Scaffold Safety.pdf

Scaffold Safety September 2012

Scaffold Safety

L O S S C O N T R O L A L E R T

Scaffolds are useful tools to access elevated work areas. Appearing more stable and providing a larger work platform

than ladders, they seem to be even easier and safer to use. However, poor set-up and misuse can result in serious work-

place injury or death. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reports that:

17% of all construction related falls resulting in a fatality in-volved a scaffold

72% of these scaffold accidents were caused by unsafe set-up, use or failure to protect the worker from falling material

25% of workers injured in scaffold accidents had received no scaffold safety training

77% of scaffolds were not equipped with guardrails when required

These findings are neither unusual nor unique. Besides the impact

these claims have on the cost of insurance, there are also many

other costs which can significantly impact your business. When you

consider the cost of replacing damaged equipment, the loss of a

productive worker, lost production, possible damage to customer

property, it makes sense to prevent these losses instead of continu-

ally trying to overcome their costly results.

This Alert provides some suggested safe practices that may be use-

ful in preventing scaffold related worker injuries. It does not ad-

dress all regulatory requirements or best practices.

Selection:

There are many different types of scaffolds all designed for specific purposes. Scaffolds generally fall into three catego-

ries:

Supported: Platforms supported by rigid, load bearing members such as poles, legs, frames and outriggers

Suspended: Platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead structure

Aerial Lifts: Vehicle mounted devices used to get a worker to an elevated position (e.g. cherry pickers or boom trucks)

Knowing the purpose of these scaffolds will help to select the right one for the job. Once the type of scaffold is deter-

mined, the next step is to determine the strength needed for the specific tasks.

In general, all scaffolds, manufactured or constructed, must be able to support their own weight plus four times their maxi-

mum intended loads. The supporting capability of a scaffold, or its duty rating, is stated in pounds per square foot. There

are 3 scaffold duty ratings:

Additionally, key scaffold components such as suspension rope and connecting hardware must be able to support six

times the maximum intended load.

OSHA has published scaffold design specifications as part of their 1926.450 scaffold safety regulations. The intent of

these specifications is to aid in their fabrication. They can also be used to assure that purchased or rented scaffolds meet

OSHA requirements. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has also published design specifications for aerial

lifts and other mobile elevating scaffolds.

Duty Rating Capacity (lbs. /sq. ft.)

Light 25

Medium 50

Heavy 75


E V E R E S T L O S S C O N T R O L A L E R T

Inspection:

A competent person, an individual that has the skills to identify scaffold safety hazards and has the authority to promptly

correct or eliminate them, must inspect all scaffolds before each work shift and periodically during their use and after

each adverse weather event. This individual must supervise all scaffold assemblies, changes, movement, or dismantling.

Inspections must address all supporting members, anchors, platforms, clearance requirements, and proximity hazards

such as power lines and fall protection specific to each scaffold type. The inspections also must verify that is the scaffold

is level and plumb, the base plates are in firm contact with sills, bracing is in place and connected, platforms are fully

planked, guardrails in place, safe access is provided, it is properly tied or guyed and that there are no overhead obstruc-

tions within 12 feet.

Wood planks should be inspected to verify that they are the correct grade and in good condition, straight grained, and free

from saw cuts, splits and holes.

When platform height exceeds 4 ft., guard rails are recommended but not required by OSHA. OSHA requires guard rails for

all platforms 10 ft. or higher. (California requires guardrails for all platforms 7 feet or higher) Guardrails should be in-

stalled on all open sides and ends. Toe boards, screens or barricades need to be in place to prevent material falling off

the scaffold and canopies installed to protect scaffold workers from debris falling from above. Safety nets, designed to

contain materials, tools and equipment should be installed when scaffolds are erected over high worker, pedestrian or

equipment/material transport traffic areas.

Scaffolds need to be erected plumb, level, squared and braced to prevent collapse. Mobile scaffolds need to have locka-

ble and functioning wheels and casters. Non-mobile scaffolds should be anchored in place to prevent movement. Do not

place footings on soft or frozen ground or resting on blocks. Base plates or screw jacks with base plates must be in firm

contact with both the sills and the legs of the scaffolding. Compensate for uneven ground with screw jacks with base

plates. DO NOT USE unstable objects such as blocks, loose bricks, etc.

