - School as Social SystemAccording to the functionalist approach, the school system is composed of many distinct sub-systems or parts, each with their own goals. Together these parts make up a functioning whole (Ballantine 2001: p 132). Each part is dependent on the other for smooth operation. If one part does not function well, the other parts are affected too.

Willard Waller stated five reasons for a school to be regarded as a social system:

It has personnel who contributes toward the school’s goals.

It has a social structure as the result of social interaction within the school.

It is represented and bound by strong social relationship.

It is bound by a feeling of belonging ( esprit de corps).

It possesses its own culture / ways of doing things.

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Introduction - School as Social System

A school is a social system with a clear border that separates it from the environment.

Not a closed social system.

It has a close relationship with the environment and they compliment each other.

School prepares students with living skills, knowledge and expertise necessary for the society. The school is provided with resources, building and personnel (students and teachers) in order for it function.

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Goals of The School System

Formal goals serve several purposes of the school system :

provide guidelines for activities of the system

focus the activities of members

imply social acceptance of the stated purposes and to achieve them.

legitimizes the activities in the system.

Goals are constantly being ‘negotiated’ and reconsidered

depending on the interests of the powerful

and the needs of the system.

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Societal &

Community Goals

Each society has certain goals for its educational system that are put into practice in schools and classrooms. National education programs determine uniform curriculum and materials but heterogeneous societies have competing goals. School systems are often at the centre of political struggles for control of resources and ideas.

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Schools are guided by a broad and formal goal statement, namely the National Education Philosophy. Nonetheless the stated goals are often different from the operational procedures. These procedures focus on curricular content, classroom style and organizational structure to accomplish the stated goals. It is in the school that the stated goals must be translated into action. In the process, conflicts over purpose and interpretation can arise.

School Goals

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Teachers and administrators desire high-quality education but they also have personal motivation.

For students, school is obligatory. They are required to attend. Their goals vary depending on individual motivations.

Parent’s goals are sometimes in conflict with school policies too.

Individual Goals

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School Goals in MalaysiaA greater focus on STEM might help Malaysia meet its “developed” goal, but the experts agree that the biggest reforms should occur earlier in kids’ educational experience, well before students get to high school. Teachers need to be trained better, Mohd-Yusof said, so they can encourage students’ interest in the process of scientific inquiry early on. That’s the best way to get more students interested in science down the line.

DEC 18, 2014

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School Goals in MalaysiaThe Government launched the Malaysia Education Blueprint in 2013 to define the course of education reform over the next decade and to respond to many of the challenges faced by the system. The Blueprint sets a number of ambitious goals, including:

Universal access and full enrollment of all children from preschool to upper secondary school by 2020.

Improvement of student scores on international assessments such as PISA to the top third of participating countries within 15 years.

Reduce by half the current urban-rural, socio-economic and gender achievement gaps by 2020.

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ImprovementThe introduction of a Secondary School Standard Curriculum or Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah

(KSSM) and revised Primary School Standard Curriculum or Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Rendah (KSSR) in 2017 with greater emphasis on promoting knowledge and skills such as creative thinking, innovation, problem-solving and leadership.

The introduction of clear learning standards so that students and parents understand the progress expected within each year of schooling.

The introduction of English as a compulsory subject within the school leaving examination (SPM) from 2016, and an additional language by 2025.

Increase entry standards for future teachers from 2013, requiring them to be among the top 30 percent of graduates.

The definition of clear performance benchmarks (“system aspirations”) that will help measure progress of the reforms with annual reviews.

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Viral Issue

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Iklim Sekolah(School Climate)

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Keadaan atau suasana sekolah yang tenang dan nyaman, sesuai untuk proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran dianggap sebagai mempunyai iklim sekolah yang berkesan.

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Halpin dan Croft (1963) menggambarkan

personaliti seseorang individu sendiri dan

bagaimana guru tersebut berusaha untuk mencapai tahap

organisasi iklim sekolah berkenaan.

Howard (1974) mendefinisikan iklim

sekolah sebagai keadaan sosial dan budaya sekolah itu yang

mempengaruhi tingkah laku orang di dalamnya.

Pusat Perkembangan Kurikulum (1981)

mendefinisikan iklim sekolah sebagai suasana

sekolah yang baik di mana keadaan

persekitarannya dirasakan selesa,

tenteram, mesra, riang dengan pembelajaran

yang lancar.

