Schlumberger Engineer Guide (MWD/LWD)

Schlumberger

MWD / LWD Engineer Guide

(Grade 9)

Tatiana A. Silva

Engineer Guide (Grade 9) Dez - 2006

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INDEX

1. DRILLING FLUIDS............................................................................................................................5 1.1. FUNCTIONS................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. PROPERTIES.................................................................................................................................. 5 1.3. PRESSURE LOSS............................................................................................................................ 5 1.4. SOLID CONTROL EQUIPMENT ....................................................................................................... 5

2. PORE PRESSURE ..............................................................................................................................6 2.1. SURFACE INDICATION OF OVERPRESSURE.................................................................................... 6 2.2. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE............................................................................................................. 6

3. DRILL STRING ..................................................................................................................................7 3.1. DRILL BITS................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. BHA - BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY ............................................................................................... 7

3.2.1. Drill Collar ............................................................................................................................. 7 3.2.2. Heavy-weight Drill Pipe ......................................................................................................... 7 3.2.3. Stabilizers ............................................................................................................................... 7 3.2.4. Roller Reamers ....................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.5. Bit Sub .................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.6. UBHO Subs ............................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.7. Pony / Short Drill Collars....................................................................................................... 8 3.2.8. MWD / LWD Tools ................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.9. Jars ......................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.10. Circulation Subs ................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.11. Hole Openers ..................................................................................................................... 8

3.3. DRILL PIPE ................................................................................................................................... 8 3.4. NEUTRAL POINT........................................................................................................................... 9 3.5. BUOYANCY FACTOR .................................................................................................................... 9 3.6. CONNECTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 9

4. SENSORS ...........................................................................................................................................10 5. ETHERNET .......................................................................................................................................11

5.1. TOPOLOGIES............................................................................................................................... 11 5.2. SETTING NAME CONFIGURATION ................................................................................................ 11

6. TROUBLESHOOTING ....................................................................................................................12 6.1. PROBLEMS.................................................................................................................................. 12 6.2. STEPS ......................................................................................................................................... 12 6.3. PSAM / ASAP ........................................................................................................................... 12

7. D&I .....................................................................................................................................................13 7.1. WELL PROFILES ......................................................................................................................... 13 7.2. UTM GRID SYSTEM ................................................................................................................... 14 7.3. WELL PLOTS .............................................................................................................................. 15 7.4. SURVEYS .................................................................................................................................... 15

7.4.1. Components .......................................................................................................................... 15 7.4.2. Surveying Tools .................................................................................................................... 15

7.5. INCLINATION .............................................................................................................................. 16 7.6. AZIMUTH.................................................................................................................................... 16 7.7. TOOL-FACE ................................................................................................................................ 17 7.8. D&I DATA USAGE ...................................................................................................................... 17 7.9. FE RESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................................. 18


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7.9.1. Pre-Run................................................................................................................................. 18 7.9.2. BHA P/up.............................................................................................................................. 18 7.9.3. IDEAL................................................................................................................................... 18 7.9.4. Job Execution ....................................................................................................................... 18

7.10. TAKING A SURVEYS ................................................................................................................... 19 7.10.1. Procedures ....................................................................................................................... 19 7.10.2. Field Acceptance Criteria FAC .................................................................................... 19 7.10.3. Roll Test ........................................................................................................................... 19

7.11. SURVEY OUT OF FAC................................................................................................................. 20 7.11.1. G out of FAC.................................................................................................................... 20 7.11.2. H or Dip Out of FAC ....................................................................................................... 20 7.11.3. 5-Axis Correction............................................................................................................. 20 7.11.4. D-Mag.............................................................................................................................. 20

7.12. DRILLSTRING MAGNETIC INTERFERENCE................................................................................... 21

8. MWD TELEMETRY ........................................................................................................................22 8.1. SIGNAL GENERATION ................................................................................................................. 22 8.2. MODULATORS ............................................................................................................................ 22 8.3. SIGNAL STRENGTH ..................................................................................................................... 22 8.4. DATA ENCODING........................................................................................................................ 23 8.5. SPTS......................................................................................................................................... 23 8.6. DATA MODULATION/DEMODULATION ....................................................................................... 24 8.7. BANDWIDTH............................................................................................................................... 25 8.8. SIGNAL PROBLEMS..................................................................................................................... 26

8.8.1. Attenuation ........................................................................................................................... 26 8.8.2. Pump Noise........................................................................................................................... 26 8.8.3. Downhole Noise.................................................................................................................... 27 8.8.4. Electrical Noise .................................................................................................................... 28 8.8.5. Echoes and Reflections ......................................................................................................... 28

8.9. HSPM........................................................................................................................................ 29 8.9.1. Pump Noise........................................................................................................................... 29 8.9.2. Drilling Noise ....................................................................................................................... 30 8.9.3. Motor Stalls .......................................................................................................................... 30 8.9.4. Downhole Noise.................................................................................................................... 31 8.9.5. Electrical Noise .................................................................................................................... 31 8.9.6. Echoes and Reflections ......................................................................................................... 32 8.9.7. MWD Failure........................................................................................................................ 32