Scaffolds must be secured when the height exceeds 4 times the minimum base width. (California requires stability bracing

when the scaffold height exceeds 3 times the minimum base width).

Job sites should be inspected to assure ground conditions are able to support the scaffold and for proximity of electric

power lines, overhead obstructions, wind conditions as well as the need for overhead protection or weather protection

coverings. For suspended scaffolds, the supporting outrigger beams must be able to support at least 4 times the intended load and

be attached to the roof, tied to a secure anchorage, or secured with counterweights. The suspension ropes and rigging

must support at least 6 times the intended load.

Counterweights made of non-viscous material must be attached to secure and

strong places on a building so they wont move. Sand or gravel, masonry blocks, or roofing materials cannot be used as a counterweight as these can flow or

move.

Exhibit C1-3 provides model scaffold inspection checklists. Proper Use and Storage:

There are many accepted general and specific scaffold safe work practices. This

Alert is not intended to address all of them but offers a few best practices.

Scaffolds must be designed by a qualified person and constructed and loaded in

accordance with that design. A qualified person is one who has sufficient

knowledge, education, training or experience to solve or resolve scaffold related

problems. Under certain circumstances, a professional engineer is required to

design a scaffold.

If the scaffold is equipped with guardrails by the manufacturer, they should be in

place at all times regardless of height. Always follow manufacturer instructions

and warnings! Scaffolds should not be positioned or erected within 10 feet of energized power lines. Work should not be performed

when platforms are covered by ice or snow. Equipment material or ladders or should not be used on scaffold platforms to

gain additional height.

Safe access to the working level, via a ladder or other accepted means, needs to be provided and workers must be re-

quired to use for access.

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Scaffolds equipment and components should be stored in areas which do not expose them to potential damage from ma-terial handling traffic or weather conditions that may weaken or deteriorate them.

Harnesses and lanyards must be used by aerial lift workers and fall protection must be in place prior to using the lift. Addi-

tionally, workers should be prohibited from moving the lift vehicle while standing in the basket unless the equipment is

designed for this purpose.

Mobile scaffolds should be moved from the bottom. Workers should not be permitted to move or ride on them unless they

are specifically designed for that purpose or the use has been approved by a competent person.

The safe working height of mobile scaffolds must not exceed four times the base dimensions unless increased stability is

provided, such as additional bracing, out rigging, or guy wires. This will help to prevent tip-over.

Teaching and Enforcing Safe Work Practices:

Many accidents are caused by the unsafe use of scaffolds. Workers must be trained by a qualified person on the follow-

ing:

Hazard identification & mitigation including falls from scaffolds, struck by falling materials, scaffolding collapse etc.

Scaffold design and selection

Proper scaffold use and handling

Maximum intended loads and how to determine if the task specific loads will exceed this capacity

Safe erection, dismantling and re-locating or moving scaffolds

A competent person must train any worker who assembles, takes apart, moves, operates, repairs, maintains, or inspects

scaffolds. Exhibits A & B are provided to assist worker training efforts.

Workers should be retrained when:

Observations indicate unsafe work practices or

New or additional hazards are identified or

A change in the type of scaffold or fall protection occurs

Management must immediately reinforce the proper and safe use of scaffolds and work practices whenever hazards are

observed. Teaching tips are included with this Alert to help you address the more critical areas.

A qualified person, trained in the proper setup and safe use of scaffolds, must be onsite to assure that scaffolds are

properly erected and remain safe for employee use.

Legal Compliance:

State and Federal OSHA have specific and detailed regulations scaffolds. You should know these regulations and abide by

them. The OSHA regulations concerning scaffolds can be obtained by accessing Federal OSHAs web site at http://www.osha.gov or your individual states OSHA website if applicable.

Summary:

Scaffolding provides for safe and efficient work platforms when constructed and used correctly. However, if not properly

erected and maintained, scaffolding can lead to accidents, serious injuries and death. It is up to you to make sure that all

your workers are trained in the proper selection, erection, maintenance and use of this equipment.

