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Unit E · Properties of Matter and Energy Use with textbook pages E2–E47

Properties and Structure of MatterYou can use a spider map to organize the main ideas and supporting details of atopic such as properties of matter. Look at the example shown below. The centraloval contains the topic being studied. Each branch extending from the oval repre-sents a main idea of the topic. Each branch extending from one of the main ideasrepresents a supporting detail.

Example

Complete the spider diagram below for the topic What Matter Is Made Of.The main ideas have already been filled in for you.

Chapter 10

SomePropertiesof Matter

amount of mass in

a given volume

measured in

g/cm3

measured in

kilograms

Conductors conduct

heat well.

how much space

an object takes up

Insulators do not

conduct heat well.

measured in cubic

centimeters (cm3)

amount of matter

in an object

density

volume

mas

s

abili

ty to

cond

uct

heat

What Matter Is

Made Of

molecules

elements

atom

s

com

poun

ds

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Main Idea and Supporting DetailsThe main idea tells what a story’s about. Other sentences contain details that support, or tell more about, the main idea.

Read the following paragraphs, based on information from this chapter of yourtextbook. Circle the main idea and underline the supporting details.

Now reread the Science Magazine article “Animals: Icy Survival.” Then write themain idea of the article, and list at least four supporting details.

Main Idea:

Supporting Details:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Chapter 10

1. What makes things sink or float? It all depends on density, or how much matteran object has for its size. The object’s mass divided by its volume gives us itsdensity. If the object’s density is less than water’s density, the object floats inwater. If the object’s density is greater than water’s density, the object sinks.

2. Atoms contain three kinds of particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons. Theprotons and neutrons are in the nucleus, the atom’s very dense center. The electrons are outside the nucleus. Electrons have about 2,000 times less massthan protons or neutrons. Protons carry one positive electric charge, electronscarry one negative electric charge, and neutrons have no charge at all!

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The Very Idea!Read the following paragraphs, based on information in this chapter of your textbook. One paragraph is based on the Science Magazine article “Animals: IcySurvival.” After reading the paragraphs, write the main idea of each and list someof the supporting details.

Chapter 10

1. Dewdrops are not raindrops. Where dothe dewdrops on a flower come from?They are water from the air around theflower! In the air the water was a gas, or vapor. When the surface of the flower became cold enough, the watervapor near the flower condensed. Itbecame liquid water. The condensedwater formed dewdrops on the petals of the flower.

Main Idea:

Supporting Details:

2. Why does ice float? Doesn’t waterbecome denser when it turns to ice? Toanswer that, you have to look at whathappens to water molecules when theyget cold enough to freeze. As waterfreezes, its molecules are kept fartherapart than when water is liquid. Ice isonly nine-tenths as dense as liquid water,so when water freezes, it expands. That’swhy ice floats!

Main Idea:

Supporting Details:

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Physical PropertiesFill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Main Idea and Supporting Details -

questions 13, 18

What Is Matter?

1. A measure of the amount of matter in an object is .

2. A(n) measures mass.

3. Mass is often measured in .

4. A measure of how much space a sample of matter takes up is

.

5. Anything that has mass and takes up space is .

6. The of an object is a measure of the force of gravity

between Earth and the object.

7. An object’s is a measure of the amount of matter in the

object compared to known masses.

8. Scientists use a quantity called the to measure force.

9. An object’s weight depends on its in the universe.

What Is Density?

10. The of an object tells us how massive something is for

its size.

11. As long as conditions such as do not change, the density

of a substance does not change.

12. Each has its own density.

How Dense Are Solids, Liquids and Gases?

13. A measure of how tightly packed matter is is called .

14. As more matter gets packed into the same amount of space, the material’s

density .

Lesson 1

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How Does Density Make Things Sink or Float?

15. Air is much less dense than water, so a beachball .

16. An object’s ability to float is called its .

17. Objects have enough buoyancy to float when they are less

than the liquid in which they are placed.

What Are Conductors and Insulators?

18. When materials energy well, they allow energy to flow

through them easily.

19. When materials against the passage of energy, they do

not readily permit energy to flow.

20. Metals like copper are good of electricity.

What Is Magnetism?