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Atau;

Iklim sekolah adalah“perasaan” terhadap

sekolah tersebut

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Jenis iklim sekolah• Iklim Terbuka

-(sekolah terbuka adalah rasa hormat, kepercayaan dan kejujuran, serta memberikan peluang kepada guru, murid untuk terlibat dan kerjasama antara satu sama lain.)-(Sekolah mempunyai ciri-ciri fizikal yang bersih dan menarik)-(suasana yang aman, selamat, teratus, bebas daripada ancaman dan masalah disiplin yang serius, sama ada dalam kalangan guru, pelajar, pekerja atau masyarakat.• Iklim Tertutup

-(keadaan sekolah yang tidak teratur, kotor, tercemar-(sekolah berada dalam keadaan kucar-kacir dengan pengetua selalu gelisah, guru tidak bermaya, pelajar tidak terkawal)

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Dimensi iklim sekolahFizikal sekolah

• Penampilan sekolah• Saiz dan jumlah

bilangan antara pelajar, guru dalam kelas

• Susunan dan organanisasi dalam kelas

• Keselamatan dan keselesaan

Sosial

• Hubungan yang kualiti• Adil dalam melayan

pelajar dan guru• Persaingan sihat antara

pelajar• kebersamaan antara

staff, pelajar, dan guru dalam membuat keputusan

Akademik

• Arahan yang jelas• Jangkaan gru dalam

pencapaian pelajar• Memantau progress

pelajar

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Faktor yang mempengaruhi

Iklim Sekolah

Persepsi(tentang

persekitaran sekolah)

Komunikasi(pelajar, guru

dan kakitangan sekolah)

Alam sekitar (bangunan, kemudahan

dan lain-lain)

Prestasi Akademik

kepercayaan dan hormat

antara pelajar dan guru

Keselamatan dan Saiz sekolah

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Kepentingan Iklim Sekolah Yang Positif

pengurangan masalah tingkah laku dan emosi pelajar

memberikan kesan secara signifikan terhadap pencapaian akademik di kalangan pelajar

peningkatan motivasi dan kepuasan kerja guru-guru dan staf

menyediakan atmosfera sekolah yang positif dan sihat.

pelajar dan guru dapat menjalani proses pengajaran dan

pembelajaran yang optimum

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Peningkatan ke arah iklim sekolah yang positif

Melaksanakan ciri-ciri pendidikan berasaskan nilai-nilai moral Peningkatan penyertaan ibu bapa dan komunitiGuru dan pengetua melayan pelajar secara adil, saksama dan hormatMenyediakan persekitaran yang selamat dan sihat

Menghalang tindakan membuli secara serius

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VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DR88krf1vSc

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Isu Viral

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KesimpulanIklim sekolah perlu disepadukan antara iklim yang bersifat disiplin dalaman (nilai kerohanian) seperti penerapan nilai keagamaan dalam kehidupan seharian di sekolah dan iklim bersifat luaran seperti persekitaran sekolah yang bersih dan cantik serta hubungan komunikasi yang baik. Dengan kesepaduan iklim-iklim ini, pihak sekolah bukan sahaja mampu mewujudkan suasana motivasi pembelajaran tinggi, tetapi juga berjaya menghasilkan pelajar yang cemerlang dari segi akademik dan sahsiah.

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LPPP1133SEKOLAH SEBAGAI SISTEM SOSIAL

(BUDAYA)

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PENGENALAN

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DEFINISI•BUDAYA: Menurut Deal dan Peterson(1999), John(2010) dan Garatt(1990), budaya ialah entiti keseluruhan yang kompleks. Ia merangkumi aspek-aspek seperti pengetahuan, kepercayaan, kesenian, moral, undang-undang, norma, adat resam dan kemahiran-kemahiran lain serta kebiasaan yang diwarisi ataupun diperoleh dan diaplikasi di dalam kehidupan.

•BUDAYA SEKOLAH: Menurut Banks dan Banks(1993), Deal dan Peterson (1998) ialah sistem sosial yang mempunyai budaya yang tersendiri. Ia terdiri dari norma institusi, struktur sosial, kepercayaan, nilai, simbol, tradisi, matlamat dan tujuan yang tersendiri untuk membentuk organisasi tersendiri.

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ISI UTAMA

SIFAT BUDAYA SEKOLAH

•Setiap sifat dan dalam rangkaian budaya mempunyai fungsi dan peranan serta pengertian yang tersendiri yang menjadi asas sekolah.

•Maksud yang tersirat dalam sifat-sifat budaya sekolah menurut Shatar Sabran (2001) adalah seperti simbol, norma yang terdiri daripada Mores , nilai, kepercayaan dan ritual, bahasa, tradisi dan perayaan, konvensi dan andaian dan pengetahuan.

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JENIS-JENIS BUDAYA SEKOLAH

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BUDAYA SEKOLAH

FORMALLebih pentingkan akademik dan tingkah laku. Contoh: jadual waktu kurikulum dan susun atur kelas

TIDAK FORMALDibentuk oleh sub budaya guru,

murid, pentadbiran, pekerja sokongan dan ibu bapa.