8.10. NO SIGNAL................................................................................................................................. 33 8.10.1. Dark Blue spectrogram.................................................................................................... 33 8.10.2. Pump noise but no tool signal in the telemetry band ....................................................... 33 8.10.3. Tool at a different mode................................................................................................... 33 8.10.4. Low Signal on only 1 SPT................................................................................................ 33 8.10.5. Low Signal on both SPT................................................................................................... 33 8.10.6. SPT-B............................................................................................................................... 33

9. MWD TOOLS....................................................................................................................................34 9.1. ALL TOOLS................................................................................................................................. 34 9.2. POWERPULSE ............................................................................................................................. 35

9.2.1. Components .......................................................................................................................... 35 9.2.2. MMA Considerations............................................................................................................ 35 9.2.3. MEA Sub Components .......................................................................................................... 36 9.2.4. MGR Gamma Ray.............................................................................................................. 36 9.2.5. MTA Considerations............................................................................................................. 37 9.2.6. MDC Considerations ............................................................................................................ 37 9.2.7. IWOB / MVC......................................................................................................................... 37 9.2.8. Some Specifications .............................................................................................................. 38


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9.2.9. PPL Jamming ....................................................................................................................... 38 9.2.10. IWOB Calibration............................................................................................................ 39

9.3. TELESCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 39 9.4. DOWNLINK................................................................................................................................. 40

9.4.1. Legacy................................................................................................................................... 41 9.4.2. Manual Fast.......................................................................................................................... 41

10. LWD TOOLS .....................................................................................................................................42 10.1. ARC........................................................................................................................................... 42

10.1.1. Some specifications.......................................................................................................... 43 10.1.2. Rt measurement................................................................................................................ 43 10.1.3. Gamma Ray measurement ............................................................................................... 47 10.1.4. ARC 6/7/8 Checklist......................................................................................................... 48 10.1.5. Resistivity Interpretation.................................................................................................. 51 10.1.6. APWD .............................................................................................................................. 52

11. BIBLIOGRAPHY..............................................................................................................................58


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1. Drilling Fluids

Water based Mud WBM Water or brine as base fluid Oil Based Mud OBM Crude oil, diesel as base fluid

Synthetic based Mud SBM Pseudo oil as base fluid Pneumatic based Mud PBM Air, Foam or natural gas as base fluid

1.1. Functions

Control Formation Pressure Hole Cleaning Suspend Solids. Lubrication and cooling of drill string Gathering information Provide Buoyancy

Transmit power Prevent corrosion Stabilization of the exposed rock

formation Minimize formation damage Isolate fluid from formation

1.2. Properties

Density (ppg, g/cc, psi/ft) Rheology: Viscosity and Gel Strength Fluid Loss (Filtration) Inhibition

1.3. Pressure Loss

PStdpipe = PSurf.Eq + PDrill String + PMWD/Motor + PBit + PAnnulus

1.4. Solid Control Equipment

Shale Shaker Degasser Desander Desilter Mud Cleaner


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2. Pore Pressure

2.1. Surface Indication of Overpressure

Increase in background and connection gas. Gas Ratio C2/C3. Increase in ROP. Presence of splintered cavings at the shakers. Increase in torque and Drag. Reduction in return mud weight.

2.2. Hydrostatic Pressure

Hydrostatic Pressure = 0.052 x Mud Weight (ppg) x TVD (ft)


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3. Drill String

3.1. Drill Bits

3.2. BHA - Bottom Hole Assembly

3.2.1. Drill Collar

Provide weight Slick Collars / Spiral Drill Collar

3.2.2. Heavy-weight Drill Pipe

Standard / Spiral

3.2.3. Stabilizers

Integral Blade Sleeve and Mandrel

Welded Blade Clamp-On

Insert PDC Natural Diamond Milled Tooth

Milled Tooth Bits Insert Bits

By Cutting Structure

Roller Bearing Journal Bearing

By Bearing System

Roller Cone Bits

PDC bits

Natural Diamond TSP Impregnated Bits

Diamond Bits

Fixed Cutter Bits

Drill Bits


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Straight blades or spiral blades String(box / pin) or Near Bit (box / box) types

3.2.4. Roller Reamers

Substitute for Stabilizers ONLY run in the BHA between Drill Collars

3.2.5. Bit Sub

It is used when a Near Bit Stabilizer is not required It can be used to contain one of the following:

Float Valve Survey Baffle / Totco Ring

3.2.6. UBHO Subs

3.2.7. Pony / Short Drill Collars

3.2.8. MWD / LWD Tools

3.2.9. Jars

3.2.10. Circulation Subs

3.2.11. Hole Openers

HOLE SIZE COLLAR SIZE TOOL SIZE 36 22 14 9 11

16 17 9 8 9 12 12 8 7 8 9 7/8 8 6 6 6

6 5 7/8 4 4 5 4 3 -

3.3. Drill Pipe


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3.4. Neutral Point

Tension = 0 Stress = 0

3.5. Buoyancy Factor

5.65)(1 ppgMudWeightctorBuoyancyFa =

AirWeightctorBuoyancyFaightBuoyancyWe =

)(CosightBuoyancyWeghtAvaibleWei =

3.6. Connections

For Collars we simply call it a Connection For Drill Pipe it is called a Tool Joint