Remember, Everest Loss Control offers services to help you in your loss prevention efforts. If you would like more

information about these services, visit our web site at www.everestregroup.com.

Loss Control is a daily responsibility of your individual management. This publication is not a substitute for your own loss control program. The infor-

mation that is provided in this Alert should not be considered as all encompassing, or suitable for all situations, conditions, or environments. Each organi-

zation is responsible for implementing their safety/injury/illness prevention program and should consult with legal, medical, technical, or other advisors

as to the suitability of using the information contained in this Alert. The information contained in this publication is intended for general informational

purposes only and is not intended to constitute legal advice or opinions. You should contact an attorney if you need legal advice and/or you have any

questions concerning your obligations under any law, statute and/or code identified in this publication.

Loss Control Department Phone: 908-604-3000 Fax: 908-604-3526

CONTACT US

Everest focuses on specialty property and casualty insurance business and is licensed to conduct

business in all 50 states, including the District of Columbia. Everest is rated A+ XV (Superior) by

A.M. Best. To learn more about Everest, visit our website at: www.everestregoup.com

Westgate Corporate Center 477 Martinsville Road P.O. Box 830 Liberty Corner, NJ 07938-0830


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Exhibit A

Scaffold Best Practice Tips

Report defective or missing railings, toe boards, safety nets, or other fall restraint systems im-

mediately.

Do not climb on bracing and support members to reach the platform.

Never use a scaffold which appears to be defective, unstable, or missing guardrails. Call your

supervisor immediately.

Keep the amount of tools, equipment and materials to a minimum on scaffolds to reduce slip,

trip and fall accidents.

Make sure the scaffold rests on stable level supports and surfaces. When using a mobile

scaffold, make sure the wheels are locked before using it.

Never move mobile scaffolds while they are in use or by pulling yourself along while standing

on the top plank. You can easily tip the scaffold causing serious injuries.

Slippery scaffold platforms should be immediately repaired or replaced.

If the supporting members, footing, braces, and platforms appear to be damaged or defective,

do not use the scaffold. Contact your supervisor immediately.

Do not use a scaffold unless you have received training and have been authorized by your su-

pervisor.

Do not work near energized electrical lines unless you are trained and authorized by your su-

pervisor. Maintain at least ten feet distance from all energized lines.

Always access and leave scaffolds in a safe manner, using ladders, stairs or ramps. Never

climb the bracing or supports to access or descend from scaffolds.

Secure materials to the scaffold before moving it.

Do not ride on a moving scaffold.

Hoist up heavy tools, equipment, and supplies. Do not carry them.

Do not work on a scaffold in high winds or a storm unless a competent person says it is safe and you use personal fall-arrest or a windscreen.

Do not paint wood planks.

Hard hats must be worn by all persons erecting, moving, dismantling or using scaffolding.

Wear proper equipment including sturdy shoes with non-skid soles, and hard hats, whenever a hazard of falling materials exists.

Do not plank guardrails or use ladders or boxes on the platform to gain additional working height.

Do not remove any component of a completed scaffold assembly except under the supervision of a qualified person.


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Exhibit B

Scaffold Safety Quiz

1. Inspections of scaffolds must be conducted:

A. By a competent person

B. Before each work shift

C. After scaffold is erected or modified

D. All of the above

2. Fall protection (i.e. guardrails or personal fall arrest system) is required on scaffolds when the working

height reaches:

A. 10 ft.

B. 6 ft.

C. 4 ft.

D. 12 ft.

3. Which of the following cannot be used under the base of a scaffold to provide stable footing?

A. Masonry blocks or bricks

B. Screw-jacks (Leveler legs)

C. Mud Sills

D. None of the above

4. All scaffolds must be able to hold its own weight plus ____ times the intended load.

A. 2

B. 10

C. 7

D. 4

5. Who is required to supervise the erection or dismantling of a scaffold?

A. Supervisor

B. Competent Person

C. Qualified Person

D. Any worker will do

6. What is the maximum distance the front edge of most scaffolding can be from face of work?

A. 14 in.

B. 18 in.

C. 22 in.

D. 12 in.

7. Workers on or below scaffolds must be protected from falling objects by:

A. Toe boards

B. Mesh

C. Screens

D. All of the above

8. Scaffolds with a height to base ratio of more than ____ must be restrained from tipping.

A. 3 to 1

B. 6 to 1

C. 5 to 1

D. 4 to 1


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9. Which of the following need to be used to prevent falls off scaffolds?