21. A(n) has north and south poles.

22. Opposite poles one another.

How Do We Use Properties of Matter?

23. Engineers and scientists use of matter when they design

and build things.

24. Materials with very low density and relatively great strength, called

, are very good insulators against heat.

Lesson 1

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Unit E · Properties of Matter and Energy Use with textbook page E7

What Is Matter?These two drawings compare mass and weight on Earth and on the Moon. Think about what is happening to the astronaut each time. Note what is beingmeasured, how it is measured, and what units are used.

Answer these questions about the diagram above.

1. What is being measured by the pan scale in each drawing? What unit is used?

2. What is being measured on the double-pan balance? What unit is used?

3. What happens to the weight of the astronaut on the Moon?

4. What happens to the mass of the astronaut on the Moon?

5. What number should be on the mass on the double-pan balance on Earth?

Lesson 1

On Earth

On the Moon

120 kg

MassWeight

200N

1200N

120 kg

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How Dense Are Solids, Liquids, and Gases?These drawings show three different states of matter, using water as an example.The boxes show how the water particles are arranged and how they move. Note how the particles differ from box to box. Make sure you know which boxgoes with each state of matter.


1. Which particles are the most orderly?

2. Which particles are moving the most?

3. Which particles are close together but can slide around each other?

Lesson 1

Gas (steam)

Solid(ice)

Liquid(water)

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Physical PropertiesMatch the correct letter with the description.

1. to allow energy or electricity to flow through readily

2. a measure of the force of gravity between Earth and an object

3. matter in which particles line up pole to pole

4. the amount of space an object takes up

5. all of the gases, liquids, and solids in the world

6. the amount of matter in an object

7. not to allow energy to flow through readily

8. tells us how massive something is for its size

Use the terms above to identify the property used.

9. use a flashlight

10. use a compass

11. use a paperweight

12. sink marbles in the bottom of a fish bowl

13. drink 8 ounces of water

14. wear layers during the winter

15. step on a scale

Lesson 1

a. mass

b. volume

c. weight

d. density

e. magnetic

f. conduct

g. insulate

h. matter

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Physical Properties

Fill in the blanks.

To tell one type of matter in objects from another you can

their . The amount of matter in

an object is its . The amount of space it takes up is its

. If one liquid is less than another

it will on top of it. Materials that

energy allow it to flow through readily. Cooking pans are made of

since it lets heat pass through. However, the

are made of wood or ceramic so your hands don’t get

burned. These materials against the passage of energy.

Lesson 1

conduct measure insulate

dense float metal

handles mass

volume properties

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Elements and CompoundsFill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Main Idea and Supporting Details -

questions 1, 14

What Is Matter Made Of?

1. The basic building blocks of all matter are .

2. Elements are pure substances that be broken down into

simpler substances.

What Are Compounds?

3. Any substance that is formed by the of two or more

elements is called a compound.

4. Compounds can only be broken apart by .

5. Compounds have properties than the elements that

make them up.

How Do You Write a Compound’s Name?

6. Scientists write symbols for compounds called .

7. A formula contains numbers below the elements called .

8. The subscripts in chemical formulas tell us the of

particles that combine in a compound.

What Are Elements Made Of?

9. A(n) is the smallest unit of an element that retains the

properties of the element.

What Is Inside Atoms?

10. The three kinds of particles that atoms contain are

and .

11. The tiny, very dense body in the atom’s center is called the atomic

.

12. The number of in an atom determines what element it is.

Lesson 2

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What Properties Do Elements Have?

13. We now know of elements.

14. Some elements take part in chemical much more easily

than others.

15. About three-fourths of the elements are .

16. Properties of metals include:

a. ,

b. , and

c. .

How Can the Elements Be Grouped?

17. In 1869, Mendeleyev found that the properties of the elements went through

.

18. The groups in Mendeleyev’s table contained elements with similar

properties.

19. We call Mendeleyev’s table the periodic table after the periodic changes found

in the elements’ .

What Are Molecules?

20. Particles that contain more than one atom joined together are called

.

21. Molecules of always contain only one kind of atom.

22. are made up of molecules that have different kinds of

atoms joined together.

23. When a compound forms from elements, changes occur in the way that the

atoms are .

How Do We Use Compounds?

