Scada Presentation to Mts
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Transcript of Scada Presentation to Mts
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PIPELINE SCADA (SUPERVISORY CONTROL &
DATA ACQUISITION) AND
APPS (APPLICATION SOFTWARE) SYSTEM
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Engineering activities SCADA & APPS System
Review of basic Process documents (Process Design Basis, P&IDs) as applicable for SCADA
Conceptual design SCADA Design Basis Firming up of system configuration and specifications of SCADA
& APPS Furnishing room sizes, layout, etc for control room, to Arch. Dept. Preparation of Material Requisition (MR) for systems Technical bid evaluation of bids Preparation of Purchase Requisition of system Review of vendor’s critical detailed engineering documents Participation in factory acceptance tests Site assistance as required Preparation of man-hour estimates, MR schedules, progress
reports
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OBJECTIVES TO MONITOR & CONTROL THE PIPELINE FACILITIES VIZ. PUMP/
COMPRESSOR STATIONS, DESPATCH & RECEIVING TERMINALS, PIGGING/ SV/ CP STATIONS ETC. IN A TIMELY MANNER FROM A CENTRALIZED LOCATION wrt: -
Monitoring of Flow, Pressure, Temperature, Density, Electrical parameters etc. Pumps/ compressors status Status of all station & Intermediate valves Readiness to dispatch products and receipt of products Pumps/ compressors start/ stop, valves open/close commands Set point downloading to controllers
CENTRALIZED ALARM & EVENT MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION & MANAGEMENT REPORTS FOR ALL THE DISTRIBUTED PIPELINE FACILITIES.
PROVIDE ‘REMOTE-EYE’ TO THE PIPELINE OPERATION
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OBJECTIVES (Contd..)
Centralized checking of status of various pipeline facilities wrt Readiness to despatch products Pumping status Readiness for receipt & distribution of products Status of valves
to ensure that the requested control action will not result in unsafe pipeline operationi.e. the above confirming tasks can be defined in SCADA system to ensure that operator cannot operate the pumps & valves in a manner that could jeopardize the safe operation of the pipeline
• To ensure proper pipeline shutdown by closing various pipeline facilities in orderly manner as per pre-defined sequence
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OBJECTIVES (Contd….)
TO FACILITATE RUNNING OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR RELIABLE & EFFICIENT OPERATION OF THE PIPELINES VIZ.
LIQUID PIPELINESLEAK DETECTION & LOCATIONPIPELINE EFFICIENCYINVENTORY ANALYSIS BATCH TRACKINGPUMP OPTIMISATION
GAS PIPELINESLEAK DETECTION & LOCATIONPIPELINE EFFICIENCYINVENTORY ANALYSISPREDICTIVE ANALYSISCONTINGENCY ANALYSISPLANNING FUNCTIONCOMPRESSOR FUEL OPTIMIZATION
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SCADA SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITIES
MONITORING CONTROL ALARM & EVENT DETECTION MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE TRENDING REPORT GENERATION DATA ARCHIVING COMM. HANDLING & ERROR RECOVERY DATABASE CONFIGURATION & ENGINEERING
FUNCTIONS SYSTEM MAINTENANCE & SECURITY INTEGRATION WITH APPLICATION SOFTWARE
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SCADA SYSTEM HARDWARE COMPONENTS
SCADA System is designed with the distributed architecture in following key areas: -
Computer Workstations Separate server & MMI machines with client server concept
implemented at hardware & software level Remote Workstations Communication Controller Units Remote Telemetry Units WAN Routers
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RTU 1 RTU 2 RTU 3 RTU n
IS for DT/Pump Station/
Compressor station
IS for SV/CP/ RP station
IS for Receipt Terminal
IS for IP station
Remote Workstations
SCADA & APPSMan Machine Interface
SCADA Computer System
APPS Computer System
Dual Local Area network
Communication Controller Units
Data channels as part of Telecom Network
WAN Routers
FC FC
To Second Master Station
To Second Master Station
Telecom Network High Speed Channel
Projection System
Master Station
IS:Instrumentation System FC:Flow Computer
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Engineering activities SCADA & APPS System
Review of basic Process documents (Process Design Basis, P&IDs) as applicable for SCADA
Conceptual design SCADA Design Basis Firming up of system configuration and specifications of SCADA
& APPS Furnishing room sizes, layout, etc for control room, to Arch. Dept. Preparation of Material Requisition (MR) for systems Technical bid evaluation of bids Preparation of Purchase Requisition of system Review of vendor’s critical detailed engineering documents Participation in factory acceptance tests Site assistance as required Preparation of man-hour estimates, MR schedules, progress
reports
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Inputs Required from Other Departments
Leak Detection Target Figures from POSD
Electrical I/O List from Electrical Dept.