A. Toe boards and screens

B. Hard hats

C. Guardrails or PPE

D. Guardrails or fall arrest

10. Which of the following can be used to prevent scaffold collapse?

A. Proper construction under the direction of a competent person

B. Maintaining loads to within the scaffold supporting limits

C. Inspecting scaffolds before each work shift

D. All of the above

11. What is the minimum distance to maintain when working near energized electrical lines?

A. 8 feet

B. 6 feet

C. 10 feet

D. 4 feet

12. Injuries from falling objects can be prevented when which of the following are used:

A. Eliminating all falling object hazards

B. Installing canopies

C. Erecting barricades

D. Using fall hazard warnings and hard hats as appropriate

E. All of the above

13. It is permitted to move a mobile scaffold by pushing it from the top platform.

A. True

B. False

14. It is permitted to use masonry blocks on the platform to reach higher work areas.

A. True

B. False

15. A competent person is one who has:

A. Hazard identification skills and the authority to promptly correct or eliminate them

B. Has experience in erecting scaffolds but not the authority to correct hazards

C. Can be anyone appointed by management


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Scaffold Safety Quiz Answers

1. Inspections of scaffolds must be conducted:

D. All of the above

2. Fall protection (i.e. guardrails or personal fall arrest system) is required on scaffolds when the working height

reaches:

A. 10 ft.

3. Which of the following cannot be used under the base of a scaffold to provide stable footing?

A. Masonry blocks or bricks

4. All scaffolds must be able to hold its own weight plus ____ times the intended load.

D. 4

5. Who is required to supervise the erection or dismantling of a scaffold?

B. Competent Person

6. What is the maximum distance the front edge of most scaffolding can be from face of work?

A. 14 in.

7. Workers on or below scaffolds must be protected from falling objects by:

D. All of the above

8. Scaffolds with a height to base ratio of more than ____ must be restrained from tipping.

D. 4 to 1

9. Which of the following needs to be used to prevent falls off scaffolds?

D. Guardrails or fall arrest

10. Which of the following can be used to prevent scaffold collapse?

D. All of the above

11. What is the minimum distance to maintain when working near energized electrical lines?

C. 10 feet

12. Injuries from falling objects can be prevented when which of the following are used:

E. All of the above

13. It is permitted to move a mobile scaffold by pushing it from the top platform.

B. False

14. It is permitted to use masonry blocks on the platform to reach higher work areas.

B. False

15. A competent person is one who has:

A. Hazard identification skills and the authority to promptly correct or eliminate them


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Exhibit C1: Model Scaffold Safety Inspection Checklist

GENERAL SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS

Yes No NA Checklist Item:

The scaffold been constructed and loaded with a safety factor of 4 : 1 by a qualified person

The gap between the platform planks and the uprights is less than inch

The platform is completely planked

All platforms at least 18 inches wide or protected by guardrail systems or personal fall arrest sys-

tem

Open sides are less than 14 inches from the work face or if greater, are protected by guardrails

Open sides are less than 18 inched if lathing and plastering

All platform planks are cleated, restrained by hooks extended over their supports by at least 6

Guardrails have been installed to protect contact with platform ends extending > 12 when plat-forms are < 10 feet

Platforms > 10 ft do not extend more than 18 over their end support

Planks are overlapped when they lapped over their supports

Planks are overlapped at least 12 inches, nailed together or otherwise secured

Abutted planks rest on separate supports

The top and bottom plank surfaces are visible and void of paint

A competent person approved the use of scaffold components from different manufacturers

Any scaffold damage?

Are scaffolds overloaded?

Have slippery conditions been removed?

Are there proper clearances from power lines?

Has a competent person inspected the scaffold before each shift?

Are ladders, boxes or other equipment being used to increase the working height?

Are any shore or lean to scaffolds used?

