iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

სივრცე, პოლიტიკა, იდენტობა

(სასწავლო კურსი)

გიორგი გოგსაძე,

სოციალურ და პოლიტიკურ მეცნიერებათა ფაკულტეტის

საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფიის მიმართულების პროფესორი

2

Sinaarsi

I Tavi

3

1.1 politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis istoria

3

1.2 ZiriTadi cnebebi

19

II Tavi. nacionalizmi, eTnikuroba, identoba

36

III Tavi. saxelmwifo

89

IV Tavi. geopolitika

128

gamoyenebuli literatura

169

3

I Tavi

1.1. politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis istoria

politikuri geografiis, rogorc mecnierebis dargis Camoyalibeba

da ganviTareba mWidros aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi geografiis

formirebis istoriasTan.

sazogadoebriv geografebs Soris dRemde mimdinareobs kamaTi imis

Taobaze, Tu vin iyo sazogadoebrivi geografiis sferoSi pirveli

naSromis avtori. sabWoTa geografiul literaturaSi (mag., Саушкин Ю.Г.,

1973) pirvel kompleqsur sazogadoebriv-geografiul naSromad

aRiarebulia italieli mecnieris ludoviko gviCardinis (Lodovico

Guicciardini) monografia “niderlandebis aRwera”, romelic 1567 wels

gamoica. dasavlur literaturaSi (mag. Warf, 2006a: 218) ki sazogadoebrivi

geografiis pionerad miCneulia germanuli warmomavlobis mecnieri

bernard vareniusi (Bernhardus Varenius). mis naSromSi “zogadi geografia”,

romelic 1650 wels gamoica niderlandebSi, geografia dayofilia zogad

da regionul (specialur) nawilebad. am naSromebma mniSvnelovani roli

iTamaSes sazogadoebrivi geografiis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi,

Tumca isini mxolod aRwerilobiTi xasiaTis arian. geografiul

kvlevebSi aRwerilobiTi mimarTuleba dominirebda XIX saukunis

bolomde.

mecnierebis damoukidebeli dargis SeqmnisTvis ki aucilebeli iyo

Teoriul-konceftualuri bazisi. sazogadoebriv geografiaSi am saxis

pirveli naSromi XIX saukunis bolos Seiqmna.

sazogadoebrivi geografiis, rogorc samecniero disciplinad

Camoyalibeba ukavSirdeba politikur geografias. misi dafuZnebis

araoficialur TariRad ki miiCneva 1897 wels, rodesac gamoqveynda

germaneli mecnieris fridrix ratcelis (Friedrich Ratzel) monografia

“politikuri geografia”. ratceli pirveli iyo vinc moaxdina

geografiuli sivrcis konceftualizacia. kerZod, is mivida im

daskvnamde, rom sivrce aris bunebrivi CarCo, romlis farglebSic

mimdinareobs mniSvnelovani procesebi. sivrce ratcelis azriT qveynis

siZlieris umniSvnelovanesi faqtori iyo. rac Seexeba saxelmwifos,

ratceli mas ganixilavda, rogorc miwidan amozrdil cocxal organizms,

romelsac arsebobisTvis brZolaSi esaWiroeba teritoriuli zrda sxva

saxelmwifoebis teritoriebis dapyrobis an mierTebis xarjze. frang

mecnier elize rekliusTan (Jean-Jacques-Élisée Reclus) erTad fridrix

ratcels mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis organicizmis1 geografiuli

koncefciis ganviTarebaSi. ratcelma SeimuSava saxelmwifos sivrcobrivi

1 organicizmi anu biologisturi sociologia socialur mecnierebebSi ganviTarda XIX saukuneSi. organicizmis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen daemtkicebinaT, rom socialuri stuqtura viTardeba da funcqionirebs biologiuri organizmis.

4

zrdis 7 kanoni, riTac safuZveli Cauyara mecnierebis im dargis

Camoyalibebas, romelsac amJamad geopolitikis saxeliT icnoben. garda

amisa, ratcelma ganaviTara envairomentalisturi determinizmis2 ideebi. 1998 wels ratcelis naazrevs daupirispirda franguli “adamianis

geografiis” (“La Géographie Humaine”) skolis fuZemdebeli pol vidal de

la blaSi (Paul Vidal de la Blache), romelmac envairomentalisturi

determinizmis koncefcias geografiuli fatalizmi uwoda. frangi

mecnieri pirveli iyo vinc daasabuTa, rom adamiani, rogorc garemo, erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi geografiuli faqtoria. mas, ratcelisgan

gansxvavebiT, socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri movlenebis

warmarTvelad miaCnda adamianis neba da iniciativa. misi azriT

geografiuli mdebareoba realuri da obieqturi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi

gaxdeboda, Tu es mocemuli teritoriis (qveynis, regionis, dasaxlebis)

mosaxleobis nebiT da cxovrebis wesiT iqneboda ganpirobebuli.

geopolitikis sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi de la blaSis midgomam safuZveli

Cauyara geografiuli posibilizmis3 ganviTarebas. swored posibilisturi

midgomebis ganviTarebiT daiwyo sazogadoebrivi geografiis dreifi

socialuri mecnierebebis mimarTulebiT, ramac, Tavis mxriv ganapiroba

geografiuli mecnierebis erTianobis rRveva, yovel SemTxvevaSi

samecniero kvlevebis doneze mainc.

de la blaSi germanul da amerikul geografiul kvlevebSi

gabatonebuli sistemuri midgomisgan gansxvavebiT, prioritets aniWebda

calkeuli regionebis Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. aRsaniSnavia, rom man

safuZveli Cauyara regionuli geografiis skolas da pirveli iyo, vinc

mecnierebaSi Semoitana da danerga termini “geografiuli garemo”. geografiuli posibilizmis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

warmomadgeneli iyo amerikeli mecnieri karl zaueri (Carl Sauer). is

iTvleba amerikuli kulturuli geografiis mamamTavrad, romlis

avangardSi dResac aris mis mier daarsebuli “berklis skola” (Mathewson,

2006: 19). geografiaSi man daamkvidra “kulturuli landSaftis” cneba.

Tavis kvlevebSi zaueri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda istoriul

konteqsts, riTac geografiaSi mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera dro-sivrciTi

midgoma (Warf, 2006a: 221).

2 geografiuli an garemos (envairomentalisturi, klimaturi) determinizmis idea jer kidev antikur periodSi warmoiSva da ganviTareba hpova saberZneTsa da CineTSi. am ideis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom bunebrivi garemo gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdens xalxTa xasiaTis da Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaze, Sesabamisad swored am gamo gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva bunebriv sartyelSi mcxovrebi adamianebi. XX s. dasawisSi erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad geografiuli determinizmis ideebs Camoyalibebuli Teoriebis saxe misces amerikelma mecnierebma elen CerCil simplma (Ellen Churchill Semple) da elsuorT hantingtonma (Ellsworth Huntington). 3 geografiuli posibilizmis skolis warmonadgenlebi sazogadoebisa da bunebis urTierTkavSiris problematikas ganixilaven sivrciTi urTierTobebis konteqstSi, sadac centraluri adgili ukavia adamians, mis saqmianobas. sivrciTi urTierTobebis warmarTvel Zalad aRiarebulia ara bunebrivi, aramed socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi.

5

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnuli kritikisa, ratcelis mecnierulma

naazrevma, gansakuTrebiT politikuri geografiis kuTxiT, didi

rezonansi gamoiwvia. misi moswavlis Svedi mecnieris rudolf Celenis

(Rudolf Kjellén) terminma “geopolitika” sul male daimkvidra adgili

mecnierebasa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis praqtikaSi. XX saukunis

dasawyisidan meore msoflio omamde evropasa da amerikaSi sokoebiviT

momravlda geopolitikuri Teoriebi. aRniSnuli periodi kacobriobis

istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc kolonizaciis da msoflio omebis epoqa.

amdenad, gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom imdroindeli geopolitikuri

Teoriebi gamsWvaluli iyo imperiuli, ufro metic rasistuli

suliskveTebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am Teoriis avtorTa mniSvnelovani

nawili, mag., helford makinderi (Halford Mackinder), aizia boumeni (Isaiah

Bowman), karl haushoferi (Karl Ernst Haushofer), an TviTon iyo

xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi an masTan mWidrod TanamSromlobda.

politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis am periods samarTlianad aRiareben

klasikuri geopolitikis xanad.

wina saukunis dasawyisSive saTave aiRo da Semdgom swrafad

ganviTarda eleqtoraluri (saarCevno) geografia. am dargis pioneri iyo

franguli “adamianis geografiis” skolis kidev erTi TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli andre zigfridi (André Siegfried). man geografiaSi

Camoayaliba eleqtoraluri qcevis socialur-ekologiuri (ekologiuri)

mimarTuleba. arCevnebis kvlevaSi is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda

iseTi faqtorebis Seswavlas, rogoricaa landSaftis xasiaTi,

gansaxlebis tipi, sakuTrebisadmi damokidebuleba da sxva.

eleqtoraluri geografiis samecniero da praqtikulma miRwevebma

impulsi misca sxva mecnierebebis mier amomrCevelTa qcevis Seswavlas.

1940-1960-ian wlebSi aSS-Si Seiqmna eleqtoraluri sociologiis da

eleqtoraluri fsiqologiis Zlieri skolebi. am periodSi warmatebiT

viTardeboda TviT eleqtoraluri geografiac. meore msoflio omis

Semdgom periodSi is, ekonomikur geografiasTan erTad, sazogadoebrivi

geografiis erT-erTi im dargTagani aRmoCnda, romelmac warmatebiT auRo

alRo raodenobriv analizs da misi meTodebiT SeiaraRda.

eleqtoraluri geografia imdenad swrafad ganviTarda, rom 1960-iani

wlebis bolos is damoukidebel samecniero disciplinadac ki aRiares.

XIX saukunis bolodan meore msoflio omamde periodSi politikur

geografiisgan gansxvavebiT SedarebiT umniSvnelo iyo sazogadoebrivi

geografiis sxva dargebis miRwevebi. es upirveles yovlisa exeba

ekonomikur geografias. miuxedavad imisa, rom wina saukunis mijnaze da

mis dasawyisSi gamoCnda ramdenime saintereso naSromi, maT Soris

ingliseli jorj Cisholmis (George J. Chisholm) “komerciuli geografiis

gzamkvlevi” (1889 w.) da amerikeli rasel smitis (J. Russel Smith)

“mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis geografia” (1913 w.), ekonomikur-geografiulma

mimarTulebam ver moipova saTanado aRiareba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas

socialur da kulturis geografiaze.

6

aRniSnuli dargebis CamorCena ganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime

subieqturi da obieqturi faqtoriT. umTavresi mizezi mdgomareobda

imaSi, rom politikuri geografiis warmomadgenlebs qedmaRluri

damokidebuleba qondaT sazogadoebrivi geografiis sxva dargebis

mimarT. mag., ratceli ekonomikur geografias miiCnevda ekonomikis da ara

geografiis nawilad. garda amisa, susti meTodologiuri bazis gamo,

sazogadoebrivi geografia didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erT adgils tkepnida

da meore msoflio omamde ver moxerxda misi erTian disciplinad

Camoyalibeba. aRniSnul periodSi ekonomikuri geografiis sakiTxebis

kvleviTa da swavlebiT dakavebuli iyvnen ekonomistebi, xolo kulturis

da mosaxleobis geografia metwilad warmodgenili iyo anTropologiis

Semswavlel akademiur wreebsa da organizaciebSi. sazogadoebrivi

geografiis gaerTianebisTvis saWiro iyo iseTi koncefciis (Teoriis)

Seqmna, romelic erT CarCoSi moaqcevda manamade daqsaqsul ekonomikur,

politikur, socialur, kulturul geografiebs da qveyanaTmcodneobas.

sazogadoebrivi geografiis gamaerTianeblis roli Tavis Tavze aiRo da

amas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi amerikelma mecnier-geografma riCard

harTshornma (Richard Hartshorne).

harTshorni damsaxurebulad iTvleba amerikuli sazogadoebrivi

geografiis, kerZod ki kulturul-geografiuli landSaftmcodneobis

mamamTavrad. 1939 wels gamocemul naSromSi “geografiis buneba” (“The

Nature of Gography”) man pirvelma warmoadgina mwyobri koncefcia, sadac

geografia erTian mecnierebad ganixileboda, radgan miaCnda, rom

geografiuli kvlevis centrSi unda yofiliyo landSafti. mogvianebiT

mis SromebSi termini “landSafti” Seicvala “regioniT”. is, germaneli

landSaftmcodneebisgan gansaxvavebiT, landSafts ganixilavda ufro

farTod, e.i. regionis mniSvnelobiT, radgan am ukanasknelisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo konkretuli sazRvrebi da socialur-ekonomikuri

maxasiaTeblebi. de la blaSisgan gansxvavebiT ki amtkicebda, rom

regionuli geografiis mTavari mizani iyo sivrceSi movlenebis

integraciis Seswavla, Sesabamisad aqcenti unda gakeTebuliyo mocemul

regionSi arsebul movlenebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSirebis dadgenaze.

rac Seexeba politikuri geografias, harTshornma warmoadgina

sivrcis politikuri diferenciaciis koncefcia, romelic Tavis mxriv

efuZneboda germaneli mecnierebis karl riterisa (Carl Ritter) da alfred

hetneris (Alfred Hettner) naazrevs. is amtkicebda, rom politikuri

geografiis kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti unda yofiliyo iuridiulad

gaformebuli, e.i. obieqturad arsebuli teritoriuli erTeulebi. aqedan

gamomdinare, harTshornis koncefciaSi politikuri geografiuli kvlevis

mTavar obieqtad ganixileboda upirveles yovlisa saxelmwifo, aseve

saxelmwifoTaSorisi aliansebi da garkveul SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos

avtonomiuri erTeulebi. regionis harTshorniseulma koncefciam anglo-

7

amerikul geografiul kvlevebSi safuZveli Cauyara pozitivisturi4

mimarTulebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi midgoma

mniSvnelovnad zRudavda, rogorc kvlevis sagans, aseve kvlevis

farglebs. politikuri geografia, konkretulad da sazogadoebrivi

geografia, mTlianobaSi, gaigivebul iqna geografiul qorologiasTan da

klasikur geopolitikasTan.

mogvianebiT, harTshornis kritikiT gamovida axalgazrda amerikeli

ekonomisti frederik Seferi (Frederick Schaefer), romlis azriTac

geografiul kvlevaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba unda daTmoboda ara

movlenebs, aramed teritoriul arealebs Soris kavSirebis, e.i.

movlenebis sivrciTi organizaciis Seswavlas. Seferma gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba dauTmo wminda geografiuli kanonebis gamovlenas. is

amtkicebda, rom rac ufro axlos mdebareoben erTmaneTTan geografiuli

adgilebi miT ufro mWidro kavSiri arsebobs maT Soris. misi azriT,

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri adgilebis (obieqtebis) siaxlovesa da maT

Soris kavSirebis intensivobas Soris aris WeSmaritad geografiuli

kanoni.

1960-ian wlebSi mecnierebis, maT Soris geografiis ganviTarebis

istoriaSi mniSvnelovani Zvrebi moxda. geografia gadaiqca

“raodenobrivi anu pozitivisturi revoluciis” arenad5. geograf-

pozitivistebi TavianT kvlevebSi xelmZRvanelobdnen antikuri xanis

berZeni moazrovnis dekartes principiT: “geografia geometriis darad”

(Warf, 2006a: 222).

geografiaSi pozitivizmis da garkveulwilad biheviorizmis

ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo germaneli geografis valter kristaleris

(Walter Christaller) centraluri adgilebis Teoriiam. 1933 wels gamoqveynda

kristaleris wigni “samxreT germaniis centraluri adgilebi” (“Die

zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland”), sadac avtori amtkicebda, rom SesaZlebelia

arsebobdes gansaxlebis optimaluri qseli, Tuki dasaxlebaTa

struqtura RerZul-qseluri xasiTis iqneboda. centralur adgilTa

sistemas/stuqturas (“kristaleris bade”) futkris fiWis forma aqvs.

fiWis TiToeuli ujredis (e.i. dasaxlebis) centri warmoadgens ufro

maRali ierarqiis sxva ujredis wibos. kristaleri miiCnevda, rom

dasaxlebaTa fiWuri struqtura uzrunvelyofda momsaxurebis da

transportirebis, aseve teritoriis marTvis maqsimalur efeqtianobas.

centralur adgilTa Teoria Tavisi arsiT abstraqtulia, radgan

“kristaleris dasaxlebaTa bade” mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli

4 pozitivizmis, rogorc samecniero mimarTulebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba ukavSirdeba me-19 saukunis cnobili sociologis ogiust kontis (Auguste Comte) saxels. konti aRiarebda sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis, kerZod fizikis prioritets samecniero azrisa da kvlevebis ganviTrebaSi da miiCnevda, rom sociologias da zogadad socialur mecnierebebs unda gamoeyenebinaT fizikaSi gabatonebuli kvlevis ZiriTadi meTodebi, kerZod dakvirveba da eqsperimenti. 5 aRsaniSnavia, rom imave periodSi “raodenobriv revolucias” adgili qonda fsiqologiaSi, politikur mecnierebaSi, sociologiaSi da istoriul mecnierebaSic ki.

8

adgilis (teritoriis) landSaftze. mocemuli Teoria praqtikulad

gamouyeneblia mTiani regionebisTvis. miuxedavad naklovanebabisa,

kristaleris mier SemoTavazebulma Teoriam mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrula geografiuli da ekonomikuri mecnierebebis ganviTarebaSi.

kristaleris Teoriaze dayrdnobiT 1954 wels Seiqmna germaneli

ekonomistis avgust lioSis (August Lösch) centraluri adgilebis

modificirebuli Teoria, romelSic gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeboda

ara dasaxlebaTa mdebareobaze, aramed ekonomikur rentabelobaze.

mTlianobaSi, pozitivistebis mTavari mizani iyo geografiaSi im

dros gabatonebuli aRwerilobiTi (idiografiuli) midgoma ukana planze

gadaetanaT, xolo maTematikuri modelirebisa da statistikuri

meTodebis gamoyenebiT win wamoewiaT empiriuli (nomoTeturi) meTodebi.

amis Sedegad, geografiul kvlevebSi gabatonda aRwerilobiTi da

induqciuri statistika, gravitaciuli, SemTxveviTi da deterministuli

modelireba da a.S. raodenobrivma revoluciam xeli Seuwyo

sazogadoebrivi geografiis gaerTianebas, radgan amjerad misi yvela

dargi erTsa da imave meTodebis iyenebda. “raodenobrivi revoluciis”

epoqa yvelaze produqtiuli aRmoCnda eleqtoraluri geografiisa da

qveyanaTmcodneobisTvis. ukanasknelSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava

qveynebis tipologiam kompleqsuri maxasiaTeblebis gamoyenebiT.

geografiul kvlevebSi makro done Caanacvla mezo (qveyana, msxvili

regioni) donem.

geografiaSi pozitivisturi midgoma, miuxedavad mniSvnelovani

warmatebebisa mkacri kritikis obieqti gaxda. maTematikurma modelirebam

gamoiwvia sazogadoebriv-geografiuli procesebis aRqmisa da Sesabamisad

analizis Warbi formalizeba, miTumetes, rom es analizi ar eyrdnoboda

ramdenadme mniSvnelovan Teoriuli baziss. raodenobriv analizs,

rogorc wesi, xelarewifeba ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da

kulturuli procesebis srulyofili axsna, radgan geografiuli sivrce,

sadac aRniSnuli procesebi mimdinareobs, Tavisi bunebiT radikalurad

gansxvavdeba maTematikuri, e.i. virtualuri sivrcisgan.

“pozitivistur revolucias” dawyebidan aTiode wlis Semdeg

sazogadoebriv geografias “Tavs daatyda” axali, amjerad “Teoriuli

revolucia”, romelic Tavisi arsiT marqsistuli iyo.

1960-70-ian wlebSi dasavluri qveynebi moicva saprotesto

socialurma moZraobam, romelic rig SemTxvevebSi samoqalaqo

mRelvarebaSic ki gadaizarda. Tavisi SemadgenlobiT es axalgazrduli

moZraoba gamodioda socialuri uTanasworobis, samoqalaqo da

ekonomikuri uflebebis darRvevis, vietnamis omis winaaRmdeg. mas

samecniero wreebSic bevri mxardamWeri aRmoaCnda. yovel epoqaSi

samecniero azri swraf reagirebas axdens Seqmnili socialuri

situaciaze da cdilobs gamoimuSaos rekomendaciebi daZabulobis

ganmuxtvis mizniT. aRniSnuli periodSi memarcxene mecnierebma

gabatonebuli socialuri Teoriebis alternativad miiCnies marqsizmi -

9

moZRvreba, romelic Tavisi arsiT gamodioda socialuri, ekonomikuri da

klasobrivi uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg.

sabWoTa kavSirSi marqsizmsa da socializms aigivebdnen, rac

arasworia. marqsizmi aris moZRveba, romelic iTvaliswinebs

kapitalizmis, rogorc sazogadoebis organizaciis sistemis ngrevas.

marqsi amtkicebda, rom klasobrivi dapirispirebis Sedegad aucileblad

dadgeboda kapitalizmis krizisi. sazogadoebrivi cvlilebis mTavari

monawile (agenti) unda yofiliyo muSaTa klasi, romelsac momavalSi

komunizmi unda aeSenebina. lenini ki amtkicebda, rom muSaTa klass ar

SeuZlia gadamwyveti socialuri cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba da, rom mas

avangardSi unda Caudgnen profesionali revolucionerebi. garda amisa,

marqsi arafers ambobda imaze, rom socializmi unda yofiliyo

gardamavali etapi kapitalizmidan komunizmisaken, rasac adgili qonda

sabWoTa kavSirSi. leninizmis aRniSnuli da sxva debulebebi miuRebeli

aRmoCnda danarCeni msoflios memarcxene moZraobebis umravlesobisaTvis.

Tu istoriuli SedegiT vimsjelebT, aRmoCndeba, rom leninizmi

damaxinjebuli marqsizmia, xolo marqsizm-leninizmi xelovnurad

Sekowiwebuli terminia, romelsac cota aqvs saerTo klasikur

marqsizmTan.

sazogadoebrivma mecnierebebma marqsizmis mimarT

“eqspluatatoruli” damokidebuleba gamoamJRavna. am moZRvrebas yvela

mecnieri ise aRiqvamda, rogorc mas surda. Sedegad Seiqmna

mravalferovani samecniero mimarTulebebi da gamocemebic ki. mag., 1969

wels daarsda geografiuli Jurnali “antipodi”, romelic dRemde

radikaluri marqsizmis ideebis erTguli rCeba. gavlenis mixedviT

gamoyofen or marqsistul samecniero mimdinareobas. pirvelis

warmomadgenlebi mxars uWeren “demokratiul socializms”, romelSic

wamyvani roli ganekuTvneba saxlemwifos, xolo meore mimarTuleba

warmodgenilia “utopiur socializmis” momxreebiT. marqsistuli

geografiis yvelaze TvasaCino warmomadgenelia ingliseli mecnieri

devid harvei (David Harvey). 1984 wels man gamoaqveyna naSromi “geografiis

istoriisa da dRevandeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb: istoriul-

materialisturi manifesti”. masSi mocemulia geografiis samomavlo

ganviTarebis xuTi principi, romelTa mixedviTac: geografia unda iyos

integrirebuli da ara neitraluri mecniereba; istoriuli materializmis

safuZvelze unda moxdes geografiuli codnis da gamocdilebis

integracia socialur TeoriebTan; geografia unda iqces WeSmaritad

saxalxo da gamoyenebad mecnierebad; unda Seiqmnas politikuri proeqti,

romelic istoriul-geografiuli gadasaxedidan gansazRvravs

kapitalizmidan socializmze gadasvlas (Harvey, 1984). harvei utopist-

socialistia da miaCnia, rom sazogadoeba unda Sedgebodes patara

TviTmarTvadi komunebisgan, romelTa cxovrebaSi saxelmwifo ar unda

ereodes (Gilmartin, Mary 2009: 146).

10

mTlianobaSi “Teoriuli revoluciis” damsaxureba mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom man sazogadoebrivi geografia myarad da sabolood

daakavSira socialur da politikur TeoriebTan. dasrulda

aRwerilobiTi geografiis xana. sazogadoebrivi geografiis

socializaciam (sociologizaciam) xeli Seuwyo iseTi mravalferovani

sakiTxebis kvlevas an axleburad gaazrebas, rogorebicaa klasi, genderi,

nacionalizmi, Zalaufleba, kanoni, samuSao, socialuri reproduqcia,

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da sxva (Cox et al., 2008: 6). sazogadoebrivi

geografiis socialuri mecnierebebis TeoriebiT aRWurvam kidev ufro

daaSora is sabunebismetyvelo (fizikur) geografias. am periodis

kvlevebSi centraluri adgili daikava mikrogeografiam. meore msoflio omis Semdgom pozitivizmisa da marqsizmis

paralelurad sazogadoebriv geografiaSi mniSvnelovani asaxva hpova

struqturul-funqcionalurma analizma. mis ganviTarebas mniSvnelovnad

Suwyo xeli, erTi mxriv, biheviorizmis6 ideebis gavrcelebam, xolo,

meore mxriv humanisturi geografiis ganviTarebam. geografiaSi biheviorizmis midgomebis danergva ukavSirdeba

cnobili politologebis devid istonisa (David Easton) da stein rokanis

(Stein Rokkan) saxels. kanaduri warmoSobis mecnierma devid istonma 1960-ian

wlebSi gamoaqveyna naSromi politikuri sistemebis Sesaxeb, sadac es

sistema warmodgenilia iyo “Savi yuTis” saxiT, romlis “SesasvlelSi”

Tavs iyris sazogadoebis molodinebi da motivaciebi, yuTis SigTavsi

gvevlineba, rogorc adgili, sadac mimdinareobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesi, xolo yuTis “gasasvlelSi” adgili aqvs xelisuflebis

politikur qmedebas (Easton, David 1965: 32). ingliselma mecnierebma piter

teilorma (Peter Taylor) da ron jonstonma (Ron Johnston) 1979 wels

SemogvTavazes istonis Teoriis modificirebuli varianti naSromSi

“arCevnebis geografia” (“Geography of Elections”). es naSromi eleqtoraluri

geografiis sferoSi saukeTeso naSromad aris aRiarebuli da miuxedavad

imisa, rom is didi xnis win daiwera, mas dResac ar daukargavs

samecniero Rirebuleba da aqtualoba.

sazogadoebrivi geografiis kidev erTi, amasTan romantiuli

mimarTuleba – humanisturi geografia aRmocenda ekzistencializmis7

6 geografiuli biheviorizmis ZiriTadi debuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamianis qceva sivrceSi ganpirobebulia mis mier garemos Sesaxeb informaciis aRqmasa da Semecnebaze. Sesabamisad, geografiuli biheviorizmis mimdevrebi cdiloben daadginon kavSiri adamianis pirovnul Tvisebebsa da mis socialur qmedebebs Soris. bunebrivia, rom geografiaSi biheviorizmma yvelaze didi gasaqani miiRo politikur, kerZod ki eleqtoralur geografiaSi. 7 ekzistencializmi ikvlevs adamianebis da socialuri jgufebis miswrafebebs, faseulobebs da miznebs. ekzistencializmis, rogorc filosofiuri mimarTulebis aRmoceneba ukavSirdeba XIX s. filosofosebis, norvegieli sorens kierkegaardis da germaneli fridrix nicSes saxelebs, xolo am Teoriis daxvewaSi didi damsaxureba miuZRvis XX s. germanel mecniers martin haidegers. xelovnebaSi ekzistencializmis TavlsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen Jan-pol sartri, fiodor dostoevski, franc kafka, albert kamiu.

11

safuZvelze. “humanist-geografebi” samecniero arenaze gamovidnen 1970-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi. maT naSromebSi aSkarad igrZnoboda pozitivisturi

midgomebis miuRebloba. zogadad, “humanistebi” miiCneven, rom

pozitivistebis mier SemoTavazebuli maTematikuri midgomebis Sedegad

xdeba socialuri movlenebis formalizeba, ris gamoc ikargeba is

kompleqsuroba, e.i. sivrceSi mimdinare geografiul da socialur

movlenaTa mravalgvaroba. humanisturi midgomis warmomadgenlebi

amtkiceben, rom socialuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis kvlevis

saganebi radikalurad gansxvavebulia (kaWkaWiSvili, 2008: 5).

humanisturi geografiis pionerad da am terminis avtorad miiCneva

Cinuri warmoSobis moqmedi amerikeli mecnieri i-fu tuani (Yi-Fu Tuan).

misTvis sivrce da adgili urTierTdamokidebuli cnebebia, radgan erTi

adgilidan meoreSi gadaadgileba mxolod sivrceSi aris SesaZlebeli,

Sesabamisad adgili mxolod sivrceSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. isini

amtkiceben, rom adamianis damokidebuleba adgilisadmi yalibdeba ufro

emociuri, vidre pragmatuli grZnobebis safuZvelze. adamians adgilis

mimarT gamoumuSavdeba sakmaod pozitiuri, ufro metic Tbili

damokidebuleba. amis gamo, adamianis teritoriuli TviTidentifikaciis

grZnoba sakmaod Zlieri da stabiluria. mTlianobaSi, humanisturi

geografiis midgomebi xels uwyobs iseTi rTuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas,

rogoricaa adamiani da garemo, kulturuli landSafti, identoba,

civilizacia (Warf, 2006b: 232-235).

modernizmis epoqidan moyolebuli anglo-amerikuli skola xdeba

sazogadoebriv geografiis modis kanonmdebeli. amas xeli ramdenime

faqtorma Seuwyo, maT Soris raodenobrivi analizisa da socialuri

mecnierebebis skolebis mZlavrma ganviTarebam amerikis universitetebSi

da politikur gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas samecniero (saeqsperto)

azris gaTvaliswinebam. socialuri mecnierebebisa da geografiis

praqtikuli gamoyeneba aSS-Si axal safexurze avida.

jer “socialisturi banakis”, Semdgom ki sabWoTa kavSirisa da

iugoslaviis daSlam da am qveynebis teritoriaze aRmocenebulma eTno-

politikurma konfliqtebma daamsxvria miTi evropis saxelmwifoebis

sazRvrebis Seuvalobis Sesaxeb. Seiqmna axali geopolitikuri realobebi:

1990-ian wlebidan daiwyo msoflios erTpolaruli politikuri wesrigis

Canacvleba mravalpolaruliT. politikuri geografia, gansakuTrebiT

geopolitika “saRaTas Zilidan” gamoerkva. meore msoflio omis Semdeg es

ukanaskneli, rogorc mecnierebis dargi ideologiur CixSi aRmoCnda, rac

ganapiroba karl haushoferis da rigi sxva mecnierebis monawileobam

nacisturi germaniis ideologiis Seqmnasa da ganxorcielebaSi. omis

Semdgom periodSi geopolitika aRiares, rogorc reaqciuli mecniereba

da am sferos ganvitarebis xelSewyoba xnis ganmavlobaSi praqtikulad

tabudadebuli iyo. pocdamis xelSekrulebiT gansazRvruli evropis

sazRvrebi imdenad uryevi Canda, rom politikur geografiaSi Zneli

warmosadgeni iyo kvlevis obieqti yofiliyo sxva ram, garda

12

saxelmwifosi. magram, zemoT aRniSnulma globalurma cvlilebebma

dadebiTi roli Sesrules politikuri geografiis aRorZinebaSi.

politikurma geografebma, upirveles yovlisa ki mecnier-

geopolitikosebma daiwyes manamde arsebuli klasikuri Teoriebis da

koncefciebis kritikuli gaazreba da gadafaseba.

mniSvnelovania, rom 1990-iani wlebSi yalibdeba da viTardeba

mravalferovani postmodernuli da poststruqturaluri Teoriebi. am

Teoriebis dedaarsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom miuRebelia epistemologiis

da ontologiis8 gancalkeveba, radgan SeuZlebelia WeSmaritebis

winaswar dadgena. garda amisa, postmodernistebi cdiloben daamtkicon,

rom nebismieri mosazreba an idea subieqturia, radgan is warmoadgens

mocemuli pirovnebis pozicias, e.i. xedvas garkveuli adgilidan.

postmodernis geografTa nawili emxroba im ideas, rom sasurvelia

movlenebis xedva xdebodes ara konkretuli adgilidan, aramed

ganyenebuli poziciidan (“View from nowhere”) (Flint, 2006: 13).

zemoTaRniSnulma axalma inteleqtualurma mimarTulebebma, rac

socialur mecnierebebSi cnobilia, rogorc “kulturuli cvlileba”

(“Cultural Turn”), mTeli sigrZe-siganiT moicva sazogadoebrivi geografiis

yvela dargi. am ukanasknelis socializacia winandelze ufro meti

intensivobiT warimarTa, ris Sedegadac Seiqmna axali koncefciebi da

Seicvala arsebuli paradigmebi.

gamoikveTa postmodernuli sazogadoebrivi geografiis kvlevis

ZiriTadi sagnebi: saxelmwifos rolisa da funqciebis kritikuli

gaazreba; msoflio-sistemaTa Teoria da sivrce; diskursis zegavlena

teritoriis formirebaze; adgili da identoba; calkeuli socialuri Tu

kulturuli jgufebis mzardi roli globalur politikaSi.

raodenobrivma da bihevioristulma midgomebma ukana planze gadaiwia da

prioriteti mieca sivrciTi procesebis istoriul da kulturul

konteqstSi Seswavlas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mTlianobaSi

geografiul da konkretulad sazogadoebriv-geografiul mecnierebaSi

kvlav didi adgili daikava makro donis kvlevebma.

postmodernizmma sazogadoebriv geografiaSi sxva sakiTxebTan

erTad Semoitana diskursis cneba9. socialuri mecnierebebis

warmomadgenlebi jer kidev 1960-iani wlebidan ikvleven diskursis rolsa

da adgils socialur urTierTobebSi.10 Tanamedrove geografebi

8 filosofiis mimarTulebebi, romlebidanac epistemologia swavlobs Semecnebis sakiTxebs, xolo ontologia yofierebis sayovelTao safuZvlebs. martivad, ontologs ainteresebs, rogor aris mowyobili samyaro, xolo epistemologi met yuradRebas uTmobs imas, Tu rogor xdeba samyaros mowyobis Seswavla.

9 diskursis arsi ganixileba saxelmZRvanelis I TavSi, gv. ???? 10

diskursis SeswavlaSi centraluri adgili ukavia frangi filosofosis, istorikosis da kulturologis miSel fukos (Michel Foucault) naSromebs. fukos ganmartebiT diskursi warmoadgens metyvelebis niSnebisgan Semdgar winadadebaTa an msjelobaTa rigs, romelic qmnis garkveul sistemas, romelsac gaaCnia mniSvnelovani simboluri datvirTva. aqedan gamomdinare, diskursi istoriulia (istoriis fragmentia). dikursuli praqtikebi, fukos azriT, moqmedeben konkretul istoriul periodSi da konkretul

13

cdiloben daadginon diskursis mniSvneloba sivrcis formirebaSi. miSel

fukos naSromebis safuZvelze devid harveim SemogvTavaza koncefcia,

romlis mixedviTac adamianis (adamianTa jgufebis) mier sivrcis aRqma da

misadmi damokidebuleba cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi da am aRqmaze

gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) praqtika. es

ukanaskneli moicavs ara marto qmedebebs, aramed, aseve codnas

(gamocdilebas) da simboloebsac ki.

diskursul praqtikaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

rogorc istoriul-geografiul, aseve kulturul simboloebs. maT didi

zegavlena aqvT adamianebis aRqmis Camoyalibebaze, rac saboloo jamSi

aisaxeba individTa damokidebulebaze ama Tu im movlenasa Tu

geografiul adgilze. albaT, amiT unda aixsnas is, rom rusulenovan

presaSi soxumi da cxinvali saxeldeba, rogorc “suxum” da “cxinval”.

dRevandel saerTaSoriso politikur diskursSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs

imas, Tu ra saxeliT moixsenieben istoriuli Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT

nawils - “cxinvalis regionad” an “samaCablod” Tu “samxreT oseTad”.

politikuri diskursi saxelmwifo ideologiis sagania, Sesabamisad

izrdeba toponimikis mniSvneloba simbolur socialur-fsiqologiur da

geopolitikur diskursebSi.

diskursis Seswavlas erT-erTi centraluri adgili ukavia

kritikul geopolitikaSi (kritikuli geopolitikis vrceli daxasiaTeba

mocemulia saxelmZRvanelos IV TavSi). kritikuli geopolitikis

warmomadgenlebi “brals sdeben” klasikuri geopolitikis Teoretikosebs

imis gamo, rom isini farTo masebs awvdidnen zedapirul informacias da

analizs mimdinare politikuri procesebis Sesaxeb, e.i. cdilobdnen

sazogadoebis aRqma msoflio politikis Sesaxeb daeyvanaT “situaciur

(situaciis) codnamde”. sinamdvileSi ki, maT kargad icodnen realurad ra

xdeboda politikis kulisebSi da cdilobdnen amis miCqmalvas.

zogadad, postmodernul socialur mecnierebebSi Zalze moduri

gaxda “kritikuli” mimarTulebebis Seqmna da ganviTareba. es

damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi geografiisaTvis (“kritikuli

socialuri geografia”, “kritikuli kulturuli geografia” da a.S.), aseve

socialuri mecnierebisaTvis (“kritikuli sociologia”, “kritikuli

fsiqologia”, “kritikuli sarTaSoriso urTierTobebi” da a.S.).

postmodernizmis da postruqturalizmis xanis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebaa neomarqsistuli Teoriebis didi simravle. maT Soris bevrma

maTganma didi zegavlena iqonia sazogadoebrivi geografiis,

gansakuTrebiT geopolitikisa da geoekonomikis ganviTarebaze. aseT

Teoriebs Soris aRsaniSnavia amerikeli mecnierebis jorj modelskisa

(George Modelski) da uiliam tomsonis (William Thomson) “msoflio politikis

lingvistur, socialur, ekonomikur da geografiul sivrceSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi socialuri jgufebis, sazogadoebis azrovnebis struqtura icvleba da Sesabamisad iqmneba diskursis axali formebi.

14

ganviTarebis grZeli ciklebis Teoria”11 da ingliseli politologis

entoni gidensis (Anthony Giddens) “struqturaciis Teoria”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom postmodernistul sazogadoebriv geografiaSi

arcerT Teorias ar miuRia iseTi farTo gamoyeneba, rogorc amerikeli

sociologis imanuil moris uolersteinis (Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein )

msoflsistemaTa Teorias (es Teoria, aseve cnobilia msoflio-sistemaTa

analizis saxelwodebiT). mTlianobaSi uolersteini amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs msoflio

qveynebis ekonomikebis erToblioba - arsebobs erTiani msoflio

ekonomika; ar arsebobs msoflio qveynebis sazogadoebebis erToblioba -

arsebobs erTiani msoflio sazogadoeba. rac Seexeba politikis sferos,

amerikeli mecnieri ar amtkicebs, rom arsebobs msoflios erTiani

politikuri sistema. ufro metic, is miiCnevs, rom mravalricxovani

saxelmwifoebis arsebobis gamo Cveni planetis politikuri sistema

daqsaqsuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. aRsaniSnavia, rom uolersteini did

yuradRebas ar uTmobs nacionalizmis, identobis, xalxebis kulturuli

Taviseburebebis analizs anu gverds uvlis im mniSvnelovan faqtorebs,

romlebic ganapirobeben msoflios kulturuli mozaikis arsebobas.

miuxedavad, Zalze bevri dadebiTi aspeqtisa, uolersteinis TeoriisTvis,

rogorc yvela marqsistuli naSromisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv,

gadaWarbebuli “ekonomiuri determinizmi”, xolo, meore mxriv,

kulturuli nihilizmi.

entoni gidensis “struqturaciis Teoria” (Structuration Theory),

romelic xazs usvams socialuri moqmedebis obieqtur xasiaTs. gidensis

mier stuqtura warmoCenilia, rogorc moqmedebis, procesis organuli

nawili da misi produqti (kaWkaWiSvili, 2008: 95). struqturaciis Teorias

didi wvlili miuZRvis imaSi, rom man win wamowia individebis roli

socialuri kvlavwarmoebis procesSi adamianebi, garkveulawilad

limitirebuli, magram mainc kargad gaTviTcnobierebuli socialuri

agentebi arian (King, 2005: 217).. “individebis socializacia da

sazogadoebis kvlavwarmoeba erTi medlis ori mxarea; socialuri

urTierTobebis makrostruqturebi gadajaWvulia yiveldRiuri cxovrebis

mikrostuqturebTan” (Warf, 2006c: 466). adamianebi, ZiriTadad qvecnobierad,

maTi yofieri qceviT qmnian samyaros, romelic, Tavis mxriv “qmnis”

adamianebs socializaciis procesSi. amgvar midgomas mivyavarT

daskvnamde sivrcis socialuri bunebis Sesaxeb. rac mniSvnelovania,

“rodesac socialuri institutebis modelireba xdeba drosa da

sivrceSi, maSin saxezea socialuri sistema”, romelic gulisxmobs misi

yvela donis calkeuli elementebis (agentebis) mWiro urTierTkavSirs

(kaWkaWiSvili, 2008: 106)..

11

modelskis da tomsonis Teoria efuZneba msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi “grZeli talRebis” Teorias, romelic 1922 wels Seqmna rusma mecnierma nikolai kondratievma (Николай Кондратьев).

15

ukanaskneli ociode wlis ganmavlobaSi socialur mecnierebebSi

gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba miiRo feministurma Teoriebma. feministur

moZraobas didi xnis istoria aqvs, magram misi realuri aRiareba moxda

1960-iani wlebidan, rodesac meore feministurma talRam mniSvnelovani

garRveva moaxdina ganviTrebuli samyaros socialur da politikur

cxovrebaSi12. feministur geografias safuZveli Caeyara 1970-ian wlebSi.

amJamad, feminist-geografebs myari pozicia gaaCniaT, gansakuTrebiT aSS-

Si. maTi naSromebi ibeWdeba prestiJuli geografiuli periodikis yvela

gamocemaSi; maTi gamosvlebs mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba geografebis

nebismier forumze; genderis geografia Setanilia amerikis TiTqmis

yvela universitetis kurikulumSi. feminist-geografebis kvleva ar

Semoifargleba mxolod genderuli geografiis sakiTxebis kvelviT. maT

samecniero dRis wesrigSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sivrcis, adgilis

da identobis Seswavlas13. feministebi miiCneven, rom radgan sivrce

warmoadgens socialur konstruqcias, is ar unda aRviqvaT mxolod

mamakacTa moRvaweobis arenad. sivrcis socialur konstruirebaSi qali

da mamakaci erTnairi rols TamaSoben.

feministTa mtkicebiT, dasrulda dro, rodesac politika iyo

mdidari, TeTrkaniani mamakacis samflobelo. isini gamodian ara marto

genderuli, aramed realuri socialuri Tanasworobis moiTxovniT.

mamakacebis xelSi koncentrirebulia materialuri simdidris udidesi

nawili, rac feministebis azriT, arsebuli socialuri usamarTlobis

ZiriTadi mizezia, xolo realuri socialuri Tanasworoba damyardeba

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba materialuri simdidris samarTliani

gadanawileba genderul da sxva socialur jgufebs Soris.

feministebi mkacrad akritikeben “kritikosebis” zemoT aRweril

princips “ganyenebuli xedvis” Sesaxeb da miiCneven, rom codna yovelTvis

garkveul samecniero pozicias emyareba da, piriqiT, poziciis SemuSaveba

xdeba konkretuli codnisa da gamocdilebis konteqstSi.

ganviTarebis aswliani istoriis ganmavlobaSi politikur-

geografiul, iseve, rogorc zogadad sazogadoebriv-geografiul

kvlevebSi gamoiyeneboda (gamoiyeneba) Semdegi midgomebi da meTodebi:

• raodenobrivi analizi (sivrciT-analitikuri midgoma);

• polit(ikur)-ekonomikuri analizi;

• postmodernistuli (diskursebis roli politikuri

landSaftis formirebaSi);

• geoinformaciuli.

12

Thomas, Mary (2006). “Feminisms”, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage. gv. 155. 13

Thomas, Mary (2006). “Feminist Geographies”, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Geography.

Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. gv. 159.

16

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom politikuri geografiis

ganviTarebaSi pirobiTad SeiZleba oTxi ZiriTadi etapi gamoiyos:

I etapi: 1897-1930 ww. – politikuri geografiis, umTavresad ki

klasikuri geopolitikis epoqa. eleqtoraluri geografiis aRmoceneba da

ganviTareba.

II etapi: 1930-1950 ww. – regionuli geografiis anu kulturul-

geografiuli landSaftmcodneobis epoqa.

III etapi: 1960-1980 ww. – “raodenobrivi” da “Teoriuli” revoluciebis

epoqa;

mesame etapis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:

• geopolitikis uZraobis xana. misi cru mecnierebad gamocxadeba.

• “raodenobrivi” revolucia – pozitivisturi revolucia – sivrciTi

analizi – struqturul-funqcionaluri analizi.

• biheviorizmis geografiis da humanisturi geografia Casaxva da

ganviTareba.

IV etapi: 1980 w. – dRemde: postmodernizmis da poststruqturaliz-

mis epoqa.

am etapis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:

• politikuri geografiis, gansakuTrebiT geopolitikis aRorZineba.

• postmodernuli da poststruqturaluri Teoriebi; “kulturuli

cvlileba” (“Cultural Turn”).

politikuri geografiis ganviTarebis Tanamderove etapze Camoyalibda

misi Semdegi axali prioritetebi:

– saxelmwifos rolisa da funqciebis kritikuli gaazreba;

– msoflsistemaTa Teoria da sivrce;

– diskursis zegavlena teritoriis formirebaze;

– adgilisa da identobis urTierTkavSiris axleburi gaazreba;

– calkeuli socialuri Tu kulturuli jgufebis mzardi

roli globalur politikaSi.

ukanaskneli erT saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebrivma

geografiam mniSvnelovani da saintereso cvlilebebi ganicada.

regionulma geografiam safuZveli daudo sazogadoebrivi geografiis

erTian mecnierebad Camoyalibebas. pozitivistebma Semoitanes fardobiTi

sivrcis cneba da SeZles geografiul sivrceSi mimdinare socialur-

ekonomikuri da politikuri movlenebis modelireba; marqsizmma

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa socialuri uTanasworobis da siRaribis

problematikis gamovlenaSi; humanisturma geografiam axali impulsi

misca geografiuli romantizmis ganviTarebas; feminizmma SemogvTavaza

17

genderuli balansis dacva sivrcesa da socialur urTierTobebSi;

kritikulma sazogadoebrivma geografiam xeli Seuwyo “aratradiciuli

aqtorebis” rolis win wamowevas; zogadad, postmodernistulma

geografiam ganavrco relaciuri sivrcis koncefcia.

literatura

kaWkaWiSvili, iago (2008). socialuri Teoria. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba

“inteleqti”.

filosofiis leqsikoni (1982). me-4 gamocema. i.t. frolovas redaqciiT.

Tbilisi.

Cox, Kevin R., Murray Low, and Jenifer Robbinson (2008). “Introduction: Political Geography:

Traditions and Turns”, in Cox K. R., M. Low, and J. Robbinson (eds.), The Sage Handbook of

Political Geography. Bangalore, India: Sage.

Easton, David (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley.

Flint, Colin (2006). Introduction to Geopolitics. New York: Routledge.

Gilmartin, Mary (2009). "Nation-state", in Carolyn Gallaher et al. (eds.) Key Concepts in

Political Geography. Sage: Chippenham, GB.

Harvey, David (1984). On the History and Present Condition of Geography: an Historical

Materialist Manifesto. The Professional Geographer, 36 (1), 1984, 1-11.

Johnston, Ron (2006). Sixty Years of Change in Human Geography. Paper prepared for the

History of Postwar Social Science Seminars, London School of Economics, 25 April, 2006.

King, Anthony (2005): Structure and Agency. In: Modern Social Theory (edited by Austin

Harrington), Oxford University Press.

Kuhlke, Olaf (2006). Space, human geography and. In Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of

Human Geograph. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mathewson, Kent (2006). “Berkley School”, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human

Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Su, Daniel (2006). Tobler’s First Law of Geography. In Warf, Barney (ed.). Encyclopedia of

Human Geography (494). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Taylor, Peter and Ron Johnston (1979). Geography of Elections. London: Pinguin

Thomas, Mary (2006). “Feminisms”, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human

Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Thomas, Mary (2006). “Feminist Geographies”, in in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of

Human Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Warf, Barney (2006). “History of Geography”, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of

Human Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Warf, Barney (2006). “Humanistic Geography”, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of

Human Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Warf, Barney (2006). “Structuration Theory”, in Warf, Barney (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human

Geography. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

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Валлерстайн, Иммануэль (2001). Анализ мировых систем и ситуация в современном мире.

Санкт-Петербург: Университетская книга.

Колосов В.А., Мироненко Н.С. (2001). Геополитика и политическая география. М.:

Аспект Пресс.

Саушкин Ю.Г. (1973) Экономическая география: история, теория, методы, практика.

М.: Мысль.

Хорев Б.С. (1981) “Территориальная организация общества”. В сб. Aктуальные проблемы

регионального управления и планирования в СССР. М.: Мысль.

19

1.2 ZiriTadi cnebebi

sivrce sivrce geografiis yvelaze fundamenturi cnebaa. geografebi

daaxloebiT 60 welia cdiloben sivrcis koncefciis Camoyalibebas. es cneba geografiaSi gamudmebiT icvleboda da axali SinaarsiT ivseboda. sivrcis aRqmasa da Sefasebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli TviT geografiis, rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom wina saukunis Sua periodamde geografia did aqtivobas ar iCenda sivrcis SeswavlaSi. geografebisTvis misaRebi iyo sivrcis filosofiuri da metafizikuri ganmartebebi. filosofias ainteresebs sivrce realuria Tu abstraqtuli. XX saukunemde moRvawe filosofiis idelisturi frTis mimdevrebi uaryofTdnen sivrcisa da drois materiaze damokidebulebas da am or umniSvnelovanes kategorias miiCnevdnen “an individualuri cnobierebis formebad (berkli, hiumi, maxi) an grZnobadi Wvretis apriorul formebad (kanti) an absolturi gonis kategoriebad (hegeli)”. marqsizmis aRmocenebis Semdeg, kerZod ki dialeqtikuri materializmis Teoriam sivrce da dro mWidrod daukavSira materias. materializmis ganmartebiT “sivrce gamoxatavs Tanaarsebul obieqtTa ganlagebis wesrigs” (frolova, 1982: 145).

droisa da sivrcis ganmartebaSi aranaklebi roli miuZRviT fizikosebs. XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi moRvawe cnobili ingliseli filosofosi isaak niutoni sivrcesa da dros miiCnevda TviTmyofad kategoriebad, romlebic moZraobisa da materiisgan damoukideblad arseboben. niutoniseulma am ganmartebam saTave daudo absolturi sivrcis cnebas. magram, XX saukunis dasawyisSi albert ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadma Teoriam Secvala fizikasa da zogadad mecnierebaSi sivrcis Sesaxeb manamade arsebuli warmodgenebi. ainStainma daamtkica, rom dro da sivrce erTmaneTTan universalur kavSirSi imyofeba, ris Sedegadac drois svla da sxeulTa sivrceSi ganlageba ganpirobebulia am sxeulTa moZraobis siCqareze. �

geografiaSi dawyebuli ganvlili saukunis 50-iani wlebidan sivrcis mravali koncefcia ganixileboda, maT Soris absolturi, abstraqtuli, materialuri, performaciuli, SefardebiTi, socialuri, reprezentatuli, relaciuri da sxva.

riCard harTshorni iyo pirveli geografi, vinc SeimuSava sivrcis geografiuli koncefcia. ukve aRiniSna, rom harTshorni geografias qorologiasTan aigivebda, xolo geografiuli kvlevis ZiriTad amocanad mas miaCnda sivrceSi movlenebs Soris kavSirebis dadgena. aqedan gamomdinare, is sivrces absoltur ganzomilebaSi ganixilavda (niutoniseuli modgoma). harTshornis absolturi sivrcis koncefcias daupirispirda amerikeli mecnier-ekonomisti fred Seferi, romelic amtkicenda, rom geografiis mTavari amocana iyo ara movlenebs, aramed adgilebs Soris kavSirebis gamovlena. sivrciTi movlenebis ganviTareba, Seferis azriT, damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu ra manZilia mocemul adgilebis Soris. Sesabamisad, movlenebis intensivoba izrdeba manZilis SemcirebasTan erTad. amiT, Seferi mivida daskvnamde, rom sivrce fardobiTi cnebaa. Seferis fardobiTi sivrcis koncefciam Caanacvla geografiul kvlevebSi manamade gabatonebuli harTshornis absolturi

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sivrcis idea. Sesabamisad, Seicvala regionuli geografiis paradigma, romelic Semdegomi ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi Caanacvla raodenobriv analizze dafuZnebulma pozitivisturi geografiis paradigmam.

sietlis universitetis mecnier-geografTa jgufma ganaviTara Seferis fardobiTi sivrcis idea, ramac geografiaSi moaxdina “raodenobrivi revolucia”. aRsaniSnavia, rom am jgufis erT-erTi wevri Soris iyo valdo tobleri (Valdo Tobler), romelmac ganavrco Seferis mosazreba fardobiTi sivrcis Sesaxeb da 1970 w. is Semdegnairad Camoayaliba: “yvelaferi erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli, magram axlos mdebare sagnebs Soris meti kavSiri arsebobs” ("Everything is related to

everything else, but near things are more related to each other"). mogvianebiT, tobleris es ganmarteba aRiarebul iqna, rogorc geografiis upirvelesi kanoni (Su,

2006: 494). pozitivisturi geografiis – raodenobrivi (sivrciTi) analizis

warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, rom geografiis fundamenturi cnebebi iyo distancia, mdebareoba, modeli da adgili. geografia, gansakuTrebiT ki misi sazogadoebrivi mimarTuleba iqca maTematikuri modelirebis arenad. aseTi midgomis Sedegad geografiuli sivrce praqtikulad mis geometriul analogs daemsgavsa. sivrce raodenobrivi analitikosebis mier aRiqmeboda, rogorc geografiul arealebs Soris arsebuli ubralo ariTmetikuli manZili. Sesabamisad, geografiaSi myarad damkvidrda fardobiTi sivrcis koncefti. imavdoulad, naklebi yuradReba eTmoboda im faqtorebis Seswavlas, romlebic ganapirobebdnen socialur-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli procesebis sivrciT Taviseburebebs da piriqiT.

sivrcis paradigmis Semdgomi cvlileba ganpirobebuli iyo geografiis socializaciiT, rasac saTave daudo “Teoriulma revoluciam”. marqsizmis zegavleniT geografiul kvlevevbSi moxda adgilis mniSvnelobisa da rolis gadafaseba. amjerad, adgili da ara sivrce gaxda geografiuli kvlevis axali leitmotivi (Johnston, 2006). Tu, manamade adgili ganixileboda sivrcis Semadgenel komponentad, marqsistebis mecadineobiT adgili da sivrce lamis Tanabarzomier erTeulebad (kategoriebad) aRiares.

sivrcis paradigmis cvlilebaSi mnSivnelovani roli iTamaSi anri lefevris (Henri Lefebvre) da entoni gidensis naSromebma. lefevris cnobil naSromSi “sivrcis producireba (aRwarmoeba)” (“The Production of Space”), romelic 1974 w. gamoica, frangi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom nebismier sistemas, erTi mxriv, ekonomikurs, socialurs Tu kulturuls, da, meore mxriv, monaTmflobelurs, feodalurs Tu kapitalisturs “gaaCnia” ganviTarebis sakuTari kanonebi, ris safuZvelzec xdeba sivrcis formireba da ara piriqiT (Kuhlke, Olaf 2006: 443). entoni gidensi kidev ufro radikalurad udgeba am sakiTxs da miiCnevs, rom dro da sivrce erTdoulad aris sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mwarmoebelic da produqtic. man mecnierebaSi Semoitana axali termini “dro-sivrciTi distanciacia” (“Time–space distanciation”), rac axlos aris geografiaSi gavrcelebul cnebebTan, “dro-sivrciTi konvergencia” da “dro-sivrciTi kompresia” (Warf, 2006: 466).

sazogadoebrivi geografiis socializaciis procesSi gamovlinda sivrcis konstruqciis rTuli da mravalferovani xasiaTi. kerZod dadginda, rom sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebelia vertikaluri ierarqia,

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sadac movlenebis ganviTareba xdeba globalur, regionul, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi masStab(eb)iT (doneebze) da horizontaluri struqtura, romelic yalibdeba ara marto fizikuri (bunebrivi), aramed, aseve socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli procesebis erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSiris safuZvelze. postmodernistebi sivrces ganixilaven ara socialuri procesebisgan gancalkevebiT, aramed rogorc mis Semadgenel nawils. ufro metic, sivrce miiCneva, rogorc erT-erTi sawarmoo ZalTagani.

amJamad, geografebs Soris miRweulia konsensusia imis Taobaze, rom geografiuli sivrce aris socialuri konstruqcia. Sesabamisad geografebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom sivrce aris aramarto absolturi (Absolute) an fardobiTi (Relative) aramed, is, aseve relaciuria (Relational).

cxrili #1

sivrcis saxeebi geografiul kvlevebSi

absolturi sivrce / maTematikuri sivrce

SedarebiTi sivrce / socialur-ekonomikuri sivrce

SedarebiTi sivrce / kulturuli sivrce

relaciuri sivrce / kognituri sivrce / bihevioraluri sivrce

wertilebi socialur-ekonomikuri obieqtebi

adgilebi земельная марка

Landmark xazebi

sawarmoo kavSirebi da urTierTobebi

gzebi mimarTulebebi farTobebi / monakveTebi

teritoriebi mcire zomis administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebi

horizontaluri proeqciebi

funqciuri (socialur-ekonomikuri) regionebi

kulturuli regionebi

saxalxo (warmosaxviTi) regionebi

konfiguraciebi distribucia kulturuli samyaroebi / civilizaciebi

sivrciTi mdebareoba

cxrili Sedgenilia Semdegi wyaros safuZvelze: Couclelis, H. (1992). Location, Place, Region and Space. In Abler, R.et al., Geography’s Inner Worlds. Rutgers

University Press: New Brunswick, US, p. 231.

relaciuroba xazs usvams sivrcis dinamiur, cvalebad xasiTs, rac damokidebulia upirveles yovlisa masSi mimdinare sazogadoebriv procesebze. relaciuroba sivrcis Tvisebrivi maxasiaTebelia.

ra SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs saqme sivrcis relaciurobisTan? mag.,

romelime saxelmwifos an regionis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde, rom mas gaaCnia xelsayreli satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba. es niSnavs, rom mocemuli saxelmwifos an regionis teritoria mdebareobs mniSvnelovani savaWro-satransporto marSrutebis gzajvaredinze. Tumca, garkveuli ekonomikuri an samxedro-politikuri kataklizmebis Sedegad gansaxilveli teritoriis satransporto- ekonomikuri mniSvneloba SeiZleba mkveTrad Semcirdes. Sesabamisad, mocemuli saxelmwifos an regionis satransporto-geografiuli mdebareoba naklebad xelsayreli an sulac araxelsayreli gaxdeba.

