SBI 3C SEPTEMBER 2012. THE BIG QUESTION HOW DO YOU KNOW IF SOMETHING IS ALIVE??
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Transcript of SBI 3C SEPTEMBER 2012. THE BIG QUESTION HOW DO YOU KNOW IF SOMETHING IS ALIVE??
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SBI 3C
SEPTEMBER 2012
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THE BIG QUESTION
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF SOMETHING IS ALIVE??
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS: Stimulus and response Require energy Produce waste Grow and reproduce
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THE CELL THEORY
1. All living things are made up of cells
2. The cell is the basic functional unit of living things
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division
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WHAT DO CELLS DO? Cellular respiration:
In the mitochondriaglucose + oxygen energy + water + carbon dioxide
Absorption:Bring in water and nutrients into cells
Excretion:Remove waste products from cells
Biosynthesis:Make larger molecules out of smaller onesExamples:
○ Amino acids join together to make protein○ Sugar molecules join together to make carbohydrates
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GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A CELL: Inside is a liquid, water-based solution
called cytoplasm Little organs (organelles) sit in the liquid Cells are surrounded by a membrane
that separates them from the outside
organellemembrane
cytoplasm
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TYPES OF CELLS:
There are 2 types of cells:Animal CellsPlant Cells
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ANIMAL CELLS:
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PLANT CELLS:
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ORGANELLES: CELL WALL:
Only in plantsFirm but porous, surrounds cells giving them
rigidity
CELL MEMBRANE:Only in animal cellsSurrounds cell and organelles in cellComposed of a bilayer (double layer) of fat (lipid)
molecules called phospholipid bilayer
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NUCLEUS: Control centre of the
cellContains DNASurrounded by a porous
double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Filled with nucleoplasm (like cytoplasm)
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DNA AND RNA:
DNA: double stranded, found in nucleus
RNA: single stranded, found in cytoplasm
Chemical storage of information needed to keep the cell alive and functioning properly
RNA DNA
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RIBOSOMES:Used to produce proteinEither free floating in cytoplasm or attached
to membranesVery small
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM:System of tubes and canals that attach to the nuclear
envelopeTwo types:
○ Rough ER (RER) has ribosomes and is the site of protein manufacturing
○ Smooth ER (SER) no ribosomes and is where fat molecules are produced
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GOLGI APPARATUS:
Stacks of membraneous tubes Takes proteins from the ER and
changes them Packages them into vesicles to be
released outside the cells
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LYSOSOMES:Found only in animal cellsContain protein that help to digest food or
kill invading bacteria or virusesAlso kills dead or dying cells, called the
suicide sac
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MITOCHONDRIA:
Shaped like a kidney bean Float in the cytoplasm Site of chemical reactions that produce
energy for the cell Powerhouse of the cell
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PLASTIDS: Only in plant cells Fairly large Different types have different functions:
storage (amyloplast - stores starch)energy production(chloroplast-site of photosynthesis)
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VACUOLES: Common in plant cells Large, membrane bound sac Filled with watery solution containing
dissolved sugars, proteins, minerals Pressure from water (turgor pressure)
prevents plants from wilting