INSTRUMENTAL

EKSPRESIFMORAL

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR MEMPENGARUHI BUDAYA DI SEKOLAH

•Antara faktor-faktornya ialah nilai dan misi, struktur organisasi, komunikasi yang berkesan, persekitaran kerja, pemilihan dan pengambilan pekerja, perancangan kurikulum, belanjawan dan pengurusan sumber, sistem nasihat dan disiplin dan komuniti.

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NILAI DAN VISI MEMPENGARUHI BUDAYA DI SEKOLAH•Budaya sekolah merupakan elemen yang penting dalam sesebuah sekolah dan dipengaruhi oleh nilai dan kepercayaan yang menjadi asas dam visi sekolah.•Struktur dan sistem sekolah membolehkan sekolah memilih cara bagaimana ia menjalankan aktiviti visi.•Visi sekolah terdapat dalam pernyataan dasar sekolah yang timbul daripada nilai dan kepercayaan sekolah. •Visi dan misi sangat penting di dalam sesebuah sekolah, ini merupakan matlamat sekolah dan hala tuju sesebuah sekolah•Visi dan misi mempunyai ciri-ciri yang tersendiri dalam membentuk wawasan sekolah dan merupakan pemangkin setiap warga sekolah untuk mencapainya.

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CONTOH FAKTOR LAIN

- Faktor kepimpinan sekolah- Faktor kepimpinan guru- Faktor disiplin sekolah

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Faktor kepimpinan sekolah

➢ Porth (2000): budaya sekolah dipengaruhi oleh pemimpin, pemimpin yang akan mencorakkan matlamat dan hala tuju bagi sekolah.

➢ Pemimpin yang bersemangat tinggi sedar akan tanggungjawab beliau terhadap guru-guru dan pelajar.

➢ Sikap adil dan amanah pemimpin akan menjadi contoh kepada pelajar.

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Faktor kepimpinan guru➢Guru merupakan individu yang

mampu membantu pelajar menjadi yang terbaik bagi masa depan mereka.

➢Guru sebagai ‘role model’ pelajar-percakapan, pergaulan dan penampilan

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Faktor disiplin sekolah➢Budaya sekolah berkait rapat dengan

displin sekolah.

➢Budaya baik: zero deffect dalam aktiviti pnp.

➢ masalah disiplin dapat diatasi dengan adanya penerapan budaya yang positif. 33

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• Persekitaran memainkan peranan kerana persekitaran yang positif mampu kurangkan masalah disiplin kerana aura positif sekeliling yang diserap.

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KEPENTINGANDijelaskan oleh Southwest Educational Laboratory (SEDL):

❖membantu usaha menambahbaik sekolah bagi pelajar yang bermasalah.

❖menyediakan fokus dan tujuan sekolah yang jelas kerana menjadi tunjang kepada ikatan bersama seterusnya menjayakan misi dan visi sekolah.

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PENAMBAHBAIKAN

Contoh masalah disiplin:

-peranan pihak sekolah-peranan kementerian pelajaran

-peranan ibu bapa-peranan pelajar

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Peranan Kementerian Pelajaran

• Memantau disiplin pelajar di sekolah-sekolah setiap masa.

• Mengadakan kerjasama dengan pihak polis bagi menangani masalah disiplin.

• Mengambil tindakan tegas terhadap pihak pentadbiran sekolah yang cuba menyembunyikan masalah disiplin pelajar.

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Peranan sekolah• Mempelbagaikan program-program motivasi.

Peranan ibu bapa• Sentiasa menasihati dan memantau pergerakan dan perlakuan anak

sepanjang masa.

Peranan pelajar • Mengamalkan nilai-nilai murni di sekolah- Baik hati, tolak ansur, menghormati, mematuhi peraturan

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ISU VIRAL

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VIDEO

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zq5H4lDA9_4

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School Function

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INTRODUCTIONDefinition of School :“where everything is growing, one former is worth

a thousand re-former” (Dewey, 1907)

Inherit potential to next generation (Hayati, 2013)

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Knowledge

Place to gain knowledge• Develop systematic thinking skills and changes in social • Example :

informal education such as co-curriculum make themlearn each others’ personal life habits, feelings and etc

(Hoy & Miskel, 2005)

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Talent and skill

Develop talent and skill• Encourage student to involve in variety activity

• Example : Public speaking

Innovation competition

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Introduce to systematic organization

Organization

• Bureaucracy system in classroom• Example : Class monitor

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Enhance moral values among students

Moral value

• Embedded discipline and nature of work

• Example : Punctual working hour and cooperate with teammates

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Improvement • Decrease the class size

More effective teaching in classroom• Rearrange teaching syllabus

Make syllabus being synchronized with time teaching

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Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flnxqi-tX9A

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Viral Issue