24. Petroleum is a complex mixture of .

25. comes from petroleum.

Lesson 2

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What Is Inside Atoms?These three pictures show three very common atoms: hydrogen, helium, and carbon. Note how each proton, neutron, and electron is represented. Then countthe number of each kind of these particles in each atom.


1. Which two particles are found in each of the atoms?

2. Which particle is NOT found in Hydrogen?

3. Which particle is NOT found in the nucleus?

4. Which atom weighs the most? Why?

Lesson 2

Atoms are made ofprotons, neutrons, andelectrons. The numberof protons an atom hasdetermines whatelement it is.

Helium

Carbon

Hydrogen

— electron

— proton

— neutron

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What Are Molecules?These pictures show different elements and compounds. Compare the picture ofeach with the formula below it.

Answer these questions about the pictures above.

1. Which of these pictures show molecules?

2. What kinds of atoms make up these molecules?

3. What is the ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of carbon

atoms in the carbon dioxide molecule?

4. How are the elements nitrogen and oxygen different from neon?

5. How do the pictures compare to the chemical formulas?

Lesson 2

Elements

CompoundsC

H

H

MethaneCH4

(natural gas)

H

O

WaterH2O

C

O

Carbon dioxideCO2

NitrogenN2

OxygenO2 and O3

NeonNe

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Elements and CompoundsMatch the correct letter with the description.

1. the dense center part of an atom

2. a chemical combination of two or more elementsinto a single substance

3. the smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of the element

4. contains the symbols for the elements that make it up

5. an uncharged particle in the nucleus of an atom

6. a particle that contains more than one atom joined together

7. a basic building block of matter

8. a particle with a negative charge moving around the nucleus of an atom

9. one or two letters that identify an element

10. a particle with a positive charge in the nucleus of an atom

Answer each question.

11. Which elements are poor conductors of electricity?

12. On the periodic table, where can you find the metalloids?

13. What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

Lesson 2

a. element

b. compound

c. atom

d. proton

e. neutron

f. electron

g. nucleus

h. molecule

i. chemical formula

j. symbol

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Elements and Compounds

Fill in the blanks.

Scientists have identified 112 . The smallest unit of each

of these pure substances that has its properties is a(n) .

These units are made of smaller particles. The has a

negative charge, the has a positive charge, and the

has no charge. Each substance is given a special

of one or two letters. A scientist named Dmitri

Mendeleyev created a periodic . He grouped the sub-

stances according to chemical . Two or more substances

can combine chemically to form a new .

Lesson 2

electron compound elements

symbol properties atom

table neutron proton

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Solids, Liquids, and GasesFill in the blanks. Reading Skill: Main Idea and Supporting Details -

questions 2, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16

What Are the States of Matter?

1. When water absorbs enough heat, it turns into a(n)

called steam.

2. The three states of matter are:

a. ,

b. , and

c. .

3. When a change of occurs, the identity of the substance

stays the same.

4. Substances change state because their are arranged in a

different way.

5. The molecules of any substance are to each other.

6. Adding or removing makes substances change from one

state to another.

7. When molecules are linked in organized positions, a(n)

results.

8. When heat is absorbed by a solid, the molecules vibrate .

9. Heat causes the molecules of a solid to from each other,

making the solid become a liquid.

10. Every substance has its own particular melting point and .

11. When a substance is melting or boiling, its stays

the same.

12. When heat is removed from a boiling substance, it .

13. The melting point is also called the point.

Lesson 3

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How Can Matter Change to a Gas?

14. When a liquid , it gradually changes to a gas.

15. When a liquid , it changes to a gas rapidly.

16. Once all the liquid becomes steam, the goes up.

What Are the Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases?

17. Solids keep their .

18. take the shape of their containers.

19. Gases fill the of their containers.

20. When the temperature of a material increases, its particles move

.

21. Materials as they get hotter.

22. Materials as the get cooler.

23. Substances that are expand or contract the most with

changing temperature.

How Can Expansion and Contraction Be Used?

24. The liquid in a expands or contracts with changes

in temperature.

Lesson 3

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What Are the States of Matter?This diagram shows what happens to particles during changes of state. This is not what you would actually see, but the diagram helps you understand what isactually happening. Focus on how much the particles move.