Making a Connection:

Keep it dry / clean Apply Dope Stab Tong Placement Screw in Torque


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4. Sensors

SENSORS INPUT OUTPUT PSAM ASAP WIRES Hookload

Pump pressure SPT-FA

24 V 4 20 mA 2 10 V 1 5 V V S+

Torque 24 V 0 3 V 0 6 V 0 3 V V S+

Gnd

SPT-BE 24 V 6 V 6 V 6 V V S+ S-

Gnd

SPT-HA 24 V 7 V 7 V 7 V

V S+ S-

Gnd Spare

Depth Encoder 12 V 5 V 5 V 5 V V S+ S-

Gnd

Pump Stroke 12 V 12 V 5 V 5 V V S+

Calibration:


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5. Ethernet

5.1. Topologies

Bus (serially) Star (IEH IDEAL Ethernet Hub)

5.2. Setting name configuration

Start Ideal Utilities W2KNetConfig

Name Node IP Address IDEAL1 ASLAV1 163.185.21.30 IDEAL2 ASLAV2 163.185.21.31 HSPM1 ASLAS1 163.185.21.32 HSPM2 ASLAS2 163.185.21.33 IRCT ASLAX1 163.185.21.34 ICPC ASLAX2 163.185.21.35


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6. Troubleshooting

6.1. Problems

Sensor related Junction Box Related Cabling related PSAM / ASAP related HSPM related

6.2. Steps

Stop. Assess the situation. Make a plan Do not leave the unit (assuming the cables are connected) Focus your attention on the PSAM / ASAP Trace the problem one step at a time

6.3. PSAM / ASAP

Check for correct wiring Check Jumper settings Check fuses Check barriers Check voltages


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7. D&I

7.1. Well Profiles

Straight Well (Vertical) S-Type Well

Slant Well (J-Type) Horizontal Well


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7.2. UTM Grid System

Divides world into 60 equal longitudinal zones (6 deg wide each) UTM Grid Reference include: Zone Number + Hemisphere (N/S) Range of Eastings are: ~200,000m ~800,000

33 33


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7.3. Well Plots

7.4. Surveys

7.4.1. Components

Measured Depth Inclination Azimuth

7.4.2. Surveying Tools

Inclination only (TOTCO and AnderDrift) Inclination & Azimuth

MN Referenced (Single Shot, Multi Shot and MWD) TN Referenced (Gyro)

Target Section

Plane of Proposal Displacement North/South

Horizontal Displacement

(HD)

Surface Reference Point

Displacement East/West

Closure Angle

Plane of Proposal Angle


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7.5. Inclination

It is the angle of deviation from vector g Tri-Axial Accelerometers 1000 counts = 1g Tg is stable (Roll Test)

7.6. Azimuth

It is the angle between North Reference and a horizontal projection of wellbore

Tri-Axial Magnetometers 1 Tool H = 50 Gammas / 1 NanoTesla = 1 Gamma Magnetic Dip Angle = Cos-1 (HC/H) (HC = horizontal component) DIP 90 Close to Poles / DIP 0 Close to Equator Th is stable (Roll Test)

Magnetic declination is the angle between TN and MN measured from TN

Final Azimuth = Mag. Az. + Mag. Declination Grig Conv.

22 GzGyTg +=

2 2 Hz Hy Th + =


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7.7. Tool-Face

Orientate a motor high-side Low inclination magnetometers Magnetic Tool-Face (MTF) High inclination accelerometers Gravity Tool-Face (GTF)

MTF GTF Previous Regular MTF/GTF Switch Drift < 5 Drift > 8 5< Drift < 8

Low MTF/GTF Switch Drift < 2.5 Drift > 3.5 2.5 < Drift < 3.5

7.8. D&I Data usage

Data Use Real-time Last Survey GFH QA All G HFH QA All H DIP QA All G, all H

Inclination Wellpath All G Azimuth Wellpath All G, all H

MTF Steering Gy, Gz, Hy, Hz Gx, Hx GTF Steering Gy, Gz

Cont_inc Steering Rgx Gy, Gz Cont_azi Steering Rgx, Rhx Gy, Gz, Hy, Hz


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7.9. FE Responsibilities

7.9.1. Pre-Run

Check Calibration of MWD Tool (D&I calibration 6 months) Check requirements (TN or GN?) Calculate EDI (< 0.5) Program the Tool

7.9.2. BHA P/up

Measure the Tool-face correction (from ROP to motor scribe line, clockwise, looking downhole)

360=CircARCTFC

7.9.3. IDEAL

D&I Inits Geomag o Inputs: Long, Lat, Date and Elevation o Outputs: Loc G, Loc H, Mag. Dec. and Mag. Dip Angle

Tie In Point Platform Reference BHA DLIS SAVE

7.9.4. Job Execution

SHT o Gx 1000 counts o Gy and Gz 0 o Tool G Loc G o Inc 0 o Pay attention: flow rate, standpipe pressure and tur_rpm