22

adgili

i-fu tuanma adgilisadmi adamianebis damokidebulebis daxasiaTebis

mizniT erTdoulad ori termini ixmara – topofilia da topofobia14. WeSmaritad, adgilTan Cveni mimarTeba orgvaria: garkveuli adgilebi gviyvars, vaRmerTebT kidec, xolo danarCeni CvenSi diskomfortis, SiSis grZnobasac ki iwvevs.

adgili sivrcis Rirebuli nawilia da is mravalmxrivi SinaarsiT aris datvirTuli. adgili dakavSirebulia adamianis yoveldRiurobasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vifiqroT rom, rom misi gansazRvra SedarebiT martivi saqmea. miuxedavad amisa, adgilis arsis dadgena Tanamedrove geografiis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi TemaTagania.

Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri mecnirebebi mdidaria ganmartebebiT adgilis Sesaxeb. britaneli geografi noel kastre (Noel

Castree) miiCnevs, rom adgils sami Semdegi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs:

adgili, rogorc fizikuri mdebareoba;

grZnobaTa nakrebi (erToblioba), romelic adamians adgilis

mimarT uyalibdeba;

lokali (Locale) – mikrosamyaro, sadac mimdinareobs

pirovnuli da/an sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi da yalibdeba

individTaSorisi urTierTobebi (Castree, 2003: 167).

meore britaneli geografi, qalbatoni lin steheli (Lynn Staeheli)

gvTavazobs xuTpunqtian ganmartebas, sadac adgili ganxilulia, rogorc:

fizikuri mdebareoba, geografiuli sivrcis nawili;

kulturuli da/an socialuri mdebareoba;

konteqsti;

sazogadoebriv-istoriuli konstruqcia;

procesi (Staeheli, 2003: 159).

adgilis mimarT aseTi mravalferovneba damokidebuleba SedarebiT

axali fenomenia. 1970-ian wlebamde, regionuli geografiis dominirebis dros, adgili miiCneoda, rogorc regioni anu teritoria, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia iyo mdebareoba da, romelic Tavisi landSaftiT da socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdeboda sxva adgilebisgan (teritoriebisgan). mogvianebiT, rodesac geografiaSi gabatonda raodenobrivi analizi, adgili gaxda horizontaluri proeqciis erT-erTi wertili. humanisturi geografiis, ganviTarebasTan erTad Seicvala damokidebuleba adgilis cnebis mimarT. humanist- geografebma Segvaxsenes, rom adamianebis yofa ar SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod maTematikuri ganzomilebebiT. adamianebi cxovroben da

14 topofilia nawarmoebi sityvaa da Sedgeba ori berZnuli sityvisgan topos e.i. adgili da filia e.i. siyvaruli. es termini xmarebaSi Semoitana britanelma poetma jon benjamenma, riTac xazi gausva im faqts, rom arsebobs adgilebi, romelTa mimarTac adamians didi siyvaruli gaaCnia. Sesabamisad, topofobiiT aRniSnaven im situacias, rodesac adamians garkveul adgilebTan mimarTebaSi antipaTia, SiSi an siZulvilic ki ipyrobs.

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moRvaweoben samyaroSi, romelic savsea sxvadasxva RirebulebebiT. nebismieri geografiuli adgili am Rirebulebebis (mniSvnelobebis) matarebelia.

geografiuli mdebareoba iyo da rCeba adgilis yvelaze gavrcelebul maxasiaTeblad. adgili SeiZleba da unda aRviqvaT, rogorc materialuri cneba. dedamiwaze yovel adgils gaaCnia konkretuli mdebareoba da sazRvrebi, rac misi unikaluri maxasiaTeblebia. klasikuri geografiis mixedviT adgili geografiuli sivrcis erT-erTi komponentia. rogorc, aRiniSna (ix. gv.) postmodernistul mecnierebaSi sivrce aRiqmeba, rogorc aramarto materialuri, aramed abstraqtuli fenomenic. Sesabamisad, garTulda sivrcisa da adgilis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxic. sivrciTi analizi adgils, umetes SemTxvevebSi ganixilavs, rogorc “cariel konteiners”, sadac, ganurCevlad misi fizikur-geografiuli maxasiaTeblebisa mimdinareobs socialuri procesebi. es geografiuli nihilizmis klasikuri gamovlinebaa, romelic samwuxarod damaxasiaTebeli iyo da aris raodenobrivi analizis warmomadgenlebis nawilisTvis.

adamianebi warmoadgenen socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an politikuri qselis aqtiur monawileebs. sxva sityvebiT, maT erTmaneTTan socialuri kontaqtebi ufro metad akavSirebT, vidre garkveuli teritoria. mag., didi xnis ganmavloabSi dasavleTSi qalis saqmianobis areali moicavda triadas, romelSic Sedioda saxli-eklesia-samezoblo (samegobro). es areali sxvagvarad aRiqmeboda, rogorc “qali Sin” e.i. mis tradiciul socialur garemoSi. is mandilosani, romlebic Cabmuli iyo biznesSi, menejmentSi an politikaSi anu qalisTvis gansxvavebul cxovrebis wess eweoda, aRiqmeboda, rogorc “qali gareT", e.i. Tavisi tradiciuli socialuri garemos miRma. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebul samyaroSi qalTa aqtivobis mkveTrma amaRlebam Secvala maTi saqmianobis, rogorc geografiuli, aseve socialur-kulturuli arealis sazRvrebi. aman, Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia qalaqis da ufro mcire zomis dasaxlebebis socialuri garemos cvlileba. Tanamedrove socialuri mecnerebebi sul ufro aqtiurad ikvleven “adgils”, Tumca am kvlevebis nawilSi adgilis kulturuli da socialuri mdebareoba warmoCenilia metaforis mniSvnelobiT. geografebi amtkiceben, rom adgili an sxva geografiuli metaforebi (mag., mdebareoba, sazRvrebi) ar aris mxolod metaforebi. isini socialuri procesis makonstruirebel faqtorebad unda miviCnioT (Staeheli, 2003: 160).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, geografiaSi adgili araerTmniSvnelovani cnebaa. politikur mecnierebaSi aseTive winaaRmdegobrivia konteqstis cneba. Sesabamisad, “adgili, rogorc konteqsti” sakmaod rTuli asaxsneli unda iyos. Tumca, cnobilma amerikelma mecnier-geografma nikolas etrikinma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT martivi, amasTan yovlismomcveli ganmarteba SemogvTavaza: “adgilis geografiuli koncefcia gulisxmobs movlenebis, sagnebisa da procesebis teritoriuli konteqstis Seswavlas” (Etrikin, 1991: 6).

politikur mecnierebaSi konteqstis garTulebuli aRqma gamowveulia imiT, rom politikuri qceva (mag., arCevnebSi xmis micema) mWidrdaa dakavSirebuli “mosaxleobis kompoziciur (Semadgenlobis) efeqtTan” (compositional effect). es ukanaskneli moicavs iseT socialur-ekonomikur maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa Semosavali da ganaTleba.

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politologebis mtkicebiT individualur doneze arCevnebSi xmis micema pratikulad mTlianad damokidebuli eleqtoratis ganaTlebis donesa da materialur mdgomareobaze. amgvari midgoma, romelic “meTodologiuri individualizmis” saxelwodebiT aris cnobili ramdenime aTwleuli dominirebda politikur mecnierebaSi, ris gamoc konteqstis klasikuri mniSvneloba praqtikulad daikarga.

geografia konteqsts ufro martivad ganixilavs, radgan geografiaSi individebi da adgilebic saerTo socialuri qselis Semadgenel nawilebad miiCneva. politikuri mecnierebisgan gansxvavebiT, geografebi amtkiceben, rom adamianis socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebs da geografiuli sivrcis komponentebs Soris urTierToba ormxrivi moZraobis quCas gavs. sxva sityvebiT adamianis qceva ganpirobebulia ara marto misi socialuri an ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT, aramed im geografiuli garemoTic, sadac is cxovrobs da moRvaweobs. eleqtoraluri geografia aRwers mraval SemTxvevas, rodesac prestiJul raionSi mcxovrebi naklebad SeZlebuli adamianis saarCevno qceva identuria misi mdidari mezoblebis qcevisa. geografebis mtkicebiT adgili aris mediatori adamianebs, socialur jgufebs da struqturebs Soris. nikolas entrikinma, gausva ra xazi adgilis konteqstualurobas, aRniSna, rom adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sorisi poziciaa (Betweenness of place). adgili pozicirebulia sagnebsa da adamianebs Soris, sxva sityvebiT is maT damakavSirebel teritorias warmoadgens (iqve).

adgili droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba bunebrivi da, gansakuTrebiT

sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis Sedegad. is cvladi da dinamiuria. es imas niSnavs, rodesac Cven vambobT, rom sivrce an adgili socialuri konstruqciaa, imavdroulad igulisxmeba rom is socialur-istoriuli konstruqciaa. sxva sityvebiT, adgili aris istoriul WrilSi ganxiluli socialuri procesis Sedegi.

Tanamedrove geografiaSi adgili ganixileba ara marto, rogorc socialuri procesis Sedegi, aramed, aseve, rogorc TviT socialuri procesic. bevri Tanamedrove geografi mxars uWers am koncefts da im azrs iziarebs, rom adgils xelewifeba sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna. Cemi subieqturi azriT, es postmodernistuli geografiis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi koncefciaa. Tu, adgils xelewifeba sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna, am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom is cocxali organizmi yofila. problemac imaSia, rom cocxali organizmi imavdroulad ver iqneba socialuri konstruqcia. garda amisa, amgvar logikas “geografiuli determinizmis” an sulac “oragnicizmis” Teoriamde mivyavarT. gavixsenoT, rom TviTon postmodernizmis warmomadgenlebi mkacrad akritikeben am Teoriebs.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, “grZnoba adgilisadmi” dadebiTi emociebiT aris gaJRenTili. es emociebi imdenad Zlieria, rom maT safuZvelze adamians teritoriuli identoba uyalibdeba. es grZnoba dakavSirebulia adgilis bunebriv da kulturul landSaftTan, gansakuTrebiT ki adamianebTan. adamianebs Soris urTierToba gadamwyvetia teritoriuli identobis formirebaSi. amasTan, adamians yvela adgilisadmi Tbili grZnoba ar da ver eqneba. individisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc “topofilia”, aseve “topofobia”. sociologiuri gamokvlevebis Sedegad damtkicda, rom adamiani adgilTa

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didi umravlesobisadmi indeferentulia. respodentebi aseT adgilebs Soris asaxeleben satransporto kvanZebs, savaWro molebs, qalaqis axali samosaxloebs, zog SemTxevevaSi turistul obieqtebsac ki.

globalizaciis pirobebSi gaizarda migraciebis masStabi da

intensivoba. adamianebi xSirad icvlian sacxovrebels. Tanamedrove mobilur samyaroSi xSirad waawydebiT situacias, rodesac migranti romelime qveyanaSi cxovrobs, magram am qveyanaSi is mxolod fizikurad imyofeba. is ar flobs saxlemwifo enas, ar monawileobs qveynis kulturul, socilur an politikur cxovrebaSi. aq misi habitati moicvas patara teritorias, sadac gansaxlebulia diaspora. amgvari situaciebis aRsawerad humanist-geografebma SemoiRes termini “Placelessness”, rac SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc adgildakarguloba an adgilnakluloba. sxva sityvebiT, adamiani adgilTan dakavSirebulia fizikurad, magram ara kogniturad an socialurad.

globalizaciis procesSi satransporto da masobrivi komunikaciebis saSualebebis ganviTarebis Sedegad Semcirda dro da SeikumSa sivrce. Sesabamisad, Cveni planetis adgilebi erTmaneTs dauaxlovda am sityvis gadataniTi mniSvneloviT. miuxedavad amisa, adgilebi inarCuneben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel unikalur Tvisebas – gansxvavebulobas. noel kastres azriT amas xels uwyobs Semdegi garemoebebi:

dro-sivrciTi kompresiis15 miuxedavad, mogzaurobas mainc

garkveuli dro sWirdeba, Sesabamisad adgilebi erTmaneTisgan

daSorebuli arian ama Tu im manZiliT;

globalizacia ayalibebs heterogenul geografiul sivrces

swored imis gamo, rom adgilebi gansxvavebulebi arian;

calkeul adgilebs “gamoumuSavdaT ukureaqcia” globaluri

Zvrebis mimarT;

dResdReobiT, sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis didi nawili

globaluri procesebis miRma rCeba da adgilobriv doneze

mimdinareobs;

msoflios adgilebis umravlesoba jer ar an ver monawileobs

globaluri integraciis procesSi (Castree, 2003: 176).

sivrce da adgili: harmonia Tu winaaRmdegoba?

adamianis damokidebuleba sivrcisa da adgilisadmi SesaniSnavad

daaxasiaTa humanisturi geografiis fuZemdebelma Cinuri warmoSobis amerikelma mecnierma i-fu tuanma (Yi-Fu Tuan):

“adgili usafrTxoebaa, sivrce Tavisufleba: pirvelze mijaWvulebi varT, meores ki miveltviT. (Tuan, 1977: 3). Place is security, space is freedom: we are attached to the one and long for the other.

15

dro-sivrciTi kompresia aris termini, romelic mianiSnebs, rom Tanamedrove satransporto da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis safuZvelze moxda, rogorc adgilebis, aseve adamianebis daaxloeba.

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am ganmartebidan Cans, rom adamianebi adgils ukavSireben usafrTxoebas (“Cemi saxli Cemi cixe-simagrea”), Tumca imavdroulad is asocirdeba izolaciasTan, patimrobasTanac ki. sivrce iwvevs Tavisuflebis grZnobas, magram daucvelobis gancdas. am ori sapirispiro grZnobis WidilSi adamianebis udidesi umravlesoba irCevs usafrTxoebas. mudmivi mogzauroba, miTumetes axali “sivrceebis” aRmoCena mxolod erTeulebis xvedria.

adgili konkretuli ram aris, xolo sivrces ufro abstraqtuli, amorfuli mniSvneloba aqvs. adgili warmoadgens sivrcis erT-erT SemosazRvrul areals. sivrce ganacalkevebs adgilebs, magram, amasTanave adgilebi erTmaneTs sivrcis meSveobiT ukavSirdebian. radikaluri gansxvavebebis miuxedavad sivrce da adgili erTmaneTTan srul harmoniaSi arian, radgan orive (socialurTan erTad) bunebrivi konstruqciaa.

teritoria da teritoriuloba

teritoria geografiul kvlevebSi warmoCenilia sami ZiriTadi

mimarTulebiT: xmeleTis nawili, Zalauflebis safuZveli da funqciuri sivrce (Paasi, 2003: 109). teritoriis cneba droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda. am terminisadmi Tanamedrove midgomebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba misi istoriuli analogebisagan. platoni teritorias ganixilavda, rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifos mimdebare adgils, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo iyo sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba. aristoteles azriT, teritoria mmarTveli elitasa da mosaxleobasTan erTad warmoadgenda qalaq-saxelmwifoebis mesame Semadgenel elements, romelsac qalaqis mosaxleobis sursaTiT da usafrTxoebiT uzrunvelyofis funqcia qonda (Dahlman, 2009: 77).

teritoriis cnebisadmi midgoma Seicvala gviandel feodalizmSi, gansakuTrebiT vestfaliis xelSekrulebis Semdeg periodSi. teritoria gaxda saxelmwifos sinonimi da is dResac ZiriTadad am mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. humanisturi geografiis kvlevebSi teritoriad aRiarebulia eris (eTnosis) sakraluri adgilebi. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes xelisufleba, ganurCevlad imisa is centraluria Tu adgilobrivi, romlis Zalaufleba ar vrceldeba mosaxleobaze da/an teritoriaze. Sesabamisad, teritoriis cnebam Zalauflebis (xelisuflebis) safuZvlis datvirTvac miiRo.

Tanamedrove geografiaSi teritoriis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli debatebi eZRvneba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli sami stereotipis gadaxedvis da cvlilebis aucileblobas. kerZod, es sterotipebia:

- teritoria aris statikuri obieqti, fizikur-geografiuli

erTeuli, romelic TavisTavad, Cvengan damoukideblad arsebobs;

- teritoria aris normatiuli obieqti, administraciul-

politikuri erTeuli;

- saxelmwifo aris erTaderTi geopolitikuri aqtori.

pirveli problema dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom geografiul

kvlevebSi teritoria xSir SemTxvevebSi ganixileba, rogorc konteineri, romelSic mimdinareobs garkveuli bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi procesebi. es, raTqmaunda asea. miuxedavad amisa, mxedvelobidan ar unda

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gamogvrCes is faqti, rom teritoriaze, e.i. sivrceSi mimdinareobs personaluri da sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi. teritorias gaaCnia ara marto sivrciTi, aramed, aseve socialuri (sazogadoebrivi) konteqsti. amasTan dakavSirebiT, cnobilma geografma robert sakma (Robert Sack) geografiaSi Semoitana termini “sazogadoebrivi teritorialoba“ an ubralod “teritorialoba”. sakis mixedviT, teritoria aris saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac myardeba urTierToba, erTi mxriv, adamianebs, xolo, meore mxriv adamianebsa da fizikur obieqtebs Soris. Tu, piri an adamianTa jgufi garkveuli teritoriis farglebSi cdilobs ganaxorcielos adamianebze, movlenebsa da urTierTobebze kontroli, am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs teritoriulobasTan. amasTan, adamianebi TviTon aweseben aRniSnuli urTierTobebis geografiul sazRvrebs da normebs. (Sack, 1986: 19). mocemuli ganmarteba xazs usvams teritoriulobis or Zalze mniSvnelovan aspeqts. pirveli mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aucilebeli ar aris teritoriuloba ganaxorcielos mxolod saxelmwifo institutebma. es xelewifebaT adamianTa gaerTianebebs, organizaciebs an biznes struqturebs. meore SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnulia, rom teritoriuloba ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes velur anu instiqtur fenomens. adamiani ar unda iqceodes cxovelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli instiqtebis safuZvelze, romelic mimarTulia garkveuli geografiuli arealis Zaladobrivi dauflebisaken. teritoriuloba civilizebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Semadgeneli nawilia.

meore problema fsiqologiuri xasiaTisaa, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom politikur msoflios Cven aRviqvamT politikuri rukis meSveobiT, sadac naCvenebia mxolod saxelmwifoebi. sinamdvileSi Cvens planetaze mimdinare politikuri procesebi gacilebiT ufro mravalferovani da Wrelia, vidre es rukaze SeiZleba Candes. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, msoflios Cveneuli xedva saxelmwifocentrulia, Tumca saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistema, rogori centralizebulic ar unda iyos Sedgeba sxvadasxva donis da mimarTulebis aqtorebisgan, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel politikebs SeimuSaveben da ganaxorcieleben.

mesame problema, aseve saxelmwifocentrizmidan gamomdinareobs. saxelmwifoebi geopolitikuri scenis ZiriTad moTamaSeebad rCebian, magram am sferoSi arasamTavrobo aqtorebis roli da adgili izrdeba. postmodernuli msoflios, rogorc erTianis, aseve misi Semadgenili teritoriebis Seswavlisas aucilebelad unda gaviTvaliswinoT calkeuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, profesiuli kavSirebis, umciresobaTa gaerTianebebis, komerciuli struqturebis da sxva saxis socialuri moZraobebis mzardi mniSvneloba kulturuli, politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis da maTi ganxorcielebis procesebSi.

masStabi

wina saukunis 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli sazogadoebrivi

geografiis kvlevis arsenali etapobrivad Seivso Tanamedrove socialuri da politikuri TeoriebiT, romelTa aqtiurma gamoyenebam geografiuli mecniereba Tvisebrivad Secvala.

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sivrcis Sinaarsis axalma gaazrebam, bunebrivia gamoiwvia sivrcis ierarqiis koncefciis revizia. sivrce aRiqmeboda horizontalur WrilSi da, Sesabamisad kvlevac mimdinareobda mikro (adgilobriv), mezo (regionis an qveynis farglebSi) da makro (globalur) doneebze. Sesabamisad, politikuri geografiis amocana iyo imis kvleva, Tu rogor yalibdeba, warimarTeba da regulirdeba politikuri procesebi adgilobriv, erovnul, regionul da globalur doneebze. amJamad, es ierarqia ganixileba, rogorc sxvadasxva teritoriul doneebze mimdinare sazogadoebrivi procesebi.

sivrcis sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) ierarqiis modelirebis SemTxvevaSi aRmovaCenT, rom is Zalian waagavs “matrioSkas” (Marston, 2006:

423). sazogadoebriv procesebs, iseve, rogorc matrioSkis Tojinebs Soris arsebobs urTierTkavSiri da urTierTdamokidebuleba. garda amisa, nebismier socialur konstruqcias gaaCnia geografiuli mdebareoba, e.i. am konstruqciebs Soris kavSiri myardeba Sesabamis teritoriul doneze, adgilobrividan globaluris CaTvliT. magram, aqve Cndeba kiTxva: rogor unda davadginoT socialur konstruqciebs Soris kavSiri geografiul WrilSi? kiTxva TiTqos ritorikulia, Sesabamisad, pasuxic martivi gasacemi unda iyos – geografiaSi am mizniT gamoiyeneba masStabi.

masStabis koncefcia geografiuli mecnierebisTvis erT-erTi centraluria. masStabi, rogroc fardobiTi, aseve absolturi sididis maxasiaTebelia. is gamoiyeneba sivrcis, drois da Tematuri sakiTxebis daxasiaTebisas. rac mTavaria, masStabs geografiaSi ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoyofen sami saxis masStabs. esenia movlenis masStabi, analizis masStabi da kartografiuli masStabi. movlenis masStabi gamoiyeneba im sazogadoebrivi an fizikuri struqturebisa da movlenebis daxasiaTebisas, romlebic arseboben Cvengan damoukideblad. mag., okeane ufro didia, vidre zRva; an qari ufro Zlieria, vidre sio. analizis masStabi warmodgenas gviqmnis im erTeulis an procesis sidideze, romelic kvlevis Sedegad dgindeba. mag., 2008 wlis arCevnebis Sedegebis analizma cxadhyo, rom saqarTveloSi eTnikuri umciresobebi ufro masStaburad (e.i. aqtiurad) monawileoben arCevnebSi, vidre eTnikuri qarTvelebi.

masStabis CarCos (farglebis) dadgena politikuri aqtia, romelSic monawileobas iReben, rogorc samTavrobo, aseve arasamTavrobo aqtorebi. mTavroba masStabis formirebas rutinuli wesiT axdens, kerZod is qmnis adgilobriv mmarTvelobebs, udgens maT iseT kompetenciebs, romlebic Seesabameba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kompetenciis masStabs. es warmoadgens saxelmwifos sivrciTi strategiis erT-erT mimarTulebas, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs marTos misdami rwmunebuli qveynis teritoria. magram, mTavrobas ar gaaCnia saxelmwifos marTvis eqskluziuri ufleba. mas am saqmeSi ecilebian arasamTavrobo aqtorebi. es yvelaze naTlad adgilobriv doneze vlindeba.

mecnierebi, romlebic ikvleven TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebs, Seswavlis obieqtad miiCneven im teritorias, romelic Sedis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis iurisdiqciaSi. mcire yuradReba eTmoba imis kvlevas, Tu ratom da rogor moxda am teritoriis sazRvrebis dadgena; Tu ramdenad Seesabameba am mmarTvelobis kompetenciebi adgilobriv masStabi da ramdenad aris CarTuli adgilobrivi masStabi ufro maRali rangis masStabebSi. teritoriebi, ar unda aRviqvaT, rogorc mxolod

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garkveul administraciul sazRvrebSi fiqsirebuli adgilebi. sivrciTi ierarqia mravalmasStabiania, mravaldoniania, sadac adgili aqvs sxvadasxva saxis (individualuridan globaluramde) sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. gavixsenoT, rom sivrce, teritoria, iseve rogorc adgili, bunebrivis garda socialur konstruqciasac warmoadgens.

mosaxleobis araerTgvarovani eTno-kulturuli Semadgenlobis pirobebSi mTavrobas qveynis romelime regionis marTvaSi SeiZleba Seecilos masSi kompaqturad mosaxle eTno-kulturuli Temi. amgvari konfliqti iwyeba adgilobriv doneze, magram man SeiZleba saerTaSoriso xasiaTi miiRos, Tu am konfliqtSi sxva qveyana Caereva. Sesabamisad, qveynis mTavrobas mouxdeba konfliqtis mogvareba, rogorc separatistul dajgufebasTan (e.i. adgilobriv doneze), aseve mesame qveyanasTan (e.i. saerTaSoriso doneze). zemoTaRniSnuli miuTiTebs imaze, rom erTi mxriv, rom politikuri urTierTobebi dinamiuria aramarto droSi, aramed sivrceSic, xolo, meore mxriv, ki imaze, rom geografiuli sivrce mravalmasStabiania.

mTlianobaSi, postmodernistul xanaSi masStabis sakiTxis Teoretizaciam arnaxuli bumi gamoiwvia. amasTan, bevrma mecnierma masStabis araadeqvaturi da ararelevanturi koncefciebi SemogvTavaza, ramac geografiul da socialur kvlevebSi didi qaosi da dabneuloba Seitana. saqme iqamadec ki mivida, rom am sferoSi moRvawe ramdenime cnobilma mecnierma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom geografiuli leqsikonidan amoeRoT masStabis cneba. naxevrad xumrobiT naTqvami es fraza imaze metyvelebs, rom zRvargadasuli Teoretizireba mecnierebisTvis aranakleb saxifaToa, vidre araswori Teoriebis an koncefciebis SemuSaveba.

diskursi

zogadad, diskursis arsi bundovania, iseve, rogorc es mag., enis, ideologiis an sazogadoebis. sagulisxmoa, rom rTulad aRsaqmeli cnebebi Zalze didi polularobas iZenen xolme. “diskursi” swored aseTi SemTxvevaa.

ideologia da kultura (makrosocialuri movlenebi), rogorc sinamdvilis koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi vlindeba diskursSi (mikrosocialur doneze). sasurvelia, rom ideologiis analizisas ar SemovifargloT mxolod diskursuli analiziT (diskurs-analiziT). ideologia mxolod teqstebisa da saubrebis meSveobiT ara iqmneba. Tumca, am saqmeSi diskurss gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. socialuri praqtikebis da semiotikuri kodebis (vizualuri saxeebi, niSnebi, fotoebi da sxva araverbaluri rameebi) umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT teqstisa da metyvelebis Tvisebebi saSualebas gvaZlevas uSualod CamovayaliboT da gamovxatoT Cveni abstraqtuli ideologiuri mrwamsi.

romelime specializirebuli klubis staJiani wevrebi axalbedebTan komunikaciis procesSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben klubis tradiciebze saubars da mkacrad icaven am tradiciebs. amrigad, ideologiuri socializacia xorciledeba diskursiT.

cnobili polandieli mecnieris teun van deikis (Teun van Dijk) ganmartebiT, farTo gagebiT diskuri aris kompleqsuri komunikaciuri movlena, romelsac adgili aqvs konkretul drosa da sivrceSi an sxva konteqstSi. diskursi SeiZleba iyos verbaluri an werilobiTi da mas

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gaaCnia verbaluri an araverbaluri maxasiaTeblebi (Van Dijk, 1998: ?). amis tipiuri magaliTebia, diskusia kolegasTan, eqimis da pacientis saubari, sagazeTo statiis wakiTxva. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania komunikacia. calke aRebuli sagazeTo statia jer kidev ar aris diskursi. diskursi yalibdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac am statias vinme kiTxulobs an ukve waikiTxa. diskursis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia teqstis gadmocemis stili, rodesac mniSvnelobas iZens ara teqstis Sinaarsi, aramed am Sinaarsis aqtualizirebulad, artikulirebulad gadmocemis unari. adamiani SeiZleba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi saubrobdes Zaladobaze, magram ar Seiqmnas Zaladobrivi diskursis gancda. sxva SemTxvevaSi, pirovneba SeiZleba bunebis silamazeze saubrobdes, amasTan misi gadmocemis stilma da maneram SeiZleba im daskvnamde migviyvanos, rom Seiqmna ara mSvenierebis, aramed Zaladobis diskursi.

viwro gagebiT gamoyofen diskursis verbalur Semadgenels da mas ganixilaven, rogorc teqsts an saubars. am mxriv, diskursi komunikaciuri qmedebis werilobiTi an metyvelebiTi verbaluri produqtia.

diskursi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im Janris aRsaniSnavad. mag., “istoriuli diskursi”, “politikuri diskursi”, “ideologiuri diskursi”. diskursis yvelaze abstraqtul da rTulad aRsaqmel mniSvnelobas warmoadgens “diskursi, rogorc socialuri formacia”. am mniSvnelobiT diskursi gamoiyeneba specifiuri istoriuli epoqis an socialuri formaciis aRniSvnisas. mag., “komunisturi diskursi” an “burJuaziuli diskursi”. sxva SemTxvevebSi, amave mniSvnelobiT ixmareba “sazogadoebrivi formacia”, “sazogadoebrivi mowyoba” an “sazogadoebrivi wesrigi” (iqve).

saxelmZRvanelos II TavSi Cven ganvixilavT iseT sakiTxs, rogoricaa “nacionalizmi, rogorc diskursuli formacia”.

politika da Zalaufleba (xelisufleba)16

termini “politika” warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvidan “polis” rac niSnavs qalaq-saxelmwifos. Zvel saberZneTSi politika gaigivebuli iyo sazogadoebriv da saxelmwifo saqmeebTan. es midgoma dResac ZalaSia. erT-erTi ganmartebis mixedviT politika aris saxelemwifo marTvis, rogorc Teoria, aseve praqtika. sagulisxmoa, rom politikis “Teoriuloba” da “praqtikuloba” inglisur enaSi ori gansxvavebuli terminiT aRiniSneba (ix. danarTi #).

danarTi #

cnebebi Policy da Politics

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qarTul enaSi Zalaufleba da xelisufleba sinonimebi ar aris, gansxvavebiT mag., inglisuri da rusuli enebisgan, sadac terminebiT Power da Власть aRiniSneba, rogorc inglisuri termini Power ZiriTadad iTargmneba, rogorc Zalaufleba, magram garkveuli konteqstidan gamomdinare is SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc “xelisufleba”, “Zalaufleba” ufro farTo cnebaa, xolo, rac Seexeba “xelisufleba” mas iyeneben mxolod samTavrobo institutebTan mimarTebaSi (mag., qveynis an adgilobrivi xelisufleba, sasamarTlo xelisufleba da a.S.). gamonakliss warmoadgens masmediasTan dakavSirebuli termini “meoTxe xelisufleba”.

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inglisuri terminebi Policy da Politics sxva enebze iTargmneba, rogorc politika. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom inglisurSi maT gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebi aqvT ucxoenovani mkiTxvelisTvis es erTgvar dabneulobas iwvevs. Policy aRniSnavs mTavrobis strategias, miznebsa da amocanebs (kanonmdeblobis CaTvliT). mag., qveynis usafrTxoebis koncefcia an samxedro doqtrina an jandacvis ganviTarebis programa aris Policy. am saxis dokumentebSi mocemuli amocanebis gadawyvetis konkretuli RonisZiebebis dasaxva da maTi aRsruleba aris Politics. Policy ufro abstraqtuli, Teoriuli xasiaTis politikaa, xolo Politics ki – konkretuli.

cnobilia, rom CineTisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Warbmosaxleoba. es garkveul problemebs uqmnis qveynis socalur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. jer kidev 1970-ian wlebSi CineTis xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa xeli Seewyo mosaxleobis Sobadobis SemcirebisTvis. es iyo samTavrobo Policy. am miznis misaRwevad qveynis xelmZRvanelobam konkretuli RonisZiebebi dasaxa. erT-erTis mixedviT SromaTmowyobis da karieruli winsvlis mxriv upiratesoba eniWebodaT im pirebs, romlebsac erTi Svili yavdaT. am SemTxvevaSi, es aris Politics.

XIX s.-mde politikuri azri mxolod poltikuri Rirebulebebis

SeswavliT iyo dainteresebuli. politika “politikuri filosofiis” nawils warmoadgenda. am periodis cnobili cnobili moazrovneebi Semdegnairad ganmartavdnen politikas:

- “mefuri xelovneba” yvela sxva xelovnebis marTvis Sesaxeb

(aristotele).

- codnis sistema swori da brZnuli mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb (nikola

makiaveli). - klasobrivi interesebis brZola (karl marqsi).

dResdReobiT politikis mravali gansazRvreba gvxvdeba. politikas

ganixilaven, rogorc SesaZlebelobaTa xelovnebas; brZolas gansxvavebul interesebs Soris; resursebis dauflebis da ganawilebis xelovnebas; konsesusis miRwevis xelovnebas; RonisZiebebisa da qmedebebis erTobliobas, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli miznis miRwevisTvis; xalxis gaerTianebis xelovnebas; brZolas sakuTari wesebis dawesebisTvis; paeqrobas interesebsa da Rirebulebebs Soris.

rac mTavaria, politika aris Zalauflebis, upiratesad saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mopovebis, SenarCunebis da ganmtkicebis xelovneba. Zalauflebis mopoveba politikis mTavari mizania. Zalaufleba, Tavis mxriv aris ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli amocanebis gadawyvetis ZiriTadi saSualeba.

resursebis floba da ga(da)nawileba politikis kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. resursebi limitirebulia, amdenad politika mudam konfliqtis zRvarze balansirebs. aqedan gamomdinare, politika SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qiSpi SezRuduli resursebis gamo, xolo – Zalaufleba am mocileobis mTavari instrumenti (heivudi, 2007:13).

politikisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb diskusia jer kidev antikur epoqaSi mimdinareobda. platonis mixedviT saxelwifo marTvis sadaveebi

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brZenTa xelSi unda iyos. aristoteles miaCnda, rom xelisuflebaSi Tavisufali moqalaqeebic unda monawileobdnen.

anglo-amerikul samecniero literaturaSi xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobebis daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba “politikuri sistemis17” (Political System) cneba. cnobili amerikeli politologis gabriel olmondis (Gabriel A. Almond) ganmartebiT politikuri sistema politikuri institutebis garda moicavs socialur da ekonomikur struqturebs, sazogadoebis istoriul tradiciebsa da Rirebulebebs, aseve ganviTarebis kulturul konteqsts (Козлов, 2006:8). politikuri sistemis elementebis urTierTobas sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs, rac imas niSnavs, rom romelime elementis cvlileba mTeli sistemis cvlilebasac iwvevs.

Zalaufleba politikis, rogorc praqtikis, aseve mecnierebis centraluri konceftia. Zalauflebis calsaxa ganmarteba ar arsebobs. zogadad, Zalaufleba aris adamianis unari meore adamians gaakeTebinos is, rasac sxva SemTxvevaSi es ukanaskneli ar gaakeTebda (Roskin et al, 2008:

5). Zalaufleba mravalmxrivi movlenaa, Sesabamisad misi daxasiaTeba sxvadasxva kuTxiT SeiZleba. ganvixiloT Zalauflebis ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli:

biologiuri maxasiaTebeli. jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom adamiani aris politikuri cxoveli. amiT berZeni filosofosi mianiSnebda, rom adamiani bevri cxovelis msgavsad jgufuri cxovrebis wess misdevs. adamianebis socialur Tanacxovrebas garkveuli upiratesoba aqvs, upirveles yovlisa sakvebis mopovebisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, rom jgufuri cxovreba ganapirobebs socialuri ierarqiis arsebobas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis politikuri organizacia da liderebisadmi daqvemdebareba adamianis bunebrivi instinqtia, romelic mis cxovelur sawyisze mianiSnebs. Tumca, amasaTan dakavSirebiT ibadeba ramdenime kiTxva. riTi SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom sakmaod xSirad adgili aqvs mmarTvelebisadmi adamianebis masobriv daumorCileblobas? garda amisa, aseve xSirad, adamianebis mniSvnelovani nawili nebayoflobiT tovebs Tavis erTobas da sxvagan miemgzavreba. cxovelebisTvis ucxoa protestis masobrivi gamovlinebebi. aqedan gamomdinare, xom ar gvaZlevs es saSualebas gadavxedoT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas da is sxvagvarad CamovayaliboT: “adamiani arasrulyofili politikuri cxovelia” (iqve: 5).

fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli. gansaxilveli sakiTxis SeswavlaSi fsiqologebi prioritets empiriul kvlevebs aniWeben. erT-erTi cnobili fsiqologiuri eqsperimenti iTvaliswinebda dakvirvebis obieqtis wamebas eleqtroSokis meSveobiT. profesorma studentebs daavala eleqtroxelsawyos meSveobiT gamoemuSavebinaT denis iseTi doza, romelic maTTvis ucnobi adamianSi tkivils gamoiwvevda da moexdinaT am procesis detaluri aRwera. studentebs ar siamovnebdaT adamianis tanjvaSi monawileoba, magram yvela maTganma “pirnaTlad” Seasrula

17 arsobrivad sistema igivea, rac struqtura, miuxedavad imisa, rom struqtura sistemis Semadgenelad nawilad iTvleba. sistema (stuqtura) aris mTeli, romlis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris arsebobs bunebrivi an normatiuli (wesebiT dadgenili) kavSiri. xazgasmulia, rom sistemis an struqturis komponentebis Soris unda arsebobdes urTierTkavSiri. konkretuli sistema, rogorc wesi masze ufro msxvili sistemis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. mag., ganaTlebis sistema aris saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sistemis nawili, xolo nebismieri saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv saerTaSoriso sistemis elementia.

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micemuli davaleba. sinamdvileSi, xelsawyo dens ar gamoimuSavebda, xolo dakvirvebis obieqti iyo msaxiobi, romelic tkivilis simulacias axdenda. Tumca, am istoriaSi es ar aris gadamwyveti. mniSvnelovania is, rom studentebma saswavlo kursSi dadebiTi Sefasebis miReba ufro maRla daayenes, vidre humanisturi Rirebulebebi.

fsiqologebi da biologebi amtkiceben, rom konformizmi18 adamianis bunebrivi, Tandayolili Tvisebaa. jgufis wevrebi cdiloben “moergon” jgufs, miiRon misi azrovnebis da qcevis normebi, Sesabamisad jgufSi saerTo mentaloba yalibdeba. jgufs, rogorc aseTs ar uyvars kritikosi da ufrTxis mas. sakmaod xSirad jgufi kargavs realobis SegrZnebas da ayalibebs pozicias, imis Taobaze, rom yvelaferi kargad midis da momavalSic ase iqneba. cnobilia, rom politikosTa jgufebma amerikis istoriis or sxvadasxva periodSi mxedvelobaSi ar miiRes dazvervis argumentirebuli da Sesabamisi monacemebiT gamyarebuli gansxvavebuli azri, ris Sedegadac erT SemTxvevaSi adgili qonda pirl harboris dabombvas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – 2001 w. 9 seqtembris teroristul aqtebs (iqve: 8).

kulturuli maxasiaTebeli. XX s.-is meore naxevarSi Seiqmna araerTi kulturuli Teoria, romelmac Secvala mecnierebaSi manamde gabatonebuli mosazreba adamianis qcevisa da identobis Tandayolili (bunebriv-biologiuri) xasiaTis Sesaxeb. am Teoriebis Tanaxmad adamianis qceva yalibdeba socialuri urTierTobebis procesSi.

anTropologebis kategoriuli mtkicebiT adamianebis qcevaSi yovelgvari gansxvaveba kulturuli faqtorebiT aris ganpirobebuli. pluralistuli da mSvidobiani sazogadoebebSi axali Taobis aRzrda xdeba im kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT, romelic damkvidrebulia am sazogadoebebSi. mozardi Taobis aRzrdis institutebs Soris aRsaniSnavia ojaxis, skolis, eklesiis da masmediis roli. amasTan dakavSirebiT, politikuri mecnierebis wiaRSi aRmocenda axali mimarTuleba – politikuri kultura. politologebs miaCniaT, rom sazogadoebis politikuri kultura yalibdeba grZelvadiani faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad, iseTebis rogoricaa religia, bavSvebis aRzrda, miwaTsargebloba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba. sagulisxmoa, rom nebismieri eris (xalxis) politikuri kulturis formireba xdeba aramarto eTnikuri da religiuri, aramed socialuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis safuZvelze (iqve, 8).

kulturis Teoretikosebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom garkveuli problemebi iCens Tavs im sazogadoebaSi, sadac adgili aqvs politikuri da kulturuli sistemebis gansxvavebul ganviTarebas. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia iranis movlenebi, romelsac adgili qonda 1970-iani wlebis bolos. iranis Sahma mohamed reza fexlevim gadawyvita qveynis modenizacia, romelsac safuZvlad daedo islamis rolis Semcireba da dasavluri Rirebulebebis win wamoweva. amis sapasuxod, iranelebi aujanydnen Sahs da is daamxes (iqve: 9).

racionaluroba. jer kidev XVII s.-is meore naxevarSi Seiqmna Teoriebi, sadac adamiani warmoCenilia, rogorc racionaluri arseba.

18 konformizmi – individis mier sakuTari mosazrebis, RirebulebaTa sistemis, qcevis, aRqmis da a.S. imgvarad Secvla, rom is SesabamisobaSi movides sazogadoebaSi an mocemul socialur jgufSi gabatonebul mosazrebasTan.

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aseTi mosazrebebi gvxdeba britaneli mecnierebis Tomas hobsis (Thomas

Hobbes)19 da jon lokis (John Locke)20 naSromebSi. kerZod, xazgasmulia, rom adamianebi survili Seqmnan Tavisufali da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba nakarnaxevia “gonebis ZaliT” (“Power of Reason”) (iqve: 9-10). sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis dacvis mizniT adamianebi irCeven xelisuflebas. Tu xelisufleba ver asrulebs masze dakisrebul movaleobas, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba mas undoblobas ucxadebs da iyenebs Tavis legitimur uflebas is Secvalos.

iracionaluroba. XIX s.-is meore naxevarSi mecnierTa jgufma Camoayaliba koncefcia, romlis mixedviT adamianebi gamoirCevian iracionaluri qceviTa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, rodesac saqme politikas exeba. kerZod, aRniSnuli iyo, rom adamianebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia emociuroba, kulturuli siboloebis, miTebisa da stereotipebis idealizireba. adamianTa gaerTianebebi gaigivebuli iyo brbosTan, romlisTvis daxaxasiaTebelia cxoveluri instinqtebi, qarizmatuli liderebis Tayvaniscema. biheviorizmis am mimarTulebis apologeti iyo italieli faSistebis beladi benito musolini. man praqtikaSi gamoiyena iracionaluri skolis warmomadgenelTa naazrevi. mogvianebiT mas adolf hitlerma mibaZa (iqve: 10).

unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli Tvisebebi, samwuxarod damaxasiaTebelia adamianebis politikuri qcevisTvis. istoria gvaswavlis, rom sakuTari politikuri miznebis miRwevisTvis xalxis aRniSnuli TvisebebiT manipulirebas katastrofuli Sedegi moaqvs, rogorc liderebisTvis, aseve maTi mxardamWerebisTvisac.

xSirad erTmaneTTan aigiveben Zalasa da Zalauflebas (xelisuflebas). jon loki samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom “flobde saxelisuflebo saSualebebs jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom xar xelisufleba” (Garner et al, 2009: 52). demokratiis Teoria gvaswavlis, rom moZalade xelisufleba xelmocaruli xelisuflebaa. xelisufleba sakuTar sazogadoebaSi avtoritetiTa da ndobiT unda sargeblobdes. inglisurenovan samecniero literaturaSi xalxis ndobiT aRWurvil xelisuflebas uwodeben “Authority”, Tumca yoveldRiurobaSi es termini nebismieri tipis xelisuflebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.

xelisuflebis avtoritetulobas sxvagvarad xelisuflebis legitimurobas uwodeben. Sua saukuneebSi adgili qonda monarqisTvis qveynis marTvis legitimuri uflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemas. msoflios politikur rukaze respublikebis gamoCenasTan erTad Seicvala damokidebuleba legitimaciis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT. Tanamedrove periodSi xelisuflebis legitimuroba ganisazRvreba qveynis lideris an xelisuflebis mimarT sazogadoebis ndobis xarisxze. Tavis mxriv, am xarisxis sidide damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad kanonierad da samarTlianad marTavs xelisufleba qveyanas.

19 Tomas hobsi (1588-1679 ww.) – britaneli moazrovne, politikuri filosofosi. cnobili wignis “leviaTanis” avtori. am naSromis daxasaiTeba ix. MII TavSi. 20 jon loki (1632-1704 ww.) – britaneli filosofosi, klasikuri liberalizmis Teoriis fuZemdebeli, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis da samarTlebrivi demokratiuli saxelmwifos ideebis pioneri. misi cnobili naSromebia: “werili religiuri Semwynareblobis Sesaxeb” (A Letter Concerning Toleration), “ese adamianuri gagebebis Sesaxeb” (Essay Concerning Human

Understanding), “meore traqtati samoqalaqo mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb” (The Second Treatise of Civil

Government), “garkveuli mosazrebebi aRzrdis Sesaxeb” (Some Thoughts Concerning Education).

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maqs veberi ganasxvavebs sami saxis legitimurobas (iqve: 51):

tradiciuli legitimuroba damaxasiaTebelia monarqiuli

saxelmwifoebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, yvela evropuli monarqia

imavdroulad demokratiul saxelmwifos warmoadgens

mosaxleoba pativs cems da icavs feodaluri epoqis garkveul

tradiciebs. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am tradiciebis

mniSvnelovani nawili samefo karis ritualebiT Semoifargleba.

qarizmatuli legitimuroba ukavSirdeba romelime politikuri

lideris qarizmas anu mis gansakuTrebul pirovnul Tvisebebs.

qarizmatuli legitimuroba ganapirobebs sazogadoebis mxridan

lideris Seucdomlobis da yovlisSemZleobis aRiarebas da

misdami upirobo morCilebas. aseTi saxis legitimuroba

msoflios bevri qveynis politikuri sistemisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli. arcerTi am qveyanaTagani ar aris

demokratiuli. qarizmatuli liderisTvis saxelmwifos marTvis

umTavres princips warmoadgens ara kanonis uzenaesoba da

samarTlianoba, aramed misi piradi ambiciebi. qarizmatuli

lideri, rogorc wesi Cndeba revulociebis, omebis an erovnul-

ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebis dros. aRsaniSnavia, rom rig

SemTxvevebSi qarizmatul liderad gvevlineba ara saxelmwifos

oficialuri meTauri, aramed religiuri lideri. amis klasikuri

magaliTia 1980-iani wlebis irani, rodesac mosaxleoba upirobod

emorCileboda aiaTola21 homeinis mowodebebs da brZanebebs.

veberis ganmartebiT qarizmatuli legitimuroba

arastabilurobiT gamoirCeva, radgan lideris xelisuflebidan

wasvlis Semdeg iqmneba realuri Zalauflebis vakuumi, rasac

qveyanaSi politikuri krizisi moaqvs.

samarTlebriv-racionaluri anu demokratiuli legitimuroba. aseT legitimurobas safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebrivi

(erovnuli) Tanxmoba. aseT pirobebSi qveyanaSi gamefebulia

konstituciuri kanoniereba, rac gamoixateba kanonis

uzenaesobis, samarTlianobis, xelisuflebis StoTa balansis,

samoqalaqo sazogadobis CarTulobis, adamianis uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis principebis ganuxrel dacvasa da

uzrunvelyofaSi.

21 aiaTola – islamis Siituri mimarTulebis umaRlesi religiuri rangi.

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Tavi II nacionalizmi, eTnikuroba, identoba

“qveynad bevri gaugebrobaa, magram yvelaferi gaviwydeba, roca erovnul himns mReri”

robert muzili. adamiani Rirsebebis gareSe. t. I, gv. 577

nacionalizmi

1774 wels germaneli filosofosis iohan gotfrid herderis (Johann

Gottfried Herder) avtorobiT samecniero literaturaSi pirvelad gamoCnda

termini nacionalizmi, Tumca misi farTo gamoyeneba mxolod XIX s.-is meore naxevridan daiwyo (Alter, 1990: 7).

nacionalizmi mravalsaxovania da SeiZleba iyos:

erebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis procesi;

romelime erisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnoba an erovnuli Segneba;

ena da erovnuli simboloebi;

erovnuli egidiT moqmedi socialuri da politikuri moZraobebi;

zogadi da/an konkretuli erovnuli doqtrina (maT Soris

politikuri doqtrina22) an ideologia (Smith, 2001: 5-6).

diskursuli formacia (Calhoun, 1997:3)

mocemuli tipologiidan Cans, rom nacionalizmis filosofiis

centrSi dgas eri. ra aris eri? eris imdeni samecniero ganmarteba SeiZleba arsebobdes, ramdeni

mkvlevris muSaobs am sferoSi. am terminebis mniSvnelovani nawili urTierTgamomricxavia. ibadeba kiTxva, ratom aris Seqmnili aseTi situacia terminologiasTan dakavSirebiT?

erTi mxriv, eris definicia dakavSirebulia “mosaxleobis” aRmniSvnel sxva cnebebTan, iseTebTan rogoricaa mag., xalxi, eTnosi an sazogadoeba. mTlianobaSi, am terminebTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovani qaosi sufevs rogorc samecniero, aseve Jurnalistur da politikur wreebSi. ufro metic, saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs mag., eris, xalxis, eTnikuri Tu religiuri umciresobis ganmarteba. unificirebuli terminologiis arasebobis pirobebSi nebismieri dainteresebuli mxare an pirovneba am terminebs sakuTar interpretacias aZlevs. aqedan gamomdinare, eris da zogadad nacionalizmis problematika imiT gamoirCeva, rom am sferoSi meti kiTxvebia, vidre maTze pasuxebi.

winamdebare Tavis mTavari amocanaa gavecnoT nacionalizmis ZiriTad cnebebs, ideebs, koncefciebs, mimarTulebebs, cnobili mecnierebis naazrevs da calkeul magaliTebs.

22

specialistebis nawili, maT Soris mag., ernst gelenri an eli keduri miiCneven, rom politikuri doqtrina nacionalizmis gadamwyveti maxasiaTebelia.