Are tag lines in use when hoisting on or near scaffold?

Is there a tripping hazard from tools, material, and debris accumulation on the platform

A guardrail or fall arrest system exists at heights > 10 feet

Guardrails and mid-rails installed on all open sides

Guardrail height is between 36 45 inches

Four inch toe boards are installed

When mesh or screens are installed they extend from the top of the guardrail to the platform

Guardrail system is capable of supporting 200 pounds force in any direction.

Falling object hazards have been eliminated to the extent possible and residual hazards are con-

trolled via canopies, barricades, fall hazard warnings and hard hats required as needed

Four inch toe boards been installed

Safe access exists and climbing on cross-bracing is prohibited

Rest platforms are installed every 35 vertical feet

Access and scaffold ladders are designed for use with the type of scaffold


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GENERAL SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS (CONTD)

Yes No NA Checklist Item:

Ladders have a minimum rung length of 11-1/2 inches

Ladder rung spacing is uniform and no greater than 16-3/4 inches between rungs

Frame designed permits it to be used as a ladder for platform access.

Ladder rungs and steps line up vertically between the rest decks.

Access to/from other structures is prohibited when distance is > 24 vertical or 14 horizontal.

FABRICATED FRAME SCAFFOLD

Yes No N/A Checklist Item

Vertical members of the frames are secured by lateral bracing

Bracing squares and aligns the frames

All brace connections are secured

Coupling pins or other acceptable mechanism connects the frames

Frames are locked together to prevent uplift

A qualified person has evaluated the use of side brackets and their impact on the overall scaffold

A registered professional engineer has designed all scaffolds over 125 feet in height

MOBILE SCAFFOLDS


Vertical members of the frames are secured by lateral bracing

Bracing squares and aligns the frames

All brace connections are secured

The scaffold has the correct tube and clamp or frame for its specific type

Casters are locked during use

Force is applied as close to the bottom as possible when manually moving the scaffold

Casters are pinned into the frames and provided with adjustment screws

Scaffold is stabilized to prevent tipping during movement

Employees are prohibited from riding on rolling towers when they are being moved or moving

them from the top of the platform

TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS


X bracing is installed on the ends; every third set of posts horizontally; and every fourth runner vertically

All ties are installed at the bearer level

Longitudinal bracing is installed at a 45 degree angle on both faces and extends from the first

post to the scaffold top

When longer than 5 posts a new line of bracing begins at every fifth post

Bearers are attached to both posts and the inboard coupler rests on the runner coupler

When bearers are attached to the runners they are placed as close as possible to the post

The bearer tube ends are in full contact within the clamps

Runners are installed on the inside and outside at level heights

There are mid-rails and when outside runners are not used

Exhibit C1 (Contd):


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TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDS (CONTD)


Runners are interlocked and coupled to each post

Bottom runners are as close to the base as possible

Light and medium-duty scaffolds have 2 O.D. steel tubing for posts, runners, bearers and braces

Posts on light-duty scaffolds are spaced no greater than 4 apart by 10

along the length of the scaffold

Posts on medium-duty scaffolds are spaced no more than 4 apart by 7 along the length of the scaffold

SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD


Scaffold meets the 4 to 1 base to height ratio or secured to the structure by ties

Scaffolds are erected on firm footings capable of supporting 4 times the maximum intended load

without settling

Footings are stable and not subject to movement or being dislodged

Scaffold is plumb and braced to prevent swaying or displacement

SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD


The structure can support the combined weight of the scaffold, personnel and materials

Roof and parapet are protected as needed

Suspension points are spaced the same as the hoists

Clamps and hooks are seated and tightened correctly

Outriggers are rated for the application

Frames, outriggers and beam supports are assembled per manufacturers instructions

Outriggers- Calculations have been done by the rigging foreman and the proper amount of coun-

terweight is being used

Counterweights have been secured

The outrigger beams are in good condition

Suspension rigging points can support 4 times the hoist capacity

Tiebacks are properly configured, attached and tied to adequate anchor points

The wire rope can reach the bottom of the drop (plus 4 feet or 4 turns on the drum)

Suspension wire rope is in good condition and suspended correctly

Power cord has strain relief at all connections, all edges padded

Lifelines are independently tied back to an adequate anchor point

Lifelines are padded on all edges they pass over

Lifeline is terminated with a bowline or a rolling hitch knot

Lifeline reaches the lower level.