Surveys


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7.10. Taking a Surveys

7.10.1. Procedures

Off Bottom Stop Rotating Work pipe (to remove trapped torque), last movement up. Stop ALL movement, chain down break. Drop pumps below min flow rate until you see signal loss. Bring pumps up above minimum flow. No pipe movement before the pre-cursor. Complete a written survey record

7.10.2. Field Acceptance Criteria FAC

G = Reference 2.5 mg (2.5 counts) H = Reference 6 counts (300 nT) Mag Dip = Reference 0.45o Inc, Az and DLS are based on the previous surveys

7.10.3. Roll Test

4 rotation surveys taken at the same depth ( 1 meter) Tg must be constant


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7.11. Survey out of FAC

7.11.1. G out of FAC

Possible causes What should I do Pipe Movement (erratic G and H) Watch the Driller Failed Sensor (accelerometers: 0 or stuck values)

Repeat the survey Roll Test Checkshot or Benchmark

Incorrect MWD Calibration Checkshot or Benchmark

7.11.2. H or Dip Out of FAC

Drillstring Magnetism External source Failed Sensor (magnetometers: erratic values) Incorrect MWD Calibration

7.11.3. 5-Axis Correction

This method can be used in a sensor failure It is not recommended:

o Gy or Gz in vertical holes, o Gx in horizontal holes, o Hy or Hz when drilling North or South with inclination close to

magnetic dip angle. o Hx when perpendicular to magnetic dip angle

7.11.4. D-Mag

Only Drill string magnetism can be corrected It is necessary around 10 good surveys


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7.12. Drillstring Magnetic Interference

Acts along the X axis of the tool (effects Hx)

It depends on:

Inclination

Horizontal Component (HC) error = Drillstring error * Sin (inclination)

Mag Dip Angle

Horizontal Component (HC) = H * Cos (Magnetic Dip Angle)

Direction

Error increases when drilling in an east/west direction

BHA


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8. MWD Telemetry

8.1. Signal Generation

1) Modulator in open position mud flows through 2) Modulator in closed position mud flow is blocked 3) Kinetic energy pressure 4) Varying the speed of rotation the frequency changes 5) Slowing down or speeding up for a short period original frequency the phase changes

8.2. Modulators

PowerPulse SlimPulse

8.3. Signal Strength

Signal power = (signal strength)2 Signal energy is signal power x time


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GAP

Signal Strength Erosion

GAP Flow Rate

LCM

Depth

Mud Viscosity

Mud Solids

* Increased mud weight has the same effect as increased flow rate - they both increase signal strength.

8.4. Data Encoding

Binary Phase Shift Keying Quadrature Phase shift Keying Minimum Shift Keying

No shift 180o BPSQ 0 1 0 90 180 270 QPSK 00 01 11 10

fc-fb/4 * fc+fb/4 * MSK SymbolRate = 2(Fa-Fb) 0 1

* Where fc is the carrier frequency and fb is the bit rate

PowerPulse QPSK, BPSK, MSK 12/6 bps IMPulse QPSK, BPSK, MSK 6 bps TeleScope QPSK, MSK 48/24 bps SlimPulse MSK 1/0.5 bps

8.5. SPTs

SPT-H / dynamic output frequencies from 0.5 to 24Hz SPT-H / static output frequencies from 0 to 2 Hz


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8.6. Data Modulation/Demodulation

Signal SPT USP board (ASAP/PSAM) digital filters receiver binary frame decoder data IDEAL

Data from the MWD tool is sent from downhole as a stream of binary bits. 1s and 0s.

A group of 1s and 0s is called a WORD. A WORD can vary in size (typically 2 to 12 bits). A group of WORDS is called a FRAME. A Frame is always preceded by a Frame Sync Word and Frame

Identification number (FID).

* The survey is taken during the precursor!

Precursor Survey Frame Utility Frame

Precursor:1 1 1 1 ... 1111 001101011...10

Repeating Pattern Special Precursor

Survey Frame:

Frame Sync Data CRC

Utility Frame:

Frame Sync Data

FID

FID

Repeating Frame Repeating Frame

Repeating Frame:

Frame Sync DataFID


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8.7. Bandwidth

Bandpass = Fc (0.75 x symbol rate) = Fc (0.75 x bit rate / bit/symbol)

Fc = Carrier FrequencySignal-to-Noise Ratio

Bit Rate (bps) = Symbol Rate x bits/symbol

If the average SNR is > 15 dB then it is safe to double the bit rate If the bit rate is doubled then the SNR will drop by at least 3 dB If the SNR drops below 10 dB reduce the bit rate

Bandwidth


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8.8. Signal Problems

8.8.1. Attenuation

Factors Survey quality

Mud Viscosity (Max. = 65 cp)

Gas in the Mud

Depth

Frequency

Radiation Loss

Flow Rate

Pipe ID

The mud viscosity decreases with increasing temperature Changes in Pipe ID can cause reflex! WBM better surveys/SBM very compressible/OBM bad surveys

8.8.2. Pump Noise

Harmonic = 60

SPM

Information: Flow Rate = FR gpm, the number of pumps is P and a pump gives V gps So