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eTnosi samecniero da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT ers yvelze mWidro

kavSiri aqvs eTnosTan. Jurnalistur publikaciebSi da bevri qveynis sajaro dokumentebSic ki es cnebebi sinonimebad moixsenieba. ramdenad koreqtulia aseTi midgoma?

termin “eTnoss” didi xnis istoria aqvs. vulgatas23 inglisurenovan

versiaSi berZnuli sityva eTnosi (ἔθνος) naTargminia, rogorc xalxi, radgan bibliaSi Cawerilia, rom israeli aris xalxi (eri), romelsac gaaCnia saerTo ena, religia, teritoria da mTavroba. aqedan moyolebuli daaxloebiT aTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi eTnosi ixmareboda xalxis mniSvnelobiT. me-14 saukuneSi inglisSi damkvidrda eTnosis monaTesave termini “eTnikuri” (Ethnic), romelsac religiuri datvirTva qonda da gamoiyeneboda araqristiani xalxebis aRsaniSnavad.

Tanamedrove inglisur enaSi sityva eTnosis zusti analogi ar arsebobs. anglo-amerikul samecniero literaturaSi xmaroben termins “Ethnicity”24 (eTnisiTi). britaneTsa da amerikaSi “eTnisiTi“ xmarebaSi pirvelad wina saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi Semovida, xolo oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonebSi is daaxloebiT sami aTeuli wlis Semdeg moxvda.

amJamad “eTnisiTi” ori mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. pirveli, es aris adamianTa jgufi, romlic erTi an ramdenime kulturuli niSnis safuZvelze, Tavis Tavs sxvebisgan gansxvavebulad aRiqvams, xolo, meore mxriv, igulisxmeba individis kuTvnileba romelime eTnosisadmi (Gilmartin,

2006: 139). Sesabamisad, eTnisiTi aris, rogorc jgufis, aseve idividis eTnikuri identobis maxasiaTebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, anglo-amerikuli termini eTnisiTi unda gavigoT, rogorc eTnikuri mimarTeba, ufro zustad ki – eTnikuroba.

eTnosis sinonimi anglo-amerikul literaturaSi aris Ethnic group (eTnikuri jgufi). nacionalizmis sakiTxebis gamoCenili britanili mkvlevari entoni daglas smiti (Anthony Douglas Smith) am terminis sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, iyenebs frangul termins Ethnie (eTni), rac eTnoss niSnavs. sabWoTa mecnierebaSi termin “eTnosis” damkvidreba daiwyo 1923 wlidan, rac dakavSirebulia rusi mecnieris sergei Sirokogorovis saxelTan (http://ru.wikipedia.org

/wiki/ru). XX saukunis dasawyisSi germanelma mecnierma fridrix mainekem

(Friedrich Meinecke) Semoitana kulturuli erisa (Kulturnation) da politikuri eris (Staatsnation, Nationalstaat) cnebebi (Oergel, 2006: 281; Miller, 1992: 33). dasavlur samecniero literaturaSi am droisTvis jer kidev ar iyo damkvidrebuli termini eTnosi. maineke amtkicebda, rom kulturuli eris wevroba dadgenilia bunebiTa da istoriiT, Sesabamisad is memkvidreobiT gadadis, xolo politikuri eris wevroba nebayoflobiTia, radgan misi arseboba damokidebulia erisadmi calkeuli individebis loialobaze. naTelia, rom germaneli mecnieris mier SemoTavazebuli definiciebi emTxveva eTnosisa da eris Tanamedrove analogebs.

23

vulgata – bibliis sayovelTaod miRebuli laTinuri Targmani, romelic IV s.-is bolos ganekuTvneba. 24

rusul enaSi am terminis Sestyvisia ”Этничность”.

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eTnosis sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmarteba ar arsebobs. metic, am cnebas msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi gansxvavebuli datvirTva aqvs. mag., amerikaSi termini “eTnosi” xSirad gamoiyeneba rasebTan (mag., afro-amerikelebi, azielebi, laTinoamerikelebi) an amerikaSi mcxovreb im diasporasTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ar miekuTvnebian “TeTrkanian anglo-saqson protestantebs”25 (mag., polonelebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi, irlandielebi, italielebi) (Eriksen, 2010: 5). imas, rasac sabWoTa kavSirSi ers uwodebdnen sinamdvileSi eTnosi iyo.

CanarTi #

eTnikuri da rasobrivi kategoriebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi

1997 wels aSS-is menejmentisa da biujetis samsaxurma SeimuSava

klasifikacia, romlis safuZvelzec ganisazRvreba, rogorc aSS-is moqalaqeebis da mudmivi rezidentebis (“mwvane baraTis” mflobelebis), aseve ucxoeTidan garkveuli droiT (ramdenime Tve da meti) Camosuli pirebis rasobrivi da eTnikuri kuTvnileba (ix. Definitions for New Race and

Ethnicity Categories). mocemuli klasifikacia gansxvavebulia Sesabamisi samecniero midgomebisgan. Tavdapirvelad pirovnebam unda daadasturos, rom is:

aris hispaniki anu laTinoamerikeli, an

ar aris hispaniki anu laTinoamerikeli

Tu pasuxi uaryofiTia, Semdeg interviuerma unda Semoxazos erTi-

erTi qvemoT mocemuli kategoriebidan:

amerikeli indieli an alaskis mkvidri;

azieli;

Savkaniani anu afro-amerikeli;

havais an wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebis mkvidri

TeTrkaniani

zemoT mocemuli TiToeuli kategoria moicavs Semdegi rasebis,

regionebis, lingvisturi jgufebis warmomadgenlebs: hispaniki anu laTinoamerikeli: kuburi, meqsikuri, puerto-rikouli,

samxreT an centralur amerikuli warmoSobis piri, ganurCevlad misi rasobrivi kuTvnilebisa.

amerikeli indieli an alaskis mkvidri: piri, romelic warmoSobiT aris Crdilo an samxreT amerikis (centraluri amerikis CaTvliT) mkvidri xalxebidan da am xalxis kulturul identifikacias inarCunebs tomobrivi afiliaciis an TemTan kavSiris safuZvelze.

25 TeTrkaniani anglo-saqsoni protestantebi (inglisurad White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, SemoklebiT WASP) araformaluri termini, erTgvari kliSe, romliTac aSS-Si aRniSnaven britanuli warmoSobis protestantebs, romelTa xelSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyo Tavmoyrili finansuri da politikuri Zalaufleba.

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azieli: piri, romelic warmoSobiT miekuTvneba Soreuli aRmosavleTis, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis an indoeTis subkontinentis26 romelime mkvidr xalxs.

Savkaniani anu afro-amerikeli: piri, romelic warmoSobiT miekuTvneba afrikis romelime Savkanian rasobriv jgufs.

havais an wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebis mkvidri: piri, romelic warmoSobiT miekuTvneba havaize, guamze, samoaze an wynari okeanis sxva kunZulebze mobinadre romelime xalxs.

TeTrkaniani: piri, romelic warmoSobiT miekuTvneba evropis, axlo aRmosavleTis an Crdilo afrikis romelime mkvidr xalxs.

wyaro: Definitions for New Race and Ethnicity Categories. http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/

reic/definitions.asp

am klasifikaciaSi yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom

gamoyenebulia sxvadasxvagvari midgomebi: wminda rasobrivi (afro-amerikelebi), lingvistur-regionuli (laTinoamerikelebi), rasobriv-regionuli (TeTrkanianebi), regionuli (azielebi, wynari okeanis kunZulebis xalxebi) anTropologiuri (amerikis indielebi, alaskis mkviri mosaxleoba).

sagulisxmoa, rom adamianebis rasobrivi an eTnikuri identifikacia ganisazrvreba ara TviT respodentis mier, aramed aSS-is menejmentisa da biujetis samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli kriteriumebiT. braziliaSi an kolumbiaSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani adamianis TviTidentifikaciaSi pirvel adgilze SeiZleba idges “Savkaniani”, xolo Semdeg “laTinoamerikeli”, “brazilieli” an “kolumbieli” da a.S. indoeli an pakistaneli Tavs SesaZloa jer “TeTrkanianad” miiCnevdes, xolo Semdeg “azielad”. amerikuli samsaxuris mixedviT es ori ukanaskneli “TeTrkanianebSi” saerTod ar Sedian.

sainteresoa, rom am klasifikaciaSi ar arian moxseniebuli axal-zelandielebi, samxreT-afrikeli an avstralieli TeTrkanianebi. igulisxmeba, rom maT unda miuTiTon “TeTrkaniani”, e.i. miekuTvnebian evropuli warmoSobis xalxebs. aseve, gaugebaria vis miekuTvnebian centraluri aziis xalxebi: tajikebi, uzbekebi da Turqmenebi.

mTlianobaSi SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom mocemuli klasifikacia subieqturi da Zalze moZvelebuli. cnobilia, rom bevri ucxoeli am formis Sevsebisas Tavs Seurawyofilad grZnobs. miuxedavad, mZafri kritikisa aRniSnuli amerikuli samsaxuri jer ar apirebs mis klasifikaciaSi Sesworebebis Setanas. rasebisa da eTnosebis dadgenaSi analogiur midgomas iyeneben mag., kanadisa da avstraliis Sesabamisi samsaxurebi.

miuxedavad, semanatikuri gansxvavebebis didi amplitudisa mainc

SesaZlebelia davadginoT “eTnosis”, rogorc cnebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. am mizniT SevecadoT erTmaneTs SevadaroT cnobili mecnierebis ganmartebebi eTnosis Sesaxeb:

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aSS-is menejmentisa da biujetis samsaxuri ar ganmartavs ra teritorias moicavs indoeTis subkontinenti, magram savaraudoa, rom masSi SeyavT indoeTi, pakistani, bangladeSi, nepali, butani, Sri lanka da, albaT maldivis kunZulebic.

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maqs veberis mixedviT, “eTnikuri jgufi aris adamianTa

gaerTianeba, romelsiTvisac damaxasiaTebelia subieqturi rwmena

saerTo warmomavlobaze, gamomdinare maTi fizikuri msgavsebidan

an tradiciebidan an teritoriis kolonizaciisa da/an migraciis

saerTo istoriidan; es rwmena gadamwyvetia eTnikuri jgufis

formirebaSi. mniSvneloba ar aqvs jgufis wevrebs Soris

realurad arsebobs sisxliT naTesaoba Tu ara” (Hutchinson &

Smith, 1996: 35).

donald xorovici miiCnevs, rom eTnikurobis safuZvels

warmoadgens saerTo warmomavloba (Horovitz, 1985: 52).

amerikeli mecnieri jeims fironi gamoyofs eTnosisTvis

damaxasiaTebel 6 Semdeg ZiriTad niSans: eTnosi Sedegeba saerTo

eTnikuri warmomavlobis adamianebisgan; maT gaTviTcnobierebuli

aqvT jgufis wevroba; maT aerTianebT saerTo kultura; es

kultura jgufis wevrTa umravlesobisTvis mniSvnelovani

Rirebulebaa; saerTo samSoblo an miTi samSoblos Sesaxeb;

saerTo istoria. (Fearon, 2003: 7).

stiven grosbis azriT, eTnosisa da eris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom pirvelisTvis mniSvnelovania rwmena

erTiani winapris an winaprebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, im dros,

rodesac eris SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba garkveuli

teritoriisadmi kuTvnilebaze (Grosby, 2005: 14).

rusi mecnieris valeri tiSkovis ganmartebiT eTnosi aris

“adamianTa gaerTianeba, romlis wevrebs gaaCniaT erTi an

ramdenime saerTo saxelwodeba da saerTo kulturuli

elementebi, miTi (versia) saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb,

Sesabamisad – saerTo istoriuli mexsiereba, SeuZliaT

asocireba garkveul geografiul teritoriasTan, aseve avlenen

koleqtiuri solidarobis grZnobas (Тишков, 2001).

zemoT mocemul yvela definiciaSi figurirebs erTi saerTo niSani

– saerTo warmomavloba. sxva niSnebidan unda gamovyoT saerTo kultura da ena, saerTo istoria, saerTo samSoblo. es maxasiaTeblebi Tavmoyrilia entoni d. smitis ganmartebaSi:

“[eTnikuri erToba anu eTnosi] aris sakuTari eTnonimis mqone adamianTa gaerTianeba, romlisTvisac, elitis doneze mainc, damaxasiaTebelia miTebi saerTo warmomavlobaze, saerTo istoriuli mexsiereba, erTiani kulturis elementebi, garkveul istoriul teritoriasTan kavSiri, solidarobis erTgvari grZnoba” (Smith, 1995:57).

eTnosis maxasiaTeblebis prioritetulobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli

damokidebuleba SemgvTavaza norvegielma mecnierma frederik bartma (Frederick Barth). mas miaCnia, rom eTnikurobis gansazRvraSi saerTo warmomavloba an kultura ki ar aris gadamwyveti faqtori, aramed im

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gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba, romelsac adgili aqvs mxolod jgufTaSorisi urTierTobis procesSi (Barth, 1969).

am ideas aviTarebs meore norvegieli mecnieri, cnobili anTropologi tomas eriqsenis (Thomas Eriksen). misi azriT eTnikuroba jgufTaSorisi paeqrobis Sedegad yalibdeba, Sesabamisad eTnikuri gansxvavebebis aRmoceneba socialuri movlenaa. mag., axal gvineaSi erTmaneTis mezoblad SeiZleba ori Temi, romelic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba eniT, religiiT da sxva kulturuli niSnebiT, magram maT Soris ar arsebobs urTierToba, radgan isini erTmaneTisgan izolirebulad cxovrobdnen. da piriqiT, or jgufs Soris praqtikulad ar arsebobs kulturuli gansxvavebebi, magram isini erTmaneTs gansxvavebul erTobebad ganixilaven. norvegieli mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom, pirvel SemTxvevaSi naadrevia romelime jgufis eTnikurobaze saubari, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki es saxezea (Eriksen, 2010: 16-17). SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom eriqsenisTvis eTnikurobis gansazRvraSi gadamwyvetia ara TviTidentifikacia, aramed urTierTidentifikacia. prioritetulobis sakiTxi SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos, magram warmodgenili koncefti sxva mxriv aris mniSvnelovani. is kidev erTxel usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom eTnosi socialuri konstruqciaa, Sesabamisad eTnikuri identoba yalibdeba ara izolirebulad, aramed sxva kulturul erTobebTan socializaciis procesSi.

entoni d. smiti erTmaneTs adarebs Tanamedrove ers da eTnoss27 da gvTavazobs maT ganamasxvavebel niSnebs (ix. cxrili #).

cxrili #

erisa da eTnosisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi entoni d. smitis mixedviT eTnosi eri eTnonimi eTnonimi saerTo miTebi winaprebze saerTo miTebi saerTo mexsiereba saerTo istoria kulturuli TviTmyofadoba saerTo masobrivi (sazogadoebrivi)

kultura garkveul teritoriasTan kavSiri garkveuli teritoriis floba elitis solidaroba saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi saerTo ekonomika wyaro: Smith, 2001: 13

zemoT mocemuli cxrilis SedarebiTi analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom eri eTnosisgan gansxvavdeba Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi niSniT: saerTo masobrivi (sazogadoebrivi) kultura, saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi (e.i. saerTo kanondmebloba), erTiani ekonomika (e.i. ekonomikuri infrastruqtura) da garkveuli teritoriis floba (e.i. suvereniteti). oTxive maTgani imavdoulad warmoadgens Tanamedrove saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebel niSans. aqedan, mivdivarT mniSvnelovan daskvnamde, rom eTnosi, romelmac moipova damoukidebloba da Seqmna saxelmwifoebrioba aris eri.

amasTan, jerjerobiT upasuxod rCeba ori mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: 1) SeiZleba Tu ara, rom eTnosi warmoadgendes ers, magram mas ar gaaCndes

27

entoni d. smiti Tavis naSromebSi eTnosis aRsaniSnavad sargeblobs franguli terminiT eTni (Ethnie).

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saxelmwifoebrioba? da 2) SeiZleba, Tu ara erad miviCnioT is xalxi, romelmac Seqmna saxelmwifoebrioba, magram ar warmoadgenda eTnoss.

meore SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SedarebiT advilia. Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifoebrioba gaaCniaT iseT erebs, romlebic damoukideblobis mopovebis procesSi ar warmoadgendnen eTnoss am sityvis klasikuri gagebiT. aseTebia arian mag., amerikelebi, Sveicarielebi, kanadelebi, avstralielebi, axalzelandielebi da iamaikelebi, mavrikielebi. sakiTxi “nacionalizmi eTnikurobis gareSe” ufro detalurad ganxilulia amave TavSi.

pirveli SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema gacilebiT ufro rTulia, radgan es nacionalizmis kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi problemaa. mogvianebiT Cven davubrundebiT am sakiTxs.

nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia

nacionalizms, rogorc process anu erovnuli mSeneblobis process

mTavar impulss ideologia aZlevs. ideologia nacionalizmis tvinia. is gansazRvravs, nacionalizmis ganviTarebis strategiul mimarTulebebs. zogierTi mecnieris azriT eri nacionalizmis ideologiis produqtia (ix. mag. Тишков, 2001).

eris Camoyalibeba, miTumetes misi Semdgomi arseboba damokidebulia sami maxasiaTeblis erTobliobaze. esenia: erovnuli avtonomia, erovnuli erTianoba da erovnuli identoba.

entoni d. smitis ganmartebiT nacionalizmi aris ideologiuri moZraoba, romlis mTavari mizania erovnuli avtonomiis, erTianobis da identobis formireba da SenarCuneba, rac, Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs mosaxleobis Camoyalibebas realur an potenciur erad (Smith, 2001: 9).

mocemul ganmartebaSi sayuradReboa ori aspeqti. pirveli dakavSirebulia ers mier avtonomiis aramarto mopovebis, aramed SenarCunebis aucileblobasTan, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba gaxdes sxva eris nawili an separatizmis Sedegad – dakargos avtonomiurobis xarisxi. meore aspeqti miuTiTebs potenciuri eris fenomenze anu im situaciaze, rodesac damoukideblobis miRweva win uswrebs erad Camoyalibebas (iqve). XIX s.-Si italiis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg qveynis pirvelma premier-ministrma masimo d’azeliom aRniSna: “Cven SevqmeniT italia, axla unda SevqmnaT italieli eri”. aqedanac Cans, rom gqondes saxelmwifo jer kidev ar niSnavs warmoadgende ers.

erovnuli avtonomia

eris avtonomiuroba ar unda agverios xalxis TviTgamorkvevaSi. es ukanaskneli saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxia, magram nacionalizmis TeoriaSi TviTgamorkveva sxva kuTxiT ganixileba, xolo mis samarTlebriv aspeqtebis Seswavlas naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

nacionalizmis Teoretikosebi aRniSnaven, rom eris avtonomia mravalsaxovania. misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani formaa “TviTmarTva” (self-

rule). am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs eris an ubralod xalxis nebis gamovlenasTan, romlis Sedegadac man politikuri TviTmarTveloba moipova. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom politikuri TviTmarTvelobis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba iyos sruli an nawilobrivi. sxva sityvebiT,

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pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs er-saxelmwifosTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki – politikur (e.i. administraciul) an kulturul avtonomiasTan. amgvar midgomas mowinaaRmdegeebic gaaCnia.

specialistTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom eri SeiZleba vuwodoT mxolod im xalxs, romelsac saxelmwifoebrioba gaaCnia. maTi ZiriTadi argumenti imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe SeuZlebelia eris funqciebis Sesruleba, iseTebis rogoricaa TviTmarTva da TviTrealizacia anu saSinao da sagareo politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba. es Zalian Zlieri argumentia monoeTnikuri qveynebis SemTxvevaSi. magram, ramdenad miesadageba aRniSnuli midgoma bieTnikur an mravaleTnikur qveynebs? ganvixiloT belgiis magaliTi. am saxelmwifoSi daaxlebiT Tanabrad arian warmodgenilebi valonebi da flamandielebi. gamodis, rom arsebobs belgieli eri, magram ar arsebobs arc valoni da arc flamandieli erebi. sxva SemTxvevebSi erebad ar CaiTvlebian katalonielebi, baskebi, uelselebi, bengalielebi, tibetelebi, Sotlandielebi da mdidari istoriis mqone sxva mravalricxovani erebi, xolo, meore mxriv, msoflioSi sakmaod arian damoukidebeli erebi, romelTa raodenoba 100 aTas adamiansac ver aRwevs. garda amisa, am debulebis gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, rom qarTveli eri ar arsebobda 1992 wlamde (gaeros wevr-saxelmwifod aRiarebamde) an kidev uaresi, istoriis garkveul periodebSi, kerZod damoukideblobis pirobebSi is eri iyo, xolo sxva SemTxvevebSi ki am “statuss” ar flobda.

nacionalizmis mkvlevarTa meore nawilis azriT eris gansazRvraSi umniSvnelovanesia eTnosis neba iyos damoukidebeli anu qondes politikuri TviTmarTveloba. amasTan, es neba ar SeiZleba iyos pasiuri an damaxasiaTebeli mxolod adamianiebis erTi jgufisTvis, Tundac elitisTvis. eTnosis wevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos erTianobis da urTierTsolidarobis gancda da TviTgamorkvevis procesSi aqtiuri CarTuloba. specialistTa mniSvnelovani nawilis azriT, am SemTxvevaSi, eTnosi unda miCneul iqnas erad (mag., Symmons-Symonolewicz, 1985: 221; White:

2000: 17). smitiseul, zemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs masobrivi sazogadoebrivi kulturis rolisa da adgilis ganxilva erebis mSeneblobis procesSi. smitis azriT, swored sazogadoebrivi kultura aZlevs ers saSualebas Seqmnas istoriuli, kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialur-politikuri standartizebuli sistema. sxva sityvebiT, eris formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi masobriv kulturas gadamwyveti ideologiuri mniSvneloba eniWeba.

qarTveli mecnieri zurab daviTaSvili gvTavazobs eris ganmartebas, sadac mocemulia mcdeloba, rom eris identificirebaSi saxelmwifoebriobis roli ar ganisazRvrebodes mxolod mocemuli momentiT. daviTaSvili miiCnevs, rom “eri aris mxolod is eTnosi, romelsac aqvs (an warsulSi hqonda) sakuTari suverenuli saxelmwifo, sadac am eTnosis mSobliuri ena qveynis oficialuri saxelmwifo da literaturuli enaa. amasTanave, damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifos SenarCuneba (an misi aRdgena), eTnosis umTavresi mizania”. (daviTaSvili: )

erovnuli erTianoba erovnuli erTianoba nacionalizmis, rogorc ideologiis meore

mniSvnelovani atributia. adamianebis gaerTianebis avtonomiuroba dakavSirebulia teritoriasTan da sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris socialur-politikuri da kulturuli solidarobis arsebobasTan. es

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idea pirvelad gaJRerda iakobinenelebis mier safrangeTis revoluciis dros: “respublika erTiani da ganuyofeli” (“La République, une et indivisible”), rasac moyva qveynis SigniT regionuli masStabis sakontrolo da sabaJo punqtebis, sxva uwyebebis gauqmeba da erTiani centralizebuli saxelmwifo institutebis, ekonomikuri da kulturuli infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba. safrangeTis teritoriis rezidentebma respublikis moqalaqis statusi miiRes (Smith, 2001: 26).

teritoria eris umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia. eri unda flobdes garkveul teritorias an masTan kognituri kavSiri mainc unda qondes. pirvel SemTxvevaSi situacia idealuria: ers gaaCnia teritoria, romelzec misi suvereniteti vrceldeba, e.i saqme gvaqvs er-saxelmwifosTan. “xeli xels bans, orive erTad ki pirs”. eri cdilobs daicvas sazRvrebis Seuvaloba da saxelmwifos funqcionireba, xolo saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv icavs misi xalxis kulturul TviTmyofadobas, uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebis, aseve xels uwyobs pirovnebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis realizacias. am idealistur sqemaSi, ersa da saxelmwifos Soris adgili aqvs organizaciul da ideologiur qorwinebas (Jones: 94).

adamianebsa da adgils (teritorias) Soris Soris arsebobs Zlieri, SeiZleba iTqvas urRvevi kognituri kavSiri. konkretuli adgili adamianebis SemecnebaSi asocirdeba maTi winaprebis warsulTan, gazogadebulad ki eris istoriasTan. eris cxovrebaSi teritoriis fsiqologiuri roli kargad daaxasiaTa jeims andersonma:

“eris unikaluri istoria dakavSirebulia dedamiwis gansakuTrebul nawilTan anu samSoblosTan. winaparTa miwa, romelic gaigivebulia eris didebis epizodebTan anu erovnul miTologiasTan, gacilebiT ufro Zvelia, vidre nebismieri saxelmwifo. dro icvleba, magram sivrce (am SemTxvevaSi teritoria – avt.) kvlav Tavis adgilzea” (Anderson, 1988:24).

teritoria xSirad ideologiis rangSia ayvanili. am mxriv,

TvalsaCinoa ebraul-arabuli dapirispireba. palestinelebisa da ebraelebis mravalsaukunovani brZola teritoriisTvis mniSvnelovania ara marto meti miwis flobis da masze kontrolis ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed ufro metad am erebis sulieri da kulturuli arsebobisTvis. Sesabamisad, ebraelebsa da palestinelebs Soris mimdinare am teritorul konfliqts mniSvnelovani kulturul-ideologiuri datvirTvac aqvs.

teritoriuli erToba pirveli nabijia eris Semdgomi kulturuli, socialuri da politikuri gaerTianobisaken. nacionalizmis, rogorc ideologiis zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTis miuxedavad, geografebi did yuradRebas uTmoben mis lokalur doneze gamovlinebebis Seswavlas. bevri mecnieris, gansakuTrebiT humanist-geografebis mtkicebiT nacionalizmi adgilobriv doneze iRebs saTaves da mxolod amis Semdeg aRwevs saxelmwifo masStabs. adamianis siyvaruli, loialoba sakuTari samSoblos, eris mimarT dakavSirebulia konkretul adgilTan (adgilebTan). es, adgilebi metwilad eris didebis da mdidari kulturuli warsulis monumentebia (rogorc saero, aseve religiuri). garda amisa, nacionaluri grZnobebi, kerZod samSoblos siyvaruli

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adamians uviTardeba im adgilebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac is daibada, gaizarda, swavlobda, muSaobda, qmnida ojaxs.

nebismieri eri gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs istoriuli Zeglebis SenarCunebas da momravlebas. amasTan, kulturul-politikuri cvlilebebi dauyovnebliv aisaxeba memorialebTan mimarTebaSi. 1820-ian wlebSi ruseTSi aigo macxovris sakaTedro taZari, romelic am qveynis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi iyo. Tavdapirvelad misi pirveladi daniSnuleba 1812 wels napoleonis safrangeTze ruseTis gamarjvebis ukvdavyofa iyo. TandaTanobiT am Zeglis popularoba da mniSvneloba imdenad gaizarda, rom is iqca samSoblosa da rwmenis udides simbolod. ruseTSi socialisturi revoluciisa da sabWouri wyobis damyarebis Semdeg bolSevikurma mmarTvelobam, romelic Tavis arsiT aTeisturi da antimonarqistuli iyo, 1931 wels es Zegli daangria da gadawyvita mis adgilze sabWoebis sasaxlis aSeneba. es iyo mcdeloba eris mexsierebidan amoeSalaT caristuli ruseTis samxedro warmatebebi, xolo sabWoebis sasaxlis saxiT daenergaT axali kulturul-politikuri faseulobebi. garda amisa, RvTis saxlis dangreviT mniSvnelovani iyo imis xazgasma, rom komunistur mmarTveloba arafrad agdebda religiur simboloebs. 1980-iani wlebis SuaSi sabWoTa kavSirSi daiyo “perestroika”. misi erT-erTi mTavari amocana iyo mTeli msofliosTvis da sakuTari mosaxleobisTvis daemtkicebina, rom axal gardaqmnebs “adamianuri saxe” qondaT. mixeil gorbaCovis reformistulma mTavrobam kvlav win wamowia istoriisa da religiis mniSvneloba eris cxovrebSi. Sedegad, gadawyda qristes sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba imave adgilze, sadac is adre idga. es RonisZieba sayovelTao saxalxo masStabis gaxda. taZris mSeneblobisTvis Sesawiri gaiRes ruseTis, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi qristianuli nawilis, yvela socialuri fenis da regionis warmomadgenlebma. Tumca, mogvianebiT gairkva, rom 70 wlianma sabWourma mmarTvelobas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. ruseTis mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT misi asakovani nawilisTvis komunisturi periodis simboloebi uaRresad Rirebuli aRmoCnda. ruseTis yvela qalaqSi SenarCunebulia leninis Zeglebi, xolo stalinis pirovneba, kvlav didi popularobiT sargeblobs. kolizia komunistur da liberalur Rirebulebebs Soris imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom es 1990-ian wlebis SuaSi ruseTSi mZlavri socialur-politikuri dapirispirebis wyarod iqca. aRniSnuli, xazs usvams im faqts, rom Zalze rTulia, Tu ara unayofo, istoriuli simboloebis, Sesabamisad erovnuli mexsierebis winaaRmdeg brZola.

erovnuli identoba

erovnuli identoba erovnuli fenomenis mesame, alabT misi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. es SedarebiT axali terminia, romelmac Caanacvla manmade farTod gamoyenebadi “erovnuli xasiaTi” da “erovnuli Segneba”. XXI saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebelia identobebis didi mravalferovneba: genderuli, teritoriuli, asakobrivi, profesiuli, konfesiuri, korporatiuli, partiulic ki. rodesac, konkretuli individi icvlis profesias an samuSaos amasTan erTad qreba Sesabamisi profesiuli Tu socialuri identoba. sapirispirod, kulturuli erTobebi didi mdgradobiT gamoirCevian, radgan isini aRWurvili arian iseTi sabazo kulturuli elementebiT, rogorebicaa istoriuli mexsiereba, faseulobebi, simboloebi, miTebi da tradiciebi.

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gavrcelebulia azri, rom kulturuli elementebi da Sesabamisad erovnuli identobac statikuria, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereba. erovnuli identoba dinamiuri movlenaa, Tumca, es procesi garkveul dros moiTxovs. zogadad, erovnul mentalitetSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba xdeba erTi an ori Taobis farglebSi. am drois ganmavlobaSi eris cxovrebaSi SeiZleba moxdes gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis movlenebi, magaliTad omi. Sesabamisad, erovnul miTologiaSi Cndebian axali gmirebi da sagmiro saqmeebi. meore mxriv, yoveli Taoba wina Taobebisgan gansxvavebul axal Rirebulebebs aRiarebs. am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli faseulobaTa sistemaSi adgili aqvs prioritetebis cvlilebas.

xSirad erTmaneTSi ureven erovnul da eTnikur identobebs. maT Soris iseTive gansxvavebaa, rogorc saxeldobr ersa da eTnoss Soris. identobas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia erebis (iseve rogorc eTnosebis) Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi. garkveuli periodi geografebi, iseve, rogorc anTropologebi an sociologebi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas jgufuri identobis biologiuri da kulturuli aspeqtebis Seswavlas uTmobdnen. amJamad, mecnierebs ainteresebT: erovnuli (eTnikuri) jgufis wevrebs Soris aris Tu ara gansxvavebebi identobis aRqmasTan mimarTebiT? ra faqtorebze aris damokidebuli saerTo identobis formireba? ramdenad mniSvnelovania geografiuli garemos roli erovnul (eTnikur) identobaSi? es imdenad mniSvnelovani sakiTxebia, rom mizanSewonilia maTi ganxilvas Sesabamisi adgili davuTmoT.

yvela saxis identoba individualuric da jgufuric socialur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi yalibdeba. italieli mecnieri antonio meluCi identobas speqtakls amsgavsebs, sadac misi TiToeuli gmiri cdilobs gamokveTos sakuTari “me”, riTac warmoaCens mis gansxvavebas danarCenebisgan (Gibernau, 2007: 10).

cnobili katalonieli mecnieris, qalbaton monserat gibernos azriT erovnuli identobis ori fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia droSi uwyvetoba (istoriul memkvidreobiTobaze dafuZnebuli ganaxlebadoba) da gansxvavebuloba (sxvebisgan gansxvaveba). erovnuli identobis ganaxlebadoba mianiSnebs, rom eri modis warsulidan, gaacnia awmyo da iyureba momavlisken. gansxvavebuloba erSi warmoSobs “ucxoelebis”, “sxvebis”, xSirad ki “mtrebis” gancdas (iqve).

“erovnuli identoba koleqtiuri grZnobaa, romelic gamyarebulia

jgufSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis rwmeniT, rom isini eris wevrebi arian da maT gaaCniaT is saerTo atributebi, romelic maT ers sxva erebisgan ganasxvavebs” (iqve: 11).

erovnuli identobis calkeuli komponentebis formireba xdeba

konkretuli geografiuli, istoriuli, socialur-ekonomikuri, religiuri faqtorebis zegavleniT. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri xalxis erovnuli identobis Camoyalibebis istoria misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikiT gamoirCeva.

ori identoba erT miwaze: “narinjisferis” da “mwvanis”

dapirispireba

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TiTqmis orsaukune naxevaria, rac CrdiloeT irlandia mwvave politikuri da eTno-religiuri dapirispirebis arenas warmoadgens. farTod gavrcelebuli informaciis Tanaxmad konfliqti mimdinareobs kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris. religiuri faqtori mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs am dapirispirebaSi, magram is ar aris gadamwyveti.

irlandia maRali kulturisa da qristianobis erT-erTi uZvelesi keraa dasavleT evropaSi. kelturi qristinobamdeli poezia dRemde udides aRfrTovanebas iwvevs. kelturi saxelmwifo maRali organizaciiT da ganviTarebis doniT gamoirCeoda. keltebis dasapyrobad romis imperias Zalian didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. irlandielTa gaqrisitaneba V s.-Si moxda, rac wminda patrikis saxels ukavSirdeba. nebismieri xalxis axal jurze moqceva arasdros yofila advili saqme, miTumetes, Tu saqme exeboda mdidari kulturisa da istoriis mqone xalxs. wminda patrikma misi miznis misaRwevad ramdenime xriks mimarTa. upirveles yovlisa, man jvari mrgval sferoze gamosaxa. es ukanaskneli mzes ganasaxierebda, rac keltebis warmarTuli religiis mniSvnelovan simbolos warmoadgenda. meore mniSvnelovani simbolo iyo mwvane feris tansacmeli. is gazafxulis buniobis dResaswaulis saritualo samoss warmoadgenda da yoveldriurobaSic xSirad gamoiyeneboda. qristianma misionerma es tradiciac daakanona. mwvane dResac irlandielTa erovnuli feria.

irlandiis samefom XVII s.-is bolomde iarseba. 1689 w. inglisisa da Sotlandiis mefe gaxda manamade niderlandebis mmarTveli vilhelm oraneli (vilhelm III orneli). 1690 w. misma mxedrobam md. boinis brZolaSi irlandielTa armia daamarcxa. amiT, britaneTSi, maT Soris irlandiaSi dasrulda kaTolikeTa mefoba. Semdegom periodSi irlandiaSi etapobrivad mimdinareobda ZiriTadad Sotlandiel da, aseve inglisel protestantTa Casaxleba. protestantulma mmarTvelobam SemoiRo kanonebi, romelmac diskriminaciuli situaciaSi Caayena adgilobrivi mosaxleoba e.i. kaToloke irlandielebi. irlandilebs praqtikulad aekrZalaT sakuTar enaze ganaTlebis miReba, xolo nayofieri miwebi da kerZo sakuTreba TandaTanobiT Camosaxlebuli protestantebis xelSi gadavida. konfliqtma religiurTan erTad eTnikuri xasiaTi SeiZina.

aRniSnuli procesi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda olsterSi.28 saboloo jamSi, irlandiis am provinciaSi adgilobrivi irlandieli mosaxleoba aSkara umciresobaSi aRmoCnda, rasac xeli Seuwyo XIX s.-is Sua wlebSi “didma SimSilma” (“irlandiis kartofilis SimSilma”), ris Sedegadac irlandielTa didi nawili amerikaSi gadasaxlda. irlandielebis mSobliuri ena – geluri, mxolod qveynis dasavleT nawilSi SemorCa.

irlandielTa brZolas damoukideblobisTvis 1920-ian wlebSi moyva qveynisgan ZiriTadad protestantebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeT irlandiis gamoyofa, romelic amJamad gaerTianebuli samefos nawilia.

protestantma mosaxleobam irlandiaSi Tavis tradiciebi Seqmna. jer kidev XVII s.-is bolodan protestantma mmarTvelebma im mizniT, rom advilad, rom ganesxvavebinaT irlandielebi Sotlandielebisgan, am ukanasknelebs urCies masobrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi narSavi – narinjisferi yvavili etrebinaT. narinjisferis SerCeva SemTxveviT ar

28 CrdiloeT irlandiis dasaxeleba gelur enaze. olsteri 9 sagrafosgan Sedega, romelTa Soris 6 CrdiloeT irlandiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis.

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momxdara. oranelTa samefo dinastia saTaves samxreT oranJidan (safrangeTi) iRebda da maTi sagvareulo feri narinjisferi iyo. es feri irlandiaSi mcxovrebi Sotlandielebis da ingliselebis erovnuli feri gaxda (imave mizeziT, is aris holandielTa erovnuli feric). 1796 w. irlandiaSi dafuZnda “oranJistebis ordeni” (“Orange Order”), romelic CrdiloeT irlandiaSi yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda protestantebis dominanti rolis SenarCunebaSi.

yovelwliurad CrdiloeT irlandiis qalaqebSi oranJistebi masobriv msvlelobebs awyoben. rig SemTxvevebSi es msvlelobebi im quCebze gadis, sadac irlandielebi cxovroben. amis gamo, xSirad adgili qonia irlandilebis da protestantebis dapirispirebas, rasac adamianTa msxverplic moyolia.

Tavis mxriv, yoveli wlis 17 marts irlandielebi aRniSnaven wminda patrikis dRes. aRsaniSnavia, rom es TariRi aRiniSneba ara marto irlandiis respublikaSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi, sadac irlandielebi cxovroben. aSS-Si 3-4-jer meti irlandieli cxovrobs, vidre TviT irlandiaSi. wminda patrikis dRes mag., niu-iorkisa da bostonis quCebi ivseba mwvane tansacmelSi gamowyobili irlandiuli warmoSobis adamianebiT. maT did umravlesobas axalgazrdebi Seadgenen. isini ar saubroben gelurad, kargad ar icnoben irlandiis istorias da literaturas, maTi didi nawili irlandiaSic ki ar aris namyofi. samagierod, maT kargad ician, rom wminda patrikis dRe da mwvane tansacmeli irlandiuri simboloebia. maT esmiT, rom es is atributebia, rac maT ganasxvavebs, rogrc “oranJistebisgan”, aseve sxvebisgan.

wyaroebi: Green, Orange, or None of Above. http://www.sodahead.com/living/green-orange-or-none-

of-the-above/question-1592597.

Culture of Northern Ireland - history, people, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social,

marriage. http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Northern-Ireland.html#ixzz1pUdK5jp3.

Northern Irland. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland.

Orange Order. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order. gibernos mtkicebiT erovnuli identoba Tanamedrove fenomenia,

romelic damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos moqalaqeebisTvis. Tumca, espaneli mecnieri iqve azustebs, rom igive ram SeiZleba gavrceldes mag., katalonielebze, Sotlandielebze, kvebekelebze, anu im erebze, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT damoukidebloba (Gibernau, 2007: 11). amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cndeba kiTxva, radgan bundovania aris Tu ara saxelmwifoebrioba (igulisxmeba Tanamedrove saxelmwifo) aucilebeli piroba erovnuli identobis formirebisTvis. Tu, ar aris, maSin arc erovnuli identoba yofila Tanamedrove fenomeni. es is sakiTxia, romlis garSemoc ar cxreba mecnieruli debatebi.

erovnul identobas ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.

SevcdebiT detalurad ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. fsiqologiuri maxasiaTebeli dakavSirebulia solidarobis

gancdasTan, romelic gadamwyvetia adamianTa gaerTianebasa da daaxloebaSi im ideis garSemo, rom isini erTi eris warmomadgenlebi arian. erovnuli solidarobis grZnoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba

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latentur mdgomareobaSi imyofebodes, magram erisTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan situaciaSi is moqmedebaSi modis da erovnuli mobilizaciis warmarTveli Zalis saxiT gvevlineba.

mecnierTa nawilis azriT, erovnuli identobis ganzomilebebi upirveles yovlisa ki fsiqologiuri ganzomileba subieqturia, xolo solidarobis gancda iracionaluri. SesaZloa es asec iyos, magram faqtia, rom erovnuli identobebis fsiqologiuri komponentebi, maT Soris solidarobis grZnoba imdenad Zlieria, rom saukuneebis ganmavloabSi msoflios yvela kuTxeSi adamianebi Tavs wiravdnen Tavisi erisTvis, swored imis gamo, rom maTSi amis aucileblobis gancda realurad arsebobda. mTavari is ki ar aris am fenomens vuwodoT racionaluri an iracionaluri, aramed pasuxi movZebnoT im mTavar SekiTxvaze, Tu ra aiZulebs adamianebs eris gamo sicocxles Seelion.

kulturuli maxasiaTebeli moicavs aramaterialur faseulobebs, kerZod enas, rwmenas, tradiciebs, adaT-wesebs da es yvelaferi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. kulturuli elementebi, erTi mxriv, ganapirobeben eris SigniT solidarobis gancdis gaZlirebas, xolo, meore mxriv, xels uwyoben, jgufis TiToeuli wevris mier sakuTari Tavis asocirebas erovnul kulturul simbolikasTan. sxva sityvebiT, eris kulturis elementebi idividis organuli nawili xdeba. mecnierTa nawili kulturas eris yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad aRiarebs. mag., karl doiCi miiCnevs, rom eri adamianTa kulturuli erTobaa, raSic gadamwyveti adgili socialur komunikacias ukavia (Deutsch, 1966: 97). sruliad logikuria, rom socialuri komunikaciis saukeTeso saSualebad aRiarebulia ena. Tuca, sagulisxmoa, rom erovnul identobaSi eris mSobliuri ena gadamwyveti rols ar TamaSobs. erovnuli identoba uaRresad Zlieria mag., ebraelebSi, SotlandielebSi, irlandielebSi Tumca maTi umravlesoba Tavis enaze ar saubrobs.

msoflios erebis kultura bunebrivia sxvadasxvagvar istoriul-politikur garemoebebSi Seiqmna. Semdgomi ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia sami kiTxvis win wamoweva. es kiTxvebia: ramdenad Zvelia mocemuli eris kultura? aris Tu ara is eris Semoqmedebis Sedegi Tu adgili qonda mis imports? ra tipis fenomenia fenomenia eris kultura: elitaruli Tu masobrivi?

bevri eris Tu eTnosis kulturis siZvele eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, magram “modernistebi” ase sulac ar fiqroben. maTi azriT, erovnuli kultura, beWvdiTi sityvis da erovnuli an saxelmwifo enebis ganviTarebis paralelurad, kapitalisturi sazogadoebis pirobebSi aRmocenda. mecnierTa is jgufi, romelic erebs Zvel fenomenad miiCnevs, piriqiT miuTiTebs, rom msoflioSi ramdenime aTeuli eria, romelTa kultura uxsovari droidan modis. specialistTa mesame jgufi iziarebs kulturis siZvelis ideas, amasTan, miiCnevs, rom erovnuli kultura ara bunebrivi fenomenia, aramed adamianis socialuri moRvaweobis produqtia. erovnuli elitebisTvis kulturis “antikuroba” mZlavri ideologiuri iaraRia. miTi kulturis siZvelis Sesaxeb pirdapir aisaxeba individebis rwmenaze, rom maTi eri (eTnosi) sxvebisgan namdvilad gansxvavdeba da Tanac gansakuTrebulia.

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elita, xalxi da eri

erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso sakiTxi, romelic nacionalizmis fenomenis ganxilvisas Cndeba aris kulturis socialuri, ufro konkretulad ki misi “klasobrivi” kuTvnilebis dadgena. vin aris eris kulturis WeSmariti Semoqmedi: elita? xalxi? Tu, orive erTad?

bevri eris kultura iseT istoriul epoqaSi iqmneboda, rodesac elita jer kidev ar arsebobda. magram, aseTi midgoma marTebulia mxolod jgufuri da tomobrivi sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi. praqtikulad gamoricxulia, rom romelime Tanamedrove ers (eTnoss) mciredi doziT mainc qondes Semonaxuli aRniSnul periodSi Seqmnili kultura. kacobiriobis ganviTarebis danarCen stadiebze elita yovelTvis iyo sazogadoebis Semadgeneli da ganuyofeli nawili. elitam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa adamianTa erTobis (eris, eTnosis) masobrivi kulturis formirebaSi.

xalxi yovelTvis iyo kulturis Semoqmedi, magram adreul istoriul epoqebSi kulturuli miRwevebis gavrceleba uaRresad neli tempiT mimdinareobda da isic mxolod garkveul teritoriebze. masobrivi kulturis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiroa masobrivi komunikaciebis qseli. aseTi ram mxolod industriul epoqaSia SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad, masobrivi kultura ver iqneboda damaxasiaTebeli kapitalizmamdeli sazogadoebisaTvis. is Tanamedrove fenomenia.

dasavlur sazogadoebebSi masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibeba ufro adre daiwyo, vidre danarCen msoflioSi. miuxedavad amisa, es procesi iqac sakmaod mdored miedineboda. iujin veberi (Eugene Weber, 1979) Tavis naSromSi “glexobidan frangobamde” aRniSnavs, rom safrangeTis burJuaziauli revoluciamde soflebSi da patara qalaqebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis didma umravlesobam arc ki icoda, rom frangi iyo. amgvari mdgomareoba pirvel msoflio omamde grZeldeboda.

XIX s.-is meore naxevridan evropasa da aSS-Si aSkarad gamoikveTa elitebis roli sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis yvela sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kulturul mSeneblobaSi. erT-erTi umniSvnelovanes amocanas warmoadgenda saxelmwifosadmi sazogadoebis loialobis uzrunvelyofa. am problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod sazogadoebis erTianobis, kerZod ki saerTo erovnuli identobis formirebis pirobebSi. evropulma saxelmwifoebma daiwyes lingvisturi, saliteraturo da saganmanaTleblo reforma.

amasTan dakavSirebiT ernst gelneri aRniSnavda, rom saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze aiRo masobrivi sazogadoebrivi kulturis da sayovelTao ganaTlebis maRali standartebis uzrunvelyofis valdebuleba (Gellner,

1983: 38). es rTulad gadasawyveti amocana iyo. imdroindeli evropa, miTumetes danarCeni msoflio, politikurad da kulturulad jer kidev daqsaqsuli iyo. garda amisa, istoriulad elitis da ubralo xalxis kulturuli faseulobebi, kerZod simRerebi, leqsebi, tradiciebi, Cveulebebi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. garda amisa, calkeuli kuTxeebis mosaxleobas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kultura qonda. raime axliT, erTi mxriv, dabali socialuri fenebis, xolo, meore mxriv, “adgilobrivi kulturebis” Canacvleba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. amdenad, aqtualur amocanad iqca axali saerTo-erovnuli kulturis garkveuli elementebis danergva.

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Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi udidesi filosofosi da sociologi germaneli mecnieri iurgen habermasi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba ganapiroba axali tipis efeqturma mmarTvelobam, romelic Tavis mxriv efuZneboda demokratizaciasa da socialur integracias.. Tanamedrove saxelwifos mmarTveloba axali SinaarsiT Seivso. is gaxda ideologizirebuli da politizirebuli. qveynis mmarTveloba mxolod politikosebiTa da samxedroebiT ar Semoifargleboda. masSi gansakuTrebuli rols TamaSobdnen inteleqtualebi – inteleqtualuri elita. im dros elitis erovnuli erTobis strategia ramdenime mimarTulebas moicavda, Tumca, mas aqtualoba arc dRes daukargavs:

erovnuli istoriis Seqmna;

poltikis SemuSaveba umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi, sadac

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba saxelmwifos

damokidebulebas maTi enisa da kulturisadmi;

skolebSi Teologiuri swavlebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis

miReba da aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi unda ganisazRvros

romeli religiuri moZRvrebebis swavlebaa mizanSewonili;

sxva qveynebis, xalxebis da kulturebis mimarT politikis

SemuSaveba da warmoCena, anu mtrisa da moyvris xatebis

Seqmna (Guibernau, 2007: 31).

elita garkveul daTmobebze unda wasuliyo da xalxuri kultura

erovnul kulturad eRiarebina. yvelaze efeqturi am mimarTulebiT zogadad ganaTlebis, xolo konkretulad wignierebis gavrceleba aRmoCnda. kulturuli da lingvisturi homogenizacia dasavleT evropaSi mZimed da nela mimdinareobda da is daaxleobiT me-19 saukunis meore naxevrSi dasrulda (Gibernau, 2007: 19). evropis qveynebSi saerTo erovnuli kulturis Camoyalibebis procesis paralelurad adgili qonda regionuli kulturebis gaZlierebasac. Sesabamisad, mravalkulturul sazogadoebebSi xdeboda, rogorc am sazogadoebis erovnuli umravlesobis, aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturuli identobis amaRleba. meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropasa da amerikaSi am procesma moicva ara marto mkvidri erovnuli umciresobebi (baskebi, katalonielebi, Sotlandielebi, korsikelebi, amerikeli indielebi da a.S.), aramed eTnikuri diasporebic, romlebic axali talRis imigrantebma Sedgines. ebrauli, somxuri, Cinuri, induri, meqsikuri da a.S. umciresobebma maspinZeli qveynebis mTavrobebisgan moiTxoves maTi kulturis SenarCunebis samarTlebrivi da materialuri uzrunvelyofa.

istoriuli maxasiaTebeli. ra droidan iRebs saTaves eri? es nacionalizmis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxia. ebraelebis, indoelebis, Cinelebis, arabebis, qarTvelebis erovnuli istoria ramdenime aTeul saukunes iTvlis. frangebis da ingliselebis, rogorc erebis welTaRricxva Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba, xolo aSS-is, kanadis da avstraliis istoria 2-3 saukuniT Semoifargleba.

ramdenad aris mniSvnelovani istoriuli asaki Tanamedrove erebis cxovrebaSi? bunebrivia nebismieri eri amayobs xandazmuli istoriiT. es xazs usvams memkvidreobiTobas, Sesabamisad mis stabilurobas, siZlieres da upiratesobasac ki. berZnebi amayoben maTi antikuri literaturiT da

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filosofiiT, olimpiuri TamaSebis dafuZnebiT; italielebi – romis imperis periodiT, arabebi – maTi wvliliT maTematikis, astronomiis, vaWrobis ganviTarebaSi, qarTvelebi – Zveli damwerlobiT, damoukidebeli anbaniT, adreuli qristianobis ZeglebiT, “vefxistyaosniT” da a.S.

garda didebis momentebisa erebi ar maTi istoriis tragikul epizodebsac. mag., kataloniaSi yovelwliurad aRiniSneba barselonis okupacia (1939 w. 26 ianvari) gaerTianebuli franko-espanuri Zalebis mier, rasac moyva kataloniis avtonomiurobis gauqmeba da kataloniuri enis akrZalva. ebraelebma miaRwies holokostis saerTaSoriso aRiarebas. evropis qveynebSi yofili nacisturi sakoncentracio banakebi dRes muzeumis statusiT funqcionireben, xolo ebraelTa genocidi aRwerilia ganviTarebuli samyaros istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi (Gibernau, 2007: 20).

eris saerTo istoriuli mexsierebis Camoyalibeba swored istoriuli didebisa da mwuxarebis TariRebis institucionalizaciis gziT miiRweva. am procesSi eris mamebi (rogorc politikosebi, aseve inteleqtualebi) cdiloben win wamoswion eris istoriis is epizodebi, romlebic “metyveleben” mis gansakuTrebulobasa da sidiadeze.

imavdroulad, xdeba im istoriebis miCqmalva, romelic eris uaryofiT mxareebsac warmoaCens. rogorc amboben, nebismieri eris istoria didwilad falsifikaciaa.

CanarTi #

gamogonili tradiciebi: Sotlandiuri kiltis istoria Sotlandia mTel msoflioSi cnobilia misi Wreli kiltebiT.

pirveli asociacia, romelic adamianebs SotlanidelebTan dakavSirebiT uCndeba swored es egzotikuri fasonis samosia. bevrisTvis isic aris cnobili, rom Sotlandiur klanebs gansxvavebuli kiltebi qondaT. gamaognebeli iqneba imis aRmoCena, rom arc kilti da arc Wreli masala, romlisganac is aris Sekerili ar aris Sotlandiuri. kidev ufro mniSvnelovania aris is faqti, rom Sotlandiis teritoriaze Wreli kiltebi pirvelad 1844 wels gamoCnda. Wreli masala anu tartani holandiuri warmoSobisaa, xolo kilti inglisuri tansacmelia. Wreli kilti manmade ar yofila Sotlandiuri tradiciis nawili. istoria Wreli kiltebis Sotlandiuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb Sotlandieli nacionalistebis mier SeTxzuli miTia.