Pipeline Inputs for Leak detection indicating elevation, burial status & Pipe OD, ID from Pipeline engineering Dept.
Process
Process data for APPSP&IDsProcess design basisPipeline Operation & Control PhilosophyBatch size and sequence
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Inputs Given to Other Departments
Electrical Loads to Electrical Dept.
Heat Loads to Package equipment dept.
Control room Size requirement to Architectural Dept.
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RTU 1RTU 1 RTU 2RTU 2 RTU 3RTU 3 RTU nRTU n
I&ES for DT/Pump Station/
Compressor station
I&ES for DT/Pump Station/
Compressor station
I&ES for SV/CP/ RP station
I&ES for Receipt Terminal
I&ES for Receipt Terminal
I&ES for IPstation
RemoteWorkstations
RemoteWorkstations
SCADA & APPSMan Machine Interface
SCADA Computer System
SCADA Computer System
APPS ComputerSystem
Dual Local Area networkDual Local Area network
Communication Controller UnitsCommunication Controller Units
Data channels as part of Telecom Network
WANRoutersWANRouters
FCFC FCFC
To Second Master Station
To Second Master Station
Telecom NetworkHigh Speed Channel
Projection System
Master Station
I&ES:Instrumentation & Electrical System FC:Flow Computer
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REMOTE WORKSTATIONS
• Remote workstation is normally envisaged at manned stations (other than Master Station location): -
Pump/ Compressor stations Terminals
to provide complete SCADA & APPS capability(graphics & reports) so that the operators at these locations are fully informed of: -
All the monitoring variables in the pipeline Status of various pipeline equipments Alarms for the complete pipeline facilities
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REMOTE TELEMETRY UNIT (RTU)
Microprocessor based intelligent unit supporting CPU, RAM, Real time clock, EPROM.
The basic unit of RTU consists of power supply module, master processor module and no. of I/O modules, communication modules, serial interface module etc.
Remote Telemetry Unit Interfaces with the field instruments and pipeline equipments through intelligent input/ output subsystem and converts the information into the digital frame structure for interfacing with Telecom channels through communication modules
(Contd…)
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REMOTE TELEMETRY UNIT (RTU) (Contd.)
The RTU provides the engineering functions of High/ low limit checking Time tagging Engineering unit conversion, filtering etc. Self diagnostics Check before execute, time out Remote configuration and downloading Interfacing with flow computers
The various I/O cards provided are: Digital input card Digital output card Analog input card Analog output card
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE
LEAK DETECTION MODULES Steady state/ Transient state modeling
Transient Modeling enveloping volume balance Shutdown state modeling
Shut in leak detection BATCH TRACKING MODULE SUPPLEMENTARY MODULES
Pipeline Efficiency Inventory Analysis
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VOLUME BALANCE
BASED ON “ What goes in must come out!” EMPLOYS ACCURATE FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT BOTH
ENDS “Flow In” is RECONCILED WITH “Flow Out” CONSIDERING
PIPELINE INVENTORY TO CALCULATE FLOW IMBALANCE
V (Leak) = V (Inlet) - V (Outlet) - V (Change in Inventory)
LEAK DETECTION IF FLOW IMBALANCE EXCEEDS PREDEFINED LIMIT
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VOLUME BALANCE (Contd..) FEATURES RETROSPECTIVE BETTER SUITED FOR PIPELINES WITH LOW PRESSURE
GRADIENT SENSITIVITY FOR LEAK DETECTION IS HIGHER FOR LONG
TERM VOLUME BALANCELIMITATIONS
NO INFORMATION ABOUT LEAK LOCATION LONG LEAK DETECTION TIME DEPENDENT ON PIPELINE INSTRUMENTATION ACCURACIES
AND DRIFTS (SEE REMARKS) DOES NOT PROVIDE DYNAMIC INVENTORY CALCULATIONS (SEE
REMARKS)REMARKS :
TRANSIENT MODELLING ENVELOPING VOLUME BALANCE WOULD CIRCUMVENT THESE LIMITATIONS
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TRANSIENT MODELLING
EMPLOYS MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PIPELINE (EQ. OF MASS, MOMENTUM, ENERGY, STATE)
PIPELINE MODEL REQUIRES FLOW, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY ( PROPERTY ) INPUTS
PREDICTED VALUES ARE COMPARED WITH FIELD VALUES AND ALARM IS GENERATED IF WEIGHTED DEVIATION EXCEEDS PREDEFINED IMBALANCE LIMITS
LEAK LOCATION IS DONE BY FINDING THE BEST LOCATION WHERE THE SIMULATED PIPELINE STATE MATCHES WITH CURRENT STATE
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TRANSIENT MODELLING (Contd..)
