SCHISTOSOMIASIS

Schistosomiasis The ecology of schistosomiasis includes tropical lotic (lakes and reservoirs) and lentic environments (rivers), and the behavior of people and their domestic animals that live near these aquatic environments.

Schistosoma mansoni S. mansoni-S. intercalatum hybrids, S. rodhaini and S. eduardiense.

infects snails in the genus BiomphalariaSchistosoma haematobium

infects snails of the genus Bulinus.S. mekongi

Snails the genus Neotrichula S. malayensis

the genus Robertsiella Schistosoma japonicum

in amphibious snails of the genus Oncomelania.

SNAIL HOST OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS

Biomphalaria

Bulinus

LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMA

female-male pairs in the human blood-vessels of the abdomen, the female produce hundreds of eggs a day.

S. haematobium In the bladders and kidneys .

S. mansoni lives in the blood vessels the bowels.

The eggs are released into the blood stream and pass through the tissues.S. haematobium pass out in urine, S. mansoni in the faeces.

LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMA

No single method of control of schistosomiasis, controlling infection

Have proven effective at the community level: 1.Control of snails, 2. public health education, 3. sanitation, and 4. community-based chemotherapy employing praziquantel.

CuSO4 crystals This compound worked well enough, limited algal growth, in turn affected growth patterns of fish. new molluscicides

nicotinanilide, organotin, dibromo-nitraozo-benzene, sodium pentachlorophenate, tritylmorpholine, sodium dichloro-bromopheno,

niclosamide acetamide

replaced copper sulfate, safer to the environment.

MOLLUSCICIDES

Niclosamide is the only remaining commercially available molluscicide. While niclosamide is biodegradable, its “side effects” included the death of many fish species, as well as the targeted snail populations. It acts by depleting glycogen stores,

the drug of choice for some adult tapeworm infections in humans. It also used be a drug of choice for schistosomiaisis

Acute pathology Cercarial dermatitis, skin rash lesions and persist for days, massive penetration by cercariae.

Katayama fever is a systemic hypersensitivity reaction against the migrating schistosomulae.The disease (fever, fatigue, myalgia, etc.) starts in a few weeks or months after a primary infection.Most patients recover spontaneously after 2-10 weeks.

This type of illness is not common who live in areas endemic It occurs who have no previous history of exposure.

Gejala Schistosomiasis

Chronic pathology Urinary schistosomiasis

(S. haematobium)Intestinal schistosomiasisHepatic schistosomiasis and hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (S. mansoni, S. japonicum)

Ectopic ("displaced") schistosomiasis Genital schistosomiasis (S. mansoni, S. haematobium) Pulmonary schistosomiasis (S. mansoni)Neuroschistosomiasis (S. japonicum, S. haematobium)

A vaccine, ultimately, eliminate the need for snail and reservoir host control.

the vaccine based on irradiated cercariae offers almost complete protection in experimental animals. The first generation vaccines were directed against infection and/or worm fecundity.

Currently there is a natural balance, tempering anti-schistosomal responses by stimuli down-regulating the granulomatous reaction against eggs in the tissue.

Praziquantel right after their water exposure