Wire hoisting rope is in good condition.

Shackles are in good condition; secured by wire.

Loose materials are secured against windy conditions

Exhibit C1 (Contd):


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SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD (CONTD)


Loose materials are secured against windy conditions

Lifelines and fall protection equipment inspected and in good condition

All equipment is at least 10 feet clear of electrical lines

A Safety Zone has been set up directly below the scaffold

Hoists are in proper operating condition per manufacturer's instructions. The wire rope is reeled

properly

Platforms are free of debris

Handrails (42 ) mid-rails and toe boards installed

Uprights are in good condition and have been spaced at the proper intervals

Motors are in good condition. Emergency stop is operational

Stirrups are in good condition.

Workers are utilizing personal fall arrest systems before getting on the scaffold

Rope grabs are being used properly (not knots) and are in good condition

On drum hoists, check that the rope is terminated at the drum properly, and the wraps are in

good order

Mesh has been installed between the top rail and toe board

Operators manual attached

Operators trained on:

Proper hoist operations

Fall protection requirements

Wire rope inspection

Electrical hazards

Inspections

Load restrictions

Code of safe practices

Any site specific requirements

Employees working on the suspended scaffold trained by a recognized scaffold training course

and all have completion cards on them

Rigging foreman has been designated and has received a "Certificate of Fitness" from his/her

employer

Exhibit C1 (Contd):


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Exhibit C2: Rolling Scaffold Review Checklist

Account / Contact::

Project Name / Location:

Completed by:

Date:

CHECKLIST YES NO ACTION / COMMENTS

Competent person in charge of erection and in-

spection?

Appears capable of supporting 4 times the maxi-

mum intended load?

Scaffold appears plumb, square and level?

Floor is solid, level and clear of holes / hazards?

Outriggers used when height is 3x the least base

dimension?

Scaffold is properly braced with braces properly

attached?

Open sides protected by guardrails, mid-rails and

toe boards?

Platform fully planked with no more than a 1 gap?

Using scaffold grade planks / platform in good

condition no cracks, knots, splits or damage?

Front edge of platform not more than 14 inches

from work?

Wheel locks / brakes in good condition?

At least 2 wheels lock?

Jacks / leveling screws adjusted properly?

All scaffolding components match and are of the

same type?

Safe access available to working platforms?

Access does not require climbing over rails?

Electrical clearances meet OSHA standards?

Surfing prohibited?

Are all braces, sections and clamps secured and

pinned?

Platforms free of debris, mud good housekeep-ing?

Scaffold free of makeshift devices or ladders to

increase height?

Are employees working around the scaffold wear-

ing hardhats?

Other


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Exhibit C3: Stationary Scaffold Review Checklist

Account / Contact::

Project Name / Location:

Completed by:

Date:

CHECKLIST YES NO ACTION / COMMENTS

Competent person in charge of erection and inspection?

Appears capable of supporting 4 times the maximum

intended load?

Footings appear sound and capable of carrying the maxi-

mum load?

Unstable objects prohibited as footing concrete block, bricks, boxes?

Sills appear properly placed and sized?

Base plates secured to sills and frame?

Scaffold appears plumb, square and level?

Open sides protected by guardrails, mid-rails and toe

boards?

Front edge of platform not more than 14 inches from

work?

Electrical clearances meet OSHA standards?

Platform fully planked with no more than a 1 gap?

Planks overlap at least 12 over supports?

Using scaffold grade planks in good condition no cracks, knots, splits or damage?

All scaffolding components match and are of the same

type?

Scaffold is properly braced with braces properly at-

tached?

Are all braces, sections and clamps secured and pinned?

Tied into building every 26 in height and 30 in length?

Safe access available to working platforms?

Access does not require climbing over rails?

Platforms free of debris, mud good housekeeping?

Scaffold free of makeshift devices or ladders to increase

height?

Is X bracing installed where required?

Are employees working around the scaffold wearing

hardhats?

Other

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