XIX s.-is SuaSi Sotlandiuri elitam gadawyvita Tavi daeRwia irlandiis kulturuli dominaciisagan. amisTvis, upirveles yovlisa aucilebeli iyo sakuTari istoriis Seqmna. es procesi pirobiTad sam etapad SeiZleba gaiyos. pirvel etapze, XVIII s.-Si Seiqmna epikuri poema “oslani”, sadac aRwerilia SotlandielTa didi damsaxurebebi kelturi kulturis CamoyalibebaSi. am saqmeSi irlandielTa roli faqtiurad ugulvebelyofili iyo.

meore etapze moxda mTiel keltTa, e.i. SotlandielTa tradiciebis Seqmna. jer kidev me-16 saukuneSi Wreli materia Sotlandiasa da inglisSi holandiidan SemoqondaT. 1727 wels lankaSirelma mqsovelma gamoigona axali tipis tansacmeli, romelic waagavda Zvel saqsonur samoss. me-18 saukunis SuaSi, inglisSi iakobinuri gamosvlebis periodSi, kiltma sakmao gavrceleba miiRo inglisel muSebs Soris. ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg inglisis armiis Sevseba Sotlandieli mTielebis xarjze mimdinareobda. Sotlandiuri polki, advilad, rom gamoerCiaT sxvebisgan

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misi jariskacebi Wreli kiltebiT Semoses. SemdgomSi is ara marto mdabio fenebis, aramed warCinebul SotlandielTa tansacmlic gaxda. 1778 wels londonSi dafuZnda mTielTa (e.i. SotlandielTa) sazogadoeba, xolo 1820 wels edinburgSi Seiqmna kelturi sazogadoeba. am droisTvis SotlandiaSi tartanisgan damzadebuli tansacmeli imdenad gavrcelebuli iyo, rom 1819 wels wignic ki gamoica, sadac gadmocemuli iyo tartanisgan damzadebuli sxva tansacmlis daxasiaTeba. 1822 wels edinburgSi britaneTis mefis jorj IV sapativsacemod gaimarTa sadResaswaulo aRlumi, romelic pirveli oficialuri RonisZieba iyo, sadac yvela Sotlandieli warCinebuli da samxedro piri kiltebSi iyo gamowyobili.

mesame etapze moxda mTielTa tradiciebis danergva baris Sotlandilebs Soris. es ukanasknelebi Sotlandiis mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnen. amis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda dokumentis gayalbebis meSveobiT. orma Zmam, romlebic pretenzias acxadebda stiuartebis samefo warmomavlobaze, Seqmna dokumenti “Vestiarum Scotium”, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom Sua saukuneebSi yvela Sotlandiur klans Tavisi feris kilti gaaCnda. es dokumenti 1842 w. gamoqveynda, rogorc istoriuli wyaro. ori wlis Semdeg Zmebma gamosces wigni “klanebis tradiciebi”, romelic umniSvnelo damatebebs Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT, imeorebda imas, rac aRwerili iyo 1819 wlis zemoT aRniSnul naSromSi. amiT, yvela Sotlandiels mieca saSualeba misi klanisTvis tradiciulad damaxasiaTebeli tratanis kilti etarebina. droTa ganmavlobaSi Wreli kiltebi dablobis Sotlandielebis tradiciuli samosi gaxda. amJamad, yvela Sotlandieli amayobs imiT, rom kilti aris Sotlandiis tradiciebis, kulturisa da istoriis umniSvnelovanesi simbolo. wyaro: Taylor, Peter & Colin Flint (2007). Political Geography: World-economy, Nation-State

and Locality (4th

edition). Pearson Education: Edinburg Gate, UK. gv. 165.

istoria gvaaxlovebs winaprebTan, Sesabamisad gviZlierebs

subieqtur rwmenas, rom varT erTi didi ojaxis wevrebi da gvavaldebulebs viyoT misi erTguli wevrebi. nebismieri CvenTagani aRfrTovanebas ver malavs, rodesac kiTxulobs wignebs an uyurebs konofilmebs, romlebSic asaxulia Cveni istoriis oqros xana da didebis momentebi. Tumca, igive istoriebi CvenSi nergavs zizRs istoriuli mtrebis mimarT. siyvaruli da zizRi erovnuli (eTnikuri) identobis Semadgeneli nawilebia.

politikuri maxasiaTebeli. specialistTa didi nawili aRniSnavs,

rom erovnuli identobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo politikuri faseulobebis arseboba. qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis es faseulobebi metnaklebad saerToa. magram, ramdenad marTebulia es Tezisi im erebis mimarT, romlebsac saxelmwifoebrioba ar gaaCniaT? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis mizniT mimovixiloT, Tu rogor mimdinareobda eri-saxelmwifos formireba dasavleT evropaSi. xalxis suverenulobis da demokratiis ideebi pirvelad amerikis (1776 w.) da safrangeTis (1789 w.) revoluciebis dros gaJRerda. Tavisi bunebiT es anti-monarqistuli ideebi mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebaSi politikuri Zalauflebis gadanawilebisken. amerikuli da franguli respublikanizmis mTavari strategia imaSi

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mdgomareobda, rom amieridan sazogadoebis (qveynis) marTvas ganaxorcielebdnen TviT sazogadoebis wevrebi. am ideis xorSesxma XVIII s.-is bolos daiwyo da etapobrivad mimdinareobda. am procesma moicva dasavleT-evropuli da Crdilo-amerikuli qveynebis mosaxleobis jer ganaTlebuli nawili, xolo sabolood mTeli sazogadoeba.

saerTo ganaTlebam da kulturam, rogorc adre aRiniSna, ganapiroba saerTo erovnuli/saxelmwifo gancdis Seqmna sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. patriotizmi yovelTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxisTvis, magram Tu adre es grZnoba “mSobliuri miwis” garda asocirebuli iyo “mefesTan” an “erisTavTan”, SemdgomSi es ukanasknelebi Caanacvla cnebam “eri”. evropuli sazogadoebebis faseulobaTa sistemaSi prioritetebis cvlileba sakmaod bunebrivad da umtkivneulod warimarTa, radgan aRmoCnda, rom mosaxleobis udidesi nawilisTvis “eri” ufro didi qarizmaa vidre “monarqi”. ufro metic, benefiqt andersonis azriT “nacionalizmi” axali religiaa. TandaTanobiT dafuZnda moqalaqeobis instituti da saerTo erovnuli dResaswaulebi. aman sazogadoebaSi gaaZliera, erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos marTvaSi realuri monawileobis, xolo, meore mxriv, kulturul-politikuri solidarobis gancda. frangulma “burJuaziulma’ revoluciam dasabami Cauyara kulturuli simboloebis politizirebas. XX saukunis pirveli ocwleulisTvis dasrulda dasavleT-evropuli kulturuli erebis reformireba da am droisTvis isini socialur (politikur) erebad Camoyalibdnen.

er-saxelmwifoebSi politikuri aqcenti keTdeba socialurad Sekruli sazogadoebis formirebaze, romlis wevrebs saerTo ufleba-movaleobebi akavSirebT. erovnuli ganaTlebis sistema da masmedia mowodebuli arian uzrunvelyon kulturuli da lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT homogenuri sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom yvela qveyanaSi arseboben kulturuli umciresobebi (rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri). zogierT maTgans (yvelas Tu ara) sakmaod Zlieri kulturuli identoba aqvs. mTel rig qveynebSi umciresobebi am qveynebis ZirZvel mosaxleobas warmoadgnen (mag., baskebi, korsikelebi, Sotlandielebi, maorebi, kvebekelebi da a.S.). isini mniSvnelovnad ewinaaRmdegebian am qveynebis kulturul homogenurobas, sadac erovnuli identoba iqmneba umravlesobis enisa da sxva kulturuli elementebis safuZvelze. aqedan gamomdinare, erovnuli identobis politikuri Semadgenlis simyare mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli ara marto saxelmwifos Sesabamis politikaze, aramed masSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis kulturul-politikuri integraciis xarisxze.

ekonomikuri maxasiaTebeli. ramdenad Zlieria ekonomikis roli

erovnuli identobis formirebis an erovnuli konsolidaciis procesSi? pasuxi calsaxa iqneba – Zalze mniSvnelovani. ekonomikuri deterministebi (marqsistebi) mas pirvel adgilsac ki aniWeben. erovnuli an saxelmwifoebrivi mSeneblobis procesSi ekonomikurma faqtorma SeiZleba iTamaSos, rogorc gamaerTianebeli, aseve destruqciuli rolic. aseTi situacia SesaZloa damaxasiaTebeli iyos im qveynebisTvis, sadac iqmneba regionuli disbalansi socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. es garemoeba iwvevs SedarebiT CamorCenili regionebis mosaxleobis ukmayofilebas, ufro metic mis gaucxoebas materialurad uzrunvelyofili regionebis mosaxleobis mimarT. “gaucxoeba” erovnuli

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identobisTvis yvelaze didi safrTxes warmoadgens. aseT situaciaSi xelisufleba valdebulia gaataros RonisZiebebi, ris Sedegadac Semcirdeba sxvaoba “mdidari” da “Raribi” regionebis mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis maCveneblebs Soris. rogorc wesi, mTavroba atarebs iseT politikas, rodesac CamorCenili regionebis mosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba ganviTarebuli regionebis xarjze xdeba. es ki, Tavis mxriv iwvevs “mdidari regionebis“ mosaxleobis protests.

1991 wels dRis wesrigSi dadga germaniis federaciuli respublikisa da germaniis demokratiuli respublikis gaerTianebis sakiTxi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, dasavleT germaniaSi Catarda sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxva. bevrisTvis moulodnelad aRmoCnda, rom federaciuli germaniis mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili amis winaaRmdegi iyo. gaerTianebis mowinaaRmdegebis umniSvnelovanesi motivi ekonomikuri da materialuri xasiaTis iyo. saqme imaSia, rom ori germaniis SeerTeba moiTxovda federaciuli germaniis biujetidan uzarmazari Tanxebis gamoyofas aRmosavleT germaniis ganviTarebisTvis. cxadia, esBuaryofiTad aisaxeboda, rogorc dasavleT germaniis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTareabze, aseve misi mosaxleobis materialur keTildReobaze. germanelTaTvis sabednierod mosaxleobis umravlesobis nebiT es gaerTianeba Sedga.

italiaSi, evropis kidev erT mniSvnelovan qveyanaSi regionebs Soris daZabuloba lamis iyo qveynis gayofiT dasrulda (ix. CanarTi #).

CanarTi #

separatizmi italiurad: “CrdiloeTis liga” 1980 w. italiaSi dafuZnda politikuri organizacia “padaniis29

damoukideblobis CrdiloeT liga” (“Lega Nord per l'Indipendenza della Padania“). “CrdiloeTis liga”, ase uwodeben mas SemoklebiT, miznad isaxavda italiaSi federaciuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebas, romlis pirobebSic CrdiloT italia gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT isargeblebda. 1990-ian wlebSi am organizaciis yvelaze radikalurma frTam moiTxova padaniis damoukidebloba. CrdiloeT ligam 2000 wlis arCvenebSi amomrCevelTa xmebis 10% miiRo, xolo qveynis CrdiloeT nawulSi eleqtoratis mxardaWeram 30% Seadgina. separatizmi ar Sedga, magram TavisTavad es faqti italielTaTvis Zalze SemaSfoTebeli aRmoCnda. ratom qonda adgili aseT ganxeTqilebas italielebSi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi ZiriTadad or garemoabiT unda aixsnas.

italiis istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo teritoriuli daqsaqsuloba da praqtikulad aracentralizebuli mmarTveloba. italia tradiciulad dayofili iyo mxareebad, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi sxva qveynebis batonobis an gavlenis qveS iyvnen. ase grZeldeboda italiis gaerTianebamde, romelic XIX s.-Si Sedga. saerTo istoriis arqonam uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia italielebis identobaze. CrdiloeT italielebis identoba gansxvavdeba samxreTelebisgan. es ukanasknelebi lombardielebs keltebis da germanelebis buSebs uwodeben, Tavis mxriv CrdiloeTelebi samxreT italias moixsenieben, rogorc korufciis, mafiis da usaqmurebis mxares. “CrdiloeTis ligis” warmomadgenlebi

29 padania aris geografiuli olqi, romelic moicavs mdinare pos dablobs anu italiis CrdiloeT da Sua nawilebs lombardiidan tiskanamde da umbriamde.

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kidev ufro Sors wavidnen, rodesac ganacxades, rom padanielebi keltebis STamomavlebi arian, Sesabamisad maT aranairi naTesaoba ar akavSirebT samxreT italielebTan.

meore mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom italiis mTavrobam ver gamoiCina Sesabamisi kompetenturoba da droulad ver aRmofxvra disbalansi socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. italiis mTavroba, dasavleT evropis didi qveynebis mTavrobebisgan yovelTvis gamoirCeoda arastabilurobiT da korumpirebulobiT. “CrdiloeTis liga” maSin aRwevda SesamCnev warmatebebs saparlamento an adgilobriv arCevnebze, rodesac qveyanaSi adgili qonda samTavrobo kriziss an gaxmaurebul korufciul skandalebs.

italielTa dezintegraciis ZiriTadi mizezi socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis iyo. italiis orive mxaris mosaxleobis materialur keTilReobaSi saxeze iyo udidesi gansxvaveba. Sesabamisad, ekonomikurad ganviTarebul da materialurad uzrunvelyofil CrdiloeTelebs ar surdaT maT mier Seqmnili dovlaTi samxreTelebisTvis gaenawilebinaT.

problemis gadawyvetis saukeTeso gza swored samxreTis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadis. mimdinare saukuneSi samxreT italiaSi mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebis da organizebul danaSaulebriv sindikatebTan warmatebuli brZolis Sedegad qveynis samxreTSi situacia SesamCnevad gamosworda. Sedegad, “CrdiloeTis ligasac” xeli moecara. is SeuerTda politikur alianss “win italia” (mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda silvio berluskoni) da aRar iTxovs padaniis italiisgan gamoyofas. is kvlav italiis federaluri mowyobisTvis ibrZvis.

wyaroebi: Jones, Martin, Rhys Jones & Michael Woods (2004). Introduction to Political

Geography: Space, Place and Politics. Routledge: New York, p. 96.

Терещенко, Алексей (2008). Региональные и сепаратистские движения в странах

Южной Европы. http://www.apn.ru/publications/article19822.htm teritoriuli maxasiaTebeli. nacionalizmis sivrciTi aspeqtebis Seswavla geografebma arc Tu

ise didi xnis daiwyes. am kvlevis dawyebas impulsi misca kolin uiliamsis (Colin Williams) da entoni d. smitis 1983 wels gamoqveynebulma naSromma “socialuri sivrcis erovnuli konstuqcia”. misma avtorebma SemogvTavazes rva maxasiaTebeli, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen nacionalizmisa da geografiuli garemos konteqstis Camoyalibebze (ixileT cxrili #).

cxrili # sivrce, teritoria da eri: rva maxasiaTebeli

maxasiaTeblebi magaliTebi habitati (sacxovrisi): bunebrivi garemo da miwa-wyali gvexmareba adamianTa kompaqturi gansaxlebis sistemis da am sistemis xasiaTis axsnaSi. erovnuli idealebi ufro ganviTarebulia sasoflo, vidre saqalaqo mosaxleobaSi.

ebraeli fundamentalistebi israelSi, konfliqtis zonebSi, e.i. im teritoriebze, romlebic palestinis avtonomias ekuTvnis cdiloben Seqmnan ebrauli sasoflo (da ara saqalaqo) dasaxlebebi.

saxalxo kultura: sasoflo arealebSi bunebrivi habitati ganapirobebs

nacizmis da sxva eqstremistul nacionalistur ideologiebSi didi

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gansakuTrebuli tradiciebisa da socialuri normebis Camoyalibebas, e.i. gansazRvravs cxovrebis kalendarul ritms. es aisaxeba sasoflo mosaxleobis ritualebze da kulturaze. am arealebis mosaxleoba cdilobs Tavidan aicilos qalaquri kosmopolirizmi da xazi gausvas, rom eris sawyiss sofeli warmoadgens. .

mniSvneloba eniWeboda saxalxo kulturas, romelic saTaves soflidan iRebs.

masStabi: qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovneba da siZliere saSualebas aZlevs ers warmatebas miaRwios saerTaSoriso asparezze. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi eris mcdeloba gaafarTovos misi teritoriuli zegavlena, Sesabamisad aimaRlos saerTaSoriso prestiJi.

es gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino iyo XX saukunis I naxevaris geopolitikaSi, evropuli saxelmwifoebis mier afrikis kolonizaciis procesSi.

mdebareoba: am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia ganvixiloT nebismieri eris rTuli urTierTobebi mezobel erebTan. xSirad maT Soris saqme omamde midis, rac SemdgomSi aisaxeba eris mdgomareobaze. garda amisa, daZabuli urTierTobebi warmoiSveba qveynis SigniT centrsa da periferias Soris.

indoeTsa da pakistans Soris urTierTobebis daZabvas, am qveynebSi radikaluri nacionalizmis aRzeveba moyva. aseve, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi sasazRvro regionis kaSmiris sakiTxi, romelis gamoc am qveynebis Soris urTierTobebi kidev ufro garTulda.

sazRvari: eri cdilobs daikavos teritoria bunebriv sazRvrebs Soris da Tavidan aicilos garedan Tavs moxveuli xelovnuri sazRvrebi.

amis erT-erTi magaliTia safrangeTi, romelic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda misi bunebrivi sazRvrebis dasacavad.

avtarqia: qveynis teritoria ganixileba eris keTildReobis wyarod. eris brZola damoukideblobisaTvis dakavSirebulia erovnuli resursebis, upiratesad sasoflo-sameurneo, agreTve mineraluri resursebis gamoyenebaze sruli kontrolis dawesebasTan.

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba gavixsenoT, arabuli qveynebis brZola sakuTari navTobis da bunebrivi gazis sabadoebis nacionalizaciisTvis, romlebis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi evropuli da amerikuli navTobkompaniebis kontrolis qveS iyo.

samSoblo: teritoria ar aris neitraluri cneba. is aris eris samSoblo anu is adgilia, saidanac saTaves iRebs eris istoria.

ebraelebisTvis samSoblos cneba imdenad did faseulobas warmoadgenda, rom is maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Semoinaxes.

eris mSenebloba: eris formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesi garkveul geografiul adgilze mimdinareobs. es adgili ki warmoadgens im fundaments, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi erovnul (saxelmwifo) teritoriad yalibdeba. wyaro:

qalaqebi, sakomunikacio qseli, eleqtrosadgurebi, samarTlebrivi da saganmanaTleblo sistemebi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs erovnuli teritoriis konstruirebaSi.

wyaro: Williams & Smith, 1983: 504-510 erovnuli landSafti

zemoT mocemul cxrilSi, habitati da saxalxo kultura erTianobaSi qmnis erovnul landSafts. landSafti am SemTxvevaSi ar moicavs mxolod fizikur-geografiul garemos. masSi, aseve Sedis erovnuli faseulobebi. adamianebi erovnul landSafts ganixilaven, rogorc erisa da samSoblos umniSvnelovanes maxasiaTebels. sagulisxmoa, rom erovnuli landSaftis pirvelad gansaxierebas sasoflo landSafti warmoadgens. msoflios istoriaSi mravlad aris magaliTebi, romlebic adasturebs Tu raoden didi yuradReba eqceoda sasoflo landSaftis adgils erovnul politikaSi.

wina saukuneSi msoflio omebs Soris uelsSi Seiqmna “uelsis partia” – “plaid kemri” (“Plaid Cumru”). es partia uelselebs mouwodebda

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dabrunebodnen miwas, radgan, misi azriT, swored soflad mcxovrebi uelselebi warmoadgendnen eris WeSmarit nawils. ufro metic, partias miaCnda, rom inglisma maT Tavs moaxvia saqalaqo cxovrebis wesi im mizniT, rom moexdina uelselebis gadagvareba da asimilacia (Jones et al.,

2004: 92). XX saukunis dasawisSi, rodesac irlandia jer kidev ar iyo

damoukidebeli, lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT qveynis dasavleTi imiT gamoirCeoda misi sxva regionebisgan, rom iq mosaxleobis mSobliur enas kelturi lingvisturi ojaxis geluri ena warmoadgenda. ingliselma kolonizatorebma moaxerxes, rom irlandiis did qalaqebSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi geluri ena inglisuriT CaenacvlebinaT. irlandiis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebelma moZraobam swored dasavleT irlandia aRiara erovnuli siwmindis bastionad da damoukideblobisTvis brZolis simbolod (iqve: 92-93).

erovnuli landSafti erTaSorisi kulturuli gansxvavebis gansazRvrisTvisac gamoiyeneba. jer kidev XIX s.-Si, anglokanaduri nacionalizmis mamebma, mZlavri propagandisturi kampania warmarTes kanaduri identobis SenarCunebisTvis, radgan advili SesaZlebeli iyo, rom adgili qonoda kanadelebis asimilacias ufro mdidari da Zlieri aSS-is mier. am mizniT, maT win wamowies CrdiloeT kanadis magaliTi. qveynis am regionis mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad anglokanadelebi, dRidan evropidan kanadaSi gadmosaxlebisa patara soflebSi iyvnen koncentrirebuli da praqtikulad karCaketil cxovrebas eweodnen. evropuli warmoSobis CrdiloeT kanadelebma aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunes maTma winaprebis mier Seqmnili tradiciebi. kanadeli nacionalistebi gansakuTrebul aqcents im faqtze akeTebdnen, rom WeSmariti kanada swored sasoflo kanada iyo, rac is radikalurad ganasxvavebda amerikisgan (es ukanaskneli saqalaqo cxovrebis wess misdevda) (iqve: 93).

erovnuli identoba da saxelmwifo politika

zogadad, erTiani erovnuli identobis formirebis saxelmwifo

politika sakmaod mravalferovania. monserat giberno (Gibernau, 2007: 25) gamoyofs saxelmwifos Semdeg xuT ZiriTad strategias:

1. eris imijis Seqmna, romelSic, rogorc wesi efuZneba dominanti

eris da qveyanaSi mcxovrebi sxva ZirZveli eTnosis (eTnosebis)

saerTo istoriasa da kulturas da teritoriul erTianobas;

2. erovnuli (saxelmwifo) simboloebis da ritualebis daarseba da

maTTvis saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi donis RonisZiebebis

statusis miniWeba, rac xels uwyobs eris wevrebs Soris

erTianobis grZnobis gaZlierebas. erovnuli simbolika ar unda

moicavdes mxolod umravlesobis Sesabamis faseulobebs.

sasurvelia, rom xelisufleba zrunavdes umciresobebis

mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis sxvadasxva formiT

aRniSvnaze.

3. moqalaqeobis institucionalizacia, rac iTvaliswinebs

adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli politikuri, ekonomikuri

da samoqalaqo uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis dacvas;

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uzrunvelyofs qveynis yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas

ganurCevlad maTi religiuri, eTnikuri, rasobrivi Tu sxva saxis

kulturuli mimarTebisa.

4. saerTo mtris xatis Seqmna mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs

erovnul konsolidacias, ganurCevlad imisa mteri realuria,

potenciuri Tu gamogonili.

5. erovnuli ganaTlebisa da masmediis sistemebi gadamwyvet rols

asrulebs eris imijis Seqmnasa da damkvidrebaSi.

rogorc, zemoT mocemuli klasifikaciidan Cans erovnuli

identobis formirebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli adgilia eris kulturis da simboloebis maRal doneze warmoCenas. amis miRwevis saukeTesoo gzaa eris (eTnosis) istoriis miTologizicia.

erovnuli mSeneblobis saxelmwifo politikaSi warsulis miTologiziacias gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba. am fenomens didi xnis istoria aqvs. uZvelesi droidan yvela eTnosi (xalxi) Taobidan Taobas gadascemda sakuTar istorias. droTa ganmavlobaSi es istoria icvleboda, ufro swored “mdidrdeboda” SeTxzuli ambebiT. nebismieri xalxis istoria zRapars gavs – is savsea dramatizmiT da sagmiro saqmeebiT. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis erovnuli politika misi satitulo mosaxleobis eTnikuri politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgens. istoriis miTologizacia saxelmwifosTvis instrumentia, romlis meSveobiT is cdilobs xeli Seuwyos mosaxleobis (yovel SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri umravlesobis) konsolidacias da patriotizmis amaRlebas.

rusma mecnierma viqtor Snirelmanma gamoyo eris (eTnosis)

istoriis miTologizaciis Semdegi universaluri niSnebi: - miTi avtoqtonurobis Sesaxeb – imis mtkiceba, rom mocemuli

xalxi (misi ena da kultura) ZirZvelia im teritoriaze, sadac

amJamad cxovrobs.

- miTi samSoblos Sesaxeb – imis dasabuTebis mcdeloba, rom

mocemuli xalxis eTnopolitikuri sazRvrebi istoriul

warsulSi gacilebiT ufro didi iyo.

- miTi lingvisturi memkvidreobiTobis Sesaxeb – eTnosis

identificireba garkveul enasTan. imis mtkiceba, rom es ena

misTvis yovelTvis mSobliuri iyo.

- miTi “eTnikuri ojaxis” Sesaxeb – imis mtkiceba, rom mocemuli

xalxis wiaRidan gamovidnen sxva xalxebi, romlebic Semdgom

sxva teritoriebze (ZiriTadad mis samezobloSi) gansaxldnen.

- miTi didebuli winaprebis Sesaxeb – imis mcdeloba, rom moxdes

mocemuli xalxis identificireba im xalxTan, romlis mdidari

kulturis Sesaxebac utyuari istoruli informacia arsebobs.

- miTi kulturtregerobis Sesaxeb – pretenziis gacxadeba imis

Taobaze, rom mocemuli xalxis winaprebs gacilebiT meti

kulturuli an politikuri miRwevebi qondaT, vidre mezobeli

xalxebis winaprebs, Sesabamisad adgili qonda am xalxis mier

sxva xalxebSi kulturis gavrcelebas.

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- miTi eTnikuri erTgvarobis Sesaxeb – imis uaryofa, rom

istoriulad adgili qonda mocemuli xalxis sxva xalxebTan

aRrevas, Sesabamisad imis xazgasma, rom em xalxSi maRali iyo

eTnikuri konsolidaciis xarisxi.

- miTi mtris (mtrebis) Sesaxeb – imis konstatacia, rom mocemuli xalxi xSirad ganicdida mtrebis Semosevebs, Tumca man Rirseulad gauZlo istoriis yvela qartexils (Шнирельман, 2000:

22-23).

miuxedavad zemoT mocemuli da sxva mcdelobebisa eri-saxelmwifoebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul ufro da ufro mZafri gamowvevebis winaSe dganan. upirveles yovlisa, farTovdeba moZraoba damoukideblobis an politikuri avtonomiis moTxovniT. am moTxovnebs safuZvlad udevs “xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis” ufleba,30 romelsac yvela mxare misTvis sasurvel interpretacias aZlevs.

globalizaciis procesma radikalurad Secvala eri-saxelmwifoebis mdgomareoba. globalizacia Tavisi arsiT saxelmwifoebis arsebobis winaaRmdegia. msoflioSi erTiani ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebas xels uSlis suverenuli qveynebis arseboba. nacionaluri mTavrobebisa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis interesebi erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebulia. pirveli xelmZRvanelobs erovnuli interesebiT, romelSic farulad Tu aSkarad prevalirebs erovnuli interesebi, xolo supranacionaluri ekonomikuri struqturebi mogebaze arian orientirebulebi. isini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven adamianis uflebebis dacvas. am uflebebis ganuyofili nawilia umciresobebis dacva. adre aRiniSna, rom umciresobebis politikuri da kulturuli moZraobebi Zalian did problemebs uqmnian tradiciuli tipis saxelmwifos, ufro metic isini mas asusteben. cnobili Tezisi xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba saxelmwifoebis teritoriuli erTianobis winaaRmdeg, sxvagvarad SeiZleba moinaTlos, rogorc transnacioanluri korporaciebi eri- saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg.

meore mxriv, globalizaciis procesma gaaZliera calkeuli socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli jgufebis roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. es jgufebi cdiloben ra iyvnen SesamCnevi socialuri aqtorebi gamodian kulturuli Tanasworobis, umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis da sxva ideebiT. maTi mecadineoba TiTqos unda asustebdes erovnul saxelmwifos, magram msoflios did nawilSi sapirispiro ram SeiniSneba. globalizaciam gaaZliera umciresobaTa identoba da survili ibrZolon sakuTari uflebebisTvis, rac xSirad separatizmamdec midis; imavdroulad, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad da patara qveynebSi izrdeba erovnuli umravlesobebis TviTSegneba imisa, rom maT SeiZleba dakargon erovnuli saxelmwifo, anu is ris mSeneblobasac maT da maTma winaprebma saukuneebi moandomes. amasTan dakavSirebiT, specialistebi sul ufro xSirad svamen SekiTxvas: ras

30 gaeros 1966 wlis politikuri da samoqalaqo ufelebaTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis I muxlSi mocemuli “xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba” sinamdvileSi principia da ara, saerTaSoriso samarTalis norma. Sesabamisad misi Sesruleba-arSesruleba gaeros wevri-saxelmwifoebis keTil nebazea damokidebuli.

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ufro uwyobs xels globalizaciis procesi: msoflios kulturul homogenizacias Tu mravalkulturalizms?

dasavleT evropa Taviseburad cdilobs moagvaros aRniSnuli gamowvevebi. evrokavSiri unikaluri kulturul-teritoriuli aliansia. sityva aliansis xazgasma SemTxveviTi ar aris. evropa, TiTqos midis erTian saxelmwofod Camoyalibebisaken, magram jer gaurkvevelia, romeli Zalebi gaimarjveben: centriskenuli Tu centridanuli. Seiqmneba Tu ara saerToevropuli socialur-kulturul identoba? iqneba Tu ara es identoba ufro Zlieri, vidre calke aRebuli TiToeuli evropuli eris identoba? Cemi azriT identobis sakiTxi gadamwyvetia evrokavSiris politikuri gaerTianebis gzaze.

CanarTi #X aRwerilia ungreTis samezobloSi gafantuli ungruli umciresobebis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani socialur-kulturuli aspeqtebi. ungrul umciresobebze yuradRebis SeCereba SemTxveviT ar momxdara. erTi mxriv, es magaliTi tipiuria bevri evropuli umciresobisaTvis da naTlad asaxavs erTaSorisi urTierTobebisa da kulturuli identobis specifiur niSnebs, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo yofili socialisturi blokis qveynebisTvis. meore, mxriv, yuradsaRebia evrokavSiris gamocdileba eTnikuri urTierTobebis daZabulobis SemcirebaSi.

CanarTi #

ungruli umciresoba slovakeTSi

evrointegraciam Searyia manmade arsebuli urTierTobebi saxelmwifos, ers, suverenitetsa da demokratias Soris. yalibdeba mravalwaxnagovani politikuri gaerTianeba gabneuli suverenitetiT. centraluri xelisuflebis kompetenciebi gadanawilebulia mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva doneebze. adamianis uflebaTa dacva didi xania aRar aris mxolod saxelmwifos prerogativa. am sferoSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba. sxva sityvebiT, adamianis uflebaTa dacvam SezRuda saxelmwifo suvereniteti da daarRvia qveynis sazRvrebi da es yvelaze TvalasaCinoa evrokavSirSi.

evrokavSirSi Semcirda dominanti eris, rogorc saxelmwifos erTaderTi “mflobelis” roli, Sesabamisad misi suvereniteti naklebad vrceldeba umciresobebis politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul ganviTarebaze.

umciresobebTan mimarTebaSi centraluri evropis konteqsti mniSvnelovanad gansxvavdeba dasaveleT evropis anlogisagan. am ukanasknelSi umciresobis ZiriTad masas II msoflio omis Semdeg Camosuli imigrantebi Seadgenen, romelTa dRis wesrigSi ar dgas eTno-teritoriuli problematika. evropis central nawilSi ki kompaqturad dasaxlebuli umciresobebi Tavs mkvidr (avtoqtonur) erebad Tvlian, Sesabamisad maT Soris adgili aqvs iredentistul moZraobas.

am mxriv, interesmoklebuli ar iqneba centralur evropaSi gansaxlebuli ungruli umciresobebis SemTxvevis ganxilva Semdegi mizezebis gamo: ungruli umciresobebi kompaqturad arian dasaxlebuli rumineTSi, slovakeTSi, serbeTSi, ukrainaSi, avstriaSi, xorvatiasa da sloveniaSi; ungrelebs miaCniaT, rom am qveynebSi isini mkvidr mosaxleobas warmoadgenen, rasac bolomde ar iziarebs yvela mezobeli saxelmwifo. eTnikuri ungrelebis dispersiuli ganawileba evropis qveynebis teritoriaze ganpirobebuli iyo rTuli politikuri

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procesebiT, romelTac adgili qondaT avstro-ungreTis daSlis da or msoflio oms Soris periodebSi; ungreTis saxelmwifosa da mis samezobloSi myof ungrul umciresobebs Soris yovelTvis mWidro kavSiri arsebobda; ungrul umciresobas daZabuli urTierToba qonda zogierTi qveynis satitulo mosaxleobasTan, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeboda ungreTis da am qveynebis urTierTobebzec.

amJamad, zemoT dasaxelebuli qveynebi, ukrainis garda, evrokavSiris wevrebi arian. aqedan gamomdinare, sainteresoa, rogor zegavlenas axdens evropuli regionalizmis da transnacionalizmis politika ungruli umciresobebis identobaze? ramdenad uwyobs xels sazRvrebis gamWvirvaloba da ekonomikuri TanamSromloba erTaSorisi daZabulobis Semcirebas, Sesabamisad politikuri stabilurobis zrdas evrokavSiris teritoriaze?

2005 wels slovakeTSi Catarda sociologiuri gamokiTxva, romlis mizani iyo daedgina, rogori zegavlena iqonia evrokavSirSi gawevrianebam am qveyanaSi mosaxle ungrul umciresobaze. aRmoCnda, rom evropul aliansSi gawevrianebidan 1 wlis Semdeg ungruli umciresobis identoba kvlav gadaWarbebulad eTnikuri iyo: gamokiTxulTa 84% Tavis Tavs “slovakeTSi mcxovreb ungrelebad” miiCnevda, xolo slovakeTs ki adgilad, sadac isini saxloben. politkuri TvalsazrisiT ungrelebis didi umravlesoba Tavs evropelad aRiarebs da sjera, rom slovakeTsa da ungreTsa Soris dadebiTi urTierTobebi iqneba. slovakeTis ungrelebma uaRresad dadebiTad Seafases evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris sazRvrebis gauqmeba da daadastures, rom mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels regionis stabilurobas. ungruli umciresoba Tavs aRar grZnobs samSoblosgan mowyvetilad, ufro metic maT miaCniaT, rom amJamad isini ungruli eris iseTive ganuyofil nawils Seadgenen, rogorc es istoriul warsulSi iyo. meore mxriv, slovakeTis sazogadoeba, aRar aris SeSfoTebuli ungruli iredentizmis SesaZlo gamovlinebiT. miuxedavad amisa, dRis wesrigSi kvlav aris gadauWreli sakiTxebi. konkretulad, adamianis uflebadamcvelebi akritikeben slovakeTis xelisuflebas imis gamo, rom qveynis konstituciaSi aRniSnulia “slovaki eri”, magram araferia naTqvami umciresobebze. es loRikurad gamoricxavs umciresobebis uflebas iyvnen slovakeTis saxelmwifos “Tanamflobelebi”. garda amisa, ungruli umciresoba kritikas ar iSurebs ungruli warmoSobis politikosebis mimarT, romlebic koncentrirebuli arian eTno-politikur problematikaze da nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben ungrelebiT dasaxlebuli da ekonomikurad CamorCenili samxreT slovakeTis ganviTarebas (Harris, 2009: 156).

mTlianobaSi, gamoklevis Sedegebma cxadhyo, rom erTi mxriv, evropul regionalizacias jer ar moutania sasurveli Sedegebi, magram, meore mxriv dadasturda, rom evropis mravalkulturul regionebSi transnacionalizmi (am SemTxvevaSi sazRvrebis gaxsna) sakmaod efeqturi saSualebaa eTnikuri daZabulobis ganmuxtvis mxriv (iqve: 157).

nacionalizmi, rogorc doqtrina nacionalizmi, misi kritikosebis azriT, ar aris srulfasovani

ideologia da ukeTess SemTxvevaSi is doqtrinas warmoadgens. nacionalizmi namdvilad gamoirCeva “filosofiuri siRaribiT”, Tu SevadarebT iseT fundamentur Teoriul ideologiebs, rogorebicaa

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liberalizmi, socializmi, konservatizmi. garda amisa, klasikuri “filosofiebi” universaluri xasiaTis moZRvrebebia, xolo nacionalizmi erovnuli masStabiT Semoifargleba. “nacionalizmi, rogorc aseTi prevalirebs, magram ara romelime saxis nacionalizmi” (Gellner, 1983: 42-48). irlandiur, rusul, frangul, qarTul, somxur nacionalizmebs Soris bevri saerTo niSnebi aqvT, magram maT Soris uamravi gansxvavebacaa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom nacionalizmi ar warmoadgens mwyobr erTian Teorias mainc SesaZlebelia misi fundamenturi (sabazo) debulebebis Semdegi saxiT Camoyalibeba:

1. msoflio Sedgeba erebisagan, romelTaganac TiToeuli

gamoirCeva unikaluri xasiaTiT, istoriiTa da rwmeniT.

2. eri politikuri Zalauflebis erTaderTi wyaroa.

3. erisadmi loialoba yvela sxva saxis loialobaze maRla dgas.

4. individi, mxolod maSin aris Tavisufali, rodesac is romelime

ers warmoadgens.

5. yoveli eri iRwvis TviTgamoxatvisa da TviTmmarTvelobisaken

(avtonomiurobisaken).

6. msoflioSi mSvidoba da Tanasworoba miRwevadia avtonomiur

erTa arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (Smith, 2001: 22).

mTlianobaSi, es CamonaTvali warmoadgens nacionalizmis

doqtrinas, romelic ukanaskneli debulebis gamoklebiT, asaxavs am dargis TvalsaCino Teoretikosebis herderis, rusos, cimermanis, jefersonis, maZinis da maTi Tanamedrove mimdevrebis naazrevs. doqtrinaSi mocemuli pirveli xuTi debuleba saerToa nebismieri saxis nacionalizmisaTvis, Tumca yvela xalxis nacionalizms misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebic gaaCnia. nacionalizmis Sotlandieli mkvlevari tom nairni aRniSnavs, rom arsebobs nacional-izmi, e.i. ideologia da nacional-izmi, rogorc unikaluri movlena (Nairn, 1977). nairnis mixedviT gamodis, rom yvela eris nacionalizmisTvis erTnairi ideologia aris damaxasiaTebeli, xolo eris mSeneblobis (Camoyalibebis) procesi sxvadasxva erebSi gansxvavebulad mimdinareobs.

cnobilma geografebma britanelma piter teilorma da amerikelma kolin flintma gaaerTianes leonard tivis (ix. Tivey, 1981: 5-6) da entonis smitis (ix. Smith, 2001: 22) naSromebSi mocemuli nacionalizmis doqtrinis ZiriTadi debulebebi da SemogvTavazes maTi klasifikacia geografiuli masStabebis da doneebis mixedviT (ix. cxrili #).

cxrili # nacionalizmis ZiriTadi debulebebi masStabebisa da doneebis mixedviT

# masStabi / done nacionalizmis debulebebi a1 makro /

globaluri msoflio warmoadgens erebis mozaikas

a2 er-saxelmwifoTa sistemaSi am mozaikis arseboba ganapirobebs msoflio wesrigs da harmonias

b1

erebi sazogadoebis bunebrivi erTobebia (gaerTianebebia)

b2 erebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia kulturuli

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mezo / saxelmwifo

homogenuroba, rac ganpirobebulia saerTo warmomavlobiT da/an istoriiT

b3 yovel ers esaWiroeba sakuTari suverenuli saxelmwifo, romelic misi kulturis namdvili kera iqneba

b4 yvela eris kanonieri uflebaa qondes sakuTari teritoria.

g1 pirovnuli

nebismieri individi eris wevri unda iyos g2 pirovneba upirveles yovlisa eris erTguli unda

iyos g3 mxolod eris wevroba aZlevs pirovnebas

saSualebas miaRwios WeSmarit Tavisuflebas wyaro: (Taylor & Flint, 2007: 163).

geografiulma midgomam saSualeba misca teilorsa da flints nacionalizmis doqtrinis Sesaxeb Semdegi daskvnebi gamoetanaT:

msoflio dayofilia er-saxelmwifoebad, Sesabamisad is

politikurad erTiani ar aris. es aris nacionalizmis

maxasiaTebeli globalur doneze;

nacionalizmis samoqmedo arenas eri-saxelmwifo warmoadgens.

es nacionalizmis maxasiaTebelia mezo masStabiT e.i.

saxelmwifo doneze.

nacionalizmis doqtrina gverds uvlis lokalur dones.

nacionalizmis doqtrinaSi ugulvebelyofilia mikro doneze

arsebuli procesebi, arada nacionalizmis, rogorc procesis gamovlinebebi lokalur doneze intensuriad mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, es gansaxilveli doqtrinis mniSvnelovani naklia. meore mxriv, nacionalizmis doqtrinaSi figurirebs individi, e.i. personaluri done, rac saerTod ar gvxvdeba geografiul doneTa skalaze. sxva sityvebiT, aseTi saxis masStabs geografia ar cnobs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba imis konstataciac, rom arc geografiuli masStabebis klasifikacia aris srulyofili.

nacionalizmis doqtrinis kritikosebi gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom “erTa msoflio” ar da ver Sedga. saxelmwifoebi, ZiriTadad ki Zlieri maTganebi, jer erTi ewinaaRmdegebian damoukideblobis armqone erebis avtonomiurobas da, garda amisa cdiloben msoflio wesrigi sakuTar interesebs Seusabamon. Sedegad, oponentTa azriT, “erTa msoflio” sxva araferi, Tu ara Teoriuli koncefti.

mTlianobaSi, nacionalizmis yvelaze mZafr kritikas swored misi Teoriuli xasiaTi imsaxurebs. specialistebi aRniSnaven, rom nacionalizmis doqtrina savsea ganuxorcielebeli amocanebiT. Tumca, am kritikis avtorebs mxedvelobidan gamorCaT, rom marqsizmic savsea utopiuri ideebiT, Tumca is mainc fundamenturi moZRvrebis mantiiT aris Semosili.

eTnikuri da socialuri nacionalizmi nacionalizmis ganviTreba xdeboda da xdeba ori fundamenturi

gansxvavebuli principis: tradicionalizmisa da racionalurobis

65

Widilis pirobebSi (Barnard, 1983: 252). am principebis urTieTdamokidebuleba sxvagvarad SeiZleba aRiweros, rogorc istoriuli paeqroba individsa da adamianTa erTobas an TviT-gansaxierebasa da TviT-Segnebas an samoqalaqosa da eTno-kulturuls Soris (Harris, 2009: 29). am TvalsazrisiT ganasxvaveben samoqalaqo da eTnikur nacionalizmebs. israeleli mecnieri, amJamad bostonis universitetis profesori, q-ni lia grinfeldi miiCnevs, rom pirveli asocirebulia moqalaqeobasTan, xolo meore partikularizmTan da koleqtiurobasTan. zogadad, aseTi midgoma SeiZleba arasworic iyos, radgan ar aris dasabuTebuli, Tu ratom aris warmodgenili terminebi eTnikuri da samoqalaqo dixotomiis31 saxiT.

samagierod, gaciliebiT logikurad gamoiyureba germaneli mecnieris hans konis mier jer kidev 1944 w. dixotomiis saxiT warmodgenili terminebi – “dasavluri da aRmosavluri nacionalizmebi” (igulisxmeba dasavleT evropa da aRmosavleT evropa). koni miuTiTebs, rom dasavleT evropaSi burJuaziam SesZlo moqalaqeobis institutze dafuZnebuli samoqalaqo xasiaTis sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba. eri-saxelmwifos formireba, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis erT-erTi bunebrivi Sedegi iyo. kapitalizmis wiaRidan Sobil sazogadoebas, upirveles yovlisa aerTianebda saerTo teritoria da ufleba-movaleobebi (kanonmdeblobis CaTvliT). aRmosavleT evropisa da msoflios sxva regionebSi eri ganixileboda, rogorc saerTo kulturisa da warmomavlobis mqone adamianTa erToba. Tumca konis mier SemoTavazebul dayofaSi gvxvdeba gamonaklisebi. mag., Cexuri nacionalizmi, romelic mocemuli klasifikaciiT aRmosavlur nacionalizmSi Sedis, Tavis bunebiT dasavluria da, piriqiT irlandiuri nacionalizmi aRmosavleT-evropuli nacionalizmis niSnebis matarebelia (Smith, 2001: 40). am uzustobebis miuxedavad, konis klasifikacia sakmaod maRal mecnierul doneze aris Sesrulebuli.

cxrili #

dasavluri da aRmosavluri sazogadoebebis maxasiaTeblebi (hans konis mixedviT)

dasavluri sazogadoebis niSnebi aRmosavluri sazogadoebis niSnebi

Ria sazogadoeba Caketili sazogadoeba realizmi idealizmi moqalaqeTa kavSiri xalxis sazogadoeba individualizmi koleqtivizmi TviTrwmena qvemdgomobis, arasrulfasovnebis

kompleqsi burJuaziis mxardaWera aristokratiuli wamoSoba

wyaro: Kohn, Hans (1944).The Idea of Nationalism. Collier Books: New York.

nacionalizmis teritoriuli klasifikacia sxva mecnierebmac SemogvTavazes. mag., hiu seton-uotsoni dasavlur evropul nacionalizms “Zvel anu uwyvet nacionalizms”, xolo aRmosavleT evropisa da aziis nacionalizms “axal nacionalizms” uwodebs. aRniSnuli regionebis

31

dixotomia – mTeli, romelic or urTierTgamomricxav nawiladaa dayofili.

66

nacionalizmebis daxasiaTebisas entoni d. smiti xmarobs terminebs, Sesabamisad “teritoruli” da “eTnikuri” (ibid).

nacionalizmisadmi aRmosavleT-evropuli midgomis TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens XX s.-is pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe cnobili qarTveli mecnieris da sazogado moRvawis mixako wereTlis ganmartebebi xalxis, sazogadoebisa da eris Sesaxeb. wereTlis azriT xalxi individebis ubralo gaerTianebaa anu is warmoadgens masalas eris formirebisTvis. mag., saqarTvelos istoriis im periodebs, rodesac qveyana daqucmacebuli iyo samTavroebad an samefoebad ar SeiZleba ewodos qarTveli eris istoria. qarTveli mecnieris mtkicebiT, am periodebSi saqme gvaqvs qarTveli xalxis da ara qarTveli eris istoriasTan. eris CamoyalibebisTvis aucilebelia erTiani sivrcis Seqmna, sadac saxezea kargad organizebuli socialuri urTierTobebi, romelic mxolod saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. amasTan, wereTeli xazs usvamda imas, rom saxelmwifos Seqmna jer kidev ar niSnavs erad Camoyalibebas, Tundac mis mosaxleobas gaaCndes erTiani socialuri da politikuri Rirebulebebi. misi azriT, eri aris mxolod is socialuri hiper-organizmi, romlis wevrebs gaaCniaT saerTo kulturuli Rirebulebebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo dasaxlebulia sxvadasxva eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebiT, maSin saqme gvaqvs sazogadoebasTan. (mixako wereTeli (19 ). eri da kacobrioba. Tbilisi).

amasTan, msoflios dasavlur da aRmosavlur nacionalizmebad dayofa sulac ar niSnavs, rom pirveli srulad uzrunvelyofs adamianis, maT Soris umciresobaTa uflebebs, xolo meore piriqiT. mag., safrangeTis asambleis erT-erTma wevrma Tavis droze ganacxada: “ebraeli, rogorc pirovneba uzrunvelvyofili iqneba yvelafriT, magram, rogorc eTnikuri ebraeli – arafriT’’ (iqve). aRsaniSnavia, rom 200 welze meti xnis win warmoTqmuli es fraza wiTel xazad gasdevs yvela eris nacionalizms. istoriulad nebismieri sazogadoeba, maT Soris dasavluric konkretuli eTnosis garSemo “ikribeboda”. “samoqalaqo nacionalizmis” qveynebSic ki saxelmwifo eTnikuri politika, rogorc wesi morgebulia umravlesobaze. aSS imigrantebis mier Seqmnili qveyanaa da is TiTqos tolerantuli unda yofiliyo umciresobebis mimarT, magram didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amerikuli politika mniSvnelovanwilad “anglo-saqsuri birTvis” socialur-ekonomikur da kulturul interesebs asaxavda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas avstraliazec.

entoni smiti aRniSnavs, rom eTnikuri nacionalizmis dapirispireba samoqalaqo nacionalizmTan istorizmis kuTxiT arakoreqtulia, xolo sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT ki SecdomaSi Semyvani. eTnonaciebi etapobrivad gardaiqmnen mravalkulturul teritoriul-politikur erTobebad (Smith, 2010: 109-110). tom nairnis ganmartebiT Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebi “ianuss”32 mogvagoneben (Nairn, 1997: 71), romelebic, erTi mxriv, gansazRvraven Sida-erovnul politikas, xolo, meore mxriv CarTuli arian saerTaSoriso politikaSi. sxva sityvebiT, eri-saxelmwifoebi gansazRvraven “warmosaxviTi sazogadoebebis” dro-

32 ianusi (laT. Ianus) – orsaxovani RvTaeba. romauli miTologiis mixedviT is mfarvelobda qalaqebis karibWeebs, taZrebis Sesasvlelebsa da gasasvlelebs. literaturasa da mecnierebaSi ianusis saxe gamoiyeneba pirovnebis an movlenis dualisturi (gaorebuli) bunebis aRsaniSnavad.

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sivrciT identobebs da amiT qmnian RerZs, romlis garSemoc “brunavs” Tanamedrove msoflio-sistema (Taylor & Flint, 2007: 191).

nacionalizmis saxeebi33

nacionalizmi, rogorc, ideologia an mravalwaxnagovani movlena gansxvavebulad vlindeboda sxvadasxva istoriuli periodebsa da xalxebSi. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia nacionlizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipebis gamoyofa.

nacionalizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxea ganmanTavisuflebeli nacionalizmi (Liberation Nationalism). XVIII s.-dan moyolebuli erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis Sedegad damoukidebloba moipova laTinuri amerikis, xolo ukve XX s.-Si aRmosavleT evropis, aziisa da afrikis 100-ze metma qveyanam.

gamaerTianebeli nacionalizmi (Unification Nationalism) damaxasiaTebeli iyo im evropeli erebisTvis, romlebic Sua saukuneebSi gafantuli iyo mraval qalaq-saxelmwifosa da samTavroebSi. XIX s.-Si “napoleonis omebis” Semdeg evropaSi nacionalizmis ganviTarebasTan erTad daiwyo eri-saxelmwifoebis etapobrivi Camoyalibeba. am process impulsi misca germanuli miwebis gaerTianebam erTiani saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi. zogierTi specialisti gamaerTianebel nacionalizmSi gamoyofs or qvetips: rizorjimento nacionalizms (Risorgimento Nationalism) da integralur nacionalizms (Integral Nationalsm). pirveli aqtualuri iyo im evropeli xalxebisTvis (mag., italielebi, berZnebi, serbebi) romlebic XVII s.-dan moyolebuli ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi damoukidebeli saxelmwifos SeqmnisTvis ibrZodnen. integraluri nacionalizmis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs damoukidebel saxelmwifosTan, sadac xelisufleba (elita) cdilobs eri gaaerTianos saerTo politikuri miznebis garSemo. garkveul SemTxvevebSi integraluri nacionalizmma SeiZleba radikaluri xasiaTi miiRos. ase moxda, mag. 1920-30-iani wlebis germaniaSi, rodesac nacionalur-socialisturma partiam germanelebi nacisturi ideebis garSemo gaaerTiana.

CanarTi #

nacional-socializmi (nacizmi)

nacional-socializmi anu nacizmi 1933-45 wlebSi warmoadgenda nacional-socialisturi germaniis muSaTa partiis (Nationalsozialistische

Deutsche Arbaeiterpartei, abreviatura NSDAP) ideologiur doqtrinas. nacizmis ideologiis wanamZRvrebad miiCneva gobinos34, Cemberlenis35 da treiCkes36

33

nacionalizmis tipebi (saxeebi) zedmiwevniT detalurad aris aRwerili qarTveli mecnieris zurab daviTaSvilis monografiaSi “nacionalizmi da globalizacia”. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad ar mimaCnia mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi am sakiTxis farTo ganxilva. 34 Jozef artur kont de gobino (Joseph Arthur comte de Gobineau) me-18 saukunis frangi diplomati da moazrovne, romelmac Camoayaliba ideebi Crdilouri rasis uzenaesobis Sesaxeb. 35

hiuston stiuart Cemberleni (Houston Stewart Chamberlain) me-18 saukunis bolosa da me-19 saukunis dasawyisis anglo-germaneli mwerali, filosofosi, sociologi. mas skandaluri popularoba moutana 1899 wels gamoqveynebulma naSromma “XIX saukunis safuZvlebi”. am naSromSi Cemberleni amtkicebda, rom evropuli kultura aris berZnuli

68

naazreevi. am mecnierebis garkveul ideebs nacistebma sakuTari interpretacia gaukeTes. nacional-socializmis dogmatebi SeimuSava fanatikosma nacistma alfred rozenbergma, romelic mogvianebiT gamoiyena nacistebis liderma adolf hitlerma Tavis naSromSi “Cemi brZola” (Main Kampf).

germanelebi Tavs damcirebulad grZnobdnen pirveli msoflio omis SedegebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki versalis 1919 wlis xelSekrulebis pirobebiT. 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germaniaSi mravali radikaluri organizacia Seiqmna, romelic miznad isaxavda germaniis aRorZinebas da versalis “kabaluri” dokumentis anulirebas. 1920 wels politikur arenaze gamovidnen adolf hitleri da misi momxreebi, romlebmac nacisturi programis prezentacia miunxenis erT-erT ludxanaSi moawyves. 25 Tezisisgan Semdgari es programa populisturi xasiaTis iyo da miznad isaxavda dabali da saSualo klasis germanelebis grZnobebze TamaSs. nacional-socialistebis gamosvlebSi miCqmaluli iyo germaniis samxedro da socialur-ekonomikuri warumateblobis realuri mizezebi da gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeboda germanelTa winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaze, romelSic monawileobdnen komunistebi, demokratebi da, rac mTavaria ebraelebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli masonuri organizaciebi.

nacisturi ideologiis qvakuTxeds Semdegi debulebebi warmoadgenda:

Crdilouri (nordikuli) rasis, “ariulobis”, mecnieruli rasizmis idealizireba;

antikomunizmis, antisemitizmis, liberaluri demokratiis,

antiamerikanizmis da antimarqsizmis saxelmwifo politikis rangSi ayvana;

adolf hitleris pirovnebis kultis damkvidreba;

germaniis teritoriis gawmenda ucxo sxeulebisgan, gansakuTrebiT ebraelebisgan;

xalxis ganTavisufleba msoflio finasuri kapitalias diqtatisgan. mcire mewarmeebis, xelosnebis da Tavisufali profesiis SemoqmedebiTi adaminebis waxaliseba;

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis (vermaxtis) aRorZineba. savaldebulo

samxedro samsaxuris SemoReba. jarSi komunisturi,

bolSevikuri da pacifisturi idebis gavrcelebis dauSvebloba;

axalgazrdobis samxedro suliskveTebiT aRzrda. maTi imaSi darwmuneba, rom germanelebis xsna mxolod brZolaSia.

Seurigebeli damokidebuleba im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic ar daemorCilebian dasaxuli amocanebis Sesrulebas. maTi

iZuleba am amocanebis ganxorcilebaSi.

xelovnebis, literaturis da filosofiis, romauli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formisa da sistemis da protestantuli mimarTulebis qristianobis sinTezi. is gamodioda zogadad iudaizmis da konkretulad ebraelobis winaaRmdeg. 36 hainrix fon treiCke (Heinrich von Treitschke) XIX s.-is cnobili germaneli istorikosi, romelic gamoirCeoda antisemituri ideebiT.