FEATURES
DETECT, LOCATE AND SIZE THE LEAK UNDER STEADY STATE AND EVEN UNDER TRANSIENT CONDITIONS
GRADUALLY OCCURING LEAKS CAN BE DETECTED INSTRUMENT DRIFT ANALYSIS, DYNAMIC LINE PACK CALCULATIONS ARE
PROVIDED
Note : Transient Modeling enveloping volume balance could additionally provide higher sensitivity for leak detection and would be better suited for pipelines with low pressure gradient
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BATCH TRACKING MODULE
MONITORS THE TRANSPORTATION OF DIFFERENT BATCHES THROUGH THE PIELINE
Dispatch a batch to the pipeline (density variation and together with batch schedule)
Determine the batch volume (based on actual flow measurement and by batch interface detection alarm)
Monitors the extent of mixing as a function of time along the length of the pipeline
Update the position of batch fronts (based on velocity profile generated by the Transient model)
Monitors whether the actual batch transportation is taking place in accordance with the batch schedule
(Contd…)
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BATCH TRACKING MODULE
Batch graphic on APPS operator MMI provides overview of different batches in the pipeline and expected arrival time
Following alarms are configured on APPS operator MMI Batch is approaching destination Batch has reached destination Batch size exceeds the schedule batch size New batch launched not being identified on the schedule or not in
proposed sequence identified by schedule Discrepancy between actual time of batch arrival and expected time of
arrival
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SUPPLEMENTRY MODULES (Contd…)
Inventory Analysis Generates current pipeline inventory information (accounting for the
variations in line pack on the basis of pressure, temp. & density profiles) Comparison of inventory and packing rates against minimum & maximum
allowable limits to generate alarms for limit violations, thereby facilitating the dispatcher in responding to changes in supply & demand
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PIPELINE EFFICIENCY
PURPOSETo detect whether pipeline friction losses in any section have exceeded defined limits
FUNCTION Calculate actual friction factor based upon flow, pressure measurements at
end points of pipeline section and product density profile as generated by product module
Pipeline efficiency factor is compared to a predefined limit violation of limit results in an alarm
This module gives requirements for carrying out pipeline pigging operation
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EIL Activities forSCADA and Apps Systems
Conceptual design SCADA design basis Firming up of system configuration and specifications Evaluation and selection of vendors Providing inputs to system design and implementation
as a part of functional design specifications [FDS] review for both SCADA and Apps systems
Providing engineering inputs, database definition, SCADA I/O list, displays and reports
Review of vendors’ detailed engineering drawings and documents for system implementation and testing
Factory and site acceptance and testing of SCADA and Apps
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EIL’s Experience Record of SCADA JobsProject Name Client Product Length (km) Vendor
HBJ Pipeline GAIL Natural Gas 1700 SSI/ Texas Instruments USA
MGCC Pipeline IPCL C2/ C3, C3, Lean Gas
160 L&N Australia
Maqta-Alain Pipeline
ADNOC (Abu-Dhabi )
Natural gas 150 Serck Controls, UK
PIL Pipeline PIL Ethylene 80 Siemens
Nahar-Katya-Barauni P/L
OIL India Crude Oil 1160 ABB Norway
Bombay-Pune Pipeline
HPCL Multi-product 165 ECIL/ Texas Instruments USA
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EIL’s Experience Record of SCADA Jobs(Contd…)
Project Name Client Product Length (km) Vendor
Sajjah-Layyah P/L
SEWA (Sharjah)
Natural Gas 80 Sparton Controls Canada
MMPL BPCL Multi-Product 250 Foxboro, Australia
VVPL HPCL Multi-Product 350 Foxboro, Australia
JLPL GAIL LPG 1200 Dectra, Malaysia
Maqta-JebelAli P/L
ADNOC Natural Gas 115 Serck Controls, UK
CCKPL Petronet-CCK Multi-product 290 Neles Automation, Canada
Hazira-Dahej P/L IPCL Rich/ Lean Gas 100 Foxboro, Italy
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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR CROSS COUNTRY PIPELINES, OFFSHORE
PLATFORMS, ETC.