Flow Rate @ each piston = P

FR

SPM = VpistonFR @


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SOLUTIONS:

Check the mud conditions (viscosity, gas) Change the Stroke R Stagger the pumps (increase the strokes in one and decrease in the

other one) Check the pulsation dampeners (1/3 to of standpipe pressure) Use Dif. Filter (SPT1 and SPT2 spacing = wavelength apart at

the carrier frequency) Pump Noise Canceller Force retraining Change band pass Use notch filter Try a downlink (telemetry / frequency / bps / FSL)

IMPORTANT:

If the SPTs are located between 1/8 and 3/8 of a wavelength apart the telemetry waves at each SPT will interfere constructively and result in increased signal strength. Separations of 3/8 wavelength will cause a reduction in signal strength.

c = f (c = speed of sound, f = carrier frequency, = wavelength)

8.8.3. Downhole Noise

Bit/Drilling Noise Rotary Noise Motor Noise

SOLUTIONS:

Change Flow Rate (motor RPM) Change WOB Change the motor


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8.8.4. Electrical Noise

Loose electrical connection Faulty SPTs Moisture in the AJB Sensor cable near by a power source/cable Ground problems

8.8.5. Echoes and Reflections

Changes in Pipe ID

SOLUTIONS:

Try the Adaptive Equalizer (HSPM) Use a stronger SPT Change the SPT position


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8.9. HSPM

8.9.1. Pump Noise


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8.9.2. Drilling Noise

8.9.3. Motor Stalls


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8.9.4. Downhole Noise

8.9.5. Electrical Noise


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8.9.6. Echoes and Reflections

8.9.7. MWD Failure

Null in telemetry band

Tool shuts off

temporarily


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8.10. No Signal

8.10.1. Dark Blue spectrogram

Dead sensor. Bad connection. Bad wiring

Bad PSAM/ASAP Bad USP board (Check with loop back

connector)

8.10.2. Pump noise but no tool signal in the telemetry band

Tool Dead

8.10.3. Tool at a different mode

Bad configuration Accidental downlink

8.10.4. Low Signal on only 1 SPT

Sensor plugged with dry mud Bad sensor Bad position

8.10.5. Low Signal on both SPT

Washout Tool erosion Mud property changes Flow change Air/gas trapped in mud. Changes of ID in pipes

SPT on wrong standpipe (dual standpipe rigs)

Sensors should be on the main flow line Open or leaking valve in surface piping Tool with a bypass valve above the

MWD tool

8.10.6. SPT-B

Offset: -150 to 150 psi (DSPScope) Offset = -250 non connected SPT-B


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9. MWD Tools

9.1. All Tools

SlimPulse IMPulse PowerPulse TeleScope

Retrievable Collar-Based Collar-Based Collar-Based

1-3/4 OD 4-3/4 OD 6-3/4 9-1/2OD 6-3/4 9-1/2OD

Battery Powered Turbine Turbine Turbine

35 1200 gpm 100 400 gpm 225 2000 gpm 275 2000 gpm

0.1875 0.625 Hz 0.25 12 Hz 0.75 24 Hz 0.75 24 Hz

0.5 bps max. 6 bps max. 12 bps max. 48 bps max.

LCM < 50 ppb LCM < 50 ppb LCM < 50 ppb LCM < 50 ppb

Bits Sent Risk Level PowerPulse IMPulse SlimPulse 1. 2. Shk>50 Gs Shk>50 Gs Shk>50 Gs 0 No Risk cps < 1 cps < 1 cps < 2

1 Med Risk 1 < cps < 5 1 < cps < 5 2 < cps < 30

2 High Risk 5 < cps < 10 5 < cps < 10 30 < cps < 100

3 Tool Failure Imminent cps > 10 cps > 10 cps > 100


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9.2. PowerPulse

The PowerPulse can measure inclination, azimuth, GTF, MTF, transverse shocks and tool temperature. Formation gamma ray, DWOB, DTOR, MVC and APWD are optional

It has downlinking capabilities to change the bit rate, frequency, FSL and telemetry mode

There isnt power supply for the up-extender in MTF

9.2.1. Components

MMA - M10 Modulator Assembly MEA - M10 Electronics Assembly MTA - M10 Turbine Assembly MDC - M10 Drill Collar MGR - M10 Gamma Ray MDI - M10 D&I MGD - M10 Gamma Ray Dummy MVC - M10 Vibration Chassis MTK_A - M10 Kit MSSX - Saver Subs

9.2.2. MMA Considerations

Rotor/Stator Gap Zero gap = 0.08

Oil Level Reservoir 360 cc Oil leak 0.5 cc Status flag 30 cc Hours remaining 60 hrs

Flow Configuration 225 2000


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LCM < 50 ppb well mixed pumped w/ toll turned off

Failure Open position small drop in the standpipe pressure Closed position large increase in the standpipe pressure

Cold Start PPL/ BPSK/ 1Hz/ 0.5bps/ low temp/ jamming at pump up restart the tool

9.2.3. MEA Sub Components

MEC - M10 Electronics Chassis LTB 24 V ROP 12 V

MDI - M10 Direction & Inclination Package D&I is 7.71 ft / 2.35 m from ROP

MGR/D - M10 Gamma Ray/Dummy Package MVC - M10 Vibration Chassis MEH - M10 Electronic Housing