69

mTlianobaSi, nacizmi cdilobda cxovrebaSi gaetarebina hitleris cnobili lozungi: “erTi xalxi, erTi qveyana, erTi beladi” (Ein Volk, Ein

Reich, Ein Führer). hitleris azriT, qveyanaSi gamefebuli umuSevrobis da ekonomikuri stagnaciis daZlevis gamosavali iyo axali teritoriebis aTviseba, radgan germanias “sasicocxlo sivrce”37 ar yofnida. nacistebis lideri aSkarad da Riad mouwodebda omisken. miuxedavad, uaRresad radikaluri da arahumanuri ideebisa nacionalur-socialisturma partiam moigo saparlamento arCevnebi, hitleri qveynis kancleri gaxda, xolo cota xanSi nacistebma Zalauflebis uzurpacia moaxdines da daiwyes sakuTari ideebis realizacia.

rogorc aRiniSna nacistur ideologiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili antisemitizms ekava. 1933-45 wlebSi nacizmis msxverpli 6 milionamde ebraeli gaxda. specialistTa nawilis azriT, ebraelTa genocidis mizezebi marto nacizmis ideologiaSi da praqtikaSi ar unda veZeboT. am tragediaSi, samwuxarod mniSvnelovani roli ubralo germanelebmac iTamaSes (Bauer, 2002: 48). magram, mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom msoflio sazogadoebriobam, rbilad, rom vTqvaT, sakmaod zerele damokidebuleba gamoavlina ebraelTa problemebisadmi. 1938 wels, rodesac germaniaSi ukve mimdinareobda ebraelTa devna da deportacia, aSS-is prezident ruzveltis iniciativiT Catarda saerTaSoriso konferencia, romlis mizani iyo ebraeli ltolvilebis sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis miReba. konferencia uSedegod damTavrda, radgan 32 monawile qyveynidan mxolod dominikis respublikis ganacxada mzadyofna mieRo ebraeli devnilebi. amgavri damokidebulebis Sedegad bevrma ebraelma ver SesZlo germaniis datoveba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom wasasvleli arsad qonda da mogvianebiT nacizmis msxverpli gaxda.

II msoflio omis dros nacistebma evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi sakoncentracio banakebi Seqmnes, romelTa erT nawilSi mxolod ebraelebi iyvnen Tavmoyrilni. ramdenime banakis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli iyo gazis kamerebi da krematoriumi. mTeli evropidan ebraelebi am banakebSi gadmoyavdaT, sadac xdeboda maTze araadamianuri eqsperimentebis Catareba, maTi eqspluatacia, damcireba da saboloo jamSi masobriv ganadgureba. holokostis38 Sedegad daRupul ebraelTa naxevari, e.i. TiTqmis 3 milioni, sakoncentracio banakebze modis (Hilberg,

2003). marto auSvicis banakSi 1,4 mil. ebraeli daxoces. holokostis periodSi daRupul ebraelTa mniSvnelovani nawili poloneTidan (3,3 mil.) da sabWoTa kavSirSidan (2,5 mil.) iyo (Dawidowicz, 1986: 403).

nacisturi politika marto ebraelebis winaaRmdeg ar iyo mimarTuli. nacizmis antihumanuri politikis samizneebi iyvnen slavebi, boSebi (daiRupa daax. 150-200 aTasi maTgani), Savkanianebi, seqsualuri

37 germaniis sasicocxlo sivrcis (Lebensraum) gafarToebis idea ekuTvnis cnobil germanel geopolitikoss karl haushofers. 38 am terminiT aRiniSneba nacistebis da maTi kolaboracionistebis mier 1933-45 wlebSi evropaSi ebraelTa Seviwroeba, devna da masobrivi ganadgureba.

70

umciresobebi, fsiqikurad daavadebuli adamianebi, ieRovas mowmeebi, frankomasonebi da a.S.

nacizmma daaxleobiT 60 milioni adamianis sicocxle Seiwira. II msoflio omis Semdeg moewyo “niurnbergis procesi”, sadac nacizmi da misi beladebi gaasamarTles. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi nacizmi da faSizmi kanongareSed aris gamocxadebuli.

garda miTiTebulisa, informacia aRebulia Semdegi wyaroebdan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust#cite_note-261 da

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0859882.html nacizmi nacionalizmis erTaderTi maxinji forma ar yofila. jer

kidev wina saukunis 80-90-ian wlebamde samxreT afrikis or saxelmwifoSi, kerZod samxreT afrikis respublikasa da samxreT rodeziaSi (amJamad zimbabve) oficialur saxelmwifo politikas aparteidi warmoadgenda. mmarTvelobis es forma saxelmwifo politikis qvakuTxedad miiCnevda TeTri rasis upiratesobas, ris Sedegadac adgili qonda sxva rasebis warmomadgenelTa diskriminacias.

CanarTi #

aparteidi aparteidis istoria oficialurad 1948 wlidan iwyeba, rodesac

samxreT afrikis respublikis (maSin mas samxreT afrikis kavSiri erqva) mTavrobis umravlesobaSi afrikanerebi39 aRmoCndnen, romlebmac radikaluri rasobrivi segregaciis politika ganaxorcieles.

samxreT afrikis respublikis istoria ukanaskneli 4 saukunis ganmavlobaSi savse iyo dramatizimiT. samxreT afrika samxreT naxevarsferoSi gamoirCeva Tavis strategiuli mdebareobiT, romelic mdebareobs afrikis, samxreT amerikis da azia-okeneTis gazjvaredinze. suecis arxis amoqmedebamde amerikebidan da evropidan aziasa da okeaneTSi mimavali xomaldebisTvis is umniSvnelovaness satranzito punqts warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare, samxreT afrika jer kidev XVII s.-is Sua periodSi gaxda evropuli, kerZod holandiuri kolonizaciis obieqti.

XVIII s.-is bolos – XIX s.-is dasawyisSi samxreT afrikis samxreT sanapiro britaneTis mflobelobaSi gadavida, sadac kapis kolonia Seiqmna. holandielebi, romlebic Tavis Tavs burebs40 uwodebdnen iZulebuli iyvnen qveynis siRrmeSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen, sadac daarses ori saxelmwifo: oranJis respublika da respublika transvaali. oqros da almasebis sabadoebis aRmoCenasTan erTad samxreT afrikaSi daiwyo evropelTa masobrivi gadasaxleba. anglo-burTa omebis Sedegad 1910 wels Seiqmna samxreT afrikis kavSiri (sak), romelSic zemoT dasaxelebuli teritoriebis garda Sevida natali. es kavSiri britaneTis dominions

39 afrikanerebi – samxreT afrikis respublikaSi mcxovrebi eTnikuri jgufi, romelic Camoyalibda ZiriTadad holandielebis, aseve flamandilebis, frizebis, germanelebis, frangebis da sxva evropelebis Serevis Sedegad. isibi saubroben afrikaansze, romelic Seiqmna XVII s.-is polandiur enis safuZvelze. 40 buri holandiuri sityvaa da niSnavs glexs, fermers.

71

warmoadgenda. 1931 wels sak-ma britaneTisgan damoukidebloba miiRo. am kavSirs II msoflio omSi monawileoba ar miuRia, radgan, erTi mxriv, ar surda britaneTs dapirispireboda, xolo, meore mxriv is germanel nacistebs TanaugrZnobda. 1961 wels sak-s saxeli gadaerqva da is samxreT afrikis respublikad (sar) gamocxadda.

evropeli kolonizatorebis dapirispirebis fonze uaresdeboda samxreT afrikeli mkvidi mosaxleobis arsebobis pirobebi. jer kidev XIX s.-Si britanulma mmarTvelobam kapis koloniaSi da natalSi dasaxleba aukrZala sxva regionebis Savkanian mosaxleobas. garda amisa, keiptaunSi da natalis qalaqebSi ikrZaleboda mzis Casvlis Semdeg afrikuli mosaxleobas quCaSi yofna. realurad, aparteidis41 politika britaneTis koloniuri politikis gagrZeleba iyo.

1948 wlidan saki-is xelisuflebam SemoiRo da ganaxorciela mTeli rigi kanonebi, romelTa mizani iyo rasobrivi segregaciis danergva, sadac cxovrebis yvela sferoSi aSkara prioriteti evropuli warmoSobis adamianebs, e.w. TeTrkanianebs gaaCndaT.

eTno-rasobrivi TvalsazrisiT sar-is mosaxleoba sakmaod mravalferovani iyo da dResac aseTad rCeba. mosaxelobis umravlesobas afrikelebi Seadgendnen. maT Soris yvelaze mravalricxovani iyo zulu, qsosasi da soto.

TeTrkanianebis umravlesoba warmodgenili iyo holandielTa STamomavlebiT, romlebic saubroben holandiuri enis dialeqtze, romelsac afrikaansi ewodeba. sak-Si ori saxelmwifo ena iyo: afrikaansi da inglisuri42.

“feradkanianebSi” gaerTianebuli iyvnen afrikelebis da

evropelebis STamomavlebi da azielebi. am uknasknelebis did nawils

indoelebi Seadgendnen. “feradkanianebis” kategoria, aseve moicavda

koisanuri warmoSobis afrikuli tomebis warmomadgenlebsac. koisanelebi

gansaxlebuli iyvnen kontinentis ukidures samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi

dRevandeli samxreT-afrikis respublikisa da namibiis teritoriaze.

isini regionSi mcxovrebi sxva Savkaniani afrikelebisgan gamoirCevian

lingvisturi da morfologiuri niSnebiT. sagulisxmoa, rom sak-is

mmarTvelebs jer kidev XIX s.-Si “feradebSi” SeyavdaT gadmosaxlebuli

Cinelebis STamomavlebi, xolo taivaneli Cinelebi, iaponelebi da

samxreT koreelebi, romelTa mTavrobebTan aparteids mWidro

ekonomikuri TanamSromloba qonda, “sapatio TeTrkanianebis” kategorias

miekuTvnebodnen.

1948 w. arCvenebSi samxreT afrikis erovnuli partiis gamarjvebis

Semdeg rasobrivi situacia ukiduresad gamwvavda. axladarCeulma

mTavrobam ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRo kanonebi, romlebmac

gaaRrmaves rasobrivi segregacia. axali kanonebis Tanaxmad:

41 aparteidi afrikaansis enaze gancalkevebas niSnavs. pirvelad es termini 1917 wels gamoiyena ian smetsma, romelic Semdgom sak-is premier-ministri gaxda. 42 amJamad samxreT afrikis respublikaSi 11 saxelmwifo enaa, maT Soris inglisuri, afrikaansi da 9 bantus ena.

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gamoiyo mosaxleobis sam kategoria: TeTrebi, afrikelebi da

“feradkanianebi”. TiToeul kategorias Tavisi samarTlebrivi

statusi qonda;

“rasobrivi siwmindis” SenarCunebis mizniT aikrZala

rasaTaSorisi qorwinebebi;

adgili qonda teritoriebis gadanawilebas TeTrebsa da

danarCenebs Soris. afrikelebs, romlebic mTeli mosaxleobis

80%-s Sedgendnen qveynis teritoriis mxolod 12% ergoT;

afrikelebs da “feradebs” ekrZalebodaT “TeTr” zonebSi

cxovreba da specialuri saSvebis gareSe erTi teritoriidan

meoreze gadaadgileba;

feradkanianebma “dakarges” parlamentis arCevnebSi

monawileobis ufleba. analogiuri ufleba afrikelebs jer

kidev 1939 wels CamoarTves.

sar-is parlamenti Sediodnen is afrikelebi, romlebsac

bantustanebis teritoriaze irCevdnen. 1960 wlis kanoniT

gauqmda sar-is parlamentSi SavkanianTa warmomadgenloba;

TeTrebis anazRaureba afrikelisaze ramdenjerme meti iyo.

mag., Savkaniani maRaroeli 12-jer nakleb gasamrjelos iRebda,

vidre misi TeTrkaniani kolega analogiur samuSaoSi.

Savkanian mewarmes ufleba ar qonda daeqiravebina TeTrkaniani

adamiani;

araTeTrebisTvis SezRuduli iyo sityvis Tavisufleba,

gaficvebisa da mitingebis mowyoba, adamianis sxva uflebebi

da Tavisuflebebi;

Savkanian policielebs ekrZalebodaT TeTrkanianis dakaveba

da a.S.

aparteidis mier adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis sferoSi yvelaze

didi saerTaSoriso aJiotaJi bantustanebis Seqmnam gamoiwvia. sar-is

xelisuflebam daiwyo specialuri teritoriebis, bantustanebis

daarseba, sadac xdeboda afrikelebis koncentracia, maT Soris

Zaladobrivi gadasaxlebac. sul Seiqmna 10 bantustani, romlebic sar-is

mTavrobam damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad gamoacxada. mniSvnelovani is

aris, rom “damoukidebel bantustanSi” mcxovrebi adamiani avtomaturad

kargavda sar-is moqalaqeobas. Sesabamisad, mas ufleba erTmeoda

Tavisuflad gadaadgilebuliyo qveynis teritoriaze. bantustanebis

damoukideblobis aRiarebiT sar-is xelisufleba cdilobda xelovnurad

Seemcirebina qveynis mosaxleobaSi afrikelebis xvedriTi wili. msoflio

Tanamegobrobam mxari ar dauWira aparteidis am xriks. bantustanebis

damoukidebloba arcerTma qveyanam ar aRiara.

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1990-ian wlebis dasawyisSi Sida da sagareo dawolis Sedegad sar-

is mmarTvelobam miiRo gadawyvetileba aparteidis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. sar-

Si 1994 wlis sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad gaimarjva “afrikulma

erovnulma kongresma”, xolo misi lideri cnobili politikuri moRvawe

nelson mandela sar-is istoriaSi pirveli Savkaniani prezidenti gaxda.

wyaroebi: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid;

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/2446964/the_population_registration_act_of.html

http://home.intekom.com/southafricanhistoryonline/pages/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesso

n6/03-effects-apartheid.htm separatistuli nacionalizmi (Separatist Nationalism), rogorc misi

saxelmwodeba gviCvenebs dakavSirebulia moZraobasTan, romelic miznad isaxavs umciresobis (umciresobebis) mier saxelmwifodan garkveuli teritoriis gamoyofas damoukideblobis moTxovniT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu separtatistebis mxridan adgili aqvs ara damoukideblobis, aramed sxva saxelmwifosTan SeerTebis moTxovnas, maSin saqme gvaqvs iredentistul nacionalizmTan (Iredentist Nationalism). iredentizmis magaliTebia., mag. CrdiloeT transilvania rumineTSi, samxreT tiroli italiaSi, “saxreT oseTi” saqarTveloSi.

ganaxlebuli nacionalizmi. (Renewed Nationalism) yofili imperiebi an Zlierma qveynebi mniSvnelovani istoriuli cvlilebebis Sedegad iZulebeuli iyvnen gadaesinjaT maTi erovnuli ideologia da masSi garkveuli koreqtivebi SeetanaT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi am process adgili qonda mag., TurqeTSi da avstriaSi, Sesabamisad osmaleTis da avstro-ungreTis imperiebis daSlis Semdeg. ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg bolSevikurma xelisuflebam mniSvnelovnad SeniRba misi “erovnuli politika” da axladSeqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri erTa nebayoflobiT gaerTianebad monaTla. 1978 wlis revoluciis Semdeg iranis sasuliero liderebma da axalma mTavrobam uari Tqves bevr progresul reformaze da islamuri saxelmwifos aRorZineba daiwyes (Taylor & Flint, 2007: 167-168).

nacionalizmis zemoT ganxilul yvela saxe, SeiZleba erT tipSi gavaerTianoT da mas tradiciuli nacionalizmi vuwodoT. Sesabamisad, arsebobs nacionalizmis axali tipebi (saxeebi). maTi aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia globalizaciis, kerZod ki evropis gaerTianebis procesTan.

nacionalizmi eTnikurobis gareSe? specialistTa nawils miaCnia, rom arsebobs nacionalizmi

eTnikurobis gareSe. amis magaliTebia mravalkulturuli (mag., aSS, avstralia) da pluralistuli sazogadoebebi43. es ukanasknelebi

43

centralur amerikaSi (rig SemTxvevebSi afrikaSi) evropelTa kolonizaciis procesSi sxvadasxva rasobrivi da eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs erTmaneTis gverdiT asaxlebdnen. Ase xelovnurad Seqmnil sazogadoebebs pluralistul sazogadoebebs uwodeben. .

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marTlac eTno-religiur-kulturuli urTierTobebis unikalur models warmoadgenen.

CanarTi # mavrikia: nacionalizmi eTnikurobis gareSe?

indoeTis okeneSi afrikis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapirodan

daaxleobiT 1000 km moSorebiT mdebareobs kunZuli mavrikia. portugalielebis mier danarCeni samyarosTvis aRmoCenili es patara kunZuli (2 aT. kv. km.), sxvadasxva dros iyo holandiis, safrangeTis da britaneTis kolonia. evropelTa kolonizaciamde kunZulze daaxloebiT 300 adamiani cxovrobda. masobrivi migraciebis, maT Soris afrikidan monebis gadasaxlebis Sedegad mosaxleoba swrafad gaizarda. amJamad, mavrikiis respublika, romelSic moicavs 2 kunZuls: mavrikia da rodrigesi, 1,3 mln adamians iTvlis. mavrikia. mavrikia socialuri (wigniereba - daaxloebiT 85%) da ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT (mSp erT sul mosaxleze - 12,4 aTasi aSS dolari) afrikis erT-erTi mowinavea saxelmwifoa (http://www.state.gov/ r/pa/ei/bgn/2833.htm).

koloniurma warsulma Tavisi daRi daasva mavrikiis mosaxleobas eTno-rasobriv da religiur Semadgenlobas. mosaxleobis umravlesobas indoelebi warmoadgenen (68%). Semdeg modian kreolebi (franko-afrikul-malagasiuri warmomavlobis xalxi) – 27%, Cinelebi – 3% da frangebi – 2%. qveynis religiuri struqtura kidev ufro Wrelia: induistebi – 48%, kaTolikeebi – 23,6%, muslimebi – 16,6%, protestantebi – 8,6%, sxva konfesiebi – 2,5%. mosaxleobis 80%-ze meti kreolur enaze saubrobs, romlis Zirsac franguli warmoadgens.

sinamdvileSi mavrikiis eTno-rasobrivi da konfesiuri situacia kidev ufro rTulia, vidre es statistikuri monacemebidan Cans. mag. kreolebi Tavis mxriv iyofa or sub-jgufad: franko-mavrikielebad da “feradebad”. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini kaTolikeebi arian, erTmaneTs erT eTnikur jgufad ar moiazreben. garda amisa, gansxvavebulad ganixilaven erTmaneTs kunZulebis mavrikiis da rodrigesis kreolebi. indoelebi iyofa, erTi mxriv, religiuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT induist da muslim indoelebad, xolo, meore mxriv, eTnikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT – bihariebad (CrdiloeT indoeTi) da Sri-lankeli tamilebad da teluguelebad (Eriksen, 2010: 101-102). gasakviri ar aris, rom indoelebi da Sri-lankelebi Tavs sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis wevrebad miiCneven.

mavrikiis, iseve, rogorc sxva pluralistuli sazogadoebebis,

erTaSorisi urTierTobebi gansakuTrebuli specifikiT gamoirCeva. upirvelesi, rasac mavrikielebi erTmaneTTan Sexvedrisas arkveven es maTi eTno-rasobrivi kuTvnilebaa.

stereotipebi ara asaxaven realobas da ar qmian adamianTa jgufebis obieqtur suraTs. stereotipebis daxmarebiT pirovneba cdilobs gaimartivos socialuri samyaros aRqma adamianTa garkveuli niSniT generalizaciis meSveobiT, anu dayos es samyaro calkeul kategoriebad. erTaSoris urTierTobebSi swored stereotipebis saSualebiT xdeba calkeul jgufebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba.

mocemul jgufs, rogorc wesi stereotipebis safuZvelze uyalibdeba upiratesobis gancda sxva jgufebTan mimarTebaSi. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu ganvixilavT, rogor axasiaTeben mavrikiis

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calkeuli jgufebi Tavis da sxva kulturuli erTobebis warmomadgenelbs.

eTno-rasobrivi jgufebi sxvebis mier Seqmnili

sterotipebi avtostereotipebi

kreolebi zarmaci, mxiaruli, daudevari

drostarebis moyvaruli, TanamgrZnobi, megobruli

indoelebi stingy скаредный, upatiosno, Sromismoyvare

yuradRebiani, meojaxe

muslimebi religiuri fanatikosebi, non-minglers

Rirsebis da kulturis matarebeli

sino-mavrikielebi Zunwi, Sromismoyvare Wkviani, Sromismoyvare franko-mavrikielebi snobi, dekadenturi,

arademokratiuli Rirseuli, WeSmariti mavrikieli

“feradkanianebi” Wkviani, qedmaRali, zedmetad ambiciuri

inteligenti, WeSmariti mavrikieli

wyaro: Eriksen, 2010: 30

am monacemebidan irkveva, rom kreolebs (franko-mavrikielebs da

“feradkanianebs”) pretenzia aqvT “WeSmarit anu mkvidr mavrikielobaze”. es bunebrivicaa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT mavrikiis xelisuflebis eTnikur politikas. qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT oficialuri statusi gaaCnia mosaxleobis oTx jgufs: indurs, muslimurs, Cinurs (sino-mavrikiuls) da “mTavars”. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmebian kreolebi. qveynis prezidenti kreolebidan airCeva. amgvari xisti eTnikuri politikis fonze Zalze rTulia eri-saxelmwifos mSenebloba. 1968 wels eTno-rasobriv erTmaneTs indoelebi da kreolebi daupirispirdnen. mosaxleobis mravakulturuli xasiaTi mavrikielebs ki ar aerTianebT, aramed piriqiT yofs. samagierod, qveynis mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro tolerantulia koloniuri simboloebisadmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom inglisuri mSobliuria mosaxleobis mxolod 1%-sTvis is qveynis parlamentis oficialuri ena gaxda saerTo konsensusis safuZvelze (iqve:

31). loRikuri iqneboda es statusi kreolurs qonoda, magram arakreoli mosaxleoba amis winaaRmdegi iyo.

nacionalizmis kuTxiT mavrikia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qveyana, sadac formalurad warmodgenilia erTi eTnikuri jgufi (mas sxva samSoblo ar gaaCnia) da ramdenime diaspora. amasTan, mavrikiisTvis erTdoulad damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv, “kulturaTa mozaika”, xolo, meore mxriv, supra-eTnikuri anu araeTnikuri erToba. ukanaskneli ganpirobebulia imiT, rom politikurad dominanturi jgufi – kreolebi ar warmoadgenen eTnoss, am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT, radgan ar gaaCniaT miTebi saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, saerTo kulturuli elementebi (aq unda gavixsenoT adre ganxiluli sakiTxi xelovnurad Sekowiwebuli an sxvebis mier Seqmnili kulturis Sesaxeb). qveynis dasaxeleba egzonimia da ara endonimi. meore mxriv, kreolebs CamouyalibdaT eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia (isini Tavs Tvlian “WeSmarit” mavrikielebad), rac imas niSnavs, rom maT ukve gaaCniaT eTnonimi, xolo mavrikiis teritorias isini ganixilaven, rogorc maT (da mxolod maT) istoriul miwad, e.i. samSoblod.

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nacionalizmi da genderi

eris feminsituri xedva, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos aradasvluri fenomenia. am sakiTxis win wamowevas xeli Seuwyo azieli da afrikeli qalebis aqtiurma monawileobam antikoloniur moZraobaSi. Semdgom, mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTma Zalauflebis sakiTxis genderul Sefasebas. Tavdapirvelad, qalebi aRSfoTebas qveynis marTvaSi maTi umniSvnelo monawileobis gamo gamoTqvamdnen. mamakacebis mier damkvidrebuli sterotipi, rom politika qalis saqme ar aris, xels uSlida qalebis CarTvas politikur procesSi, Sesabamisad isini naklebad iyvenen warmodgenili sxvadasxva donis mmarTvelobis Tu TviTmmarTvelobis organoebSi (ix. cxrili #). ukanaskneli ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflios feministurma moZraobam sakmaod did warmatebebs miaRwia da is bevr qveyanaSi angariSgasawevi Zala gaxda. amas orma garemoebam Seuwyo xeli. jer erTi, TviT “susti sqesis” warmomadgenelTa socialur-politikuri aqtivobis zrdam, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Seiqmna uamravi feministuri arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlebic icaven qalTa uflebebs mTel msoflioSi. saxezea qalTa Soris solidarobis zrdas. saarCevno procesSi qalebi ufro mobilizebuli da organizebuli arian, vidre mamakacebi. ganviTarebuli samyaroSi, Tu romelime politikur organizacias saarCevno siaSi Sesabamisad ar aris warmodgenili qalTa warmomadgenloba, am SemTxvevaSi arCevnebze mas warmatebis TiTqmis aranairi Sansi ara aqvs. sazogadoebaSi qalis statusis amaRlebam ganapiroba bevri anti-feministuri debulebis gadaxedva da axleburad gaazreba. gamonakliss, am mxriv arc nacionalizmi da erovnuli sakiTxi warmoadgens.

cxrili #

qalTa warmomadgenloba qveynebis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoebSi msoflios regionebis mixedviT (2006 w.)

regioni qalTa wili

parlamentSi CrdiloeT evropa 40% danarCeni evropa 18% orive amerika 21% afrika saharis samxreTiT 17% azia 16% okeaneTi 14% arabuli qveynebi 8% wyaro: (Taylor and Flint, 2007: 188).

nacionalistebis garkveuli nawili qals eris mSeneblobaSi

mxolod or funqcias aniWebs. pirveli, raTqmaunda biologiuri anu eris reproduqciis funqciaa. aseTi gancxadebebi arcTu iSviaTi iyo nacisturi germaniis, irlandiis respublikuri armiis da palestinelebis moRvaweobaSi. radikali nacionalistebi qals diasaxlisad moiazrebdnen, xolo mamakacs – samSoblos damcvelad. amasTan dakavSirebiT iqmneboda Sesaferisi socialur-kulturuli diskursebi. omis Sesaxeb TiTqmis yvela filmSi aris scena, sadac mamakaci jarSi midis, xolo mas

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cremliani coli an deda acilebs. radikalebis azriT, qalis biologiuri funqcia amiT ar Semofargleba. qalma, aseve unda izrunos naciis siwmindeze, Sesabamisad ar unda daqorwindes sxva eris warmomadgenelze. es midgoma ZiriTadad dominanti eTnosis warmomadgenlebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. cnobilma sociologebma floia anTiasma da nira iuval-davisma genderisa da nacionalizmis sakiTxebis analizis Sedegad daadgines, rom garda zemoT aRniSnulisa qalebs nacionalizmis procesSi kidev sam mniSvnelovani funqcias asruleben.

qali kulturis mniSvnelovani matarebelia. es, upirvelesad gamoixateba axali Taobis (ara marto Svilebis) aRzrdaSi. msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi saSualo skolis maswavleblebis did umravlesobas qalebi Seadgenen. maTi roli axalgazrdebisTvis erovnuli istoriisa da literaturis swavlebaSi Zalian didia. erovnuli stereotipebis Camoyalibeba bavSvobidan iwyeba. amasTan, qali aris aramarto kulturis matarebeli, aramed misi simboloc (mag., qarTlis deda, Tavisuflebis qandakeba niu-iorkSi). yvela kultura cdilobs Seqmnas qalis “xelSeuxeblobis” diskursi. nebismier adamianSi gansakuTrebul sentimentebs, aRSfoTebasac ki iwvevs im faqtis gageba, rom ama Tu im konflitis dros daiRupen qalebi. Sesabamisad, nacionalizmis ideologia cdilobs erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavos qalisa da mamakacis funqciebi erovnuli mSeneblobis procesSi. mag., nacisturi germaniis axalgazrdul hitlerul moZraobaSi gognebisTvis da biWebisTvis gansxvavebuli lozungebi Seiqmna. gogebis lozungi iyo: “iyavi Rirseuli, iyavi wminda (igulisxmeba erovnuli siwminde – avt.) da iyavi germaneli”. analogiuri lozungi biWebs mouwodebda: “icxovre Rirseulad, ibrZole mamacurad, RimiliT Sexvdi sikvdils”. nacionaluri ideologiis erT-erTi mTavari amocanaa gamokveTos erovnuli (eTnikuri) gansxvavebebi, upirveles yovlisa qalis dadebiTi imijis warmoCenis safuZvelze (Anthias & Yuval-Davis, 1989: 7).

anTiasi da iuval-davisi amtkiceben, rom Tumca qalebi Zalian iSviaTad monawileobdnen brZolebSi, maTi arapirdapiri monawileoba yovelTvis TvalsaCino iyo. ufro metic, isini arcTu iSviaTad erovnuli dapirispirebis provocirebasac ki axdenden (iqve). amJamad, qalis roli saxelmwifo da erovnul procesebSi kidev ufro amaRlda. feministebi Tvlian, rom qalebs xelewifebaT ufro mSvidobiani msoflios Seqmna, radgan mamakacebTan SedarebiT isini gacilebiT ufro progresulebi da da socialurad komunikabelurebi arian.

nacionalizmis paradigmebi

nacionalizmis debatebSi dRemde centraluri adgili ukavia eris da nacionalizmis aRmocenebis periodizacias. zogadad, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoyofen sam ZiriTad paradigmas, kerZod:

erebi da nacionalizmi primordialuri (uZvelesi) fenomenebia;

erebi primordialuri warmoSobisaa, xolo nacionalizmi

Tanamedrove movlenaa;

erebi da nacionalizmi Tanamedrove movlenebia.

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Sesabamisad, arsebobs nacionalizmis sami ZiriTadi (primordializmi, perenializmi da modernizmi) samecniero mimarTuleba. amasTan, nacionalizmis kvlevebisTvis (iseve, rogorc sxva socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis) damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv, erovnuli skolebis arseboba, mag., anglo-amerikuli, rusuli, germanuli. TiToeulma maTgani mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs nacionalizmis kvlevebis, rogorc mecnierebis dargis ganviTarebaSi, radgan gvTavazoben aRniSnuli da sxva sakiTxebis maTTvis damaxasiaTebel, specifiur xedvas. meore mxriv, zemoT dasaxelebuli TiToeuli mimarTuleba, rig SemTxveveabSi warmodgenilia ori an meti qvemimarTulebiT. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli aRiarebiT da popularobiT sargebleobs eTnosimbolozmi, romelic Tavis droze perenializms gamoeyo. qvemoT gTavazobT nacionalizmis paradigmebis da Sesabamisi samecniero mimarTulebebis mokle daxasaiTebas.

tionisis “gemainSafti” da “gezelSafti”. germanelma sociologma ferdinand tionisma (Ferdinand Tönnies)

mecnierebaSi Semoitana Temis (germ. Gemeinschaft) da sazogadoebis (germ. Gesellschaft) cnebebis ganaxlebuli ganmarteba. misi azriT Temi tradiciuli sazogadoebaa, xolo sazogadoeba industriuli (kapitalisturi) epoqis pirmSoa. tionisiseuli gezelSafti dRevandeli samoqalaqo (politikuri) eria (Tönnies, 2001: 24). meore germanelma sociologma maqs veberma (Max Weber) ganavrco eTnosisa da sazogadoebis (samoqalaqo eris) ideebi. misi azriT, eTnosi warmoadgens xelovnur konstruqcias, radgan misi wevrebis rwmena adamianTa erTobis, e.i. Temis Sesaxeb subieqturia. rwmena ki ar ayalibebs Tems, aramed, piriqiT Temi qmnis rwmenas. Temi rwmenas iyenebs Zalauflebisa da statusis mopovebis mizniT. sazogadoebis Semnis safuZvlad, veberi miiCnevs adamianTa Tavisufal nebas, romelis safuZvelzec isini konkretuli interesebis garSemo erTiandebian (Banton, 2007).

primordializmi. nacionalizmis paradigmebs Soris primordializmi uZvelesia.

primordialuri midgomis mixedviT eric da nacionalizmic Zveli movlenebia. primordializmi mTeli sisruliT asaxavs nacionalisturi organicizmisa da romantizmis ideebs. es bunebrivicaa, radgan primordialisturi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba ukavSirdeba cnobili frangi moazrovneebis Eda sazogado moRvaweebis Jan-Jak rusos da manuel-Jozef siiesis saxelebs. siiesi, erT-erTi pirveli iyo vinc jer kidev 1789 wels dasva sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom suvereniteti ara samRvdeloebas da arsitokratias, aramed ers (xalxs) unda ekuTvnodes. safrangeTSi da Semdgom dasavleT evropaSi moqalaqeobis institutis damkvidrebam gaaZliera rwmena eris sidiadeSi. axlagazrda franguli respublikis moRvaweebma aitaces rusos da siiesis naazrevi da is ramdenime mimarTulebiT ganavrces. gamoikveTa ori mniSvnelovani debuleba: 1) eri saTaves iRebs uxsovari droidan; da 2) eTnikuri kuTvnileba adamianis bunebrivi mocemulobaa. modernistebisgan gansxvavebiT primordialistebs miaCniaT, rom SeuZlebelia eTnikurobis xelovnurad Seqmna an misi Tavs moxveva. amaSi mdgomarebs nacionalisturi organicizmis mTavari idea, romelic iziarebs eris warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis socio-biologiur midgomas (ix. gv. ).

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gansakuTrebuli aqcenti keTdeba imaze, rom erovnuli kultura da tradiciebi memkvidreobiT xasiaTs atarebs, radgan yovel Semdgom Taobas gadaecema. primordializmis debulebebi gulubryvilod gamoiyureba, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom man safuZveli Cauyara nacionalizmis sxva paradigmebis aRmocenebas.

instrumentalizmi eTnosebisa da eTnikurobis kvlevaSi es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

eTnologiuri da sociologiuri mimarTulebaa. misi ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom elita eTnikurobas iyenebs, rogorc Zalauflebis mopovebisa an sakuTari ekonomikuri sargeblis Tu materialuri keTildReobis amaRlebis instruments. dasavleTSi aseTi midgoma cnobilia situaciuri perenealizmis saxelwodebiT. yoveldRiurobaSi eTnikuroba latentur (farul) mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba misi mobilizacia. elita cdilobs gaaRviZos eTnosis erovnuli grZnobebi da eris energia mimarTos sxva eTnosebze upiratesobis mopovebis an maTze kontrolis dawesebis mizniT. am SemTxvevaSi eTnosi gamoiyeneba, rogorc mZlavri iaraRi (saSualeba), romlic meSveobiT xdeba garkveuli teritoriis (qveynis CaTvliT) sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikacia, oRond ara wminda socialuri, aramed eTnikuri niSniT (Noel, 1968).

eTnogenezisi es koncefcia, Tavdapirvelad avtoqtonuri xalxebis da mosuli

migrantebis Serwymis Sedegad axali eTnosis formirebis SemTxvevebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneboda. mogvianebiT Seicvala konceftualuri midgomebi, ris Sedegadac eTnosis warmoSobis umniSvnelovaness pirobebad aRiarebuli iyo saerTo teritoria da ena. “eTno-genetikosebis” SexedulebiT pirveli mniSvnelovania eTnosis formirebisa da ganviTarebis sawyiss etapze. Semdgom, eTnosi funqcionirebas ukve, rogorc damoukidebeli socialuri organizmi, romelsac xelewifeba reproduqcia, mis arsenalSi arsebuli kulturuli da fsiqologiuri elementebis meSveobiT. am Tvisebebis matarebeli eTnosi arsebobas ar wyvets im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mobilobis (mag., boSebi) an garkveuli politikuri garemoebebis gamo (mag., ebraelebi) is kargavs kavSirs istoriul samSoblosTan. ena gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs, radgan misi meSveobiT iqmneba literatura, simRerebi, istoriuli miTebi. aRniSnuli koncefcia iTvaliswinebs eTnosebis arsebobis damatebiT pirobebsac, rogorebicaa religia, eTnonimi44, TviTSegneba. eTnogenezisis procesSi yalibdeba mocemuli eTnisisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sulieri da materialuri kulturis niSnebi da fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi. eTnosis wevrebs uyalibdebaT saerToi eTnofsiqika da saerTo eTnonimi. mniSvnelovania, rom eTnonimi ar unda iyos “egzonimi” anu sxva xalxebis mier darqmeuli an xelovnurad Sekowiwebuli. is eTnosis wiaRidan unda modiodes, Sesabamisad unda warmoadgendes endonims (avtonims). eTnogenezisis koncefciis mixedviT gamodis, rom saxelwodebebi “samxreT afrikeli”, “amerikeli”, “axal

44

eTnonimi berZnuli sityvaa da iTargmneba, rogorc “eTnosis sakuTari saxeli”.

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zelandieli” did emociebs ar unda iwvevdes maT wevrebs Soris, radgan es xelovnurad Seqmnili eTnonimebia.

perenializmi. perenializmi, rogorc samecniero mimarTuleba wina saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda. perenialistebi Tvlian, rom nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia Tanamedrove movlenaa, magram erebi Zveli fenomenia. amgvar daskvnis safuZvels warmoadgens mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom erebi adamianTa “bunebriv” erTobebs warmoadgenen. es sakiTxi nacionalizmis kvlevebSi erT-erTi centraluria, radgan, rogorc am ideis mxardamWerebs, aseve mis oponentebs gaaCniaT Zlieri argumentebi. erTi mxriv, rTulia imis dabejiTebiT mtkiceba, rom erebi adreul epoqebSi Camoyalibdnen, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT eris Tanamedrove maxasiaTeblebs. amasTan, imis uaryofac TiTqmis aravis SeuZlia, rom mag., ebraelebi da somxebi yvela kriteriumiT Zalian Zveli erebi arian. perenialistebi imasac amtkiceben, rom eri ganaxlebadi movlenaa, rac imas niSnavs, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi is icvleba, gardaiqmneba da axali niSan-TvisebebiT gvevlineba.

perenializms bevri saerTo aqvs eTnosimbolizmTan. am ukanasknelis daxasiaTeba mocemulia amave TavSi.

modernizmi. modernistebis ZiriTadi Sexedulebis mixedviT nacionalizmi,

rogorc ideologia da gansakuTrebiT, rogorc procesi, Sesabamisad erebic Tanamedrove movlenaa, romelic zogadad kapitalizmis gavrcelebasTan, kerZod ki safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

modernistebis mniSvnelovani nawili nacionalizmis ideologiis wanamZRvrad racionalizmis Teorias miiCnevs. racionalizmi, rogor moZRvreba me-18 saukuneSi evropaSi aRmocenda da is mkacrad akritikebda feodalur wes-wyobilebas. racionalizmis ideebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis ganviTarebam. racionalizmis mixedviT codna da WeSmariteba dgindeba racionaluri azrovnebis da ara RvTiuri an zebunebrivi Zalebis mier. Sesabamisad, racionalizmma sagnebisa da movlenebis axsnaSi win wamowia adamianuri sawyisi. mTlianobaSi racionalistebi miiCnevdnen, rom adamiani Tavisi bunebiT aris kanonmorCili, TviTregulirebadi da kreatiuli. Sesabamisad, individs Seswevs imis unari, rom ar iyos bunebrivi da RvTiuri Zalebis morCili da TviTon Seqmnas da marTos socialuri institutebi. adamianis axleburi, amasTan gadamwyveti rolis aRiareba moiTxovda sruliad axali socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri garemos Seqmnas, radgan feodalizmis CarCoSi am Canafiqris ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iyo. etapobrivad racionalizmi moZraobad gardaiqmna. yalibdeboda “Zveli wesrigis” alternatiuli struqturebi (mag., masonuri organizaciebi) da iqmneboda axali Teoriebi da koncefciebi. am periodis umniSvnelovanesi naSromia 1776 wels gamoqveynebuli adam smitis “erTa keTildReoba” (Ordrige, 1981: 20-26). am naSromma ekonomikis kuTxiT gaamdidra stiurt milis da jon lokis liberalizmis moZRvrebebi. mTlianobaSi, aRniSnuli droisTvis “axali wesrigis” Teoriuli bazisi SemuSavebuli iyo da evropa emzadeboda

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revoluciuri naxtomisTvis, romelic 1789 wels safrangeTSi ganxorcielda.

nacionalizmis Teoriis erT-erTi fuZemdebli germaneli mecnieri hans koni miiCnevs, rom nacionalizmis aRmoceneba, upirveles yovlisa dakavSirebulia xalxis suverenitetTan, xolo am ideis realizacia SesaZlebeli gaxda “mesame fenis” (fran. le tiers-état) mecadineobis Sedegad (Kohn, 1945: 3-4).

CanarTi # mesame fena

me-18 saukuneSi safrangeTis mosaxleoba dayofili iyo sam

socialur klasad, romelsac fenebs uwodebdnen. pirvel ori fenas warmodgenda samRvdeloeba da arsitokratia. mesame fena, romelic mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 98%-s Seadgenda politikurad praqtikulad uuflebo iyo. ludoviko XVI mmarTvelobis dros mesame fena, romlis birTvs muSebi da glexoba Seadgendnen, mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda masSi mewarmeebis da vaWrebis CarTvis xarjze. isini warmoadgendnen axladSobil socialur klass burJuazias. swored burJuazia gamodioda yvelaze aqtiurad Zveli reJimis Secvlis moTxovniT.

ludoviko XIV gardacvalebis Semdeg safrangeTSi mwvave finansuri krizisi daiwyo. ludoviko XVI SemoiRo axali kanoni, romelic iTvalsiwinebda samRvdeloebisa da aristokratiis dabegvras. safrangeTis istoriaSi am uprecedento gadawyvetilebam frangi warCinebulebis saSineli aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. maTi iniciativiT 1789 wlis maisSi gaimarTa kreba, romelSic samive fenis warmomadgenlebi monawileobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebis umravlesobas mesame fenis delegatebi Seadgendnen, moqmedi wesis mixedviT warCinebulebi krebis mTeli xmebis 2/3-s ekuTvnodaT. cxadi iyo, rom, dabali fena am Sekrebaze misTvis sasurveli gadawyvetilebebs miRebas ver moaxerxebda.

imave wlis ivnisSi ukve mesame fenis warmomadgenlebma moiwvies kreba, romelsac erovnuli asamblea ewoda. am Tavyrilobam miiRo deklaracia adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romelic aRiarebda moqalaqeTa Tanasworobas, religiuri aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebas da samarTlian sasamarTlo ganxilvas. es deklaracia mravalaTasiani tiraJiT daibeWda da mTel evropaSi gavrcelda. is ganasaxiarebda ganaTlebuli evropis miswrafebas socialuri da politikuri cvlilebebisaken. safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis gamarjvebam dasabami daudo am cvlilebebis etapobriv ganxorcielebas

(The Third Estate, 2009). konis mixedviT, safrangeTis burJuaziuli revoluciis Semdeg

samoqalaqo nacionalizmis ganviTareba Tavdapirvelad im qveynebSi daiwyo, sadac Zlieri mesame fenis arsebobis pirobebSi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri da politikuri reformebi gatarda, kerZod did britaneTSi, safrangeTsa da aSS-Si. evropis im nawilSi, sadac burJuazia da saSualo fena moisustebda, mag. germaniaSi, italiaSi da slavur qveynebSi nacionalizmis fundamentad kulturuli faseulobebi mogvevlina.

adre aRiniSna, rom nacionalizmis erTiani ideologia ar arsebobs. nacionalizmi, rogorc ideologia icvleba qveynebisa da erebis mixedviT. Tanamedrove nacionalizmis ideebi dasavleT evropaSi, kerZod

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safrangeTsa da inglisSi Caisaxa da mogvianebiT sxva evropeli erebis mier moxda maTi importi da garkveuli modificireba adgilobrivi specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. ukve XX saukuneSi nacionalizmis ideebi gavrcelda aRmosavleT evropis, aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi. praqtikulad yvelgan nacionalistur moZraobebis safuZvels saerTo kulturisa da istoriis arseboba warmoadgenda. sainteresoa, ratom miiRo nacionalizmis sabaziso ideologiam sayovelTao aRiareba? ratom ar moxda mag., aziisa da afrikis qveynebSi alternatiuli ideologiebis modelebis SemuSaveba da danergva? saqme imaSia, rom im droisTvis, rodesac ganviTarebadi samyaros qveynebma damoukidebloba moipoves, ukve funqcionirebda msoflios axali saerTaSoriso sistema. misi CarCo jer kidev 1648 wels vestfaliis xelSekrulebiT ganisazRvra. Sesabamisad, moswondaT Tu ara, axladSeqmnili ganviTarebadi qveynebi am sistemaSi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi izolaciaSi yofna emuqrebodaT.

kapitalizmis pirobebSi ra saxis fundamentic ar unda qondes nacionalizms, is miiswrafvis eri-saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaken. Tanamderove nacionalizmi aris procesi, romlis saboloo mizania qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis integrireba erTian politikur sistemaSi. amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom centralizebuli mmarTveloba damaxasiaTebeli iyo monaTmflobelobis periodis qalaq-saxelmwifoebisTvis, rom araferi vTqvaT feodalizmis epoqis qveynebze. es, raTqmaunda, asea, magram modernistebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom kapitalizmma axali SinaarsiT Seavso saxelmwifos cneba. Tanamedrove saxelmwifos “mepatrone da mmarTveli” mTeli eria da ara mxolod aristokratuli elita, rogorc es adreul istoriul formaciebSi iyo. amitomac, modernistebi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos sxvagvarad er-saxelmwifos uwodeben.

mTlianobaSi, modernizmis xedva nacionalizmis ganviTarebaSi

racionalizmis, kapitalizmis da saxelmwifo-centrizmis rolis Sesaxeb Semdegnirirad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

racionalizmma Camoayaliba Semdegi ideebi:

moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb,

erTiani kanonmdleblobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb,

kanonis winaSe adamianebis Tanasworobis Sesaxeb;

eris mimarT moqalaqis erTgulebis (loialobis) Sesaxeb; da

rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, saxelmwifos arsebobis mTavari

arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom is unda emsaxurebodes mis

moqalaqeebs da ara piriqiT.

kapitalizmma ganapiroba:

adamianis mier misi codnis da unarebis nebayoflobiT

“gayidva an gaqiraveba”;

masobrivi komunikaciebis saSualebebis Seqmna, ramac

ganapiroba adamianebis socializacia da daaxloeba;

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klasebis warmoSoba da Sromis danawilebis procesSi

klasobrivi urTierTobebis Casaxva;

Sromis saerTaSoriso danawileba.

saxelmwifom Seqmna:

saerTo (saxelmwifo) ena da ganaTlebis erTiani sistema;

erTiani samarTlebrivi sistema;

socialuri da janmrTelobis dacvis erTiani sistema;

erTiani safinanso sistema da fiskaluri politika;

erTiani saxelmwifo-sajaro samsaxuri;

erovnuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da usafrTxoebis sistema;

moaxdina mosaxleobis yvela fenis da yvela regionis

warmomadgenlebis socializacia (Ordrige, 1981: 35).

mTlianobaSi, nacionalizmis modernistuli paradigma Semdeg

debulebebs gvTavazobs:

nacionalizmma Seqmna Tanamedrove erebi da saxelmwifoebi;

eri, iseve, rogorc nacionalizmi axali fenomenia. orive, ukeTes

SemTxvevaSi XIX s.-Si Camoyalibda.

erebi da nacionalizmi inteligenciisa da burJuaziis

artefaqtebia45.

eTnikuri (eTno-lingvisturi) nacionalizmi unda ganvasxvavoT

samoqalaqo-politikuri nacionalizmisgan;

nacionalizma da erebma amowures TavianTi istoriuli misia da

globalizaciis epoqaSi isini unda ganvixiloT, rogorc

warsulis gadmonaSTebi (Smith, 2001: 102).

modernizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganxraa konstruqtivizmi.

konstruqtivistebi, iziareben erebis da nacionalizmis Tanamedrove xasiaTs. amasTan, danarCeni modernistebisgan gansxvavebiT miiCneven, rom erebic da nacionalizmic socialur konstruqcias46 warmoadgenen. isini xazs usvamen imas, rom er-saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara mosaxleobasTan e.i. adamianebis meqanikur jamTan, aramed erTan socialur organizmTan. erik hobsbaumi aRniSnavs, rom kultura da tradiciebi socialuri inJineriis produqtebia, rac elitam masebis marTvis srulyofis mizniT gamoigona (Smith, 2008: 48).

nacionalizmis sxva mniSvnelovani mimarTulebebi (eTnosimbolizmi, perenializmi) miiCneven, rom erebi kapitalizmamdec arsebobdnen. am mniSvnelovani debulebis gasabaTileblad modernistebs, rig SemTxvevebSi sakmaod aradamajerebeli argumentebi moyavT. kerZod es ukanasknelebi amtkiceben, rom antikur da feodalur epoqebSi xalxs ar

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artefaqti (laT. Artefactum) mocemul konteqstSi unda gavigoT, rogorc xelovnurad Seqmnili. 46 swored aqedan warmosdgeba am mimarTulebis dasaxeleba – konstruqtivizmi.

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gaaCnda erovnuli grZnoba, maT Soris misi iseTi mniSvnelovani elementi, rogoricaa saerTo solidaroba. kiTxvaze, maSin ratom ibrZodnen xalxebi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg? modernistebi pasuxoben, rom maT an ar surdaT ucxoelebis batonobis pirobebSi ecxovraT an maTi brZola patriotuli motivebiT iyo ganpirobebuli (Ordrige, 1981: 39-40).

modernistebi amtkiceben, rom saerTo kultura gadamwyveti ar iyo araindustriuli sazogadoebebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, Cndeba Semdegi kiTxvebi: mag., ratom avrcelebdnen romelebi laTinur enas da maTi civilizaciis sxva faseulobebs dapyrobil xalxebSi? ratom gamoigones sakuTari damwerlobebi erTmaneTis mezoblad mcxovreba erebma, mag. qarTvelebma da somxebma an ebraelebma da arabebma? Tu gansaxvavebulobas mniSvneloba ar qonda, maSin erTis Seqmnil anbans meore gadmoiRebda da gamoiyenebda.

eTnosimbolizmi. nacionalizmis eTnosimbolisturi midgoma perenializmis

safuZvelze aRmocenda. modernizmisgan gansxvavebiT, eTnosimbolizmi aqcents akeTebs eTnosis myar da droSi uwyvetobis subieqtur Tvisebebze. es ar niSnavs, rom eTnosimbolizmi ugulvebelyofs eTnikurobis obieqtur elementebs, magram misi kvlevis amosavali wertils warmoadgenen mexsierebis, faseulobebis, grZnobebis, miTebisa da simboloebis subieqturi Semadgenlebi.

nacionalizmis eTnosimbolisturi paradigma gulisxmobs, rom erebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi maTi nawili mainc) Camoyalibdnen adreul epoqebSi, xolo TviT nacionalizmi Tanamedrove fenomenia.

eTnosimbolizmis mixedviT Tanamedrove erebs primordialuri fesvebi aqvT, Sesabamisad droTa ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda maTi evolucia. erebis Camoyalibeba dinamiuri procesia, romelic garkveul SemTxvevebSi uxsovari droidan iRebs saTaves da dResac mimdinareobdes. amasTan, eTnosimbolistebi miiCneven, rom yvela ers ar gauvlia evoluciis erTnairi gza. ufro metic, Tanamedrove msoflioSi arian adamianTa erTobebi, romlebic jer eTnosebaTac ar Camoyalibebulan. entoni smiti ganasxvavebs “eTno-erovnuli” ganviTarebis ramdenime stadias. pirvel etapze, msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki xlemTaSuazRvispireTSi Camoyalibdnen eTnikuri kategoriebi (Ethnic

categories). maT gaaCndaT eTnonimi da erTi an ramdenime saerTo kulturuli atributi, rogorc wesi es iyo ena da tradiciebi, rac maT sxvebisgan ganasxvavebda. situacia Seicvala genealogiis aRmocenebasTan erTad. adamianebma daiwyes maTi warmomavlobis dafiqsireba ZiriTadad zepiri, iSviaTad werilobiTi formiT. genealogias moyva winaprebis Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmna. adamianTa gaerTianebebi ufro daxvewil da mravalferovan xasiaTs iRebda. eTnikuri kategoriebi gardaiqmnen eTnikur kavSirebad da eTnikur erTobebad (Smith, 2008: 117).

kacobriobis ganviTarebis im etapze, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo qalaq-saxelmwifoebis, samefoebis da imperiebis Seqmna adgili qonda eTnikuri urTierTobebis srulyofas. mTeli rigi sazogadoebis socialur stratifikaciis paralelurad adgili qonda “eTnikuri saxelmwifoebis” Seqmnas. smitis azriT, am tipis saxelmwifoebi iyo jer aqameniduri, xolo mogvianebiT sasaniduri irani da egvipte. maT

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funqcionirebaSi gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda elita, romelic marTavda kulturulad homogenur da socialurad myar sazogadoebas.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs ebraelebis da somxebis magaliTebi. smiti aRniSnavs, rom am periodSi es xalxebi erebad Camoyalibdnen. amas xeli Seuwyo ramdenime garemoebam, garda imisa, rom antikur periodSi ukve arsebobdnen ebrauli da somxuri “eTnikuri saxelmwifoebi”. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo didi mobiloba, rac ganpirobebuli iyo, rogorc obieqturi (isini kargi vaWrebi da komersantebi iyvnen), aseve subieqturi (deportacia da Seviwroeba) faqtorebi. magram subieqturi faqtorebidan gamosayofia religia. iudaizmi da “grigorianoba” eTnikur religiebad iqca, ramac didi roli iTamaSa am xalxebis SeduRabebaSi. sadac ar unda moxvedriliyvnen ebraelebi da somxebi, yvelgan cdilobdnen maTi sakulto religiuri dawesebulebis daarsebas. Sua saukuneebidan somxebisTvis, aseve damaxasaiTebeli iyo, somxuri skolebis daarseba. am faqtorebma ganapiroba, erTi mxriv gansxvavebulobisa, xolo meore mxriv, intraerovnuli solidarobis institucionalizacia. es procesi saerTaSoriso masStabiT mimdinareobda. somxuri da ebrauli sakomunikacio qselebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi funqcionirebda, romelTa marTva ZiriTadad am xalxebis religiuri centrebidan xdeboda (iqve: 118-119).

Sua saukunebSi erebis formirebas ZiriTadad evropaSi qonda adgili. am periodis erebs adrian hastingsi dinastiur da/an patriciul (aristokratul) erebs uwodebs. evropaSi erebis mSeneblobis procesi ganapiroba erTi mxriv, Zlieri saxelmwifoebis arsebobam (inglisi, safrangeTi Sotlandia, dania, SvedeTi, espaneTi), xolo, meore mxriv, aristokratiis da saSualo klasis Camoyalibebam. evropis xalxebisTvis ukve maSin iyo damaxasiaTebeli saerTo ena da kultura. mogvianebiT, protestantuli religiebis aRmocenebam kidev ufro ganamtkica evropel erebs Soris gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba da amis paralelurad TiToeul erSi solidarobis grZnobis gaZliereba. paralelurad erebis formireba mimdinareobda aziaSi, kerZod CineTSi, iaponiaSi, koreaSi, kampuCiaSi, vietnamSi (iqve: 119-121).

adreul Sua saukuneebSi daiwyo da XII saukunisTvis dasrulda qarTveli eris formirebac, rasac xeli Seuwyo erTiani, centralizebuli, regionSi wamyvan poziaze myofi saxelmwifos da Zlieri arsitokratiis arsebobam, rasac unda daematos damoukidebeli ena, anbani da ganviTarebuli kultura. qarTveli eri tipiuri patriciuli eri iyo, romelsac feodalizmis epoqis evropuli erebisgan saSualo fenis araarseboba ganasxvavebda.