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FACILITIES PROVIDEDVOICE COMMUNICATIONSubscriber Dialing Facilities Direct dialing facilities between the various attended stations and between each unattended station to the nearest attended station. Conference Facilities To enable selective/all-call connection amongst the attended and unattended stations.Engineering Order Wire (EOW) One or two EOW circuits provided to facilitate maintenance of the system at all attended and all unattended stations.Facsimile communicationFacsimile Communication is provided amongst all attended stations.
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DATA COMMUNICATION• Dedicated low speed data channels (19.2 Kbps) are configured at all TELECOM stations
to enable remote operation, monitoring and shutdown of the pipeline through SCADA System.
• High Speed (2 Mbps) data channels between SCADA SMCS and SCADA Sub-Master/ Remote workstations
• High-speed data channel for NMC-NMC Communication • Certain identified stations/offices are interlinked with video conferencing/CCTV facility. Depending on the volume of voice and data transmission, the
optimal communication system is selected from amongst a number of cable and wireless systems e.g. Cable System :- Paired Telephone Cable or Optical Fibre CableWireless System: - VHF/UFH/Microwave Communication system/ Satellite Communication system[The system chosen depends on the particular requirements of a project like terrain, number of stations, telecom requirements etc.
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OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM The optical fiber communication system currently being provided for
the pipelines are based on Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) in accordance with ITU-T Rec. G 707.
The salient advantages of optical fibre communication system are:-
• Small overall diameter of the cable leads to efficient space utilization• Light weight and flexibility of the cable makes cable-laying easy and comparatively
cheap.• The dielectric medium of fibre is immune to electromagnetic interference and thus
enjoys noise immunity. • Silica fibres offer low loss and as such very long repeater spacing can be envisaged
leading to lower overall system cost.• Very high communication bandwidth.• Addition of a new station in existing communication system can be done easily.
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Electrical Control System
Purpose: -Real-time centralised monitoring, metering and control of electric power generation and distribution in an industrial plant
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Challenges in control of large industrial power system
Generation Side Multiple sources Extra control activities for operator to optimise generation Operator controls are complex
Distribution Side Multiple load centres at multiple locations Requires complete network status in real time to be available to
operator to allow safe and reliable operation Requires centralised control of distribution switchgear with the
help of network overview.
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Handling of network emergencies Generation Side
Tripping of captive electric generator Tripping of utility grid connection Tripping of steam generator Reactive power imbalance
Supply side management Load control and Tie line control Voltage & reactive power control
Demand side management Electric load shedding Steam load shedding It is necessary to assign shedding priority to all electric loads and process
steam consumers in ascending level of severity to plant process
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Monitoring and Metering Functions Centralised electrical plant data acquisition & display
Substation-wise On line status of feeders in SLD pictorials• Typical displayed parameters: Voltage, active and reactive power, power
factor and frequency in selected cases• Typically, data acquired and updated every 2-3 sec.
Centralised routine log report generation Hourly and shift logs ( or as desired by client) in client specified formats
• Typical logged parameters: Voltage, power(s), energy consumption, peak power, power factor etc.