9.2.4. MGR Gamma Ray

Sources of natural gamma ray: thorium, potassium, and uranium The effect of the potassium (mud) on the MGR cannot be corrected Plateau type scintillation detector

GR NaI (thallium) light flash photocathode electron photomultiplier many electrons discriminator circuit

GRHV at a certain range of high voltages the number of counts registered by the device does not change as the voltage increases (the readings plateau). A value in the middle of this range is then picked as the GRHV for the tool

Corrections: mud weight, collar size (tool size) and bit size Real time sample rate 11 sec The PP averages the GR measurement every 30sec


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9.2.5. MTA Considerations

Oil Level Reservoir 850 cc Oil leak 1.5 cc Status flag 50 cc Hours remaining 33 hrs

Turbine configuration X flow range 300 - 600 gpm (standard) 400 - 800 gpm (standard) 600 - 1200 gpm (standard)

9.2.6. MDC Considerations

Connection integrity (do not exceed the DLS limits) Connection torque ROP/IWOB port integrity Extender preparation (clean / dry / DC111)

Go / No Go Resistance ~ M

Fishing diagram

9.2.7. IWOB / MVC


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9.2.8. Some Specifications

Collar Size 6.75 8.25 9 / 9.5 Pressure Drop Const.* 16000 NF 16000 HF 29000 29000

* C

ppgMWGPMPDROP)(2 =

9.2.9. PPL Jamming

Cycle pumps Rotate, if possible Work the drill string, if possible Vary flow rate Drill ahead for a while Reduce LCM content in mud Change shaker screens Pump the water pill (low-viscosity sweep basically)


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9.2.10. IWOB Calibration

IDEAL MWD Init DWOB

Tool 3 ft of the bottom Pumping and rotating Wait for the DWOB reading be stabilized Zero DWOB YES

DTOR Stop rotating Work the drillstring Tool 3 ft of the bottom Pumping Wait for the DTOR reading be stabilized Zero DTOR YES

9.3. TeleScope

Benefits: Accurate well Placement Large power generation capacity 2 Mb memory

Considerations: IDEAL 10 HSPM 10 TSIM2 Can support 80 dpoints Clock battery must be replaced each 3 months

Collar size 675 825 900 DLS_rotating 4.5 4 3.5 DLS_sliding 15 12 10 Pressure (Kpsi) 25 25 25 Pressure drop const 16000 16000 29000 29000


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9.4. Downlink

PowerPulse SlimPulse TeleScope IMPulse

Legacy

Manual Fast * *

* IMPulse requires V8.1_B06 or higher software * PowerPulse requires V8.0_B93 or higher software

PowerPulse SlimPulse TeleScope IMPulse

Telemetry

Frequency

Baud Rate

FSL

Record Rate * * Auto DLK Bit Time

VPWD Power

* Only using Manual Fast Downlink

Baud PowerUP telemetry bit rate (bps): 1=0.5 | 2=0.75 | 3=1 | 4=1.5 | 5=2 | 6=3 | 7=6 | 8=12 | 9=16

Modfreq PowerUP modulator carrier frequency (Hz): 3=0.625 | 4=0.75 | 5=1 | 6=2 | 7=10.5 | 8=12 | 9=13.5 |10=16 | 11=21 | 12=24

Telemod PowerUP telemetry mode: 2=QPSK | 3=MSK


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9.4.1. Legacy

Minimum Drop for Downlink 500 Turbine RPM

Low Motor Inhibit Level: 1200 Turbine RPM after the tool is turned ON 1500 Turbine RPM before the tool is turned ON

High Motor Inhibit Level: 4300 to 4700 Turbine RPM (electronics controlled)

Downlink frame 12Hz, 1.5 bps, BPSK

9.4.2. Manual Fast

High state Flow near to your drilling flow rate ~ 500 GPM

Low state Flow of 10% less ~ 450 GPM

Stay in high state for a minimum of 15 seconds before sending a command


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10. LWD Tools

Measurements: Resistivity Density Porosity Gamma ray Annular pressure / temperature

10.1. ARC

Electromagnetic propagation tool Collar sizes 3 1/8, 4 , 6 , 8 & 9 5 transmitters and 2 receivers Transmitter spacing:

Arc312/475: 10, 16, 22, 28, 34 in. Arc6/8/9: 16, 22, 28, 34, 40 in.

