Scheme and Solution

PES University Bangalore

Scheme and Solutions

Sub: Body and Chassis Engineering Sub Code: UE15ME574

1. Explain the importance of Vehicle Body design?List down the types of car bodies? Explain any one?

Vehicle design plays a stellar role in offering the best results to the customers because they introduce various innovations to make the vehicle accident proof.Vehicle body structure and interior arrangements provides riding comfort and convenience to driver and the passengers.Aerodynamic characteristics determines stability in cross windMarket value or customer satisfaction on in terms of appearance also be consideredIt gives protection to the passengers from weather By introducing the crash protection, it is possible to reduce the death rate.Reasonable safety of drivers, co passengers in case of accidents.

Types of Car body:

1. Saloon or Sedan Four door saloon Two door saloon Pillar less saloon Hatch back Fast back Notch back

2. Convertibles3. Limousine4. Estate car5. Sports Coupe6. Coupe




1. SaloonSaloon is a passenger car with two rows of seats and adequate passenger space inthe rear compartment for passengers. The vehicle usually has a separate rearboot for luggage.

This is most popular passenger car Passenger comfort such as easy Entery and Exit, Good

A/C,heating,ventelation system and styling are the fetures of the model. Drag co-efficient is about 0.35-0.5 The features of Two door and Pillar less saloon are as same that of Four door

saloon. In Pillar less saloon, there not be center pillar and In case of Two door

saloon,there is only two doors are available. Hatch back- Identified by a rear door including the back window that opens

vertically to access a storage area not separated from the rest of the passenger compartment. May be 3 or 5-door and 2 to 5 seats.

Fast back- Fast back sedan is a two-box sedan, with continuous slope from the roof to the base of the Boot, but excludes the Hatback feature.

Notch back- Notchback sedan is a three-box sedan, where the passenger volume is clearly distinct from the trunk volume of the vehicle (when seen from the side).

The roof is on one plane, generally parallel to the ground, the rear window at a sharp angle to the roof, and the trunk lid is also parallel to the ground.




2. List the types of Bus bodies and explain?

Types of Bus body Classic or Normal control bus Single deck bus Split level Double Decker Two level single Decker Articulated bus

Classic or Normal control busThis type of bus has the engine in front of the passenger carrying compartment. This design which has almost universal at one time has practically disappear and is mainly of historical interest.

Single DuckerThe single deck bus is almost universal today as this layout eliminates all the disadvantages of above type.

Split levelIt is intermediate solution between single and double ducker. It having More seats than single ducker and more stability than Double Ducker.

Double DeckerThese vehicles have more number of seats for a given overall length but Stability is not so high compared to single ducker.

Two level single DeckerIt is used for luxury coaches. This layout provides good forward visibility for all passengers. good luggage space and easy installation of an under floor or rear engine.

Articulated bus




Bodies for very large coaches or in particular city buses are often made in two parts because of axial load limitations

Classification of bus by Passenger capacity Micro bus Small coaches for long distance Small buses for towns Medium coaches for long distance Medium buses for towns Large coaches for long distances Large buses for towns Very large buses for towns

3. Explain Forward Visibility of a vehicle?

Foward visibility:Front-end blind spots are influenced by the following design criteria•Distance between the driver and the pillar•Thickness of the pillar•The angle of the pillar in a vertical plane side view

•The angle of the pillar in a vertical plane front view•the form of the pillar straight or arc-form•Angle of the windshield•Height of the driver in relation to the dashboard




40°angle A-pillar bar blind spots blocked view in a horizontal-plane in front of the driver.The front-end blind spots caused by this can create problems in traffic situations,such as in roundabouts, intersections, and road crossings.

Good all-round visibility is now one of the main requirements of body design. This is clearly depends on the size of the window openings and their position relative to the occupants.Forward visibility can be improved by bringing the front seats of the passenger car closer to the front windscreen. On the other hand the problem of entry is increased, since the distance between the seat and the pillar is decreased. Ease enter is possible by suitably shaping doors ( as shown by dotted line) at the expense of a more complicated structure.In military vehicles the downward visibility is important and the driver must be positioned as high as possible in relation to the lower edge of the windscreen. There are no strict regulations regarding visibility. It is assumed that the upward angle of the vertical visibility should be such as to enable the driver to see the trafic lights etc and this must be taken into consideration at the design stage.Rearward visibility has assumed considerable importance in modern traffic conditions and the increase in glass area required to maintain a given rear view veartical angle with a ‘Fast Back’ window is shown in fig.Visibility can be divided into two aspects1. Ability to see2. Ability to be seen.

3.b. Difference between Double decker and Articulated Bus?

DOUBLE DECKER: These vehicles have more number of seats for a given overall length. Stability is not so high compared to single ducker. It has an extra deck and staircase. It has one or more doors and varying engine position Double deck buses are used to reduce the traffic by having an seating

capacity of 65 – 75 passengers.




These are used in metropolitan cities. It has rear engine to reduce noise and to have higher track co-efficient.

ARTICULATED BUS: Bodies for very large coaches or in particular city buses are often made in

two parts because of axial load limitations. Articulated buses are buses of a type with an increased passenger capacity.

Found almost exclusively in public transportation use. These buses are approximately 18 m (60 ft) long, while regular buses are 11

to 14 m (35-45 ft) long. This type of bus is also known as accordion bus, harmonica bus, jointed bus,

or bendy bus, all because of the shape of the bellow and the fact that the design of the turntable joint allows for sharp turns.

To make them nimble enough to safely navigate streets at their increased length, they are fitted with an extra axle (set of wheels).

A joint usually located slightly behind the midpoint of the bus, behind the second axle.

4. Discuss bus body layout, Floor Height, Engine location, entrance and exit location and seat dimensions?FLOOR HEIGHT:

The floor should be placed as low as possible so that distance of centre of gravity of bus from road surface is small.

The stability of the bus gets increased. It gives easy entry to the bus. It is easy to place luggage in bus. Due to the lower height, the Bus design is more complicated in separate

chassis and body construction. Considering floor level, the chassis frame are made specially shaped. If an integral body is used, low floor level becomes much easier to design. Large number of passengers can be seated in the bus.




ENGINE LOCATION: According to location of engine, there are five types as given in figure.a) Engine behind front axle.b) Engine above front axle.c) Engine in front of front axle.d) Engine at rear.e) Under – floor engine.Advantages of different engine locations are To improve visibility (i.e.) forward and side visibility. Reducing extra placing space of engine. It improves space for passenger in bus.ENTRANCE AND EXIT LOCATION: Generally in all types of buses, back side door is for entrance. Front side door (nearer to driver) is exit. In city bus, back and front door are as usual. But middle door is for easy exit

for more number of passengers at a time. In city bus, the door width is more. In sub – urban bus, the entrance is at the middle and exit is at the front. In long distance bus, the back door is for entrance and front door is for exit. In long distance bus, the door size (i.e.) width of the door is less.SEATING DIMENSIONS: If the seat is comfortable, the journey may be a pleasure trip But it will be a trouble some, tiring, agony, if the seat is uncomfortable. The design of seat is designed to the structure of man. Passenger seat is designed for comfort and also described according to

distance between the consecutive seats.

5. With a neat sketch list down the types of metal sections used in bus body design?

Types of Metal Section:




Channel Section:Good ressitance to Bending

Tabular Section:Good resistance to Torsion

Box Section:Good resistance to both Torsion & Bending

Scheme and Solution

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