• Log reports can be unit-wise, substation-wise or switchboard-wise as feasible
Centralised real time alarm reporting• Alarms generated due to abnormalities in field• Alarms generated due to abnormalities in any ECS subsystem
Sequence-of-Event reporting (Optional feature)• Time resolution of occurrence : 1 msec typical• Selected subset of field inputs (contact type)
It is not possible to achieve the above functions without ECS
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Basic control functions Circuit breaker OPEN / CLOSE (excluding motor feeders) Circuit breaker OPEN for motor feeders RAISE / LOWER control for grid transformer OLTC, turbine speed / MW & Generator
Excitation These control functions, otherwise distributed at various control interfaces in the plant, are
centralised at convenient locations. Software based control functions
Load control & tie line control• Generate set points for running turbines• Advise run mode selection for generators (Isochronuos/ Droop/ Constant MW modes)• Set load sharing between various sources.
– keeping in view availability of steam and import limit from grid Voltage and reactive power control
• Allocates reactive power share of various sources such as utility grid, captive generators, shunt capacitors and synchronous motors.
• Generate set points (or raise / lower)for excitation of Generators and synchronous motors
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Software based controls (contd..) Raise / lower grid transformer OLTC Advise on switching ON / OFF of shunt capacitor banks subject to the constraints to be met to the extent feasible: All machines within capability limits Voltage profile in the network within prescribed limits Grid power factor close to unity Infrequent change of grid transformer OLTC
Electrical Load shedding (Contingency analysis based) Identify all possible island conditions in distribution network Monitor the network in real time to detect if any of the island conditions have occurred. Estimate the power shortfall in the island. Disconnect some loads connected from this island starting from lowest priority such that power
shortfall is eliminated. Matching of power shortfall with quantum of load shed. Accurate. Secondary (slow) load shedding based on under frequency sensing Slow load shedding on grid transformer overload and crossing contract demand limit Steam shedding not implemented in ECS
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APPLICATION SOFTWARE LEAK DETECTION MODULES
Steady state/ Transient state modeling Transient Modeling enveloping volume/ mass balance
Shutdown state modeling Shut in leak detection
BATCH SCHEDULING & TRACKING MODULE OPTIMIZATION MODULES
Pump Optimization Module Compressor Fuel Optimization Module
SUPPLEMENTARY MODULES Predictive Module Planning Module Contingency Analysis Pipeline Efficiency Inventory Analysis
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VOLUME BALANCE
BASED ON “ What goes in must come out!” EMPLOYS ACCURATE FLOW MEASUREMENTS AT BOTH
ENDS “Flow In” is RECONCILED WITH “Flow Out” CONSIDERING
PIPELINE INVENTORY TO CALCULATE FLOW IMBALANCE
V (Leak) = V (Inlet) - V (Outlet) - V (Change in Inventory)
LEAK DETECTION IF FLOW IMBALANCE EXCEEDS PREDEFINED LIMIT
47
VOLUME BALANCE (Contd..) FEATURES RETROSPECTIVE BETTER SUITED FOR PIPELINES WITH LOW PRESSURE
GRADIENT SENSITIVITY FOR LEAK DETECTION IS HIGHER FOR LONG
TERM VOLUME BALANCELIMITATIONS
NO INFORMATION ABOUT LEAK LOCATION LONG LEAK DETECTION TIME DEPENDENT ON PIPELINE INSTRUMENTATION ACCURACIES
AND DRIFTS DOES NOT PROVIDE DYNAMIC INVENTORY CALCULATIONS
REMARKS : TRANSIENT MODELLING ENVELOPING VOLUME BALANCE WOULD
CIRCUMVENT THESE LIMITATIONS
48
TRANSIENT MODELLING
EMPLOYS MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PIPELINE (EQ. OF MASS, MOMENTUM, ENERGY, STATE)
PIPELINE MODEL REQUIRES FLOW, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, DENSITY ( PROPERTY ) INPUTS
PREDICTED VALUES ARE COMPARED WITH FIELD VALUES AND LEAK ALERT IS GENERATED IF WEIGHTED DEVIATION REMAINS ABOVE THE PREDEFINED IMBALANCE LIMITS FOR DURATION OF TIME. MULTIPLE LEAK ALERTS ARE INTEGRATED FOR GENERATION OF CONFIRMED LEAK ALARM (PREVENTING FALSE LEAK ALARMS).
LEAK LOCATION IS DONE BY FINDING THE BEST LOCATION WHERE THE SIMULATED PIPELINE PRESSURE PROFILE MATCHES WITH TELEMETERED PRESSURE PROFILE
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TRANSIENT MODELLING (Contd..)