Dual frequency: 2 MHz and 400 KHz (except older Arc475 tools)

52 MB memory with Motorola chips Annular Pressure While Drilling (APWD)

(except Arc475 tools) 20 Kpsi / 25 Kpsi AIM receiver antenna 30 restivities (2 MHz/ 400 KHz/ Blended) Resistivity Scan-rate: Old min = 5 sec used 6 sec W/MR06 min = 2 sec used 3 sec (MR06 Low noise tools) Resistivity Record-rate = Scan-rate GR Update-rate = 28 sec


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10.1.1. Some specifications

Collar size 675 825 900 DLS_rotating 8 7 4 DLS_sliding 16 14 12 Pressure (Kpsi) 20/25 16/25 16/25 Pressure drop const 121000 970000 970000

10.1.2. Rt measurement

Locate hydrocarb. (w/ GR and density porosity) Estimate the volume of hidrocarb. Correlate logs Invasion determination Anisotropy determination Fracture determination Geosteering


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Measurements:

Attenuation better depth of investigation Att = 20Log

21

AA

dB

Phase Shift better vertical resolution PS = P2-P1

Rm mud Rmc mudcake Rxo flushed zone

Rt uninvaded zone Rmf mud filtrate Rw formation water

Phase Attenuation


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Environment:

Resistors in parallel

RtRxoRmeasered

111+=

Ideal environment Rm > 10 Rt (resistive mud OBM)

Dielectric Constant:

Important at high resistivities 55.10835.0 += rRt

Limitations due dielectric effects:

Transmitter Spacing (inches) Resistivity in Ohm.m 16 22 28 34 40 Phase 0.2-200 0.2-200 0.2-200 0.2-200 0.2-200 Attenuation 0.2- 20 0.2- 30 0.2-50 0.2-50 0.2-50

Conductive formation:

More ions to absorb the energy of the wave Depth of investigation Vertical resolution

Resistive formation:

Depth of investigation Vertical resolution


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10.1.2.1. Depth of Investigation

It is defined as 50% of IRGF (integrated radial geom. factor) Deeper DOI less mud effect Long space better than short space transmitters 400 KHz better than 2MHz Att better than PS Resistive better than conductive formation

10.1.2.2. Vertical resolution

It is defined as the 50% point of the vertical response function Higher vertical resolution smaller formation beds / more accurately Qualitative: the bed can be detected

Correlate logs Must be corrected before formation evaluation

Quantitative: the toll read at least 90% of the Rt Correlate logs Formation evaluation

No transmitting space effect 2 MHz better than 400 KHz PS better than Att Conductive better than resistive formation

10.1.2.3. 400Khz Advantages

Depth of investigation Less noise signal Less eccentricity effect More sensible to bad calibration

10.1.2.4. Borehole Compensation (rugosity)

RT1 (16) T1 T2 T3 RT2 (22) T1 T2 T3 RT3 (28) T2 T3 T4 RT4 (34) T3 T4 T5 RT5 (40) T3 T4 T5


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10.1.2.5. Borehole Corrections

Bit size Mud resistivity (at bottom hole temperature)

10.1.3. Gamma Ray measurement

Sources of natural gamma ray: thorium, potassium, and uranium Real-time curves

ARC_GR_UNC_RT [GAPI]: Calibrated GR ARC_GR_RT [GAPI]: Calibrated and environmentally corrected GR

Recorded-mode curves GR_ARC_RAW[CPS]: Uncalibrated GR_ARC_CAL[GAPI]: Calibrated GR_ARC_FILT [GAPI]: Calibrated and filtered (averaged) GR_ARC [GAPI]: Calibrated, filtered and environmentally corrected

GR GAIN factor: 0.8 1.2

Environmental Corrections:

Bit size Tool size Mud weigh Potassium % Barite (ON/OFF)


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10.1.4. ARC 6/7/8 Checklist

PRE-RUN

1) Visual inspection 2) Check connections 3) Torque in the sub 4) Torque on the extender 5) Go-no-go 6) Resistance 7) ROP voltages 8) Fishing Diagram

BATTERIES

1) Check the jam nut o-ring 2) Grease 3) Depassivation

Resistors 4 W / 100 Ohms OCV 21 V LV 19 V

PROGRAMMING

1) Test communication 2) Edit job file 3) Load cal record

a. Read from tool i. Max Temp = 150

ii. Max Pressure = 20 iii. GRHV and GR Gain OST iv. No-APWD POFF = 0 v. APWD

1. APRS ~ 14 psi 2. RPRS ~ 117 psi 3. POFF = RPRS APRS

b. D:\TOOLDATA\Run\ARC ARC#SN#RUN.CAL 4) Edit configuration Rates

a. System 5 b. Resis 6


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i. System you can put 60 ii. Raw_@2M 6

iii. Raw_@400K 6 iv. Res_Misc you can put 60 v. Blend_Res you can put 0

vi. Others 0 c. Gamma 6

i. Gamma n x 6 ii. CGamma 0

d. IAB i. No-APWD 0

ii. APWD 12 1. Pres_IAB 12 2. Con_Pres 12 3. IAB_Frame 0

5) Edit configuration Coefficients a. GammaRay PGR_Rate

GR_Rate = )/()/(23600

hftROPftdp

b. DefFreqSel 1 / 1 6) Edit job profile

a. Add b. Forever c. Enter mem. size

7) Initialize the tool 8) F9 9) Status words F7 10) Check calibration 11) Diagnostic Recorded mem. Summary 12) Diagnostic Snapshot (STATE.DAT)