1. What happens to the speed of molecules as they absorb heat?

2. In which state have the particles absorbed the most heat?

3. Which particles show the least amount of motion?

4. In which state do the particles occupy the greatest amount of space?

Lesson 3

Molecules moving faster and faster

More and more heat absorbed

Solid Liquid Gas

Freeze

Melt

Condense

Boil

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What Are the States of Matter?This line graph shows the change in temperature of water and PDCB over time. Toget the data, a sample of each is heated and its temperature at each time intervalis recorded. As you study a graph, note the title, the two axes, and the generalshape of the lines.


1. If water has a melting point of 0°C, which line shows the data for water?

2. What is the melting point of PDCB?

3. Why does the water line flatten out after 0°C?

4. What do you think is happening during the time the temperature is not

increasing?

5. What state of matter is the PDCB in until 52°C?

Lesson 3

SOLID MELTDOWN LIQUID

Melting Liquid

Liquid

Solid

–30

–20

–10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time

Tem

per

atu

re (

ºC)

Solid

Melting

Melting of PDCB and Water

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Solids, Liquids, and GasesMatch the correct letter with the description.

1. the temperature at which a liquid changes state into a solid

2. the temperature at which a solid changes state into a liquid

3. a liquid slowly changing into a gas

4. any of the forms matter can exist in

5. a gas turning to a liquid

6. the temperature at which a liquid changes state into a gas

7. the temperature stays constant during this even though heat is being added or removed

8. cooling causes particles to get closer together and materials do this

9. materials spread out as they get hotter

10. Explain why the temperature of water stays the same for a while once it starts boiling.

11. Name one way you benefit from each of the following states of matter.

solid

liquid

gas

12. How are boiling and evaporation the same? How are they different?

Lesson 3

a. state of matter

b. melting point

c. boiling point

d. freezingpoint

e. evaporation

f. condensation

g. change ofstate

h. expand

i. contract

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Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Fill in the blanks.

Most substances exist in one of three of matter.

Whenever a change occurs, the substance gains new .

This happens because the are arranged differently.

Each pure substance has a melting point, or temperature at which a(n)

changes into a(n) . Each also has

a boiling point at which the liquid changes into a(n) .

The process by which a liquid slowly turns into a gas is known as

. The temperature at which a liquid changes into

a solid is known as the point. Most materials

, or become smaller, as they get cooler. They

, or become larger, as they get hotter.

Lesson 3

solid expand evaporation

freezing properties liquid

gas states

molecules contract

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Properties and Structure of MatterCircle the letter of the best answer.

1. A particle outside the nucleus of an atom is a(n)

a. proton. b. electron.

c. insulate. d. molecule.

2. The amount of space an object takes up is its

a. density. b. mass.

c. volume. d. weight.

3. A material that does not readily permit heat to flow through it is a

material that

a. insulates. b. conducts.

c. measures. d. weighs.

4. The amount of mass contained in a given volume is its

a. buoyancy. b. density.

c. insulation. d. weight.

5. A measure of the force of gravity between Earth and an object is its



6. The amount of matter in an object is called its



7. A charged particle in the nucleus of the atom is a(n)

a. electron. b. molecule.

c. proton. d. neutron.

Chapter 10

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8. A chemical combination of two or more elements into

a single substance is a(n)

a. compound. b. metal.

c. molecule. d. nucleus.

9. A group of more than one atom joined together that acts like a single

particle is a(n)

a. neutron. b. metal.


10. A pure substance that cannot be broken down into anything simpler is a(n)

a. compound. b. element.


11. The smallest unit of an element that still has the properties of the

element is a(n)

a. atom. b. compound.


12. The dense center part of an atom is its

a. molecule. b. neutron.

c. nucleus. d. proton.

13. Any of the forms matter can exist in is what is called a(n)

a. change of matter. b. molecule.

c. periodic. d. state of matter.

14. Each different substance has its own boiling temperature called the

a. melting point. b. freezing point.

c. liquefying point. d. boiling point.

Chapter 10

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Chapter Summary1. What is the name of the chapter you just finished reading?

2. What are four vocabulary words you learned in the chapter?Write a definition for each.

3. What are two main ideas that you learned in this chapter?

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