FEATURES
RETROSPECTIVE
DETECT, LOCATE AND SIZE THE LEAK UNDER STEADY STATE AND EVEN UNDER TRANSIENT CONDITIONS
CAN AUTOMATICALLY ADJUST THE THRESHOLDS/ IMBALANCE LIMITS FOR VARIOUS TRANSIENT CONDITIONS (PUMPS START/ STOP, VALVES OPEN/ CLOSE, PIG TRACKING etc.) TO PREVENT FALSE LEAK ALARMS
GRADUALLY OCCURRING LEAKS CAN BE DETECTED
INSTRUMENT DRIFT ANALYSIS, DYNAMIC LINE PACK CALCULATIONS ARE PROVIDED
50
BATCH SCHEDULING & TRACKING MODULE
MONITORS THE TRANSPORTATION OF DIFFERENT PRODUCT BATCHES THROUGH THE PIELINE
Dispatch a batch to the pipeline (density variation/ manifold valves openings and together with batch schedule)
Determine the batch volume (based on actual flow measurement and by density change)
Monitors the extent of mixing as a function of time along the length of the pipeline
Update the position of batch fronts (based on velocity profile generated by the Transient model)
Monitors whether the actual batch transportation is taking place in accordance with the batch schedule
51
BATCH SCHEDULING & TRACKING MODULE (Contd…) Batch graphic on APPS operator MMI provides
overview of different batches in the pipeline and expected arrival time
Following alarms are configured on APPS operator MMI
• Batch is approaching destination• Batch has reached destination• Batch size exceeds the schedule batch size • New batch launched not being identified on the schedule or not
in proposed sequence identified by schedule• Discrepancy between actual time of batch arrival and expected
time of arrival exceeding the limits
52
OPTIMIZATION MODULES
The economic & efficient operation of the pipeline can be carried out by utilizing optimization modules viz. Pump station optimization module ( e.g. for variable speed drives of pumps) & Compressor fuel optimization module (for natural gas pipelines)
Pump station Optimization Module Utilizes the pipeline hydraulics & pump performance module to
determine the pump stations operation that will achieve the desired delivery flow rate requirements with the objective function of lowest electrical energy consumption
The real time monitoring & control in SCADA can also take care of contingencies arising out of closure of the receipt terminals & tripping of pumps with consequent adjustment of speed set points (pump stations) & flow set points (receipt terminals) to permit continuation of pipeline operation.
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OPTIMIZATION MODULES (Contd...)
Compressor Fuel Optimization Utilizes the pipeline hydraulics & gas turbine compressor
performance module to determine the compressor stations operation that will achieve the desired delivery requirements fulfilling the objectives of : - Optimum sharing of compressor power among various
compressor stations Optimization of the compressor usage for a particular
compressor station by utilizing the lowest fuel consumption
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SUPPLEMENTRY MODULES
Predictive Module Predicts the future operating conditions of the pipeline based
on the current state of the pipeline Warn the operator of impending short term constraint
violations and future consequences of continuation of current operating conditions
• Planning Module Helps the operator to maintain the new operating plans
covering the operational aspects of reduction or increase of gas supply & gas delivery requirements, deviation of current state with the forecast state etc. by analyzing different strategies & presenting the feasible ones to the operator
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SUPPLEMENTRY MODULES (Contd…)
Contingency Analysis Keeps the operator informed about the consequences of various upsets in
the pipeline operation viz. reduction in supply, shutting down of compressor stations
Determining the time for which the normal supplies can be made to the consumers before constraint violation takes place
Inventory Analysis Generates current pipeline inventory information (accounting for the
variations in line pack on the basis of pressure, temp. & density profiles) Comparison of inventory and packing rates against minimum & maximum
allowable limits to generate alarms for limit violations, thereby facilitating the dispatcher in responding to changes in supply & demand
56
PIPELINE EFFICIENCY
PURPOSETo detect whether pipeline friction losses in any section have exceeded defined limits
FUNCTION Calculate actual friction factor based upon flow, pressure
measurements at end points of pipeline section and product density profile as generated by product module
Pipeline efficiency factor is compared to a predefined limit violation of limit results in an alarm
This module gives requirements/ guidelines for carrying out pipeline pigging operation