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TLSW Tool status word 0 ABAM 300 400 ABBM Batteries current (mA) ~ 10 ABAT Battery voltage 18 V ISBS Internal serial bus status error 0 ALTB LTB voltage 0 ARVP 10 0.2 ARVN Power supply (V) -10 0.2 TIMP Temperature Amb. SCNT Shock count 0 ACCL Accelerometer voltage (shock) 10 DERR Data error on ISB bus 0 RESS Resistivity error from res sub-system 0 AMC2 Amplitude control @ 2 M: T5|T4|T3|T2|T1 77777 AMC4 Amplitude control @ 400 K: T5|T4|T3|T2|T1 77777 GRHV GR high voltage OST 10 PGRA GR_Raw (API) PGRP GR_Avarage (cps) GRAP GR_Avarage_Real_Time APRS Annular pressure (w/offset) ~ 14 psi ATMP Annular temp. Amb. RPRS Annular pressure (w/out offset) ~ POFF + 14 psi

POST-RUN

1) Process Process now 2) Utilities ASCII Time Frame Non wave form 3) Utilities Tech Log

ABAM / ABBM / TEMP / ABAT / ALTB / ARCSTAT / SHKLV 4) Check:

a. STATE.DAT compare pre and post run b. DUMP.DAT elapsed PC time = elapsed tool time c. RESET.DAT number of resets (must be empty)


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10.1.5. Resistivity Interpretation

POLARIZATION HORN

High relative dip angles ( 50 deg) High contrast in resistivity Rps > Rad (spikes) Long > Short

BED BOUNDARIES

Thin beds Rps and Rad will cross In the middle, Rps will spike 2MHz is more sensible

ANISOTROPY

High relative dip angles ( 60 deg) Anisotropic formation Rps > Rad Long > Short

DIELECTRIC EFFECT

Resistive formations Rad > Rps Short > Long

RESISTIVE INVASION

Sand Usually OBM (Rmf > Rt) Rps > Rad Short > Long

CONDUCTIVE INVASION

Sand WBM (Rmf < Rt) Rad > Rps Long > Short

BAD CALIBRATION

Curve separation in Rps (all log) Long > Short

FRACTURING

OBM Shale Rps > Rad Short > Long

ECCENTRICITY

OBM Wet rock Big hole / small tool Only 2MHz is affected (spikes) Mitigation: blended resistivity


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10.1.6. APWD

The Annular Pressure While Drilling (APWD) measures the hydrostatic pressure of the mud column in the annular space and this value may be used to compute circulating and static mud densities

Important Information:

Principal Functions:

Monitoring hole cleaning Monitoring the pressure/fracture gradient w/ ECD Kick/influx detection

Some Concepts:

Pore pressure (fluid pressure) Fracture pressure (breakdown pressure) Hydrostatic pressure (column of drilling fluid pressure) Leak-off pressure (Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure)

o It is defined as the difference between fracture and hydrostatic pressures at the casing shoe

Differential pressure o Difference in pressure the hydrostatic head of the mud column

and the formation pore pressure Surge

Viscous mud + BHA going in mud is forced into the formation Swab

Viscous mud + BHA going out formation fluid influx to the well


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Factors that affect APWD:

Mud weight Hole depth (true vertical depth) Cutting load in mud Mud temperature Mud viscosity and gel strength Drillstring speed and rotation rate Pump pressure Mud flow rate and flow regime (Laminar or turbulent flow)

D-points in the utility frame:

To provide ESD during connections o PMAX o PMIN o PESD

To provide a LOT or a FIT o PMAX o PMIN o PESD

o PMAT o PMIT o ESDT


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EQUIVALENT STATIC DENSITY (ESD)

Pumps turned off

( )[ ]EHEDTVDgessureAnnularESD

=

Pr_

EQUIVALENT CIRCULATING DENSITY (ECD)

Pumps turned on It is corrected for friction pressure losses in the annulus

( )[ ] LossessureAnnularEHEDTVDgessureAnnularECD _Pr_Pr_ +

=

( )[ ]EHEDTVDgAPLLossessureAnnular

=_Pr_

RETURN TO SEA FLOOR ( )

( )[ ]gapAirWDTVDgPP

ESD waterseaannulus_

_

+

=

( )( )[ ] LossessureAnnulargapAirWDTVDg

PPECD waterseaannulus _Pr_

_

_ ++

=


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ESD AND MEASUREMENT


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LEAK OFF TEST

PTD = SPPA x Gain + Offset

STATICMAX SPPSPPPESDPMAXGain

= ( )GainSPPPESDOffset STATIC =

FIT Formation Integrity Test LOT Leak-off Test ELOT Extended Leak-off Test


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INTERPRETATION GUIDE


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11. Bibliography

1. ENG 1 Presentations; United Kingdom Training Centre, 2006

2. PowerPulse Operations Reference Manual; Barry Cross & Kuatrinnus Wijaya, 2004

3. TeleScope Operations Reference Manual; Kuatrinnus Wijaya, 2005

4. ARC 6/8/9 Uniform Operating Procedures; Schlumberger, 2000

5. APWD Self-Learning Package; Schlumberger, 2001

6. InTouch3866229 Extended Leak Off Test procedures; Randy Green, 2006

Schlumberger Engineer Guide (MWD/LWD)

Documents

Transcript of Schlumberger Engineer Guide (MWD/LWD)