XVIII saukunis safrangeTis revoluciam da dasavleT evropis qveynebSi saSualo klasis klasis gamosvlebma Searyia feodaluri urTierTobebis safuZvlebi da biZgi misca kacobriobis istoriaSi sruliad axal eras. mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da socialur gardaqmnebTan erTad adgili qonda nacionalizmis aRmocenebas. entoni smitis azriT, nacionalizms impulsi saSualo klasis socialurma aqtivobam misca. dasavleT evropeli xalxebi “mzad iyvnen” nacionalizmis, kerZod moqalaqeobaze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifoebis SeqmnisTvis. am radikaluri cvlilebebisTvis safuZveli ukve arsebobda. am xalxebisTvis, rogorc Camoyalibebuli eTnosebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gansxvavebulobis da solidarobis ganviTarebuli grZnobebi.

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evropulma ganmanaTleblibam da kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Casaxvam xeli Seuwyo evropeli eTnosebis mier erovnuli avtonomiis, erTianobis da identobis ideebis Tavmoyrasa Camoyalibebas mwyobri politikuri programis saxiT, sxva sityvebiT Seiqmna nacionalizmis ideologia (iqve, 122-123).

beWvduri kapitalizmis ganviTarebam ukve XIX s.-Si ganapiroba “saSualo klasis nacionalizmis” gardaqmna “masobriv nacionalizmSi”. nacionalizmis, am SemTxvevaSi erovnuli ganviTarebis ideebi, ukve advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxda ubralo adamianebisTvis. saerTaSoriso komunikaciebisa da masmediis ganviTarebam evropuli nacionalizmis virusi mTel msoflioSi gaavrcela.

smitis azriT eris cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebul adgili ukaviaT “inteleqtualebs” anu maT vinc eris sulierad asazrdoebs musikaluri Tu literaturuli nawarmoebebis, ferweris nimuSebisa Tu qandakebebis, arqiteqturuli Zeglebis, filmebisa Tu speqtaklebis Seqmnis gziT. eTnosi eris warsulis gansaxierebaa, xolo kulturuli simboloebi xidia eris warsulsa da awmyos Soris. gasakviri ar aris, rom saxelwodeba eTnosimbolizmi warmodgeba sityvebidan “eTnosi” da “simbolo”. inteleqtualebSi ar igulisxmeba mxolod SemoqmedebiTi elita anu inteligencia. eTnosimbolizmi uaryofs modernistebis mier damkvidrebul mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom eTnosis an eris formirebis eqskluziuri ufleba elitas ekuTvnis. aRniSnul procesSi xalxisa da elitis damokidebuleba ormxrivi moZraobis quCas gavs. ubralo adamianebi arasdros yofilan sazogadoebis umoqmedo nawili. socialuri mobilizaciis wyalobiT isini periodulad zegevlenas axdendnen inteligenciis, poltikuri liderebis da burJuaziis gadawyvetilebebze. mag., XIX s.-is bolos glexobis da dabali fenis qalaqelTa aqtivobam irlandiaSi gamoiwvia erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis aRzeveba. saqarTveloSi 1980-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobaSi Tavdapirvelad Caebnen studentebi da Tbilisis ubralo moqalaqeebi. elita am moZraobas mogvianebiT SeuerTda.

eTnosimbolistur kvlevebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba grZelvadian analizs anu istorizms. entoni smitis mtkicebiT istoriaSi erebisa da eTnobis adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb, aseve maTi warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis Sesaxeb msjeloba SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki kvlevis obieqtis Seswavla moicvas drois mniSvnelovan periods, ramdenime Taobas mainc. es mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs srulyofili warmodgena Seiqmnas eris an eTnosis kulturuli ganviTarebis da mis identobebSi momxdari cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.

rogorc aRiniSna, eTnosimbolizmi perenializmis wiaRidan iSva. maTi gayofa im sakiTxis irgvliv moxda, romelic aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi upasuxod rCeboda. adamianebi ratom wiraven Tavs eris gamo an klaven eris saxeliT? entoni smitis azriT es aris nacionalizmis da eTnikurobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemaa (Smith, 2008: 58). rogorc perenialistebi, aseve modernistebi Tavs arideben am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas an Semoifarglebian zogadi frazebiT. eTnosimbolistebi cdiloben pasuxi istoriul da sociologiur konteqstSi ganixilon, radgan swored amgvari midgomis pirobebSi SeiZleba aixsnas, Tu ratom aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianebisTvis eris an eTnosisadmi koleqtiuri Jini da kuTvnileba.

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rTulia ar daeTanxmo smitis mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom nacionalizmis Sida samyaros gamoklevis gareSe, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gaerkve nacionalizmebSi anu sxvadasxva xalxebis nacionalizmSi, Sesabamisad mcire Sansia aRiqva is emociuri aspeqtebi, romlebic maTi konfliqtebis “masazrdoebelia” (iqve: 60-61). eTnosimbolistebis es debuleba albaT Semdegnairad unda gavigoT: yoveli nacionalizmi da misgan momdinare konfliqti unikaluria da aucilebelia TiToeuli maTganis zedmiwevniT kargi Seswavla, maTi Semdgomi mogvarebis mizniT.

nacionalizmis TiToeuli mimarTuleba Tavis kvlevaSi eyrdnoba Sesabamisi Teoriuli baziss, xolo ama Tu im debulebis dasabuTebisTvis iyenebs istoriul faqtebs. Tu, am ku|TxiT SevadarebT erTmaneTs nacionalizmis paradigmebs, maSin Semdeg suraTs miviRebT. primordializmisTvis TiTqmis ucxoa, rogorc Teoria, aseve istorizmi. modernizmi sakmaod kargad aris aRWurvili TeoriiT, magram moikoWlebs istorizmSi, xolo perenializmi - piriqiT. rac Seexeba eTnosimbolizms, sainteresoa, rom mas Teoriuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. misTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia makroistoriuli da kulturul-sociologiuri midgomebi (Smith, 2008: 61).

eTnosimbolizmis ramdenime ZiriTadi debuleba garkveulwilad sakmaToa. eris smitiseul ganmartebaSi (ix. gv. ) aRniSnulia, rom eris wevrebisTis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi, rac im SemTxvevaSia misaRebi, Tu saqme gvaqvs er-saxelmwifosTan, sadac eris wevrebi imavdroulad qveynis moqalaqeebic arian. magram, smiti saxelmwifoebriobas ar miiCnevs eris arsebobis gadamwyvet atributad. miuxedavad amisa, bundovania smitis pozicia eTnosebisa da erebis mimarT mravaleTnikur (mravalerovan) qveynebSi, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom smitis midgomiT espaneTSi cxovrobs sul mcire sami eri: kastilieli, katalonieli da baski. imavdroulad is TviTon svams SekiTxvebs: SeiZleba Tu ara erTi eri meoris SemadgenelobaSi Sediodes? aqedan gamomdinare, unda miviCnioT Tu ara katalonielebi da baskebi an flamandielebi da valonebi, Sesabamisad espaneli da belgieli erebis Semadgenel nawilebad? (Smith, 2008: 15) nebismier SemTxvevaSi, espaneTSi mcxovreb am xalxebis wevrebs ar eqnebaT saerTo uflebebi da movaleobebi. aSkaraa, rom gansxvavebuli iqneba maTi movaleobebis garkveuli nawili, romlebic dakavSirebuli enasTan, sxva kulturul elementebTan, istoriul mexsierebasTan, aseve teritoriasTan.

modernistebi eTnosimbolistebs zedmeti romantiulobis gamoc akritikeben. kerZod, eTnosimbolizmi dResac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs inteleqtualebis (inteligenciis) rols erovnul mSeneblobaSi. modernistebi ki Tvlian, rom inteleqtualebis Rvawli mniSvnelovani iyo XIX s.-Si, magram msoflio mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da amJamad erovnuli ideologiis agentebi politikuri moRvaweebi gaxdnen, romlebsac faqtiurad okupirebuli aqvT Tanamedrove masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi. xom ar niSnavs es, rom erovnuli mSeneblobis procesSi inteleqtualebi politikosebma Caanacvles da es ukanasknelebi am sferos eqskluziuri mflobelebi gaxdnen? inteleqtualebis “marginalizaciaze” ukve bevr qveyanaSi msjeloben da amis Taobaze SeSfoTebasac ki gamoTqvamen. politikuri moRvaweebi aSkarad manipulireben erovnuli grZnobebiT, ramac SeiZleba arasasurveli Sedegi moitanos totalitaruli da avtoritaruli reJimebis pirobebSi.

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masmediis, gansakuTrebiT televiziis roli imdenad gaizarda, rom cnobilma sociologma jovani sartorim Tanamedrove adamians homo vidensi uwoda (Conversi, 2007: 24-25).

erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic geografebis gansakuTerul yuradRebas imsaxurebs aris is, Tu rogor ganixilaven nacionalizmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi urTierTdamokidebulebas ersa (eTnossa) da teritorias Soris. mag., eTnosimbolistebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom eri unda flobdes teritorias. magram, amasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime aspeqti ar aris dazustebuli. kerZod, ra samarTlebrivi statusi unda hqondes am teritorias? ra igulisxmeba teritoriis qveS: damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Tu avtonomia? an iqneb, igulisxmeba is teritoria, sadac garkveuli xalxi istoriul warsulSi cxovrobda, Semdeg iZulebuli iyo is daetovebina, xolo amJamad es teritoria sxva xalxiT aris dasaxlebuli (mag., asirielebis SemTxveva; ebraelebi israelis Seqmnamde). zogadad aRsaniSnavia, rom nacionalizmis mkvlevarebi nakleb yuradRebas aqceven am sakiTxs. mag. entoni smitisTvis eris an eTnosis teritoriisadmi kuTvnileba naklebad mniSvnelovania, radgan is amtkicebs, rom eri funqciuri instituciaa, romlis Canacvleba naklebadaa mosalodneli, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis kavSirs primordialur identobebTan.

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saxelmwifo

sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis formebi saxelmwifo istoriulad ar yofila sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis erTaderTi forma. dResac ki msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi adamianTa garkveuli erTobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia administrirebisa da mmarTvelobis gansxvavebuli formebi. politikuri organizaciis formis mixedviT anTropologebi gansaxveveben oTxi sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebas. esenia: jgufuri sazogadoeba, tomobrivi sazogadoeba, sabelado sazogadoeba da saxelmwifo (Stoddard et al, 1989: 205-208). isini erTmaneTisgan, erTi mxriv, struqturulad da funqcionalurad, xolo, meore mxriv, socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli ganviTarebis doniT gansxvavdebian. garda aRniSnulisa, geografebisaTvis sainteresoa ra teritoriuli Taviseburebebia damaxasiaTebeli gansxvavebuli tipis politikuri organizaciis mqone sazogadoebebisTvis. jgufuri sazogadoeba adamianebi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis aRmocenebamde anu jer kidev 10 aTasi wlis win jgufur cxovrebas eweodnen. maTi cxovrebis wesi nadirobiTa da SemgroveblobiT Semoifargleboda. TiToeuli aseTi jgufi 100 kacze mets ar Seadgenda. jgufuri sazogadoebebi mcire raodenobiT dResac gvxvdeba msoflios sxvadasxva kontinentebze, sadac izolirebulad, marginaluri garemos pirobebSi cxovroben. jgufuri sazogadoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia socialuri Tanasworoba. jgufis yvela wevrs Tanabri wvdoma aqvs arsebuli resursebisa da teritoriisadmi. aset sazogadoebaSi adgili ar aqvs simdidris individualuri wesiT dagrovebas. arsebuli resursebi jgufis wevrebs Soris saWiroebisa da moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad nawildeba. jgufs gaaCnia lideri, magram is ar sargeblobs erTpirovnuli ZalauflebiT. gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba koleqtiurad. jgufis liders irCeven, Sesabamisad es “Tanamdeboba” memkvidreobiT ar gadadis. jgufSi ucxos miReba gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi xdeba, magram “gawevrianebis” Semdeg is am jgufis yvela privilegiiT sargeblobs (iqve, 1989: 205). jgufur sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia misi sakuTari teritoria. areali, romlis farglebSic jgufi moqmedebs moicavs im sivrces, sadac is nadirobs an Semgroveblobas eweva. msoflios civ sartylebSi jgufuri sazogadoebebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi momTabareobdnen gareuli cxovelebis migraciis marSrutebsa da grafikTan Sesabamisad. jgufuri sazogadoebis pirobebSi adamianebs jer kidev ar qondaT teritoriulobis gancda. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac calkeuli jgufebi erTsa da imave adgilebSi nadirobdnen an moipovebdnen sakvebs. nadiris an mcenareuli sakvebis simciris SemTxvevaSi adgili qonda Sexla-Semoxlas, Tumca umetes SemTxvevebSi saqme did sisxlisRvramde ar midioda (iqve: 206).

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tomobrivi sazogadoeba adamianTa poltikuri organizaciis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze warmoiSva tomobrivi sazogadoebebi. Tanamedrove msoflioSi am tipis sazogadoebebs miekuTvnebian indielebi da eskimosebi, afrikis mravali tomi da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis mTiani regionis xalxebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi tomobriv sazogadoebaSi aerTianeben jgufur sazogadoebebsac. sabWoTa mecnierebaSi orive am sazogadoebas moixseniebdnen, rogorc pirvelyofil Temebs an gvarovnul-Temur gaerTianebebs. tomi, iseve, rogorc jgufi Sedgeba erTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSirSi myofi adamianebisgan. jgufTan gansxvavebiT, tomSi aseulobiT adamiania gaerTianebuli, radgan is calkul jgufebs aerTianebs. metwilad, masSi ramdenime jgufia gaerTianebuli. tomSi, iseve, rogorc jgufur sazogadoebaSi, lideris arCeva sayovelTao xasiaTisaa. individualuri sakuTreba arc tomobrivi sazogadoebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. garda msgavsebebisa, aRsaniSnavia gansxvavebebic. maT Soris, umniSvnelovanesia is, rom tomobrivi sazogadoebebis aRmoceneba dakavSirebulia Sinameurneobebis SeqmnasTan, kerZod ki memcenareobisa da mejogeobis ganviTarebasTan. teritoriis mimarT toms ufro saTuTi damokidebulebaa aqvs. sasoflo tipis dasaxlebebis aRmocenebasTan erTad gaCnda sakraluri adgilebi – sasaflaoebi, religiuri an yofiTi tipis saritualo adgilebi. amis gamo tomi ufro mWidrod daukavSirda teritorias. tomSi Semaval jgufebs garkveuli dapirispirebebis miuxedavad, isini erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben nadirobisa da saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg brZolis dros. Sesabamisad, tomis pirobebSi amaRlda naTesauri kavSiris grZnoba. jer kidev XIX s.-is dasawyisSi dRevandeli nebraskas teritoriaze binadari founiis tomi 4 jgufisgan Sedgeboda. TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebeli iyo, magram isini erTiandebodnen bizonebze nadirobis sezonis dadgomisas an mezobeli tomebis dakotasa da sius winaaRmdeg omis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi. imave saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac maTi mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda jgufebi founiis “droSis” qveS gaerTiandnen da erTad dasaxldnen. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, rom garkveul situaciaSi tomobrivi sazogadoeba SeiZleboda jgufur sazogadoebamde CamoqveiTebuliyo (iqve). sabelado sazogadoeba politikuri organizaciis gardamavali forma tomobrivi sazogadoebasa centralizebul saxelmwifos Soris aris sabelado sazogadoeba (ing. Chiefdom).47 aseTi sazogadoebebi aRmocenda mTian regionebSi, tyeebSi, xeobebSi, kunZulebze, sadac mosaxleoba ZiriTadad memcenareobiT iyo dakavebuli. am tipis sazogadoebis meurneobis marTvis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia produqciis warmoebisa da ganawilebis centralizebuli xasiaTi. winamorbedebTan SedarebiT, sabelado

47 sabWoTa samecniero literaturaSi terminiT “chiefdom” aRiniSneboda samxedro demokratia da es termini qarTul mecnierebaSic damkvidrda. am cnebis mxolod am mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba arasasurvelia, radgan, rogorc teqstidan Cans am tipis sazogadoebisTvis samxedro saqmianoba meorexarisxovania. ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia resursebis dagrovebisa da ganawilebis procesSi beladis gadamwyveti roli da adgili. Tanamedrove rusul akademiur wreebSi gamoiyeneba axali termini “Вождество”.

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sazogadoebis organizaciuli struqtura ufro daxvewilia, yalibdeba politikuri institutebi, iwyeba profesiuli specializacia, iqmneba mWidrod dasaxlebuli arealebi. jgufuri da tomobrivi sazogadoebebisgan gansxvavebiT sabelado sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialuri uTanasworoba. yalibdeba socialuri fenebi da pirovnebis romelime fenisadmi mimarTeba institucionalizirebulia. sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris socialuri statusi memkvidreobiT xasiaTs iZens. aseTi sazogadoebis socialuri ierarqia SegviZlia pirmidas SevadaroT, romlis saTaveSi imyofeba beladi, Semdeg modian patara beladebi da a.S., piramidis qveda nawilSi arian Raribi da uqoneli fenebi. sabelado sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, ara marto Camoyalibebuli administraciuli, aramed teritoriuli struqturac. kerZod, beladi cxovrobs dasaxlebis centrSi, xolo mis garSemo – mmarTveli elitis sxva warmomadgenlebi. Sesabamisad, Raribi mosaxleoba maTgan moSorebiT pariferiul nawilSia gansaxlebuli. sabelado sazogadoebebi pirvelad samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi gamoCnda Cvens welTaRricxvamde daaxloebiT 5500 wliT adre (iqve). sagulisxmoa, rom amave periodSi mesopotamiis da egviptis teritoriebze pirveli saxelmwifoebi aRmocenda. Tanamedrove msoflioSi amgvari sazogadoebebis TvalsaCino magaliTebia wynari okeanis Crdilo-dasavleTSi mcxovrebi kuakiutlis da nootkas sazogadoebebi da arabuli saSeixoebi. magram, yvelaze Camoyalibebul “sabelado sazogadoebad” miiCneva polineziis arqipelagiis mravalricxovan kunZulebze (axali zelandiidan havais kunZulebis CaTvliT) mcxovrebi sazogadoebebi, romlebmac TavianTi ganviTarebis piks XVIII s.-Si miaRwies. mag., havaize erT-erTi beladi aRniSnuli saukunis meore naxevarSi xelmZRvanelobda sazogadoebas, romelic 100 aTas adamians iTvlida, Tumca es iSviaTi SemTxveva iyo. beladis samflobeloebSi, ZiriTadad 2-3 aTasi adamiani cxovrobda (iqve:

207). polineziaSi beladi aRiarebuli iyo, rogorc gvarovnuli (memkvidreobiTi), aseve religiuri (gangebisgan naboZebi) statusis mflobeli. is ganagebda miwas da sxva resursebs da amas mis qveSemrdomebs Soris anawilebda maTi socialuri rangis da erTgulebis xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT. sazogadoebis mier dagrovili simdidris (resursebis) ganawileba warmoadgenda umaRless politikur aqts. TiToeul pirovnebaze gacemuli resursebis odenobis dadgena, upiratesad didi beladis, aseve patara beladebis kompetenciaSi Sedioda. sagulisxmoa, rom beladi dakavebuli iyo ara marto materialuri resursebis ganawilebiT, aramed is sazogadoebis wevrebis SromaTmoyobasac xelmZRvanelobda. belads saqmianobis warmarTvaSi emsaxureboda amala, romelic misi arsisa da funqciebidan gamomdinare dRevandeli biurokratiis winamorbedad SegviZlia miviCnioT. sabelado sazogadoebebisTvis iyo teritorialobis sakmaod maRali xarisxi iyo damaxasiaTebeli, radgan cxovrebisa da funqcionirebisTvis aucilebeli resursebis mopoveba konkretul teritoriaze xdeboda. am sazogadoebebis habitati ki SezRuduli iyo, gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, vinc kunZulebze, mTian regionebsa da xeobebSi cxovrobda. Warbmosaxleobis warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi sabelado sazogadoeba mobiluri xdeboda, ufro metic is momTabare cxovrebaze gadadioda. anTropologebis nawili miiCnevs, rom mag., hunebi, Turqomanebi, uiRurebi sabelado sazogadoebebs

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warmoadgendnen. maT SemTxvevaSi simdidris akumulireba xdeboda sxva sazogadoebebis resursebis mitacebis gziT. am tipis sabelado sazogadoebebSi teritorialoba Zalze specifiur xasiaTs atarebda. ar gaaCndaT ra samSoblo, Sesabamisad maTSi ganviTarebuli iyo naTesaur kavSirze dafuZnebuli kulturuli da ara teritoriuli identoba.

cxrili #

sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis istoriuli stadiebi

jgufuri sazogadoeba

tomobrivi sazogadoeba

sabelado sazogadoeba

saxelmwifo

socialuri Tanasworoba

resursebis Tanabari ganawileba

lideris sayovelTao wesiT arCeva

“teritoriis socialuri definicia”

gaerTianeba naTesauri kavSiris safuZvelze

cxovrebis Temuri (jgufuri) wesi

specializirebuli politikuri institutebi

resursebis diversificirebuli ganawileba

lideris statusis memkvidreobiT gadacema (ar Sedis saxelmwifoebi, mmarTvelobis respublikuri formiT)

socialuri stratifikacia

profesiaTa specializacia

biurokratia

“sazogadoebis teritoriuli definicia”

kodificirebuli samarTali

fiskaluri sistema

samxedro samsaxuri

kerZo sakuTreba

wyaro: Stoddard, Robert H., David J. Wishart & Brian W. Blouet (1989). Human Geography: People, Places, and

Cultures (2nd

edition). Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, US, gv. 205.

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saxelmwifo Teoriebi

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis 7 kanoni – fridrix ratceli geografebs Soris saxelmwifos Sesaxeb pirveli kompleqsuri

naSromi fridrix ratcelma Seqmna. organicizmis Teoriis fuZemdebeli saxelmwifos ganixilavda, rogorc miwidan amozrdil cocxal organizms. is aRniSnavda, rom saxelmwifo ganasaxierebs masSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis miswrafebebs, rac Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs saxelmwifo politikaSi. ratceli amtkicebda rom Tu saxelmwifo cocxali organizmia igi izrdeba da amisTvis mas “sasicocxlo sivrce” (Lebensraum)48 esaWiroeba. ratceli, swored amiT xsnis erTi saxelmwifos mier meoris dapyrobas. misi azriT, es bunebrivi procesia. amasTan, cocxali organizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara marto fizikuri, aramed sulieri (inteleqtualuri) ganviTarebac. inteleqtis gareSe cocxali organizmi srulfasovani ver iqneba. saxelmwifo qmnis Tavis istorias, icavs mas da amdidrebs kulturuli miRwevebiT.

ratcelma naSromSi “politikuri geografia” warmoadgina saxelmwifos sivrciTi ganviTarebis Svidi kanoni (Norton , 1998: 218):

1. saxelmwifos teritoria izrdeba mosaxleobis kulturis donis

amaRlebasTan erTad.

2. saxelmwifos sivrciTi zrda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

sferoebis ganviTarebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

3. saxelmwifos teritoriuli zrda xdeba mcire saxelmwifoebis

teritoriis xarjze.

4. sazRvari aris saxelmwifos periferiuli organo, sadac

fiqsirdeba misi zrda an kleba, e.i. cvlilebebi mis organizmSi.

5. saxelmwifo cdilobs mis sazRvrebSi CarTos geografiuli

garemos yvelaze is elementebi, romlebsac politikuri

Rirebuleba gaacniaT. mag., mdinaris kalapoti, zRvis sanapiro

zoli, raionebi mdidari resursebiT.

6. istoriulad teritoriuli zrdis stimuli Tavdapirvelad

dabalganviTarebul xalxebSi Camoyalibda.

7. saxelmwifos teritoriis gafarToebis tendencia permanentuli

procesia.

saxelmwifos teritoriuli gafarToeba, ratcelisTvis sayovelTao,

universaluri procesi iyo, xolo vaWroba da omi saxelmwifos teritoriuli zrdis ori umniSvnelovanesi faqtori.

ratcelis organicizmis Teorias XX s.-is pirvel naxevarSi bevri mimdevari yavda, romlebmac misi ideebi ganavrces da amis safuZvelze Sesabamisi geopolitikur koncefciebi Seqmnes (ix. gv.). centraluri arealis koncefcia – dervent uiTlsi

48 germaniaSi, nacizmis aRmavlobis xanaSi “sasicocxlo sivrcis” koncefcia didi popularobiT sargeblobda. nacisti mecnierebi da politikosebi germaniis dapyrobiTi omebis gamarTlebas cdilobdnen “sasicocxlo sivrcis“ gafarToebis aucileblobiT.

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centraluri arealis koncefciis (Core Area Concept) avtoria

amerikeli geografi dervent uiTlsi (Derwent Whittlesey). misi ganmartebiT es aris “areali, romelSic an romlis garSemoc xdeba saxelmwifos formireba” (Whittlesey, 1944: 597).

zogadad, centraluri areali (teritoriuli birTvi) aris qveynis yvelaze dasaxlebuli, nedleuliT da sxva resursebiT yvelaze mdidari teritoria, romelsac gaaCnia centraluri satransporto mdebareoba da sadac ganTavsebulia qveynis dedaqalaqi. geografiuli birTvi umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs, aramarto ekonomikuri da administraciuli, aramed, aseve erovnul-kulturuli TvalsazrisiTac. entoni daglas smiti aRniSnavs, rom jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi centraluri arealSi mcxovrebi mosaxleoba warmoadgenda im birTvs, romlis garSemoc xdeboda eTnosis formireba. birTvis mosaxleoba kulturuli, aqedan gamomdinare eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT yvelaze homogenuri iyo (Smith, 1988: 11).

1964 w. amerikelma geografebma norman faundsma da siu bolma Caatares Zalze saintereso kvleva, romlis mizanic iyo daedgina ramdeni evropuli qveyana aRmocenda istoriul-teritoriuli birTvis garSemo. aRmoCnda, rom gansaxilveli 24 saxelmwifodan 15 swored centraluri arealis garSemo Camoyalibda. am sakiTxis siRrmiseulma Seswavlam kvlevis avtorebs saSualeba misca gamoetanaT daskvna, rom am tipis qveynebisTvis (mag., safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo, Sveicaria, SvedeTi da dania) damaxasiaTebelia gacilebiT ufro maRali xarsixis administraciul-teritoriuli da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgradoba, vidre maTTvis, romelTa formirebam teritoriuli birTvis gareSe Caiara (Pounds & Ball, 1964: 40). amgvar midgomas mniSvnelovani naklovanebebi gaaCnia. is SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas, ZiriTadad evropis, aseve aziis mimarT, sadac eri-saxelmwifos mSenebloba bunebrivad mimdinareobda. sxva kontinentebze, gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi Tanamedrove tipis saxelmwifoebis Seqmna mWidrod ukavSirdeboda evropul kolonializms, rodesac saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvrebis demarkacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi xelovnurad xdeboda, kerZod – kolonizatorebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da istoriul-kulturuli faqtorebis sruli ugulvebelyofiT. meore mxriv, faundsis da bolis midgomaSi xazgasmulia birTvis garSemo Seqmnili saxelmwifoebis upiratesoba. amiT aRiarebulia “organuli” warmoSobis saxelmwifoebis prioriteti, rac TavisTavad arasasurvelia. Tumca, esec ar aris mTavari. Zalze sakamaToa is sakiTxi, rom istoruli birTvis mqone saxelmwifoebi gamoirCevian erovnuli konsolidaciis ufro maRali xarisixiT. amis sapirispirod SeiZleba davasaxeloT mag., germania, romelsac arasdros gaaCnda istoriuli birTvi, ufro konsolidirebuli saxelmwifoa, vidre gaerTianebuli samefo, sadac warmatebul socialur-kulturuli integracias xels uSlis valiuri, Sotlandiuri da irlandiuri nacionalizmebi. funqcionaluri midgoma – riCard harTshorni Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis Seswavlis pionerad, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, miCneulia fridrix ratceli, romelmac jer kidev XIX s.-is

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bolos saxelmwifo aRiara erTaderT WeSmarit politikur erTeulad. mogvianebiT misma mimdevrebmac da mowinaaRmdegeebmac saxelmwifo ganixiles, rogorc geopolitikis erTaderTi subieqti. aRniSnuli ideebi politikur geografiaSi wina saukunis Sua periodamde ar Secvlila. riCard harTshorni Seecada Seecvala koncefcia saxelmwifos arsisa da funqciebis Sesaxeb, rac 1950 w. warmoadgina Tavis naSromSi “funqcionaluri midgoma politikur geografiaSi” (Muir, 1997: 116). harTshornis mixedviT saxelmwifos kvleva ar unda SemosazRvruliyo mxolod istoriuli evoluciis (e.i. istoriuli midgoma) da struqturis formirebis (e.i. morfologiuri midgoma) analiziT. amgvari midgomebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo wina saukunis geografiaSi, rodesac samecniero naSromebis didi umravlesoba aRwerilobiT xasiaTs atarebda. aRwerilobiToba geografiaSi mniSvnelovania, magram arasakmarisi. harTshorns es kargad esmoda, ris gamoc is axali iniciativiT gamovida. is miuTiTebda, rom nebismier saxelmwifoSi moqmedeben centriskenuli da centridanuli Zalebi (Centripetal and centrifugal forces) (Hartshorne, 1950: 106-110). Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo ibrZvis arsebobisTvis, rogorc Sida, aseve gareSe ZalebTan dapirispirebis an maTTan konkurenciis pirobebSi. am bataliebSi, harTshornis azriT, ikveTeba saxelmwifos arsi da daniSnuleba anu Raison d'être49 (iqve: 111). geografiisTvis es uaRresad mniSvnelovani koncepti iyo, romelmac dasabamisi misca zogadad saxelmwifos TeoriaSi da konkretulad geografiul kvlevebSi funqcionalur midgomas (Functional approach). harTshorni aRniSnavda, rom saxelmwifo ganaxorcielebs oTx ZiriTad funqcias: teritoriuls, politikurs, ekonomikurs da strategiuls (am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeboda geopolitika – avt.) da dasZenda, rom es funqciebi arsebobs ara gancalkevebulad, aramed erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi, rac saboloo jamSi ganapirobebs kidec saxelmwifos normalur funqcionirebas (iqve: 127). politikuri da socialuri integraciis ganmeorebadi modelebi – karl doiCi saxelmZRvanelos me-2 TavSi Cven ganvixileT karl doiCis analizi erebisa da nacionalizmis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebiasTan dakavSirebiT. doiCi amtkicebda, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis aRmoceneba evropaSi daiwyo, rac ganapiroba Semdegi faqtorebis erTobliobam:

1. naturaluri soflis meurneobidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla.

2. centraluri arealebis aRmoceneba.

3. qalaqebis zrda.

4. sabazo sakomunikacio badeebis (qselis) ganviTareba

5. kapitalis da samuSao Zalis unar-Cvevebis akumulireba da

koncentracia.

6. individualuri TviTSegnebis amaRleba da jgufuri interesebis

zrda.

7. eTnikuri Segnebis gamofxizleba (gaRviveba).

49 Raison d'être (frang.) sityvasityviT – arsebobis mizezi, dasabuTeba. pirvelad es termini 1864 w. gamoiyena britanelma filosofosma jon stiuart milma naSromSi “arsebobis racionaluri safuZveli”.

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8. eTnikuri identobis da politikis Serwyma (eTnikuri identobis

politizireba). xdeba privilegirebuli socialuri fenis

formireba amjerad eTnikurobis safuZvelze (Deutsch, 1953: 172-173).

am CamonaTvalSi mocemuli rva faqtori SeiZleba sam ZiriTadad

jgufSi gavaerTianoT, rac saSualebas mogvcems mivideT daskvnamde, rom

doiCis mixedviT Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebaSi gadamwyveti

roli iTamaSa samma umniSvnelovanesma faqtorma, kerZod

industrializaciam, urbanizaciam da nacionalizmma. mocemuli sameuli,

Tavis mxriv damaxasaiTebelia mxolod eri-saxelmwifosTvis. doiCis

azriT eri-saxelmwifo sazogadoebis marTvis gacilebiT ufro efeqturi

formaa, vidre istoriaSi manmade arsebuli supranacionaluri

warmonaqmnebi (am SemTxvevaSi imperiebi) an feodaluri qveyana an

tomobrivi gaerTianeba (iqve: 190). doiCis azriT, amis mTavari mizezi imaSi

mdgomarobs, rom kacobiobis istoriaSi arsebuli politikuri

organizaciis arcerTi formisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli socialuri

mobilizaciis iseTi xarisixi, rogorc eri-saxelmwifosTvis.

konkretulad evropuli, zogadad ki maRalganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis

mSeneblobis sawyiss etapze mimdinareobda sazogadoebis yvela fenis

keTildReobis zrda, rac gansakuTrebuli xibli SesZina er-saxelmwifos.

Tumca, saxelmwifos ganviTarebis garkveul etapze dairRva socialuri

Tanasworoba, ramac sazogadoebis qveda fenebis ukmayofilebis zrdasTan

erTad sazogadoebis socialuri dezintegracia gamoiwvia. doiCma

gamoTqva varaudi Tanamedrove saxelmwifos “daRupvis” Sesaxeb. eri-

saxelmwifos erT-erT alternativad, is ganixilavda zesaxelmwifoebriv

da saxelmwifoTaSoris gaerTianebebs. sagulisxmoa, rom doiCi amis

Sesaxeb werda 1953 w. anu im dros, rodesac evrokavSiris idea jer kidev

ar arsebobda. amasTan, doiCi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda aRniSnul

gaerTianebebsac, radgan isini arastabilur formirebebad miaCnda, sadac

nebismier dros SeiZleba ifeTqos “agresiulma nacionalizma”. doiCis

azriT, yvelaze kargi gamosavali aris ara “universaluri saxelmwifo”

(igulisxmeba saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianeba), aramed federaciul

principebze agebuli saxelmwifo, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iqneba

maRali donis teqnologiuri da socialuri mobilizacia (iqve: 195).

teritoriuli saxelmwifos koncefcia – jon herci

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis da saerTaSoriso samarTlis

cnobilma amerikelma specialistma jon hercma (John Herz) 1957 w.

gamoaqveyna naSromi “teritoriuli saxelmwifos aRzeveba da daknineba”.

es naSromi dResac sakmaod aqtualuria, gansakuTrebiT mecnier-

geografebs Soris.

hercis koncefciis mTavari Tezisi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom

istoriulad qveynis (samefos, saerisTaos) teritoriis sidide izrdeboda

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samxedro teqnologiebis srulyofasTan erTad. herci miuTiTebda, rom

uZvelesi periodidan gviandel feodalizmamde, ufro zustad ki

asafeTqebeli nivTierebis gamogonebamde teritoriuli erTeulebi, Tu

periodulad aRmocenebul imperioebs ar CavTvliT, didi sididiT ar

gamoirCeoda. ufro metic am periodSi yvelaze didi gavrceleba qalaq-

saxelmwifoebma miiRo, romlebic SemosazRvruli iyo cixe-simagreebiT.

aseT pirobebSi SesaZlebeli iyo qalaqisa da misi mosaxleobis Tavdacva

gareSe mtrebis Semosevisgan. denTisa da zarbaznebis gamogonebis Semdeg

aSkara gaxda, rom cixe-simagreebis mniSvneloba Semcirda (Herz, 1957: 476).

Sesabamisad gaizarda qveynebis Tavdacvis areali qalaq-saxelmwifodan an

samefodan vestfaliis xelSekrulebiT dadgenil oficialur saxelmwifo

sazRvrebamde.

XX s.-is dasawyisSi, rodesac samxedro arsenali Seivso mZime

artileriiTa da safreni bombdamSeni aparatebiT Zveli tipis

safortifikacio nagebobebma praqtikulad azri dakarga. II msoflio omma,

upirveless yovlisa ki birTvuli iaraRis Seqmnam daadastura, rom erTi,

Tundac didi saxelmwifos teritoriac ki ar iyo sakmarisi Tanamedrove

samxedro manqanis damangreveli Zalisgan Tavdacvis mizniT. am

TvalsazrisiT, 1940-iani wlebis bolos msxvili samxedro-politikuri

gaerTianebebis Seqmna (mag., nato an “varSavis paqti”) sakmaod logikurad

gamoiyureboda.

hercis zemoT aRniSnuli naSromi 1957 w. gamoqveynda da man sakmaod

didi yuradReba miipyro. mogvianebiT sxva mecnierebma ganavrces hercis

ideebi. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom msoflios militarizacia ar

Semoifargla Cveni planetis masStabiT da man kosmosuri sivrcec moicva.

1980-ian wlebSi aSS-ma wamoiwyo “varskvlavuri omebis” programa, romelic

natos Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT kosmosuri teqnologiebis

gamoyenebiT TavdacviTi faris Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda (Muir, 1997: 77).

politikuri geografiis erTiani velis Teoria – stiven jonsi

amerikelma mecnierma stiven jonsma (Stephen Jones) saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb sxva mecnierebisgan gansxvavebuli koncefcia SeimuSava. is Seecada daekavSirebina politika da geografia, ufro konkretulad ki socialuri da sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebi. jonsma fizikidan “isesxa” fizikuri velis cneba, rac aris materiis erT-erTi forma, romelic damaxasiaTebelia droisa da sivrcis yvela wertilisaTvis. fizikuri velis sidide, rogorc wesi icvleba sivrcis erTi wertilidan meoreSi gadaadgilebis dros (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

James_Clerk_Maxwell). politikis mecnierebidan jonsma gamoiyena politikuri ideis cneba da Seecada daemtkicebina, rom is idea warmoadgens politikuri arealis formirebis ZiriTad impulss. ideis Camoyalibis Semdeg xdeba Sesabamisi politikuri gadawyvetilebis miReba. gadawyvetilebis praqtikuli ganxorcilebis procesSi mimdinareobs moZraoba, romelic moicavs, rogorc mosaxleobis, aseve produqciis, transportis, informaciis, finansebis gadaadgilebas. am moZraobis

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Sedegad iqmneba veli, sadac xorcieldeba yvela saxis sazogadoebrivi (socialuri) aqtivoba. velis formirebis saboloo etapze xdeba misi sazRvrebis dadgena, ris Sedegadac iqmneba politikuri areali.

sqematurad jonsis mier warmodgenili politikuri arealis Camoyalibebis procesi Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: politikuri idea – gadawyvetileba – moZraoba – veli – politikuri areali (Jones, 1954: 115).

am Teoriis klasikur praqtikul magaliTad jonsi israelis Seqmnas asaxelebda (iqve: 117). sionizmis50 ideologiaSi Cadebuli iyo israelis saxelmwifos idea. politikuri gadawyvetileba gaformda belfuris 1917 w. deklaraciiT. moZraobaSi gadamwyveti adgili qonda ebraelTa imigracias, ris Sedegad Seiqmna ebraelebiT dasaxlebuli veli, xolo gaeros 1948 w. rezoluciiT dadginda israelis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom jonsi termini “politikuri areali” ZiriTadad gulisxmobs saxelmwifos, ris gamoc mis Teorias xSirad moixsenieben, rogorc saxelmwifos Seqmnis erTiani velis Teoriad. miuxedavad imisa, rom jonsis Teoria sakmaod saintereso da originaluria man geografebs Soris saTanado popularoba ver moipova, savaraudod imis gamo, rom is warmoadgens sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlenebis unificirebis mcdelobas, rac ar esadageba geografiis konceftualur da praqtikul arss. saxelmwifo, rogorc konteineri – piter teilori 1994 w. gamoqveynda cnobili britaneli geografis piter teiloris naSromi “saxelmwifo, rogorc konteineri” (Taylor, 1994). manamade saxelmwifo ganixileboda, rogorc mxolod “Zalauflebis konteineri” (Giddens, 1985). teiloriseuli axal midgomaSi aqcenti keTdeba saxelmwifos rTul da kompleqsur Sinaarsze. teilorma wina planze wamoswia saxelmwifos teritorialobis principi. misi mtkicebiT swored teritorialoba gansazRvravs saxelmwifos, rogorc konteineris mravalferovan xasiaTs. kerZod, msoflioSi Tavisufali bazris da samewarmeo konkurenciis pirobebSi, rodesac xdeba kapitalis dagroveba saxelmwifo gvevlineba, rogorc, aramarto “ekonomikuri“, aramed, rogorc “keTildReobis konteineri”. nacionalizmis epoqaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo dgas erovnuli interesebis da faseulobebis sadarajoze mas gaaCnia “kulturuli konteineris” funqciac. xelisuflebis mier mosaxleobis sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebis interesebis dacva da am jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis regulireba miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo, aseve aris “socialuri konteineri” (Muir, 1997: 100). amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom teritorialoba aris saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis produqti. kapitalizmis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze teritorialoba ganapirobebda saxelmwifos avtarqiulobas da erTgar izolacionizmsac ki. amas xels uwyobda is garemoeba, rom “civi omis” periodSi saxelmwifoTa teritiruli mTlianobis saerTaSoriso principi zedmiwevniT kargad iyo daculi. magram, komunizmis dacemam da erTiani kapitalisturi msoflio ekonomikis Seqmnam mniSvneloavni koreqtivebi

50 termini “sionizmi” momdinareobs ierusalimSi mdebare mTis saxelwodebidan. sionizmi, rogorc politikuri ideologia XIX s.-is bolos Seiqmna. misi damfuZnebeli iyo cnobili ebraeli moRvawe Teodor hercli. sionizmis mTavari mizani iyo israelis miwaze ebrauli saxelmwifos Seqmna.

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Seitana saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis praqtikaSi. adamianebis, informaciis, sameurneo produqciis, finansebis mzardma nakadebma saxelmwifoebis funqcionireba gacilebiT ufro Ria da gamWvirvale gaxada. dRevandeli saxelmwifo, aRar aris iseTi izolirebuli, rogorc rogorc wina ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, saxelmwifos, rogorc konteiners bzari gauCnda da is, rac misgan Jonavs, upirveles yovlisa aris suvereniteti. adamianebi maTi mTavrobebisgan iTxoven iseT reformebs, romelTa ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTildReobis amaRlebas. aseTi ram mxolod globaluri ekonomikis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. piter teilori varaudobs, rom es Seuqcevadi procesia, Sesabamisad, droTa ganmavlobaSi msoflio Tvisebrivad Seicvleba, Sedegad ki saxelmwifos roli minimumade Semcireba. msoflsistemaTa analizi – imanuel uolersteini

saxelmZRvanelos I TavSi aRiniSna, rom sazogadoebrivi geografiis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa imanuel uolersteinis naSromma “msoflsistemaTa analizi da situacia Tanamedrove msoflioSi”. Tumca, mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Rirebuleba gaaCnia mis sxva monografiebsac, rogorebicaa: “nacnobi msoflios dasasruli: XXI saukunis socialuri mecniereba”, “liberalizmis Sedeg” da “rasa, eri, klasi. orazrovani identobebi”.

uolersteinis “msoflsistemaTa analizi” aris koncefcia, romelic gvTavazobs istoriuli sistemebis (e.i. ”msoflsistemebis”) genezisisa da funqcionirebis meqnizmebis aRweras, aseve maTi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis analizs. msoflsistemas uolersteini ganixilavs, rogorc ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli da politikuri procesebis erTobliobas, romelic yalibdeba istoriis xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. am erTobliobis simyares ganapirobebs sistemis SigniT arsebuli Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba51 (Валлерстайн, 2004:

51). uolersteini gamoyofs ori tipis sistemebs: minisistemebs da

msoflsistemebs. pirveli maTgani arsebobda pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis dros primitiuli protosociumebis saxiT. rac Seexeba, msoflsistemebs is Tavis mxriv iyofa msoflio imperiebad da msoflekonomikebad (iqve: 8). uolersteini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs msoflekonomikis Seswavlas, radgan is pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli kapitalizmTan.

amerikeli mecnieri miiCnevs, rom msoflioSi ukve XVI s.-Si Camoyalibda kapitalisturi ekonomika da daiwyo erTiani msoflio ekonomikis formireba. am procesis avangardSic iyo evropa. ramdenime evropuli saxelmwifos warmatebulma ganviTarebam ganapiroba konkurenciis institucionalizacia da evropa iqca ara imperiad, sadac

51 Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba aris sazogadoebrivi Sromis istoriulad gansazRvruli sistema, rac yalibdeba sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesSi SromiTi saqmianobis Tvisebrivi diferenciaciis Sedegad. (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 11, Tbilisi, 1997, gv. 26). Sromis danawileba xdeba, rogorc ekonomikis seqtorebisa da dargebis, aseve geografiuli, demografiuli da sxva niSniT (http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=22247).

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romelime erTi eri gabatondeboda, aramed daaxloebiT Tanabari ganviTarebis mqone erebis konglomeratad (civilizaciad).

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis mixedviT TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa msoflios porizontaluri (geografiuli) struqtura: birTvi – naxevarperiferia – periferia. birTvs, romelsac warmoadgenen ganviTarebuli qveynebi dominirebs “Rarib” periferiaze, xolo am ors Soris amortizatoris rols asrulebs naxevarperiferia (iqve: 49). uolersteinis mixedviT birTvis centri mobiluria. XX s.-is dasawyisamde is did britaneTSi mdebareobda, Semdeg aSS-is aRmosavleTSi gadainacvla, xolo amJamad is gadaadgildeba amave qveynis wynari okeanis sanapirosken. uolerstainis varaudiT ociode weliwadSi birTvis centri SeiZleba CineTSi aRmoCndes.

naxevarperiferiis qveynebi droTa ganmavlobaSi aRzevdebian birTvSi an CamoqveiTdebian periferiaSi. imanuel uolersteinis azriT, nebismierma qveyanam an erma warmatebiT unda gaiaros kapitalizmis stadia, sxva SemTxvevaSi is ganwirulia socialur-ekonomikuri siduxWirisTvis.

uolersteini miiCnevs, rom msoflios amgvari horizontaluri mowyoba aris planetaruli socialur-ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Sedegi. am mxriv, is eyrdnoba “damokidebulebis Teoriis” ZiriTad postulatebs.

damokidebulebis Teoria XX s.-is Sua periodSi Seiqmna da mis avtorebad miiCneven argentinel ekonomists raul prebiSs (Raul Prebisch) da germaniaSi dabadebul britanel ekonomists hans zingers (Hans Singer).

am Teoriis, romelsac sxvagvarad zinger-prebiSis Tezissac uwodeben, ZiriTadi debulebebi Semdegnairad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:

- maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis uzrunvelyofa bunebrivi

resursebiT, iafi muSa-xeliT da produqciis gasaRebis bazrebiT

xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze.

- ganviTarebuli qveynebi qmnian meqanizmebs, romlis meSveobiTac

izrdeba maTze ganviTarebadi samyaros damokidebulebis xarisxi.

am mxriv gamoiyeneba sxvadsxva saxis saSualebebi, rogoricaa

ekonomikuri (bankebi, finansebi), masmedia, politikuri xasiaTis

zewola, ganaTleba, kultura.

- im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Raribi qveynebi ganizraxaven mdidari qveynebis

damokidebulebidan Tavis daxsnas, es ukanasknelebi maT

winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneben ekonomikur sanqciebs da samxedro

intervencias (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_theory).

zingeris da prebiSis azriT, ganviTarebadi qveynebis

damokidebuleba mdidar qveynebze wlidan wlamde izrdeba. maRalganviTarebulma qveynebma Raribi saxelmwifoebis eqspluataciis Sedegad SeZles sakuTari mosaxleobis keTildReobis mniSvnelovani amaRleba, riTac Tavidan aiciles socialuri bunti da revoluciebi.

msoflio-sistemaTa TeoriaSi gansazRvrulia politikis sivrciTi doneebi: a) globaluri, sadac xdeba msoflio ekonomikis tendenciebis gansazRvra; b) eri-saxelmwifo, sadac adamianis mier xdeba realuri samyaros aRqma da g) adgilobrivi, romelic warmoadgens adamianis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis keras. uolersteinis Teoriam win wamowia yvela sivrciTi donis mniSvneloba, xazi gausva myar kavSirs

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globalursa da lokalurs Soris. sazogadoebriv geografiaSi xSirad ixmareba am kavSiris amsaxveli terminebi, mag., “glokali” an “glokaluri”.

mTlianobaSi uolerstaini amtkicebs, rom ar arsebobs msoflio qveynebis ekonomikebis erToblioba – arsebobs erTiani msoflio ekonomika; ar arsebobs msoflio qveynebis sazogadoebebis erToblioba – arsebobs erTiani msoflio sazogadoeba. rac Seexeba politikis sferos, amerikel mecniers miaCnia, rom msoflios erTiani politikuri sistema jer ar arsebobs. ufro metic, is darwmunebulia, rom mravalricxovani saxelmwifoebis arsebobis gamo Cveni planetis politikuri sistema daqsaqsuli da winaaRmdegobrivia. uolerstaini amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifom, rogorc aseTma Tavisi Tavi amowura (Валлерстайн, 2001: 387). uolersteinis azriT, Tanamedrove saxelmwifo liberalizmis ideebis safuZvelze Seiqmna da mogvianebiT es ideebi burJuaziis mier proletariatis eqspluataciis mTavari iaraRi gaxda. misi azriT, liberalizmi safrangeTis burJuaziul revoluciasTan erTad iSva da is “komunisturi blokis” daSlasTan erTad dasrulda (iqve: 321). uolerstains, rogorc sxva marqsist mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom liberalizmis aRsasruli saxelmwifoebis kvdomas moaswavebs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom uolersteini did yuradRebas ar uTmobs nacionalizmis, identobis, xalxebis kulturuli Taviseburebebis analizs anu gverds uvlis im mniSvnelovan faqtorebs, romlebic ganapirobeben msoflios kulturuli mozaikis arsebobas. uolersteinis TeoriisTvis, rogorc yvela marqsistuli naSromisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv, gadaWarbebuli ekonomiuri determinizmi, xolo, meore mxriv, kulturuli nihilizmi.

uolersteini (neo)marqsistia, Tumca klasikuri marqsizmisgan gansxvavebiT is uaryofs ganviTarebis revoluciur gzas da mas saxifaTodac ki miiCnevs. misi azriT, momavali msoflio unda gaxdes WeSmartad demokratiuli da egalitaruli, sadac gadamwyveti sityva unda Tqvan inteleqtualebma, kerZod ki neoutopistebma (iqve: 322).

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Tanamedrove saxelmwifo

wina TavSi Cven mimovixileT nacionalizmi da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi. vnaxeT, rom nacionalizmis mkvlevarebi jer kidev ver Tanxmdebian imaze eri Tanamedrove fenomenia Tu is primodrialuri warmoSobisaa. aqvs Tu ara adgili amgvar polemikas saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi? cnobilia, rom pirveli qalaqi-saxelwifoebi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi daarsda. Sua saukuneebis qveynebSi metnaklebad warmodgenili iyo yvela is saxelmwifoebrivi atributi, rac damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebisTvis, maT Soris: teritoria, mosaxleoba, xelisufleba da saxelmwifo marTvis aparati, ekonomika, tarnsportisa da komunikaciebis sistema. magram, maT ar qondaT mkafiod dadgenili da saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebuli sazRvrebi. sxva sityvebiT, zustad ar iyo gansazRvruli romeli teritoria Sedioda ama Tu im qveyanis mflobelobaSi. Sesabamisad, XVII s.-is Sua periodamde qveynebisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli saxelmwifo suvereniteti anu saxelmwifo ar iyo teritoriuli movlena. teritoriuli suvereniteti aris is ZiriTadi niSani, riTac Tanamedrove saxelmwifo gansxvavdeba wina periodebis politikuri sistemebisgan.

saxelmwifo suvereniteti

termini “suvereniteti” ukavSirdeba frangi iuristis Jan bodenis saxels. XVI s.-is dasawyisSi gamoqveynebul mis naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom suvereniteti aris monarqis absolturi da xelSeuxebeli Zaluflebis gamoxatuleba. suverenitetis cneba gviandeli Sua saukuneebis evropaSi asaxavda im brZolas, romelic mimdinareobda erTi mxriv, feodaluri daqsaqsulobis winaaRmdeg da centralizebuli saxelmwifos SemnisTvis, xolo, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo xelisuflebis eklesiis daqvemdebarebidan gamosvlis mizniT (Сергунин, 2010). dasavleT evropis qveynebSi, kerZod ki saRvTo romis imperiaSi kaTolikur eklesias wamyvani adgili ekava sulier da saero saqmeebSi. is cdilobda srul daqvemdebarebaSi yoloda nebismieri monarqis an didebulis xelisufleba. pavle mociqulis sityva, rom ar arsebobs xelisufleba, Tu is ar momdinareobs RvTisgan, saeklesio pirebis mier imgvarad iyo interpretirebuli, rom nebismieri saero xelisufali romis paps unda daqvemdebareboda. ufro metic, XI s.-Si romis papma grigori VII saxelwifo eSmakis qmnilebad gamoacxada. kaTolikuri eklesiis mcdeloba mimarTuli iyo evropaSi saxelwifo warmonaqmnebis gauqmebis da erTiani universaluri imperiis Seqmnisken, romelsac romis papi uxelmZRvanelebda. amgvarma damokidebulebam ukureaqcia gamoiwvia, rogorc saero mmarTvelebis, aseve, TviT sazogadoebis mxridan. jer, protestantizmis aRmocenebam da gavrcelebam, mogvianebiT ki vestfaliis xelSekrulebam (1648 w.) saboloo wertili dausva kaTolikuri eklesiis dominirebas dasavleT evropaSi (vestfaliis xelSekrulebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ufro detalurad aRwerilia me-4 TavSi). vestfaliis xelSekrulebam kacobriobis istoriaSi saTave daudo Tvisebrivad axal periods, romelsac Tamamad SeiZleba vuwodoT

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suverenuli saxelmwifoebis epoqa. garda amisa, am xelSekrulebam impulsi misca Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis process. vestfaliis xelSekrulebaSi Camoyalibebuli iyo is oTxi ZiriTadi principi, romelic gansazRvravda saxelmwifo suverenitets. esenia:

saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba;

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Seuvaloba;

saxelmwifos (da ara eklesiis) uzenaesoba;

saxelmwifo sakuTar teritoriaze damoukideblad

ganaxorcielebs kanonebis miRebasa da aRsrulebas.

evropaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, XVI s.-is SuaSi eklesiis suvereniteti Seicvala saxelmwifo, ufro zustad ki suverenis suverenitetiT. suverens ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs. saxelmZRvaneloSi gamoyenebulia Jan bodenis ganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac suvereni aris piri, romelic ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi srulad ganaxorcielebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas. aucilebeli ar aris, rom suvereni monarqi iyos. suvereni SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos iyos erTi adamianiT an adamianTa gaerTianebiT (mag., aristokratia), romlebic ganaxorcieleben saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas.

am radikalurma cvlilebebma imdroindel samecniero-filosofiur naSromebSi hpova asaxva. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa ingliseli moazrovnis Tomas hobsis (Thomas Hobbes) naSromi “leviaTani anu saeklesio da samoqalaqo saxelmwifos materia, forma da Zalaufleba”. es wigni hibsma inglisis samoqalaqo omis (1642-1652 ww.) dros dawera da savaraudoa, rom am movlenebma didi zegavlena iqonia avtoris msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. hobsi miiCnevda, rom adamianebis yofis “bunebrivma mdgomareobam”, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc “Bellum omnium contra omnes” (“yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg”) adamianTa modgma gausaZlis pirobebSi Caayena. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad loRikuri da gamarTlebuli iyo, rom adamianebma miaRwies socialur SeTanxmebas marTvelobis iseTi formis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, romelic uzrunvelyofda maT usafrTxoebasa da keTildReobas. amgvari SeTanxmebis Sedegi iyo saxelmwifos52 Seqmna. hobsi absolturi Zalauflebis momxre iyo da miiCnebda, rom sxva SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebas qaosi daepatroneboda. mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formad ki mas monarqia miaCnda (iqve). ingliseli moazrovne saxelmwifos leviaTans adarebda. es ukanaskneli iyo bibliuri urCxuli, romelic RmerTma Seqmna da manve gaanadgura, mas Semdeg, rac misi marTva SeuZlebeli gaxda. leviaTanis da saxelmwifos alegoriuli Sedareba SemTxveviTi ar aris. saxelmwifo adamianebis qmnilebaa da misi aRsasrulic adamianebis nebaze iqneba damokidebuli.

hobsisgan gansxvavebiT jon loki upiratesobas iseT mmarTvelobas aZlevda, sadac maqsimalurad iqneboda SesaZlebeli adamianis “bunebrivi Tvisebebis” SenarCuneba. hobsic da lokic Tavis naSromebSi xazs usvamdnen im faqts, rom suverenis Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom aman gamoiwvia sazogadoebis mxridan misi gaucxoeba. xalxi saxelmwifos e.i. xelisuflebas ganixilavda ara marto, rogorc misi usafrTxoebis

52

Tomas hobbsi saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi xmarobs termins “Commonwealth” da ara “State”.

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damcvels, aramed, rogorc instituts, romelsac xeli unda Seewyo individis pirovnul ganviTarebisa da materialur keTildReobisTvis. imis gamo, rom suvereni ver uzrunvelyofda am amocanis Sesrulebas xalxi Seecada mmarTvelobis forma Seecvala. amerikisa da safrangeTis XVIII s.-is revoluciebis ZiriTadi motivi axali tipis xelisuflebis Seqmna iyo. am revoluciebiT safuZveli Caeyara suverenis suverenitetis Secvlas xalxis suverenitetiT anu demokratiiT.

“xalxis suverenitetis” idea XVIII s.-is frangma ganmanaTlebelma Jan-Jak rusom (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) gaaJRera. misi azriT, suvereni aris xalxi anu “politikuri organizmi”, romelic aRWurvilia ZalauflebiT, rom marTos sazogadoeba misi da ara xelisuflebis interesebidan gamomdinare. suverenitetis matarebeli aris is xelisufleba, aRniSnavda ruso, romelic gamoxatavs sayovelTao nebas (Руссо, 1998: 220–221). imave s.-Si moRvawe meore frangma ganmanaTlebelma Sarl monteskiem (Charles

Montesquieu) wina planze wamoswia idea saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseT formaze, sadac prioritetuli iqneboda xelisuflebis dayofis principi. xalxis suverenitetis idea imdenad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, rom man asaxva pova bevri saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobaSi. mag., aSS-is konstitucia (1787 w.) iwyeba cnobili sityvebiT “Cven, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi . . .”, riTac xazgasmulia, rom xelisuflebis wyaro aris xalxi (wyaro).

xalxis suverenitetis doqtrina ualternativo iyo daaxloebiT saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi, sanam XX s.-is dasawyisSi cnobilma germanelma politologma da sociologma maqs veberma ar warmoadgina “legitimuri Zaladobis” koncefcia. veberis azriT, imis gamo, rom saxelmwifoSi mxolod xelisufleba flobda Zalis gamoyenebis eqskluziur uflebas, is iyo erTaderTi suvereni. marqsizm-leninizmis Teoretikosebma ganavrces es Tezisi da xazi gausves im faqts, rom kapitaliazmis pirobebSi xelisufleba Zalas klasobrivi Cagvris mizniT iyenebda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa kavSiri Seecada koreqtivebi Seetana suverenitetis cnebaSi. am mizniT sabWoelma ideologebma warmoadgines “erovnuli suverenitetis” koncefia. es iyo yvelasTvis cnobili “xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis principi”. sabWoTa mTavrobis winadadebiT es principi Setanil iqna gaeros wesdebaSi da am organizaciis mier miRebul sxva mniSvnelovan dokumentebSi. komunisturi blokis mTavrobebi darwmunebuli iyivnen, rom am principis saerTaSoriso aRiareba mwvane Suqs aunTebda erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs koloniur qveynebSi, riTac “dasavlur imperializms” didi ziani miadgeboda. es asec moxda, rodesac 1950-70-ian wlebSi moxda aziisa da afrikis masobrivi dekolonizacia. Tumca, 1980-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa respublikebSi aRmocenebulma erovnuli moZraobebma amave principis safuZvelze moiTxoves sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofa. sabWoTa xelisuflebas bumerangiviT daubrunda Tavis droze inicirebuli “xalxTa TviTgamorkveva”.

helsinkis aqti komunisturi blokis daSlis Semdeg suverenitetis cnebis daxvewa

ZiriTadad neoliberaluri msoflmxedvelobis karnaxiT warimarTa. jer liberalebis da Semdgom neoliberalebis warmatebad unda miviCnioT is faqti, rom suverenitetis interpretireba xdeba saerTaSoriso

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dokumentebSi dafiqsirebuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis safuZvelze. neoliberalebi ganarCeven Semdegi sami ZiriTadi saxis suverenitets:

saxelmwifo suvereniteti, rac niSnavs xelisuflebis

uzenaesobas qveynis Sida saqmeebSi da mis damoukideblobas

saerTaSoriso asparezze. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, rom

saxelmwifos teritoriaze xelisufleba srulad da sxva

saxelmwifoebisgan Caurevlad ganaxorcielebs sakanonmdeblo,

aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo funqciebs. is damoukideblad

warmarTavs saerTaSoriso urTierTibebs, garda im

SemTxvevebisa, rodesac is nebayoflobiT axdens garkveuli

uflebebis delegirebas saerTaSoriso organizaciebisaTvis.

erovnuli suvereniteti dakavSirebulia xalxTa

TviTgamorkvevasTan. es saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTi

winaaRmdegobrivi principia. erTi mxriv, aRniSnulia, rom

saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb xalxs, am SemTxvevaSi eTnikur an

religiur umciresobas aqvs TviTgamorkvevis, maT Soris am

saxelmwifodan gamoyofis ufleba. meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso

samarTali ar adgens am principis realizebis procedurebsa

da saSualebebs.

xalxis suvereniteti gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos

moqalaqeebs garantirebuli aqvT sazogadoebriv da

saxelmwifo saqmeebSi farTo da daubrkolebeli

monawileobis yvela saSualeba. neoliberalebi aRniSnaven,

rom xalxis suvereniteti yvela demokratiuli saxelmwifos

konstituciuri wyobis fundamentia. xalxi Tavis nebas

gamoxatavs Tavisufali arCevnebis, referendumebis gziT da,

aqedan gamomdinare xalxi aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

saTave da umaRlesi xelisufleba (Sørensen, 1999: 590–604).

uaxles istoriaSi sxvadasxva postpozivitisturi (kritikuli)

samecniero da ideologiuri mimarTulebebis gaaqtirurebis Sedegad suverenitetTan mimarTebaSi Seiqmna alternatiuli midgomebi. postmodernistebi poststruqturalistebi, feministebi, neomarqsistebi, konstruqtivistebi suverenitetis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul definiciebs gvTavazoben, Tumca yvelani erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi suvereniteti yovelgvar azrs kargavs, radgan politikur scenas tovebs misi ZiriTadi matarebeli – saxelmwifo. postpozivitistebi miuTiTeben, rom mimdinareobs saxelmwifo suverenitetis delegireba, erTi mxriv, subnacionaluri erTeulebisTvis (federaciis subieqtebi, olqebi, provinciebi da a.S.), xolo, meore mxriv, supranacionaluri (saerTaSoriso) organizaciebisTvis da transnacionaluri kompaniebisTvis. ufro metic, postpozitivistebi amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo ara marto rudimentia, aramed saxifaTo movlenadac ki iqca. isini aRniSnaven, rom saxelmwifoebi cdiloben ar dakargon politikur asparezze manamade arsebuli privilegirebuli poziciebi, ris gamoc xelovnurad Zabven mdgomareobas axali

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SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis, ekonomikuri krizisebis, garemos gauaresebis gziT. neoliberalebi ar eTanxmebian amgvar mosazrebebs da miuTiTeben, rom naadrevia “suverenitetis”, Sesabamisad “saxelmwifos” dasaflaveba. maT miaCniaT, rom suverenitetis instituti amJamad axali gamowvevebisadmi adaptirebas procesSia (iqve: 604).

suverenitetis cnebis istoriuli evoluciis mimoxilvis Semdeg saSualeba gvaqvs gavakeToT masTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime mniSvneloavni daskvna.

suvereniteti aris garkveul teritoriaze umaRlesi xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba. am ganmartebaSi xazgasmulia sami sityva: teritoria, umaRlesi da xelisufleba. suverenitetTan mimarTebaSi TiToeuli maTgans mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs, kerZod::

- xelisufleba flobs Zalauflebas;

- xelisufleba aris teritoriis marTvis umaRlesi (uzenaesi) organo;

- suvereniteti teritoriuli fenomenia.

geografiuli masStabis mixedviT suvereniteti SeiZleba iyo Sida

da sagareo. saxelmwifos suvereniteti unda iyos aRiarebuli sxva saxelmwifoebis mier. Tanamedrove msoflioSi suverenulia mxolod gaeros wevri-saxelmwifoebi.

saxelmwifo suvereniteti aris saxelmwifos teritoriaze umaRlesi xelisuflebis ganxorcieleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garkveul garemoebaTa gamo xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba saxelmwifos mTel teritoriaze saqme gvaqvs SezRudul teritoriul suverenitetTan. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi adgili aqvs suverenitetis delegirebas, erTi mxriv, federaluri an administraciuli erTeulebisTvis da, meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso organizaciebisTvis an saxelmwifoTaSoriso gaerTianebisTvis. aseTi situaciasTan mimarTebaSi zogierTi mecnieri xmarobs termins “nawilobrivi suvereniteti”, Tumca es termini ar asaxavs aRniSnuli movlenis arss, Sesabamisad misi gamoyeneba arasasurvelia.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifo suverenitetis “SezRudva” intensiur xasiaTs iRebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad arasasurvelia an Tundac wamgebiania aseTi situacia TviT saxelmwifoebisTvis? demokratiul qveynebSi suverenitetis nawilis delegireba subnacionaluri erTeulebisTvis da samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis imaze metyvelebs, rom xelisuflebis funqcionireba ufro gamWvirvale da angariSgebadi xdeba. es saxelmwifosTvis da misi yoveli moqalaqisTvis Zalze pozitiuri movlenaa. nebismieri saxelmwifos monawileoba saerTaSoriso urTierTobis sistemaSi, kerZod ki mis mier saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT dadgenili valdebulebebis Sesruleba imis mniSvnelovani garantia, rom saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba mxridan mimdinareobs adamianis fundamenturi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis monitoringi. demokratiulma qveynebma, garda aRniSnulisa SeZles koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis (nato) da saerTo ekonomikuri ganviTrebis (mag., evrokavSiri, nafta) sistemebis organizeba.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistema jer kidev Sors aris srulyofisgan. msoflioSi jer kidev adgili aqvs omebs,

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sisxlian konfliqtebs, “eTnikur wmendas” da genocidsac ki. gaeros miRebuli aqvs mniSvnelovani dokumentebi, romelTa ganxorcieleba saSualebas iZleva Tavidan iqnas acilebuli an droulad SeCerebuli masoborvi Zaladoba da sisxlisRvra. miuxedavad amisa, am dokumentebiT gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba ver xerxdeba, radgan amas xels uSlis calkeuli Zlieri qveynebis geopolitikuri da geoekonomikuri ambiciebi. samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso organizaciebs jerjerobiT ar SeswevT unari SeaCeron birTvuli iaraRis mqone qveynebis imperiuli miswrafebebi. rodesac, es xdeba adgili aqvs erTi saxelmwifos suverenitetis xelyofis mcdelobas meores mxridan.

saxelmwifos funqciebi

saxelmwifos funqciebis imdeni klasifikacia-tipologia arsebobs,

ramdeni mecnieri muSaobs am sakiTxebze. maT Soris yvelaze martivi da

imavdroulad amomwuravi aris jin gotmanis (Jean Gottmann) mier SemuSavebuli klasifikacia, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifos asrulebs or ZiriTad funqcias:

uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis usafrTxoebas; da

qmnis adamianis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas (Gottmann, 1973: 14).

cnobilma britanelma mecnierma ron jonstonma (Ron Johnston)

SemogvTavaza saxelmwifos funqciebis gafarToebuli CamonaTvali, romelic eqvsi punqtisgan Sedgeba (Jonston, 1982: 11-15). es funqciebia:

usafrTxoebis – saxelmwifo axorcielebs qveynis teritoriis da mosaxleobis dacvis funqcias, romelic, Tavis mxriv ramdenime mimarTulebas moicavs, kerZod:

igi icavs Tavis moqalaqeebs fizikurad, rogorc kriminaluri

elementebisagan, aseve gareSe mtrebisagan (agresia, diversia,

terorizmi da a.S.) jaris, policiis, uSiSroebis samsaxurebis

meSveobiT.

garda amisa, mosaxleobis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dacva

xorcieldeba ekologiuri usafrTxoebis dacvis mxrivac.

saxelmwifo icavs moqalaqeebis ekonomikur interesebsac (sabaJo

samsaxuris, Sromis birJis, sagadasaxado samsaxuris meSveobiT).

saxelmwifo icavs sakuTari qveynis eTno-demografiul

situaciis, mag., migraciuli procesebis regulirebis gziT.

socialur-kulturul integraciis (erTiani kulturul

politikuri sivrcis) dacvisaTvis saxelmwifo iyenebs

ganaTlebis sistemas da aseve moqalaqeobis instituts.

saxelmwifo yuradRebas uTmobs sazogadoebis tradiciebis,

TviTmyofadobis da misi moraluri Rirebulebebis SenarCunebas.

am mizniT igi iyenebs ganaTlebis, sainformacio (mas-mediis

CaTvliT) da samecniero institutebs.

sasamarTlo – sxvadasxva saxis davebis, konfliqtebis,

gaugebrobebis gadasawyvetad, romelic warmoiSveba fizikuri da

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iuridiuli pirebis urTierTobaSi saxelmwifo qmnis sasamarTlo da saarbitraJo institutebis qsels, romlebic xelmZRvaneloben kanoniT da Tavisufali arian samTavrobo da politikuri organizaciebis zegavlenisagan.

makonsolidirebeli (SemakavSirebeli) – sazogadoebaSi mimdinareobs rTuli procesebi, razec zegavlenas axdens, rogorc Sinagani, aseve sagareo faqtorebi. yoveltvis moiZebneba saxelmwifosadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma Zalebi, romlebic Seecdebian xeli Seuwyon mocemuli qveynis destabilizacias, maT Soris sazogadoebis socialur da kulturul-politikur dezintegracias. am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo cdilobs arasasurveli procesebis koreqtirebas, sazogadoebis erTobis aRdgenas, mSvidobiani eTno-kulturuli da religiuri atmosferos damkvidrebas. saxelmwifos policiuris garda, ideologiuri funqciac gaaCnia, romlis SemuSaveba da gansakuTrebiT ganxorcieleba rTuli, magram uaRresad mniSvnelovani saqmea. rig SemTxvevebSi, xelisuflebas arapopularuli politikis gatarebac ki uxdeba.

fasilitaciis – qveyanis sawarmoo da safinanso infrastruqtura saTanado kontrolisa da koordinaciis gareSe warmoSobs mosaxleobis socialuri daucvelobis problemas. saxelmwifos valia daareguliros urTierToba mewarmeebsa da dasaqmebulebs (aseve sxva socialur jgufebs Soris) ZiriTadad molaparakebebisa da dialogis procesis meSveobiT. am TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo gvevlineba ufro rogorc fasilitatori, vidre mosamarTle an momrigebeli.

sainvesticio – Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, gansakuTrebiT misi ganviTarebis krizisul periodebSi adgili aqvs sxvadasxva saxis sawarmoebis da bankebis gakotrebas, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs socialuri situaciis garTulebas (umuSevroba, siRatake da a.S.). saxelmwifo ereva am procesSi da cdilobs gadaarCinos es sawarmoebi da bankebi. meore mxriv, saxelmwifo cdilobs fuli daabandos Tavis sameurneo an inteleqtualur potencialSi. dabandebuli kapitali garkveuli drois Semdeg Semosavlis saxiT ubrundeba procesis yvela monawiles: saxelmwifos, mewarmes, dasaqmebuls. Semosavlis garkveuli nawili xmardeba socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.

biurokratuli – mosaxleobas yvelaze metad es funqcia ar uyvars, Tumca mis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda saxelmwifos funqcionireba. marTvis stilsa da efeqtianobaze damokidebulia qveynis socialuri stabiluroba, ekonomikuri Zliereba, usafrTxoebis xarisxi. saxelmwifos unda yavdes maRalkvalificiuri biurokratia, magram TviTon ar unda iyos biurokratuli.

saxelmwifos teritoria: formirebis faqtorebi, konfiguracia,

mdebareoba daaxloebiT 200 wlis win msoflioSi mxolod 23 suverenuli saxelmwifo arsebobda. 1980 w. maTma ricxvma 160 miaRwia (Goertz & Diehl,

1992: 35). amJamad msoflioSi 193 suverenuli saxelmwifoa. kontinentebis mixedviT saxelmwifoebis ganawileba Semdegnairad gamoiyureba:

evrazia – 90, maT Soris:

evropa – 46

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azia – 44

afrika – 54

CrdiloeT amerika – 23

avstralia da okeaneTi – 14

samxreT amerika – 12

zemoT CamoTvlili, yvela qveyana gaeros wevri-saxelmwifoa. wminda saydars (qalaq saxelmwifo vatikans) gansakuTrebuli statusi aqvs (ix. CanarTi #). kidev 64 qveyana miiCneva daqvemdebarebul teritoriad. jer kidev 2-3 aTwleulis win am teritoriebs moixseniebdnen, rogorc koloniur qveynebs da ara daqvemdebarebul teritoriebs. saxelwodebis cvlileba gamowveulia imiT, rom es qveynebi ar ibrZvian damoukideblobis mopovebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom maTi didi umravlesoba warmoadgens karibis zRvis auzSi, wynar da atlantis okeaneebSi mimobneul patara kunZulovan Rarib qveynebs. imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaCniaT wiaRiseuli an sxva saxis simdidreebi maTi mosaxleobis keTildReoba ZiriTadad damokidebulia maTi “mfarveli” saxelmwifoebis finansur da sxva saxis daxmarebaze. es teritoriebi msoflios mxolod rva saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi Sedis. daqvemdebarebuli teritoriebis raodenobiT gamoirCeva safrangeTi (16), gaerTianebuli samefo (15) da aSS (14). maTgan gansxvavebiT arsebobs qveyanaTa, teritoriaTa garkveuli raodenoba, sadac adgili aqvs separatistul moZraobebs. zogierTi maTgani de-faqto gamoeyo ama Tu im saxelmwifos, magram maTi saerTaSoriso aRiareba ar momxdara. “anomaliuri teritoriebis“ sakiTxs mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

CanarTi #

wminda saydari wminda saydari (laT. Sancta Sedes) aris romSi kaTolikuri eklesiis

episkopaluri iurisdiqcia anu episkopaluri saydari. misi meTauria romis papi. wminda saydari msoflios uZvelesi suverenuli erTeulia. misi samoqalaqo suvereniteti jer kidev 601 w. iRebs saTaves.

wminda saydari aris saerTaSoriso sajaro samarTlis suverenuli subieqti, romelic flobs statuss persona sui generis (gansakuTrebuli niSnis mqone suverenuli persona). es niSnavs, rom wminda saydari ar aris suverenuli saxelmwifo, magram saerTaSoriso sistemaSi mas gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom wminda saydars damyarebuli aqvs diplomatiuri urTierTobebi msoflios 179 saxelmwifosTan.

xSirad erTmaneTTan aigiveben wminda saydars da qalaq-saxelmwifo vatikans. es araswori midgomaa. vatikani wminda eparqiis damatebiT suverenul teritorias warmoadgens. vatikani, rogorc suverenuli teritoria 1929 w. lateranis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. vatikanis umaRlesi aRmasrulebel piria papis mier daniSnuli romis kuriis kardinali. msoflios saxelmwifoebs diplomaturi urTierTobebi aqvT ara qalaq-saxelmwifo vatikanTan, aramed wminda saydarTan.

wminda saydari sargeblobs gaeros mudmivi meTvalyuris statusiT. is Teokratiuli arCeviTi monarqiaa. papis arCeva xdeba konklavis

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(kardinalebis kolegiis) mier. romis papi ganaxorcielebs sam mniSvnelovan funqcias:

samoqalaqo suverenis;

romis episkoposis – kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauris;

qalaq-saxelmwifos vatikanis suverenis.

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi niSani, rac wminda saydars suverenuli

saxelwifosgan ganasxvavebs aris is, rom mas ar yavs mudmivi moqalaqeebi. romis paps daaxlebiT 600-mde qveSemrdomi yavs. maT 90%-ze mets sasuliero pirebi Seadgenen. wminda saydris moqalaqeba ar moipoveba dabadebiT an naturalizaciiT, radgan misi miniWeba mxolod papis prerogativaa. turizmi wminda saydris ekonomikis erTaderTi dargia. misi xazina ZiriTadad morwmuneTa SemowirulobebiT ivseba.

wyaro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See

pirveli STabeWdileba, rac msoflios politikuri rukis daTvalierebisas gviCndeba aris is, rom qveynebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian teritoriis sididiT da formiT. qveynebis teritoriebis formireba mimdinareobda rTuli istoriul-politikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. msoflioSi ar moiZebneba arcerTi qveyana, romelsac ar gadaetanos omebi. ama Tu im qveynis teritoriis zrda an Semcireba, rogorc wesi omebisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis gziT xdeboda. vestfaliis xelSekrulebis ZaliT saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvrebis dadgenaSi, rogorc adre aRiniSna, mxolod evropuli saxelmwifoebi monawileobdnen. Sesabamisad, evropuli qveynebis teritoriuli gafarToeba, formalurad evropis teritoriis gareT mdebare “aravis miwebis” mierTebis xarjze SeiZleba momxdariyo. vestfaliis Semdgom periodSi teritoriis “mopoveba” Semdegi gzebiT xdeboda (xdeba):

- teritoriis aRmoCena da okupacia (Discovery and Occupation)

evropuli saxelmwifoebisTvis maTi teritoriuli zrdis erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi saSualeba iyo. geografiuli aRmoCenebis epoqidan

dawyebuli XIX s.-mde evropulma qveynebma aRmoaCines da daikaves

(okupireba moaxdines) orive amerikis, okeaneTis da afrikis

dausaxlebeli teritoriebi. am procesSi evropelebi

xelmZRvanelobdnen “tera nuliusis” (Terra nullius) principiT,

romelis mixedviTac, Tu miwa aravis ekuTvnoda maSin misi

mflobeli xdeboda is, vinc mas pirveli daepatroneboda. Tumca,

situacia rTuldeboda im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac esa Tu is

dasaxlebuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier. evropelebma

gamosavali ipovnes da aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi daiwyes aRmoCenis

doqtrinis (Discovery Doctrine) ZiriTadi principis gamoyeneba. am

principis mixedviT Tu teritoriaze pretenzias ori piri

acxadebda, maSin is im adamianis sakuTreba xdeboda, romelic

saxelmwifos qveSemrdomi iyo. orive amerikaSi, afrikasa da

okeaneTSi saxelmwifoebi, Sesabamisad moqalaqeobis institutic ar

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arsebobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu miwaze pretenzias evropeli da

adgilobrivi aborigeni acxadebdnen, maSin is evropelis sakuTreba

xdeboda. aSS-Si aRmoCenis doqtrina gamoiyeneboda ara marto miwis mesakuTris gansazRvris saqmeSi, aramed 1830 w.-dan didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi is warmoadgenda tradiciuli gansaxlebis

arealebidan indieleTa sxva teritoriebze gadasaxlebis

samarTlebriv safuZvelsac (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_doctrine).

XX s.-dan anu mas Semdeg, rac msoflios geografiul rukaze aRar

darCa TeTri laqebi teritoriis aRmoCenisa da okupaciis principi praqtikulad daviwyebas mieca.

- preskrifcia (Prescription). es midgoma gulisxmobs, rom erTi

saxelmwifos garkveuli teritoria, romelic didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi dakavebuli aqvs meore maTgans, xdeba am ukanasknelis

sakuTreba pirveli saxelmwifos mxridian amaze pretenziebis

arqonis SemTxvevaSi. evropelebis mier dapyrobil xalxebs ar

gaaCndaT erTiani mmarTveloba, rac kolonizatorebis mxridan

kvalificirdeboda, rogorc momCivani mxaris ararseboba. amgvari

samartlebrivi cuRlutobis gziT evropelebi cdilobdnen

dapatronebodnen dapyrobili xalxebis miwebs. XX s.-Si

dekolonizaciis procesis Sedegad evropelebi iZulebuli iyvnen

daetovebinaT TiTqmis yvela is teritoria, romelic Tavis droze

preskrifciis meSveobiT gaiformes. Tumca, maT mainc moaxerxes

atlantis da wynari okeaneebis mTeli rigi kulnZulebis

SenarCuneba. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTalSi preskrifciis

principi praqtikulad aRar gamoiyeneba.

- dapyroba da aneqsia (Occupation and Annexation). kacobriobis

mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi es iyo teritoriis miTvisebis

yvelaze nacadi meTodi. misi miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba Zalis

gamoyeneba, kerZod ki omi iyo. dampyrobeli ikavebs romelime

saxelmwifos garkveul an mTel teritorias, auqmebs mis

kanonmdeblobas da saxelmwifo institutebs, Tavis iurisdiqcias

avrcelebs dapyrobil teritoriaze da iwyebs mis marTvas. aneqsiis

aRiarebis safuZvels warmoadgens saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba an

sxva saxelmwifoebis mier am aneqsiis aRiareba. mag., 1910 w. iaponiam

moaxdina koreis aneqsia, 1938 w. germaniam – avstriis, xolo 1940 w.

sabWoTa kavSirma – baltiis qveynebis (litva, latvia, estoneTi).

Tanamedrove msoflioSi aneqsiis magaliTia dasavleT sahara,

romlis teritoria erTmaenTSi gadainawiles mavritaniam da

marokom. gaerom es aneqsia ukanonod scno (Glassner, 1993: 62).

saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas aneqsiis faqtebis mimarT Zlaze

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs. amis gamo, gavrceleba daiwyo

“farulma aneqsiam”. mag., cnobilia, rom “samxreT oseTis”

separtistebs surdaT am teritoriis ruseTTan mierTeba. ruseTma

Tavi aarida saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis mosalodnel mwvave

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raeqcias da mierTebis nacvlad “samxreT oseTi” damoukidebloba

aRiara. sinamdvileSi cxinvalis regioni ruseTis de faqto nawils

warmaodgens, sadac socialur-ekonomikuri Tu politikuri

cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze ruseTis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba.

- akrecia (Accretion). saxelmwifos teritoria SeiZleba

gaizardos bunebrivi procesebis Sedegadac. es ZiriTadad xdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ori saxelmwifos saxelmwifo sazRvari

mdinareze gadis. wyaldidobebis da miwisZvrebis dros mdinare

kalapots icvlis da amis Sedegad romelime saxelmwifos

bunebrivad emateba xmeleTis nawili. saerTaSoriso samarTlis

normebiT avulzia anu mdinaris kalapotis Secvla ar iwvevs

saxelmwifo sazRvris cvlilebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ama Tu im

qveynam aRwerili gziT SeiZleba Semoimatos an daikavos xmeleTis

umniSvnelo nawili es rig SemTxvevebSi mosazRvre regionSi

konfliqtis mizezic ki SeiZleba gaxdes. saqme imaSia, rom

kalapotis cvlilebis gamo mdinaris napirze manamde mdebare

dasaxlebam SesaZloa dakargos mdinareze gasasvleli. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ganviTarebad qveynebSi mdinare SeiZleba

warmoadgendes adamianebis Semosavlis erTaderT wyaros (TevzWera,

irigacia) advili misaxvedri iqneba, Tu, ratom SeiZleba gaxdes

avulzia dapirispirebis mizezi.

- teritoriis ijariT gacema/aReba. es teritoriis flobis

droebiTi, Tumca mniSvnelovani formaa. ijariT aRebul

teritoriebze, rogorc wesi xdeba samxedro bazebis an

satransporto-ekonomikuri infrastruqturis Seqmna. Zlieri

saxelmwifoebisTvis sakuTar Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRleba

daaterialuri Semosavlis miReba gadamwyveti prioritetia. sabwoTa

kavSirma 1962 w. fineTs 50 wliani ijariT gadasca saimaas arxis 4

kilometriani monakveTi. amiT fineTs saSualeba mieca mokle gziT

daemyarebina kavSiri fineTis portebsa da saimaas tbebs Soris.

XIX s.-is bolos da XX s.-is dasawyisSi CineTma ijariT gasca

kvantunis olqi, romliTac sxvadasxva dros sargeblobdnen

ruseTis imperia, ssrk, iaponia, germania, didi britaneTi da

safrangeTi.

1903 w. aSS-ma panamis mTavrobisgan ufleba miiRo gamoeyenebina,

daekavebina da gaekontrolebina panamis arxi. amJamad es arxi

panamis iurisdiqciaSia (Glassner, 1993: 62-63).

- teritoriis nebayoflobiT gadacema. arcTu ise Soreul

warsulSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo erTi saxelmwifos

garkveuli teritoriis meoresTvis gadacemas maT Soris dadebuli

SeTanxmebis (fuladi garigebis CaTvliT) safuZvelze. aSS amis

klasikuri magaliTia. dRevandeli amerikis teritoriis udidesi

nawilis formireba swored am gziT moxda (ix. CanarTi #).

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CanarTi # amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriis formireba

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis dRevandeli teritoriis kolonizacia evropelebis mier XVII s.-is dasawyisSi daiwyo da am procesma intensiuri xasiaTi XVIII s.-Si miiRo. am periodSi Seiqmna Camoyalibda inglisuri, franguli, holandiuri da espanuri koloniebi. aSS-s koloniuri teritoriebi pirvelad 1775 wlis gaerTiandnen, rac dafiqsirda filadelfiis pirvel kongresze. imave wels koloniebma daamarcxes inglisis jarebi, xolo 1776 wlis 4 ivliss filadelfiis meore kongresze, romelSic 13 Statis warmomadgenlebi iRebdnen monawileobas, aSS-s damoukidebloba gamoacxadda. didma britaneTma 1783 w. aRiara aSS-is damoukidebloba, rac gaformda parizis xelSekrulebiT. am droisTvis aSS-is misi drevandeli teritoriis daaxlebiT 1/3-s Sedgenda (ix. nax. #). XIX s.-dan axalgazrda amerikuli saxelmwifos mTavrobam sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT daiyo axali teritoriebis SemoerTeba. kerZod, 1803 wels aSS-ma safrangeTisagan Seisyida (dRevandeli kursiT 233 mil. dolarad) luiziana, romelic did teritoriaze vrceldeboda, Tanamedrove luizianas Statidan CrdiloeTiT kanadis sazRvramde. 1810 w. amerikis gamgebloabSi gadavida espanuri dasavleT florida, xolo 1818 w. aRmosavleT florida. 1845 w. amerikam SemoierTa texasi, romelic 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi damoukidebeli iyo. 1846-48 ww. amerika-meqsikis omis Sedegad aSS-ma moaxdina dRevandeli kaliforniis, nevadas, iutas da arizonis teritoriebis aneqsia. Tumca, Statebis mTavrobam meqsikas kompensaciis saxiT gadauxada 374 mil dolari (dRevandeli kursiT). 1846 w. didi britaneTTan dadebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze aSS-is SemadgenlobaSi Sevida oregonis mxare (aSS-is Tanamedrove teritoriis ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi). 1853 w. amerikam meqsikisgan Seisyida sasazRvro zonaSi mdebare 10 kilometriani monakveTi, romelSic 279 mil. dolari (dRevandeli kursiT) gadaixada. am teritoriaze mogvianebiT gaiyvanes rkinigza, romelmac qveynis dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi daakavSira. 1867 w. ki aSS-ma Zalze iafad (dRevandeli kursiT 120 mil. doalri) ruseTis imperiisgan SeiZina alaska. saintereso istoria aqvs havais kunZulebs. XIX s.-is bolomde is

monarqias warmoadgenda. 1893 w. ingliseli da amerikeli biznesmenebis

xelSewyobiT havaize saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moxda. qveynis saTaveSi

mosulma axalma proamerikulma xelisuflebam havai jer respublikad

gamoacxada, xolo 1900 w. ki – aSS-is Semadgenel nawilad. 1959 w.

Catarebuli referendumis safuZvelze havais kunZulebi amerikis 50-e

Stati gaxda.

1898 w. espanur-amerikuli omis Semdeg da naxevari miliardi

dolaris (dRevandeli kursiT) sanacvlod espaneTma amerikas gadasca

Tavisi koloniebi: filipinebi, guami da puerto riko. am or ukanasknels

aSS-is asocirebul teritoriebis statusi aqvs. kidev erTi yofili

espanuri teritoriaze – kubaze amerikis proteqtorati dawesda.

amJamad, msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi amerikis daqvemdebarebaSi

aris 14 patara kunZulovani qveyna. msoflios kidev aTze met qveyanaSi

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amerikas ijaris wesiT aRebuli maTi teritoriebi, sadac ganlagebulia

misi samxedro bazebi. es qveynebia: italia, germania, saberZneTi, bahreini,

samxreT korea, iaponia, avRaneTi, espaneTi, kuveiti, jibuTi, brazilia,

gaerTianebuli arabuli saemiroebi.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom aSS-s sakuTriv misi da

misdami daqvemdebarebuli teritoriebi mopovebuli aqvs yvela im

saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic zemoT ganvixileT. am TvalsazrisiT

is unikaluri saxelmwifoa.

wyaroebi: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1646.html da

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_territorial_acquisitions

teritoriis formis mixedviT mecnier-geografebi ganasxvaveben

Semdegi tipis saxelmwifoebs:

kompaqturi – manZili qveynis geografiuli centridan sazRvrebamde metnaklebad Tanabaria. aseTi formis teritoria SedarebiT advili samarTavia, rogorc satransporto-ekonomikuri, aseve administraciuli TvalsazrisiT. kompaqturi konfiguraciis qveynebis magaliTebia: ungreTi, safrangeTi, poloneTi, nigeria, urugvai. fragmentuli – am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos teritoria “gafantulia”. aseTi formis qveynebis ori tipi SeiZleba gamovyoT. erTi mxriv, qveynis teritoria arqipelagebze an erTdroulad kontinentze da kunulebze SeiZleba iyos ganlagebuli. mag., filipinebi, didi britaneTi, dania, indonezia, iaponia. meore mxriv, erTi qveynis kontinenturi nawilebs Soris ar arsebobs saerTo sazRvari. amis magaliTebia, azerbaijani, aSS, ruseTi, omani. wagrZelebuli – qveynis aseTi konfiguracia, rogorc wesi ganpirobebulia landSaftur-geografiuli pirobebiT. mag., sazRvari Cilesa da argentinas Soris andebis mTebze gadis. vietnami misi mezoblebisgan gamoyofilia anamis (CiongSonis) mTebiT. gambia viwro zolad aris ganTavsebulia mdinare gambiis orive sanapiroze. am garemoebebis gamo samive dasaxelebul qveyanas wagrZelebuli forma aqvs. perforirebuli – msoflios ramdenime qveynis teritoriaze sxva saxelmwifoebi mdebareobs. aqedan momdinareobs termini “perforirebuli”, rac niSnavs gaburRuls, gamWols. aseTi qveynebia samxreT afrikis respublika, romlis teritoriaze mdebarobs lesoto; italia, sadac ganlagebulia vatikani da san-marino; senegali, romlis teritoriaze “SeWrilia” gambia. kombinirebuli – ramdenime qveynis forma warmoadgens kompaqturi da wagrZelebuli formebis erTgvar kombinacias. aseTi konfiguraciis qveynis magaliTebia tailandi, angola, avRaneTi. teritoriis formas praqtikulad aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs saxelmwifos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan. norvegias teritorias wagrZelebuli forma aqvs, rac mas xels ar uSlis, rom iyos msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze maRalganviTarebuli qveyana, im dros, rodesac konpaqturi konfiguraciis mqone siera leone – erT-erTi yvelaze CamorCenilia. qveynis formaze gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis mdebareobas. mdebareoba sivrcis Semadgeneli komponentia da masac

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sivrcis darad ramdenime gazomileba aqvs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi ganvixilavT mxolod absolturi da SedarebiTi mdebareobebs. absolturi mdebareoba gvaCvenebs, Tu sad mdebareobs esa Tu is saxelmwifo msoflios (politikur) rukaze. saxelmwifos SedarebiTi mdebareobis daxasiaTebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba am mdebareobis, rogorc bunebriv-geografiuli, aseve politikur-geografiuli maxasiaTeblebi. mag., aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifos gasasvleli zRvaze; rogori xasiaTisaa misi sazRvrebi; romel saxelmwifoebs esazRvreba; ramdenad xelsayrelia misi mdebareoba satransporto-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT da a.S. zRvasTan siaxlove, ufro zustad ki zRvaze gasasvleli saxelmwifosTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani politikuri da satransporto-ekonomikuri aspeqtia. zRvaze gasasvleli aadvilebs satransporto-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damyarebas, rogorc erTi qveynis teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris, aseve mis urTierTobas sxva qveynebTan. es Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs saxelmwifos politikur wonas amaRlebas saerTaSoriso sistemaSi. saxelmwifos, romelsac ar gaaCnia zRvaze e.i. msoflio okeaneze gasasvleli Caketil saxelmwifos (Landlocked State) uwodeben. msoflioSi 43 Caketili saxelmwifoa. es saxelmwifoebia53 (kontinentebis mixedviT):

- afrika (16 saxelmwifo): botsvana, burkina faso, burundi,

eTiopia, zambia, zimbabve, lesoto, malavi, mali, nigeri, ruanda,

svazilendi, samxreT sudani, uganda, Cadi, centraluri afrikis

respublika.

- evrazia (sul 25), maT Soris:

- evropa (15): avstria, azerbaijani, andora, belorusi,

lixtenSteini, luqsemburgi, makedonia, moldova, san marino,

serbeTi, slovakeTi, somxeTi, ungreTi, Sveicaria, CexeTi.

- azia (10): avRaneTi, butani, TurqmeneTi, laosi, monRoleTi,

nepali, tajikeTi, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi.

- samxreT amerika (2): bolivia, paragvai.

- CrdiloeT amerika: arcerTi

- okeaneTi: arcerTi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landlocked_country).

mocemuli CamonaTvalidan Cans, rom Caketili saxelmwifoebis raodenobiT gamoirCeva afrika da evropa. Teoriulad afrikaSi meti Caketili saxelmwifo SeiZleba yofiliyo, magram aq mniSvnelovani roli sazRvrebis xelovnurad formirebis faqtorma iTamaSa. afrikis qveynebis Soris saxelmwifo sazRvrebi dekolonizaciis procesSi Seiqmna. am procesSi maqsimalurad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli TiToeuli saxelmwifos interesi, rom zRvaze gasasvleli qonoda, rac umetes SemTxvevebSi dakmayofilebuli iyo. dasavleT afrika amis kargi magaliTia. amasTan, yvela saxelmwifos zRvaze gasasvleli ara aqvs da verc eqneba. maT Soris arian iseTi didi saxelmwifoebi, rogoricaa yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, eTiopia, monRoleTi, belorusi. nebismieri Caketili saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan sirTuleebs ganicdis zRvaze gasasvlelis

53 am siaSi ar moxvda wminda saydari (vatikani), im mizeziT, rom is ar aris suverenuli saxelmwifo.

116

arqonis gamo. kidev ufro rTuladaa im Caketili saxelmwifoebis saqme, romlebic, sxva Caketil saxelmwifoebs esazRvrebian (mag., uzbekeTi da lixtenSteini). garkveul SemTxvevebSi zRvaze gasavlelis mqone qveynebma SeiZleba arakeTilsindisierad gamoiyenon aRniSnuli garemoeba Caketili saxelmwifoebis mimarT. mag., daaweson maRali tarifebi maT teritoriaze tvirTebis gatarebisTvis an sulac ar gaataron es tvirTebi. Caketili saxlemwifoebi didi xani ibrZodnen imisTvis, rom saerTaSoriso doneze gaTvaliswinebuliyo maTi ori ZiriTadi moTxovna, kerZod 1) mieRoT zRvamde da zRvidan Tavisufali tranzitis ufleba da 2) Seqmniliyo pirobebi imisTvis, rom maTac Tavisufalad mieRoT monawileoba zRvis resursebis aTvisebaSi. 1982 w. gaerom miiRo konvencia, romelic aRiarebs Caketili saxelmwifoebis zRvaze Tavisufali gasvlis uflebas. am uflebis realizacia SesaZlebelia mezobel satranzito saxelmwifosTan dadebuli specialuri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. Caketil saxlemwifoebs ufleba aqvT yavdeT gemebi, gamoiyenon satranzito saxelmwifoebis portebi am gemebis sadgomad, milsadenebi da sakomunikacio kabelebi gaiyvanon mezobeli saxelmwifos teritoriul wylebSi54. Sveicarias didi xania urTierTmomgebiani sazRvao urTierTobebi aqvs damyarebuli msoflios 10-ze met qveyanasTan. misi TevzsaWeri floti erT-erTi warmatebulia evropaSi. CexeTis gemebis navsayudelia polonuri porti Secini, rac gaTvaliswinebulia aRniSnul qveynebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT (Glassner, 1993: 400). gacilebiT rTulad aris saqme Caketili saxlemwifoebis mier zRvis resursebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. sazRao qveynebi jiutad cdiloben SeinarCunon teritoriul wylebSi arsebuli resursebis aTvisebis eqskluziuri ufleba, miTumetes, rom rig SemTxvevebSi saqme exeba energomatareblebs. ekonomikuris garda, arsebul situaciaSi uaryofiT rols politikuri faqtoric TamaSobs. cnobilia, rom mezobel saxelmwifoebs Soris daZabuli, rig SemTxvevevbSi konfliqtur urTierTobebsac ki aqvs adgili. mTlianobaSi, Caketili saxelmwifoebi jerjerobiT ver axerxeben im interesebis realizacias, rac dakavSirebulia zRvis resursebis Tavisufal aTvisebasTan. saqarTvelo uSualod esazRvreba or Caketil saxelmwifos, kerZod ki azerbaijansa da somxeTs. azerbaijanisTvis da centraluri aziis saxelmwifoebisTvis zRvamde umokless manZils saqarTvelos teritoria warmoadgens. igive SeiZleba iTqvas somxeTzec, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mas TurqeTTan diplomatiuri urTierToba ar aqvs. Cveni qveynis urTierToba samxreT kavkasiis danarCen or saxelmwifosTan garkveulwilad satranzito politikazec aris damokidebuli.

sazRvrebi

mosazRvre saxelmwifoebis teritoriebi gamijnulia, rogorc wesi

oficialurad dadgenili sazRvrebiT. saxelmwifo sazRvari55 aris

54 teritoriuli wylebis ganmarteba ixileT me-4 TavSi. 55

inglisurenovan samecniero literaturaSi ganasxvaveben terminebs ”Frontier” , “ Border” da

“Boundary”. pirveli aRniSnavs nebismieri saxis sazRvars, xolo ukanaskneli ori gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo (politikur) sazRvarTan mimarTebaSi.

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kanoniT, xelSekrulebiT an praqtikiT dadgenili warmosaxviTi xazi, romelic erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs suverenul saxelmwifoebs.

geografebi yovelTvis did yuradRebas uTmobdnen sazRvrebis Seswavlas. limologia aris geografiis erT-erTi qvedagi, romlis amocanaa sazRvrebis warmoSobis, evoluciisa da cvlilebebis kvleva. sazRvari saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli atributia. is SemosazRvravs im teritorias, romelzec de iure (formalurad) mainc vrceldeba saxelmwifos iurisdiqcia. sazRvri ara marto ganacalkevebs saxelmwifoebs, aramed misi meSveobiT xdeba maT Soris kavSirebis damyareba. Sesabamisad, sazRvari aris geopolitikuri kategoria.

saxelmwifo sazRvris formireba rTuli procesia da moicavs oTx Semdeg etaps (Glassner, 1993: 76):

- sawyis etapze xdeba sazRvris definicia, risi mTavari mizanic

aris imis dadgena, Tu romel teritoriaze da adgilebSi unda

gaiaros sazRvarma;

- meore etapze adgili aqvs sazRvris delimitacias, romlis

drosac ganisazRvreba sazRvris gavlebis zusti geografiuli

koordinatebi. amave etapze garkveul adgilebSi SeiZleba

ganTavsdes sxvadasxva saxis sademarkacio niSnebi – boZebi,

Robeebi, kedlebic ki.

- mesame etapze, rac gulsixmobs sazRvris demarkacias adgili

aqvs dadgenili sazRvrebis Sesaxeb oficialuri informaciis

gadacemas saerTaSoriso organizaciebisTvis, upirveless

yovlisa gaerosTvis. imavdroulad mimdinaroebs sademarkacio

niSnebis ganTavseba saxelmwifo sazRvris mTel perimetrze.

- saboloo etapze saxelmwifo ganaxorcielebs sazRvris

administrirebas. saxelmwifoSi, iqmneba sazRvris dacvis uwyeba.

am uwyebis mTavari amocanaa ganaxrocielos saxelmwifo

sazRvris dacva. garda amisa, sazRvaris garkveul monakveTebze

ewyoba sasazRvro-gamSvebi da sabaJo punqtebi. nebismier

saxelmwifos gaaCnia kanonmdebloba, romelic adgens sazRvarze

adamianebisa da transportis moZraobis da tvirTebis gatarebis

procedurebs.

msoflios politikur rukis zedapiruli analizic ki saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovitanoT daskvna imis Taobaze, rom arsebobs ramdenime gansxvavebuli tipis saxelmwifo sazRvari. maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia geometriuli da bunebriv-politikuri sazRvrebi. geometriuli sazRvrebi gavrcelebulia yofil koloniur qveynebSi, sadac sazRvrebis delimatacia Catarda yofili metropoliebis an saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. afrikis saxelmwifoebis umravlesobas Soris sazRvari warmoadgens warmosaxviT swor xazebs. aseTi tipis sazRvaria aSS-sa da kanadas Soris didi tbebidan wynari okeanis sanapiromde (ix. suraTi #). bunebriv-politikuri anu landSaftur-politikuri sazRvrebi gadis bunebrivi landSaftis iseT erTeulebze, rogoricaa mdinare, tba, mTagrexili, xeoba da sxva. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad vlindeba evropaSi, sadac eTno-kulturuli erTobebis gansaxlebis sistemis formireba

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swored fizikur-geografiuli niSniT mimdinareobda. mag., alpebi italias ganacalkevebs Sveicariis, safrangeTis, avstriis, lixtenSteinisa da sloveniisgan. pirineebi erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs espaneTsa da safrangeTs. mdinare dunai warmoadgens saxelmwifo sazRvars slovakeTsa da ungreTs, aseve rumineTsa da bulgareTs Soris. germanias, Sveicarias da safrangeTs Soris sazRvris nawili mdinare rainze gadis. saxelmwifo sazRvrebis delimitaciis dros xSirad gamoiyeneba iseTi kulturuli kriteriumebi, rogoricaa erebis, eTnosebis, religiebis, enebis gavrcelebis arealebi. am SemTxvevaSi iqmneba kulturul-politikuri sazRvrebi. bevri specialisti miiCnevs, rom oficialuri sazRvrebis dadgenisTvis es saukeTeso saSualebaa. amasTan, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is faqti, rom Zalze rTulia eTnikurad homogenuri teritoriebis gamoyofa. Tanamedrove msoflios qveynebis udidesi nawili jer kidev 100 wlis win imperiebis nawils warmoadgenda. metropoliebi dapyrobili xalxebis mimarT iyenebdnen princips “dayavi da ibatone”. kolonizatorebi cdilobdnen SeecvalaT am xalxebis istoriulad Camoyalibebuli kulturul-istoriuli sazRvrebis Secvlas. amis naTeli amgaliTia mag., sabWoTa kavSiri. sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis pirvelive etaze Seiqmna mokavSire respublikebi. maTi teritoriebis formireba ar momxdara iq mcxovrebi xalxebis istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam Segnebulad mimarTa eTnikurad Sereuli teritoriebis formirebis politikas. Sedegad, yvela sabWoTa respublikaSi Seqmna an avtonomiuri respublikebi an avtonomiuri olqebi an ubralod teritoriuli arealebi, sadac mosaxleobis didi an mniSvnelovan nawils eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebi warmoadgendnen. mag., 1922 w. saqarTveloSi Seiqmna samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic manmade ar arsebobda. moldovas “miuerTes” slavebiT dasaxlebuli dnestrispireTis teritoria. azerbaijanis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi, romelic ZiriTadad somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. ferganis dablobis mniSvnelovani nawili CarTes uzbekeTis SemadgenlobaSi, sadac mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils takikebi warmoadgendnen da a.S. bolSevikuri mmarTveloba imedovnebda, rom eTnikuri anklavebi “mexuTe kolonis”56 rols Seasrulebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime mokavSire respublika ssrk-dan gamoyofas moindomebda. bolSevikebis mier jer kidev 1920-ian wlebSi Cadebuli es naRmebi moqmedebaSi movida 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi. sazRvrebis garkveuli nawili Camoyalibda sxva faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. mag., kunZul borneoze malaiziasa da indonezias Soris saxelmwifo sazRvarma gaiara meCxrad dasaxlebul junglebze. sxva sityvebiT delimitaciamde es adgili auTvisebeli iyo. ukve sazRvris dadgenis Semdeg orive saxelmwifom daiwyo sasazRvro zolis ekonomikuri aTviseba da gansaxlebis qselis Seqmna. aseTi tipis sazRvars antecedenturi sazRvari ewodeba.

56

termini “mexuTe kolona” warmosdgeba espaneTis samoqalaqo omis periodidan (1936-39 ww.). mas Semdeg rac frankisti generali emilio mola oTxi koloniT miadga madrids man ganacxada, rom madridis aRebisTvis mis gankargulebaSi iyo mexuTe kolonac anu misi madrideli momxreebi. zogadad, aRniSnuli termini gamoiyeneba im adamianebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic mocemul qveyanaSi ucxo saxelmwifos dasayrdens warmoadgenen.

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sazRvispira regionebis gansaxlebis eTno-demografiulma xasiaTma da misma dinamikam SeiZleba gamoiwvios cvlilebebi sazRvris konfiguraciaSi. mag., sazRvari CineTsa da vietnams Soris xSirad gamxdara am qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis gamwvavebis mizezi. saqme imaSia, rom mosazRvre raionebSi gansaxlebis qseli swrafad icvleboda da rTuli iyo sazRvris gavleba Cinur da vietnamur dasaxlebebs Soris. am saxelmwifoebs Soris dRevandeli saxelmwifo sazRvris dadgenas didi dro da Zalisxmeva dasWirda. sazRvars, romelic xangrZlivi istoriuli evoluciis procesis Sedegad ganisazRvreba subsekventuri sazRvari ewodeba. aziisa da afrikis dekolonizaciis procesSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli rigi xalxebis neba, Sesabamisad sazRvrebis delimitacia Catarda subieqturad da mikerZoebuladac ki. XIX s.-Si kunZuli axali gvinea daipyres da erTmaneTSi gainawiles niderlandebma, didima britaneTma da germaniam. papuasebiT dasaxebuli es kunZuli gaiyo axal gvinead da dasavleT papuad. es ukanaskneli, gaxda niderlandebis koloniis – vest indoeTis nawili. 1949 w. indoneziam damoukidebloba moipova, magram dasavleT papua jer kidev niderlandebis mmarTvelobis qveS rCeboda. iyo imis Sansi, rom es teritoria SeerTeboda monaTesave xalxiT dasaxebul papua axal gvineas, magram holandielebi amis winaaRmdeg wavidnen. 1962 w. indoneziis jarebi SeiWrnen am teritoriaze da iqidan holandielebi gandevnes. amis Sedegad, istoriuli dasavleT papua adgilobrivi papuasebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod indoneziis nawili gaxda (De Blij & Murphy 2003: 214). aRwerili SemTxveva aris Tavsmoxveuli sazRvris erT-erTi magaliTi. istoriaSi xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac Zlieri saxelmwifoebi maT Soris situaciis ukiduresi gamwvavebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Tanxmdebodnen buferi saxelmwifos Seqmnasze. mag., tailandi aRmocenda, rogorc buferi saxelmwifo frangul indoCineTsa da britanul indoeTs Soris. avRaneTis Seqmna iyo erTgvari kompromisi ruseTsa da britaneTs Soris (Taylor & Flint: 162–163). am gziT Seqmnili saxelmwifoebis sazRvari mecnierebaSi ganixileba, rogorc saxelSekrulebo sazRvari (Jones, S., 1959: 151). msoflio praqtikaSi aris magaliTebi, rodesac or saxelmwifos Soris sazRvari oficialurad gauqmda, magram is rCeba or teritorias Soris erTgvar kulturul wyalgamyofad. aseTi tipis sazRvars reliqtur sazRvars uwodeben. amis magaliTad SeiZleba dasaxeldes sazRvari, CrdoloeT vietnamsa da samxreT vietnams Soris, romelic 1976 w.-mde saxelmwifo sazRvars warmoadgenda. zemoT aRiniSna, rom sazRvars gaaCnia Zalze mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri datvirTvac. nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis sasurvelia, rom sazRvari qondes im qveyanasTan (qveynebTan), romelTanac mas akavSirebs kulturuli, politikuri, satransporto-ekonomikuri interesebi. qvemoT mocemul CanarTSi aRwerilia istoria, romelic cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad mniSnelovania TurqeTisTvis azerbaijanTan (konkretulad naxiWevanTan) saerTo sazRvris arseboba.

CanarTi #

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msoflioSi yvela saxelmwifo sazRvari jer kidev ar aris bolomde dadgenili an warmoadgens qveynebs Soris davis sagans. teritoria, romelzec ar vrceldeba romelime qveynis iurisdiqcia gaeros ganmartebiT aris neitraluri teritoria. mag., kuveitsa da saudis arabeTs Soris arsebobda 5,7 aT.kv.km teritoria, romelsac garkveuli periodSi neitraluri teritoriis statusi qonda, sanam 1969 w. am qveynebma ar miaRwies SeTanxmebas misi gayofis Sesaxeb. samagierod, dRemde gadauWrelia 7 aT. kv.km teritoriis sakiTxi, romelic eraysa da saudis arabeTs Soris mdebareobs. 1981 w. am qveynebma xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas am teritoriis gayofis Taobaze, magram es SeTanxmeba ZalaSi ar Sesula (Glassner, 1993: 115). gaeros standartebiT ki es niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli teritoria arcerTi dasaxelebuli qveynis gamgeblobaSi ar Sedis. saxelmwifo sazRvari ar Semoifargleba mxolod saxmeleTo sazRvriT. saxelmwifos iurisdiqciaSi Sedis agreTve Sida wylebi da teritoriuli wylebi (ix. nax. #). saxelmwifos kavSiri gare wylebTan ganisazRvreba saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTliT. Sida wylebi moicavs zRvebs, tbebs, mdinareebs, arxebs da sxva saxis wyalsacavebs, romelic saxelmwifos sazRvrebSia moqceuli. teritoriuli wylebi an teritoriuli zRva aris saxelmwifos sanapiros nawili, romelic, rogorc wesi vrceldeba zRvis (okeanis) miqcevis zolidan 12 sazRvao milis57 manZilze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveynebs ganacalkevebs mdinare, patara tba, srute, fiordi, maSin saxelwifo sazRvari gadis misi mTavari farvateris58 SuaSi. Sida da teritoriul wylebze saxelmwifos suvereniteti srulad vrceldeba. garda, zemoT aRniSnulisa saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTliT dadgenilia kidev or sazRvao sivrce, sadac zRvasTan mimdebare saxelmwifos SeuZlia ganaxorcielos Tavisi sameurneo da sxva saxis saqmianoba. erT-erTi maTgani aris momijnave sazRvao zona (Contiguous

Maritime Zone), romelic vrceldeba saxelmwifos sanapirodan 24 sazRvao milis manZilze, ufro zustad ki moicavs sazRvao sivrces teritoriuli wylebis sazRvridan kidev 12 sazRvao milis manZilze. es zoli saxelmwifo uwyebebis mier gamoiyeneba sabaJo, fiskaluri, saimigracio da sanitaruli kontrolis ganxorcielebisTvis (http://en.wikipedia.Org/wiki/

Maritime_boundary). qveynis sanapiros sawyisi xazebidan 200 sazRvao milis manZilze vrceldeba gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri (sazRvao) zona (Exclusive Economic

(Maritime) Zone), sadac am saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs moiZios da moipovos bunebrivi resursebi, aaSenos an daamontaJos xelovnuri kunZulebi, danadgarebi, Senobebi, Caataros samecniero kvlevebi da garemosdacviTi samuSaoebi (iqve). samwuxarod, yvela qveyana ar icavs saerTaSoriso sazRvao samarTliT dadgenil normebs. mag., braziliam, perum, siera-leonem, urugvaim calmxrivad gazardes 12 miliani teritoriuli wylebis zona maTTvis sasurvel manZilamde. garda amisa, saerTaSoriso wesebiT daSvebulia Tevzis Tavisufali rewva im sazRvao zonaSi, romelic esazrvreba qveynis teritoriul wylebs. zogierTi qveyana mimarTavs

57 1 sazRvao mili = 1,8 kilometrs. 58 mTavari farvateri aris mdinaris, tbis, srutis da a.S. yvelaze Rrma adgili.

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sxvadasxva xerxebs, rom sxvebs amaSi xeli SeuSalos. konfliqtebi saxelmwifoebs Soris aramarto xmeleTze, aramed mdinareebsa da zRvebzec xSirad warmoiSveba. zogadad saxelmwifos teritoriis, kerZod ki sazRvrebze saubrisas gverds ver avuvliT iseT saintereso politikur-geografiul warmonaqmnebs, rogoricaa anklavi da eqsklavi. termini “anklavi” laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs Caketils, Caxuruls. inglisurenovan literaturaSi es termini pirvelad 1868 w. gamoiyenes, xolo 30 wlis Semdeg xmarebaSi Semovida termini “eqsklavi”.

anklavi aris garkveuli saxelmwifos teritoriiT garSemortymuli sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis nawili (Винокуров, 2007:18). eqsklavi aris saxelmwifos teritoriis nawili, romelic esazRvreba sxva saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoebs, amasTan deda-saxelmwifosTan saerTo sazRvari ar gaaCnia.

anklavi da eqsklavi, rogorc zemoT mocemuli ganmartebebidan Cans aris suverenuli saxelmwifoebis teritoria. anklavad da eqsklavad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos is teritoria, romelic saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisad gaaCnia daqvemdebarebuli teritoriis statusi.

ganarCeven ori saxis anklavs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos nawili mTlianad aris garSemortymuli sxva saxelmwifos teritoriiT saqme gvaqvs srul anklavTan, xolo Tu anklavis garkveuli teritoria esazRvreba zRvas, maSin es aris nawilobrivi anklavi. sruli anklavis magaliTebia livia espaneTis nawili safrangeTis teritoriaze an sof. arcvaSeni – somxeTis nawili azerbaijanis teritoriaze. yirgizeTis teritoriaze aris uzbekeTis 4 sofeli da, piriqiT 2 uzbekuri dasaxleba garSemortymulia yirgizeTis teritoriiT.

nawilobrivi anklavis magaliTebia mag., espanuri qalaqebi seuta da melilia, romlebic xmelTaSua zRvas da marokos esazRvreba. aSS-is nawili alaska, romelic kanadas da Crdilo yinulovan da wynar okeaneebs esazRvreba. gibraltari, romelic gaerTianebuli samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis esazRvreba espaneTsa da xmelTaSua zRvas.

eqsklavis magaliTia mag., naxiWevani, romelic azerbaijanis nawilia da is esazRvreba TurqeTs, somxeTs da irans. meore TvalsaCino magaliTia kaliningradis olqi – ruseTis eqsklavi, romelic evrokavSiris or saxelmwifos (poloneTsa da litvas) da baltiis zRvas esazRvreba. madhas naxevarkunZuli, romelic omanis Semdgeneli nawilia esazRvreba gaerTianebul arabul saemiroebs da sparseTis yures. anklavisgan gansxvavebiT, ar ganasxvaveben srul da nawilobriv eqsklavebs.

yvela eqsklavi imavdroulad ar aris anklavi da piriqiT. anklavi SeiZleba eqsklavadac miviCnioT, Tu is mxolod erT saxelmwifos esazRvreba. mag., zemoT aRniSnuli livia aris espaneTis eqsklavi da anklavi safrangeTSi. magram, naxiWevani an kaliningradi aris Sesabamisad azerbaijanis da ruseTi eqsklavi, magram ara anklavi romelime saxelmwifoSi, radgan TiToeuli maTgani erTze met saxelmwifos esazRvreba.

xandaxan anklavad moixsenieben suverenul saxelmwifosac. gvxdeba aseTi termini “anklavi saxelmwifo” (mag., lesoto an gambia). aseTi midgoma mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT aramarTebulia.

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saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma aris umaRlesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sistemis organizaciis meTodi. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma gansazRvravs xelisuflebis organebis formirebis wess, meqmedebis vadebs, aseve mosaxleobisa da am organebis urTierTobebs da maTSi monawileobis ZiriTad aspeqtebs (Чиркин, 1999: 138). jer kidev aristotelem gamoyo mmarTvelobis sami forma, romelic xorcieldeba erTpirovnulad (monarqia), adamianTa viwro wris (aristokratia) da xalxis mier (demokratia) (www.constitution.org/ari/polit_

04.htm). Tanamedrove mecnierebasa da praqtikaSi, mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT ganasxvaveben ori tipis saxelmwifoebs: monarqiebs da respublikebs. monarqiuli ewodeba im saxelmwifos, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba erTi adamianis – monarqis (suverenis) xelSia. rogorc, wesi monarqs xelisufleba memkvidreobiT gadaecema, Tumca arsebobs arCeviTi monarqiebic. uZveles da Sua saukuneebSi monarqis Zalaufleba ganuyofeli iyo da is mas sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ganaxorcielebda. amJamad, msoflioSi aseTi tipis sul ramdenime monarqiaa. dResdReobiT bevri suverenis Zalaufleba didwilad SezRudulia demokratiuli saxelmwifo institutebis mier. monarqis Zalauflebis xarisxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben konstituciur da absolutur monarqiebs. konstituciuri monarqiebSi monarqis Zalaufleba SezRudulia konstituciiT, dauwereli samarTliT an tradiciebiT. sakonstitucio monarqiebSi umaRlesi piris xelisufleba mniSvnelovnad aris SezRuduli konstituciit da/an parlamentis mier, imdenadac ki, rom qveynis suverens parlamentis nebarTvis gareSe ministris daniSvna an gaTavisuflebac ki ar SeuZlia. ganasxvaveben konstituciuri monarqiebis or saxeobas:

1. saparlamento monarqia, sadac monarqs ar gaaCnia didi

Zalaufleba da is ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiT funqciebs

asrulebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandel saparlamento

monarqiebSi monarqis Zalaufleba ufro simboluria, vidre

realuri. aseT qveynebSi realuri Zalaufleba parlamentis

xelSia. saparlamento monarqiebia: gaerTianebuli samefo,

niderlandebi, SvedeTi, dania, espaneTi, norvegia, belgia, andora,

iaponia, malaizia, maroko. Tumca, am ukanasknels rTulia

saparlamento monarqia uwodo, radgan marokos mefe ralurad

gacilebiT meti uflebebiT sargebleobs, vidre es qveynis

konstituciiT aris gansazRvruli.

malaizia danarCeni monarqiebisgan gamoirCeva imiT, rom aq mmarTvelobis kolegialuri (koleqtiuri) forma arsebobs. garda amisa, malaiziis saxelmwifo meTauris Tanamdeboba arCeviTia, rac monarqiisTvis unikaluri movlenaa. qveynis cxra federaluri erTeulis xelmZRvanelebi, ZiriTadad sulTnebi xuT weliwadSi erTxel ikribebian da maTi Semadgenlobidan qveynis mefes irCeven. misi Zalaufleba SezRudulia, erTi mxriv,

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federaciis subieqtebis meTaurebis, xolo, meore mxriv, qveynis parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis mier.

2. dualisturi monarqia, sadac monarqis Zalaufleba SezRudulia

konstituciiTa da parlamentiT, ZiriTadad sakanonmdeblo

sferoSi, Tumca aRmasrulebel sferoSi mas mniSvnelovani

funqciebi aqvs. aseTi monarqiebia: luqsemburgi, lixtenSteini,

iordania, monako, gaerTianebuli arabuli saemiroebi.

mmarTvelobis unikaluri formiT xasiaTdeba arabuli

saemiroebi, radgan am qveynis meTauri konstituciiT yovelTvis

abu dabis emiri xdeba. abu dabim es imiT “daimsaxura”, rom

qveynis navTobis maragis 80% swored aq aris Tavmoyrili.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qveyana 6 saemiros (e.i. monarqiis) nakrebs

warmoadgens mis meTaurs prezidentis tituli aqvs.

bevri specialistis azriT monarqia, konstituciuric ki istoriuli gadmonaSTia. asea Tu ise, konstituciuri monarqiebi politikurad ufro stabiluri saxelmwifoebi arian, vidre respublikebi. maTSi demokratiis done arafriT ar Camouvardeba respublikebis analogiur maxasiaTebels. absolutur monarqiebSi qveynis umaRlesi xelisufalis (mefe, emiri, xalifa, sulTani) Zalaufleba praqtikulad SeuzRudavia. ufro metic, zogierT qveyanaSi, mag. saudis arabeTSi mefe aris Teokratiuli monarqi anu is aris qveynis ara marto politikuri da samxedro, aramed religiuri meTauric. bruneis garda, msoflios danarCeni oTxi absolturi monarqia arabeTis naxevarkunZulzea koncentrirebuli da esenia: saudis arabeTi, katari, omani da kuveiti (am ukanasknels xandaxan konstituciur monarqiebs akuTvneben). respublika, rogorc mmarTvelobis forma Tavisi struqturiT radikalurad gansxvavdeba monarqiisagan. respublikis umaRles pirs (prezidents) irCevs xalxi an xalxis mier arCeuli parlamenti. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori wesiT aris arCeuli prezidenti ganarCeven saprezidento da saparlamento respublikebs. saprezidento respublikaSi mosaxleoba prezidents irCevs pirdapiri da sayovelTao arCevnebis gziT, xolo saparlamento respublikaSi mosaxleoba irCevs parlaments, xolo es ukanaskneli Tavisi Semadgenlobidan irCevs prezidents. Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisebi, mag., israelSi, romelic saparlamento respublikaa mosaxleoba pirdapiri gziT irCevs qveynis premier-ministrs. saprezidento respublikaSi prezidenti aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri da farTo uflebebiT sargeblobs. saprezidento respublikis klasikuri magaliTia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. aseTi tipis respublikebia samxreT amerikis saxelmwifoebi, fineTi, safrangeTi, portugalia, egvipte, filipinebi, avstria, xorvatia, irani, damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) qveynebi. saprezidento respublikebSi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas ganaxorcielebs prezidenti da aseTi qveynebis umravlesobaSi premier-ministris Tanamdeboba ar arsebobs. saparlamento respublikebia

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germania, portugalia, TurqeTi, italia, samxreT afrikis respublika, saberZneTi, Sveicaria. rogorc, saparlamento, aseve saprezidento respublikebSi qveynis meTauri aris prezidenti, Tumca saparlamento respublikebSi, gansakuTrebiT evropaSi prezidenti ganaxorcielebs warmomadgenlobiT da ara aRmasrulebel funqciebs, rac miuTiTebs misi Zalauflebis simbolur xasiaTze. aseT qveynebSi, realuri Zalaufleba premier-ministrisa da ministrTa kabinetis xelSia. ukanasknel aTwleulSi bevr qveyanaSi dainerga “Sereuli” anu “dualisturi” anu “naxevradsaprezidento” modeli, romelsac, aseve “frangul” modelsac uwodeben. aseTi tipis mmarTveloba iTvaliswinebs erTdoulad prezidentis da premier-ministris postebis arsebobas. es imas niSnavs, rom mmarTvelobis es forma SeiTavsebs, rogorc saprezidento, aseve saparlamento respublikebis elementebs. amaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom prezidenti arCeulia xalxis mier, xolo premier-ministri da ministrTa kabineti airCeva parlamentis mier. qveynis mmarTvelobis am formis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom “Sereul” respublikebSi prezidenti lamis monarqTan aris gaTanabrebuli, radgan is uSualod ar aris pasuxismgebeli arc sakanonmdeblo da arc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warumateblobaze. am tipis qveynebis praqtikam daadastura, rom es marTlac asea. “Sereuli” mmarTvelobis qveynebSi prezidenti ufro maRla dgas vidre parlamenti an mTavroba. sakanonmdeblo an samTavrobo krizisi mTavrdeba, rogorc wesi palamentis daTxovniT an ministrTa kabinetis gadadgomiT, xolo prezidenti Tavis posts inarCunebs. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli krizisebi ar iwvevs “xelisuflebis vakuums”, rac xSirad xdeba saparlamento an “klasikur” saprezidento respublikebSi. “Sereuli” tipis mmarTveloba sakamod gavrcelebulia yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi.

saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli (administraciul-politikuri) mowyobis formebi

saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli (administraciul-

politikuri) mowyobis forma gansazRvravs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriuli organizaciis xasiaTs, kerZod ki damokidebulebas qveynis centralur xelisuflebasa da misi Semadgenel teritoriul erTeulebs Soris.

administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobis mxriv ganasxvaveben

unitarul da federaciul saxelmwifoebs.

federaciuli saxelmwifo Sedgeba administraciul-politikuri subieqtebisagan, romlebsac gaaCniaT sakuTari sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli an sasamarTlo xelisufleba, rig SemTxvevebSi konstituciac, saxelmwifo simbolika. federaciis subieqtebi qmnian centralur xelisuflebas da mas gadascemen garkveul funqciebs. mag., sagareo politikis, erTiani safinanso-sakredito sistemis, erovnuli uSiSroebis da sxva am donis sakiTxebi warmoadgens centraluri xelisuflebis prerogativas. saxelmwifo donis mmarTvelobis organoebs ar SeuZliaT federaciis subieqtis statusis gauqmeba.

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unitarul saxelmwifoebSi Zalaufleba erTiania da koncentrirebulia centraluri xelisuflebis xelSi. unitaruli saxelmwifoebis Semadgenel nawilebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli an sasamarTlo xelisufleba, konstitucia, saxelmwifo simbolika (droSa, Rerbi, himni).

nebismieri saxelmwifosaTvis umniSvnelovanesia teritoriuli

mTlianobis sakiTxi. gabatonebulia azri, TiTqos administraciul-

teritoriuli mowyobis forma pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis teritoriul

mTlianobasTan. aseve, xSirad gvxvdeba mosazreba, imis Sesaxeb, rom

federalur saxelmwifoebSi ufro gavrcelebulia separatizmi, vidre

unitarul saxelmwifoebSi. es mcdari azria. separatizmis problema

gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuria, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans da igi

miTumetes ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifos teritoriul mowyobaze.

mag., didi britaneTi an espaneTi unitaruli saxelmwifoebi arian, magram

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SesamCnevi iyo separatistuli tendenciebi

(Sesabamisad, baskeTSi da CrdiloeT irlandiaSi). aseve mcdaria azri

imis Sesaxeb, rom separatizms ar aqvs adgili ekonomikurad

maRalganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi. isev da isev, moviyvanT didi

britaneTis an espaneTis magaliTs da gavixsenoT, rom ekonomikurad

ayvavebul kanadas 1995 wels kinaRam gamoeyo kvebeki. separatizms ver

aCerebs verc centraluri xelisuflebis siZliere, TviT diqtatoruli

an totaluri reJimic ki. sakmarisia gavixsenoT sabWoTa kavSiris an

erayis (qurTebis separatizmi) magaliTebi. arsebobs mosazreba, rom

teritoriuli mTlianoba damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis eTnikur an

religiur xasiaTze. unda aRiniSnos, rom es faqtori mniSvnelovania,

magram ara gadamwyveti. mag. Sveicaria dasaxlebulia ZiriTadad oTxi

eTnosis warmomadgenlebiT. amasTan, separatistul tendenciebs adgili

ara aqvs arc frangul, arc italiur, arc germanul da arc

retoromanul TemSi, Tumca TiToeul maTgans Sveicariidan gamoyofis

samarTlebrivi da politikuri saSualeba gaaCnia.

amJamad msoflioSi 27 federaciuli saxelmwifoa:

afrika (5 saxelmwifo) – eTiopia, komoris kavSiri (komoris kunZulebi), nigeria, sudani, samxreT sudani.

evrazia (12), maT Soris:

evropa (6) – avstria, belgia, bosnia da hercegovina, germania, ruseTi, Sveicaria.

azia (6) – gaerTianebuli arabuli saemiroebi, erayi, indoeTi, malaizia, nepali, pakistani.

okeaneTi (3) – avstralia, mikronezia, palau.

samxreT amerika (3) – argentina, bolivia, brazilia.

CrdiloeT amerika (4) – aSS, kanada, meqsika, sent kitsi da nevisi.

federaluri qveynebis parlamentebi Sedgeba ori palatisagan: zeda

palata iqmneba federaciis subieqtebis mTavrobebis warmomadgenlebisagan (aseTi praqtikaa evropasa da aziaSi), an senatorebisagan, e.i. federalur mxareebSi arCeuli deputatebisagan (amerikuli praqtika). qveda palata

126

yvela qveyanaSi erTnairi wesiT formirdeba – pirdapiri (saxalxo) arCevnebiT.

federaluri subieqtebis xasiaTis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos federaciebis sami ZiriTadi tipi:

eTno-kulturuli – federaciis subieqtebi dasaxlebulia

sxvadasxva eTnosebiT (mag., indoeTi, malaizia, Sveicaria, belgia)

an konfesiuri jgufebiT (mag., nigeria).

teritoriuli – am SemTxvevaSi federacias qmnian kuTxeebi

(provinciebi, teritoriebi), romlebic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

gancalkevebulad arsebobdnen, Tumca am teritoriebis

mosaxleoba erTi da imave ers warmoadgens (mag., germania,

avstria, arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi). daaxloebiT amave

niSniT arian Seqmnili laTinuri amerikis federaciuli

saxelmwifoebi.

Sereuli – am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba zemoT aRniSnuli orive

principi. amis magaliTebia ruseTi, rodesac

ganasxvaveben unitaruli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva formebs, maT

Soris gamovyofT asimetriul federacias da decentralizebul unitarul saxelmwifos. araswori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom, rom asimetruli federacia aris federaciuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi saxeoba. asimetruli federacia aris iseTi unitaruli saxelmwifo, sadac mis erT an ramdenime regions gaaCnia politikuri avtonomiis statusi. aseTebia, magaliTad espaneTi sami avtonomiiT (baskeTi, katalonia da galicia), fineTi da dania, sadac avtonomiis statusi aqvT SvedebiT dasaxlebul Sesabamisad olandis da fareris kunZulebs, didi britaneTi – CrdiloeT irlandia, ukraina – yirimis avtonomia, israeli – palestinis avtonomia. saqarTveloc asimetruli federacia, sadac or subieqts – aWarasa da afxazeTs miniWebuli aqvT avtonomiis statusi.

decentralizebuli saxelmwifo aris iseTi saxelmwifo, sadac mis Semadgenel nawilebs ar gaaCniaT administraciuli avtonomiis statusi, magram miniWebuli aqvT farTo kompetencia TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebSi. unitaruli saxelmwifos decentralizebuli forma sakmaod masStabur xasiaTs iRebs evropaSi. am tipis saxelmwifoebia: italia, niderlandebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom civilizebul msoflioSi sakmaod Zlieria federalizmis tendenciebi. federalizmi ar unda gavaigivoT federaciasTan. federalizmis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs decentralizaciaSi. amJamad, bevr qveyanSi Zlierdeba decentralizciis tendenciebi anu izrdeba adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobebis roli. am gzas pirvelad evrokavSiris qveynebi daadgnen. belgia Seqmna, rogorc unitaruli saxelmwifo da etapobrivad federaciad gardaiqmna. mag., espaneTSi da didi britaneTSi Seiqmna politikuri avtonomiebi, romelTa uflebebic sul ufro farTovdeba. am process gansakuTrebuli impulsi TviT evrokavSiris Seqmnam misca. sagulisxmoa, rom evrokavSirSi gawevrianebam SeaCera an Searbila aRmosavleT evropaSi manamde arsebuli separatistuli moZraobebi, mag., ungruli separatizmi rumineTsa da slovakeTSi. evrokavSiris wevr-saxelmwifoebSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobebs ukve aRar aqvT imis gancda, rom maT kulturul TviTmyofadobas an uflebebs arsebiTi safrTxe emuqreba. isini

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darwmunebuli arian, rom gaerTianebul evropaSi maTi interesebi maqsimalurad iqneba daculi.

daskvna

Tu, SevajamebT zemoT ganxilul sakiTxebs, mivalT daskvnamde, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifos misi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavdeba politikuri organizaciis rTuli da mravalferovani formiT. Tanamedrove saxelmwifosTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi:

- memkvidreobiToba (Continuity in time and space). xelisuflebis

cvlileba ar iwvevs saxelmwifo institutebis funqcionirebis

SeCerebas an Sewyvetas.

- transcendentuloba (Transcendence). saxelmwifo warmoadgens

sazogadoebis politikuri organizaciis, umaRles formas. misi

uzenaesoba (transcendentuloba) erTnairad vrceldeba, rogorc

mmarTvis subieqtebze (marTvel organoebze), aseve mmarTvis

obieqtebze (moqalaqeebze).

- politikuri organizacia (Political organization). xelisuflebis

institutebi (mTavroba, parlamenti, sasamarTlo, biurokratia,

policia da sxva) centralizebuli marTvis pirobebSi

koordinirebulad moqmedeben, ris Sedegadac iqmneba erTiani

saxelmwifo politikuri organizmi.

- xelisufleba (Authority). xelisufleba misdami rwmunebul

teritoriaze inarCunebs wesrigs Zalovani struqturebis

(policia, jari, uSiSroeba) meSveobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom am

struqturebze monopolias mxolod saxelmwifo flobs.

- suvereniteti (Sovereignty). saxelmwifo suverenuli erTeulia, rac,

imaze miuTiTebs, rom misi iurisdiqcia vrceldeba mocemul

teritoriaze da mis moqalaqeebze. yvela saxelmwifo

teritoriulia, rac imas niSnavs, rom mas gaaCnia saerTaSoriso

doneze aRiarebuli sazRvrebi.

- erTguleba (Allegiance). saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebis

safuZvels warmoadgens moqalaqeebis erTguleba (loialoba).

moqalaqe valdebulia daemorCilos saxelmwifo kanonebs. Tavis

mxriv, saxelmwifo icavs moqalaqis Rirsebas da usafrTxoebas

(Morris, 1998: 288-289 da Gill, 2003: 2-5)

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IV Tavi geopolitika

“The politics of a state lies on its geography”

Napoleon Bonaparte “saxelmwifos politika mis geografiaze gadis”

napoleon bonaparte

geopolitikis cneba

geopolitika, rogorc mecniereba aRmocenda XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze. termini "geopolitika" pirvelad gamoiyena Svedma mecnierma rudolf Celenma, romelmac aRniSna, rom geopolitika aris doqtrina, romelic saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc geografiul organizms an sivrciT fenomens (movlenas). misi ganmartebiT geopolitika saxelmwifos geografiuli gonia.

geopolitikis mravali ganmarteba gvxvdeba. erT-erTis mixedviT geopolitika aris mecniereba dedamiwisa da politikuri procesebis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb.

sxva ganmartebis mixedviT geopolitika aris mecniereba, romelic swavlobs saxelmwifos sagareo politikis formirebaSi geografiuli, ekonomikuri da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas.

orive ganmartebidan Cans, rom geopolitika swavlobs saxelmwifos gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi da misi mTavari amocanaa gamoikvlios saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sivrciTi aspeqtebi. sxvagvarad, geopolitika aris saerTaSoriso sivrciT aRWurveli Zalaufleba.

XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi paralelurad mimdinareobda ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli geopolitikuri skolis, kerZod germanuli organicizmis da anglo-amerikuli geostrategiis Camoyalibeba.

organicizmis skolis damaarsebeli da geografiuli determinizmis mimdinareobis fuZemdebeli iyo germaneli geografi fridrix ratceli.59 is Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT evoluciis darviniseuli Teoriis mimdevari iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, msoflios istoriis ganxilvisas igi emxroboda im ideas, rom ama Tu im xalxis xasiaTze da Tvisebebze gadamwyvet rols geografiuli garemo TamaSobda.

fridrix ratceli dedamiwas ganixilavs, rogorc erTian cocxal organizms, romelic mudmivad icvleba. msoflios istoria misi azriT dasabams iRebs im momentidan, rodesac adamianma daiwyo zRvis aTviseba. supersaxelmwifoebad is ganixilavda im qveynebs, romlebic zRvaze batonobdnen, kerZod romi, espaneTi, inglisi. ratceli, aseve did yuradRebas uTmobda msoflios klimatis zegavlenas xalxTa

59 fridrix ratceli (1844-1904). politikuri geografiis sulisCamdgeli. avtori monografiebisa: “politikuri geografia”, "dedamiwa da sicocxle”, “SedarebiTi dedamiwaTmcodneoba", "xalxTmcodneoba", "politikuri geografia", "antropogeografia".

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ganviTarebaSi. man gamoyo adamianze klimatis zemoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi faqtori:

adamianis sulier da fizikur mdgomareobaze gadamwyvet

zegavlenas axdens sinaTle, siTbo, naleqebi, temperatura, qarebi.

igi Tvlida, teniani hava adunebs adamians, im dros rodesac

mSrali klimati nervul sistemas aRizianebs. amis gamo,

ratcelis azriT gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvT, frangebs,

romlebis cxovroben provansSi (xmelTaSuazRvispireTi) da

bretonels (atlantis okeanis sanapiro), Tundac texasels da

kaliforniels.

klimati, Tvlida ratceli ganapirobebs xalxTa gadasaxlebas.

kontinenturi hava adamianebs momTabare cxovrebisaken ubiZgebs,

magram sakmarisia isini moxvdnen zRvis havis pirobebSi, rom Tavs

anebeben momTabareobas da iqve saxldebian.

klimatze damokidebulia meurneobis tipi. islandiaSi, sadac

memcenareoba ver ganviTardeba mosaxleobam xeli mihyo

mecxvareobas da meTevzeobas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, sadac

modis Tambaqo da bamba ganviTarda monaTmflobeloba.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom fridrix ratceli mniSvnelovan

dazustebas akeTebda zemoT aRniSnul wesis mimarT. igi miiCnevda, rom rac ufro maRali ganviTarebis stadiaze imyofeboda xalxi, miT ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda klimatis zegavlenas meurneobis tipze an gansaxlebis adgilze. temperaturuli cvalebadobebi dadebiT zegavlenas axdens adamianTa organizmze, im dros, rodesac tropikuli klimati (weliwadis nebismier dros aq erTnairi temperaturaa) adunebs da amZimebs adamians.

naSromSi “xalxTmcodneoba" germaneli mecnieri aviTarebs Teziss imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebi: Sroma, qorwineba, gadaadgileba da sxva mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli im klimatur-geografiul garemoze, sadac isini cxovroben. cxovrebis wesis meore mniSvnelovan faqtorad ratceli asaxelebs kulturas. igi Tvlis, rom sadac ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi warmoebis kultura, miT ufro maRalia mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove.

ratceli miiCnevda, rom veluri xalxebi ganwiruli arian daRupvisaTvis ori mizezis gamo, kerZod TviTlikvidaciisa da ufro maRali kulturis zemoqmedebis gamo. es orive faqtori erTdroulad moqmedebs. misi azriT, rom kultura ufro Tavisufals xdis adamians, ers. amasTan, igi dasZenda, rom adamianis, eris bunebis zemoqmedebisagan mTliani ganTavisufleba arasdros moxdeba. rac ufro maRalia kulturis done, miT ufro naklebad aris damokidebuli adamiani, eri bunebriv procesebze da miT ufro harmoniul kavSirSia igi bunebasTan.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis aRniSvna, rom fridrix ratceli Zalze frTxilad ekideboda geografiuli determinizmisa da organicizmis Teoriuli debulebebis idealizacias. is mianiSnebda, rom saxelmwifos cocxal organizmTan Sedareba mxolod analogiaa da sxva araferi.

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albaT, amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom ratcels arasdros SeumuSavebia politikuri rekomendaciebi (Glassner: 1993: 224).

rudolf Celeni60 (Rudolf Kjellén) Tavs ratcelis mimdevrad Tvlida.

geopolitikas Celeni miiCnevda politologiis nawilad. Celens miaCnda, rom geopolitika aris mecniereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi ganviTarebul geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb.

Celenis mTavari Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo cocxali organizmia emTxveva ratcelis analogiur ganmartebas. Tavis naSromSi "saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma" Celeni aRniSnavda: “saxelmwifo aris adamianis cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis xelovnuri konglomerati, romelic Sekowiwebulia kanonTa safuZvelze. mas istoriuli fesvebi sakmaod Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli, xolo realobaSi misTvis, rogorc adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia zrdisaken”. (Source)

Celenma wamoayena ekonomikuri ganviTarebis avtarqiulobis idea. is amtkicebda, rom Zlieri saxelmwifo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT maqsimalurad TviTuzrunvelyofili unda yofili. Tu, qveyana garkveuli nedleulis deficits ganicdida, am SemTxvevaSi, mas es danaklisi koloniuri an vasaluri teritoriebis xarjze unda Seevso.

Celenma gaaanaliza ra kapitalizmis, kerZod saxelmwifo-monopolisturi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesi da pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebi ivarauda, rom germaniaSi adgili eqneboda parlamentarizmis likvidacias da diqtaturis Camoyalibebas. gamodis, rom germaniaSi nacizmis gamarjveba man didi xniT adre iwinaswarmetyela.

ratcelisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic saxelmwifos dabali ganviTarebis biologiur organizmebs adarebda, Celens miaCnda, rom saxelmwifo maRalganviTarebuli organizmia, romelic rogorc nebismieri moazrovne biologiuri arseba ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis. am brZolaSi, Celenis azriT moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCevis principi, e.i. man geopolitikaSi socialuri darvinizmis principi Semoitana. Celenis azriT buneba mimdinareobs brZola arsebobisaTvis, xolo politikaSi – brZola sivrcisaTvis.

Celeni ratcelis msgavsad miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos brZola sivrcisaTvis aris gamowveuli bunebrivi motivaciiT. Tu saxelmwifom ar gaifarTova sasicocxlo sivrce, maSin is aRmoCndeba sxva saxelmwifos agresiis subieqti. ers, Celeni ganixilavda, rogorc saxelmwifos suls da miuTiTebda, rom erovnuli homogenuroba xels uwyobda saerTo kulturis, identobisa da faseulobebis Camoyalibebas (Chapman, 2011: 17).

CelenisTvis saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres pirobaa Zala. misi azriT, Zala ufro mniSvnelovania vidre kanoni, radgan, Tu kanonis ukan Zala ar dgas is ver aRsruldeba. saxelmwifo unda ganaxorcielebdes aqtiur policiur funqcias. es idea disonansSi modioda im droisaTvis sakmaod popularul liberal-demokratiul ideebTan. kerZod, liberali demokratiis mixedviT saxelmwifo emsaxureba xalxis keTildReobis ideas da ara piriqiT, ris gamoc saxelmwifos policiuri funqciebi sakmaod SezRuduli unda iyos. sxvaTaSoris, Celenis idea saxelmwifos

60 rudolf Celeni (1864-1922) - Svedi politologi, upsalas universitetis profesori. 1899 w. erT-erT Sevedur JurnalSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi man pirvelma ixmara termini “geopolitika”. misi umniSvnelovanesi naSromebia “saxelmwifo, rogorc organizmi” (1916

w.) da “saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma”.

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gadametebuli policiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ganaxorcieles bolSevikebma, rac saboloo jamSi imaSi gadaizarda, rom saxelmwifo ki ar arsebobda xalxisaTvis, aramed piriqiT - xalxi saxelmwifosaTvis.

germaniis magaliTze, Celenma ganaviTara idea kontinenturi saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. misi azriT, evropaSi RerZis funqcias germania asrulebda. mas upirispirdebodnen safrangeTi (aseve kontinenturi tipis saxelmwifo) da sazRvao supersaxelmwifo inglisi. amis mizezad, Celens is faqti esaxeboda, rom germaneli (rusebis msgavsad) eri axalgazrdaa, xolo ingliselebi da frangebi ki Zveli erebi arian.

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisa da versalis xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg rudolf Celenma Camoayaliba globaluri geopolitikis ganmsazRvreli sami geografiuli faqtori: teritoriuli zrda, teritoriuli mdgradoba da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.

Celenis azriT, inglisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gadaadgilebisa (Zlieri flotis gamo) da teritoriuli zrdis SesaZlebloba (didi raodenobis koloniebi), magram mis teritoriebs aklda mdgradoba, radgan inglisis koloniebi gabneuli iyo mTel msoflioSi. sapirispirod, ruseTs gaaCnda teritoriuli mdgradoba, radgan misi koloniebi birTvis (metropolis) garSemo mdebareobdnen, garda amisa ruseTi flobda uzarmazar teritorias, magram mas ar gaaCnda Tbil zRvebze gasasvleli, Sesabamisad SezRuduli iyo gadaadgilebaSi.

1917 w. germanul enaze gamoica Celenis monografia “saxelmwifo, rogorc organizmi”. am droisTvis ukve naTeli iyo, rom germania oms agebda. miuxedavad amisa, Celenis ideebi saxelmZRvanelod iqca omis Semdegomi periodis germaneli revanSistebisTvis. organicizmis, Celeniseuli xedva popularuli gaxda 1920-30-iani wlebis iaponiasa da italiaSic (Glassner: 1993: 224-225).

organicizmis Teoriis paralelurad, did britaneTsa da aSS-Si

viTardeboda geostrategiis samecniero-praqtikuli skola. misi mamamTavri iyo amerikeli alfred meheni (Alfred Mahan)61. geograf-deterministebisgan gansxvavebiT mehenma yuradReba ara imdenad saxelmwifos arsisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlas dauTmo, aramed saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Taviseburebebis kvlevas da amerikis mTavrobisTvis Sesabamisi politikuri rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas.

meheni Tavis kvlevebSi mivida daskvnamde, rom msoflioSi gadamwyveti gavlenis mopoveba mxolod sazRvao superZalisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi. misi azriT, vaWrobis da biznesis ganviTarebisTvis sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod satransporto flotis arseboba. aucilebeli iyo Zlieri samxedro flotiliis Seqmna da misi meSveobiT msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi samxedro placdarmebis daarseba. mehenma Camoayaliba 6 faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs qveynis Talosokratiul e.i. sazRvao siZlieres. es faqtorebia:

geografiuli mdebareoba. gaaCnia, Tu ara qveyanas zRvaze

(okeaneze) gasasvleli. rac ufro met zRvaze (okeaneze) gadis

miT ukeTesia. mniSvnelovania, rom qveyana mdebareobdes ZiriTad

61 alfred meheni (1840-1914 ww.) iyo sazRvao istorikosi, mwerali da aSS-is sazRvao Zalebis admirali. man dawera 20-mde wigni, romelTa Soris umTavresia “sazRvao Zalis gavlena msoflios istoriaze: 1660-1783 ww.” da “sazRvao Zalis gavlena msoflios istoriaze: safrangeTis revolucia da imperia, 1793-1812 ww”.

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sanaosno gzebTan, sxva SemTxvevaSi am gzebis siaxloves mas

samxedro bazebi unda gaaCndes.

sanapiros bunebriv-geografiuli xasiaTi. rogoria qveynis

sanapiro zolis konfiguracia? ramdeni mdinare Caedineba

zRvaSi? radmenad gamosadegia es mdinareebi sanaosnod?

sasurvelia, rom sanapiro zoli SeWril-SemoWrili iyos

ubeebiT, yureebiT, sruteebiT da is daqsaqsuli iyos

navigaciisTvis gamosadegi mdinareebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom

bunebrivi landSafti qmnides sanapiro zolis samxedro

Tavdacvis xelsayrel pirobebs.

sanapiro zolis sigrZe. grZeli sanapiro zoli kargia

meTevzeobis da vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis, magram is rTuli

dasacavia gareSe agresiis SemTxvevaSi.

mosaxleobis raodenoba. mosaxleobis ricxovnoba qveynis

sazRvao siZlieris pirdapirproporciulia.

erovnuli xasiaTi. xalxi mowodebuli unda iyos naosnobis

ganviTarebisTvis.

mTavrobis pozicia. qveynis mTavroba unda avlendes keTil

nebas naosnobas ganviTarebis saqmeSi. qveynis xelisufleba

prioritets unda aniWebdes Talosokratiuli saxelmwifos

mSeneblobas (Glassner, 1993: 225).

meheni Zalze didi yuradRebas uTmobda aziaSi mimdinare movlenebis

analizs. jer kidev XIX s-is bolos is mivida daskvnamde, rom ruseTi Seecdeboda CineTze da aqedan gamomdinare, wynari okeanis mTel aRmosavleT sanapiroze kontrolis mopovebas. man, aseve iwinaswarmetyvela, rom ruseTs am ideis xorcSesxmaSi did winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen didi britaneTi, germania, aSS da iaponia.

mehenma aRiareba moipova, aramarto, rogorc Teoretikosma, aramed, rogorc praqtikosmac. misi politikuri rekomendaciebi moicavda Zalze mniSvnelovan geostrategiul aspeqtebs. meheni daJinebiT urCevda amerikis mTavrobas, rom SemoierTebina havais kunZulebi, gavlena moepovebina karibis zRvis auzis qveynebze, gaeyvana srute, romelic daakavSirebda atlantisa da wynar okeaneebs. prezident Teodor ruzveltis administraciam gaiTvaliswina da ganaxrocila misi ramdenime rekomendacia. alfred mehenis naSromebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda, ara marto aSS-Si, aramed iaponiaSi, germaniaSi da did britaneTSi.

geostrategiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli iyo

helford makinderi (Halford Mackinder)62. is mehenze gacilebiT axalgazrda iyo da misi moRvaweobis wlebi sarkinigzo transportis bums daemTxva.

62 helford makinderi (1861-1947 ww.) – ingliseli lordi. oqsforis universitetis geografiis profesori da londonis ekonomikis skolis direqtori. 1920-1922 ww. - inglisis parlamentis wevri, xolo 1920-1945 ww. - didi britaneTis imperiuli sanaosno komitetis Tavmjdomare. misi avtorobiT Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi monografiebi, maT Soris: “istoriis geografiuli RerZi” (1904w.), "demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi" (1919 w.) da “sferosebri msoflio da mSvidobis mopoveba” (1943 w.).

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rkinigzis swrafma ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa balansi sazRvao (Talosokratiul) da saxmeleTo (Telulokratiul) qveynebs Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod. makinderi, mehenis msgavsad, sazRvao siZlieris apologeti iyo, magram, rogorc Wkviani mecnieri, is droulad mixvda, rom XIX saukune ukve istorias Cabarda da axal saukuneSi sazRvao saxelmwifoebs upiratesobis SenarCunebisaTvis daWirdebodaT Tvisebrivad axali geopolitikuri xedvisa da strategiis SemuSaveba.

makinderma, rogorc geografma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom XX saukuneSi, saxmeleTo, upirveles yovlisa sarkinigzo transporti saSualebas miscemda mTel rig qveynebs, rom maqsimalurad aeTvisebinaT maT xelT arsebuli mineraluri da sxva saxis resursebi. am mxriv, makinderis azriT, yvelaze didi potenciali evrazias gaaCnda. garda amisa, makinderi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda regionis (qveynis) mdebarobas. is amtkicebda, rom centraluri mdebareoba aris yvelaze xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba. cneba "centraluri mdebareoba" fardobiTia. naSromSi "dedamiwis geografiuli RerZi" (1904 w.) makinderma dedamiwa dayo geopolitikur zonebad (teritoriebad). misi azriT, dedamiwis geografiul RerZs warmoadgenda evraziis kontinenti. mogvianebiT makinderma gadasinja pirvandeli koncefcia, garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana masSi da rac mTavaria “geografiuli RerZis” nacvlad ixmara termini “parTlendi”, romelic dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba. harTlendi makinderis mixedviT evraziis centrSi mdebarobs da am mdebareobis gamo aris yvelaze xelsayreli teritoria, saidanac SesaZlebelia globaluri gavlenis mopoveba.

makinders miaCnda, rom ukanaskneli ori aTaswleulis manZilze harTlendi, rogorc geopolitikuri zona cvlilebas ganicdida. feodalur epoqaSi harTlendi moicavda central azias, saidanac xdeboda barbarosuli tomebis mier "civilizebuli" xalxebis dapyroba. Tavdapirvelad amiT dakavebuli iyvnen alanebi da hunebi, xolo mogvianebiT monRolebi. makinderi akeTebs daskvnas, rom evropuli civilizaciis formireba moxda am barbarosuli tomebis winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi da, Sesabamisad evropis ganviTarebaze gadamwyveti zegavlena swored aziam iTamaSa.

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg msoflioSi Seicvala ZalTa balansi. wina planze gamovidnen sazRvao saxelmwifoebi: portugalia, espaneTi, holandia, safrangeTi, inglisi. XX saukunis dasawyisidan kvlav icvleba msoflios geopolitikuri balansi da mTavar rols politikur procesebSi isev kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi TamaSobdnen. harTlendis sazRvrebi gaizarda, radgan sazRvao saxelmwifoebs ar SeeZloT didi kontinenturi teritoriebis kolonizacia. amis gamo harTlendis teritoria izrdeba da vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropidan wynar okeanemde. harTlendi, romelsac sxvanairad "centralur materiksac" uwodebdnen, moicavda aRmosavleT evropis nawils (ruseTis evropuli nawili), kavkasias, centralur azias, cimbirs da aRmosavleT azias. harTlends esazRvreboda teritoria, romelsac makinderma uwoda "Sida naxevarmTvare" (dasavleT evropa, axlo aRmosavleTi, samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT azia). da bolos, "gare naxevarmTvare" ("msoflio kunZuli"), romelic moicavda orive amerikas, didi britaneTs, iaponias, afrikas da okeaneTs.

XX saukunemde, zemoT naxsenebi samive zonis qveynebs Soris erTgvari balansi arsebobda, radgan teqnologiis da gansakuTrebiT

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satransporto saSualebebis ganviTarebis done jer ar iZleoda didi teritoriebis dapyrobisa da maTi gakontrolebis saSualebas. magram XX s. samrewvelo bumma, rac upirveles yovlisa axali tipis satransporto saSualebebis Seqmnaze aisaxa, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia msoflioSi mimdinare politikur procesebze. makinderi miiCnevda, rom an situaciaSi gaZlierdeboda ori kontinenturi saxelmwifo: ruseTi da germania. imis gamo, rom ruseTi flobda did geografiul sivrces da bunebriv resursebs misi perspeqtiva gansakuTrebuli iyo. makinderi fiqrobda, rom momavali brZola msoflios batonobaze ruseTsa da ingliss Soris warimarTeboda. es ideebi makinderma Camoayaliba mis axal naSromSi "demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi", romelic 1919 wels Seiqmna. am naSromSi vxvdebiT koncefcias, romelic mogvianebiT aforizmad iqca:

is vinc flobs aRmosavleT evropas, "centralur materiksac"

daeufleba;

is vinc gabatonebulia centralur materikze, msoflio

kunZulzec gabatondeba;

is vinc marTavs msoflio kunZuls, mTel msoflios

daepatroneba.

1924 w. makinderma wamoayena hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac

harTlends dabalanseba xelewifeboda mxolod Sua (midlendis) okeanes, ase uwodebda is CrdiloeT atlantikas. mas miaCnda, rom dasavleT evropelebi da amerikelebi warmoadgendnen erTa erTobas, xolo maTi gansaxlebis areals (sabWoTa kavSiridan wynari okeanis dasavleT sanapiromde) man uwoda dasavluri civilizaciis mTavari geografiuli sacxovrisi (habitati).

1943 wels makinderi aqveynebs monografias, sadac asaxulia is realobebi, romlebic meore msoflio omis mimdinareobisas gamoikveTa. man harTlendis axali sazRvrebi daadgina, rolebic daemTxva sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebs. misi azriT, uaxloes momavalSi msoflio harTlendsa da gare naxevarmTvaris saxelmwifoebs Soris axali dapirispirebis mowme gaxdeboda. am dapirispirebis beds mniSvnelovnad gadawyvetda is, Tu vis miemxroboda "Sida naxevarmTvare" (Glassner, 1993:

226-227). makinderis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tezisebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes

Semdegnairad:

geografiul faqtorebs uSualo zegavlena aqvT istoriis

msvlelobaze;

geografiuli mdebareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs

saxelmwifos siZlieresa Tu sisustes;

teqnikur progress koreqtivebi Seaqvs saxelmwifoTa

"moqmedebis arealebis" geografiaSi; am progresis Sedegebi

gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT.

evrazia warmoadgens globaluri politikuri procesebis

centrs.

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makinderis naSromebma didi roli iTamaSa geopolitikuri azris ganviTarebis mxriv. miuxedavad amisa, naTlad Cans maTi susti mxareebic. ingliselma mecnierma jerovnad ver Seafasa aSS-is potenciali da ar miiCnevda mas momaval msoflio liderad. globaluri Zalauflebis msjelobisas is gansakuTrebul aqcents sazRvao Zalebze akeTebda, amasTan, mxedvelobidan gamorCa sahaero siZlieris mniSvneloba. makinderi, Tavisi epoqis pirmSo iyo da mis msoflmxedvelobaSi geografiuli determinizmis ideebi dominirebs.

makinders sicocxleSive bevri kritikosi yavda. maT Soris

gamoirCeoda nikolas spiqmeni63 (Nicolas Spykman). iyo amerikeli mecnieri, romelic moRvaweobda am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. spiqmenisaTvis geopolitika iyo ara mecniereba, aramed efeqturi saerTaSoriso politikis SemuSavebis analitikuri xerxi.

spiqmeni Tvlida, rom makinderna gadaafasa momTabare tomebis zegavlena "Sida naxevarmTvaris" (Rimland) formirebaze. es ukanaskneli spiqmenis azriT TavisTavad Camoyalibda. spiqmeni, aseve ar eTanxmeboda makinders harTlendis sakiTxSic. is amtkicebda, rom harTlendi Camoyalibda sazRvao zolidan wamosuli politikuri impulsebis xarjze da ara piriqiT. spiqmeni makinderisagan gansxvavebiT Tvlida, rom harTlends flobs is vinc flobs rimlends da ara piriqiT.

spiqmenma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos geopolitikuri siZlieris gansazRvris 10 Semdegi kriteriumi:

teritoriis sidide;

sazRvrebis xasiaTi;

mosaxleobis raodenoba;

finansuri siZliere;

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done;

wiaRiseuli simdidreebi;

eTnikuri erTgvaroba;

socialuri integraciis done;

politikuri stabiluroba;

erovnuli xasiaTi.

garda amisa, spiqmenma geopolitikaSi Semoitana termini "Sida

okeane", rac igivea, rac Sida zRva. misi azriT atlantis okeane Sida okeanes warmoadgenda im aliansisTvis, romelsac man atlantikuri kontingenti uwoda. masSi Semaval qveynebs aerTianebdaT (da dResac aerTianebT) dasavleT evropul liberalur ideologiaze aRmocenebuli saerTo kultura da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare saerTo samxedro-politikuri miznebi. spiqmenis mixedviT atlantikuri kontingentis goni dasavleT evropa da amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiro iyo, upirveles yovlisa, ki niu-iorki, xolo am aliansis mamoZravebeli Zala ki - aSS. spiqmenma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom momavalSi evropis roli 63 nikolas spiqmeni (1893-1943 ww.) – daibada niderlandebSi. daamTavra berklis univeristeti. 1920 w. gaxda ielis universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa profesori. misi cnobili naSromebia: “amerikis strategia msoflio politikaSi” (1942 w.) da “mSvidobis geografia” (1944 w.)

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msoflios politikaSi daknindeboda da igi amerikis samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri danamati gaxdeboda.

spiqmeni politikaSi Zalis gamoyenebis momxre iyo da miiCnevda, rom

atlantikurma kontingentma CrdiloeT afrikisa da aziis sanapiro zoli

rkalSi unda moaqcios da is Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moaqcios.

geopolitikaSi amas anakondas strategias (meTods) uwodeben (Rix, 2010:41).

“xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis” principis realizaciaSi mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa amerikelma geografma da diplomatma aizia boumenma64 (Isaiah Bowman). makinderisgan gansxvavebiT mas sjeroda, rom “msoflio wesrigis” saukeTeso saSualebas mravalricxovan saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba warmoadgenda. is mxars uWerda erTa ligis Seqmnas, radgan miaCnda, rom swored supranacionalur organizacias xelewifeboda zogadad saxelmwifoTa, maT Soris patara da ganviTarebadi qveynebis, aseve eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebaTa dacva. versalis (parizis) 1918 wlis kongresze boumeni mniSvneloavn figuras warmoadgenda, radgan is iyo prezident vudrou vilsonis mTavari mrCeveli teritoriul sakiTxebSi. parizis saboloo dokumentSi amerikis delegaciis poziciam mniSvnelovani asaxva hpova, raSic lomis wili aizia boumens miuZRoda.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi safuZveli Caeyara germaniis

geopolitikur skolas. am skolis damaarsebeli da ideuri xelmZRvaneli iyo geografi da generali karl haushoferi (Karl Haushofer). samecniero literaturaSi es skola dRemde germanuli transkrifciiT, kerZod “Geopolitik” moixsenieba. amas ZiriTadi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom haushoferis da misi mimdevrebis TanamSromlobam germaniis nacistur mTavrobasTan uaRresad uaryofiTi daRi daasva am skolas. ufro metic, meore msoflio omis Semdeg geopolitika crumecnierebad gamocxadda da amaSi “damsaxureba” swored germanuli “Geopolitik” warmomadgenlebs miuZRviT. 1924 w. haushoferma daarsa yovelTviuri Jurnali “Zeitschrift fur

Geopolitik”, sadac ibeWdeboda pronacisturi publikaciebi, reportaJebi, rukebic ki. “Geopolitik” warmoadgenda skolas, romlis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba iyo nacionalur-socialisturi ideebis da germaniis mier warmoebuli dapyrobiTi omebis mecnieruli argumentacia. sinamdvileSi am skolas bevri araferi akavSirebda samecniero saqmianobasTan. is ufro saagitiacio-propagandistul centrs SeiZleba SevadaroT. haushoferma Tavis naSromebSi gamoiyena, erTi mxriv, ratcelisa da Celenis organicizmis, meroe mxriv, mehenisa da makinderis geostrategiis koncefciebi da isini nacistur-Sovinisturi ideebiT gaazava (Glassner, 1993:

228). “Geopolitik”-is skolis warmomadgenelTa naSromebsa da publikaciebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda ratcelis sasicocxlo sivrcis da Celenis avtarqiulobis konceftebs.

64 aizia boumeni (1878-1950 ww.) – kanadaSi dabadebuli amerikeli mecnieri da saxelmwifo moRvawe. amerikis geografiuli sazogadoebis direqtiri. 1918 w. parizis kongresze amerikis delegaciis wamyvani specialisti teritoriul sakiTxebSi. II msoflio omis dros aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis mrCeveli teritoriul sakiTxebSi. misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromia “axali msoflio-problemebi politikur geografiaSi” (1921 w.).

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karl haushoferma ganavrco "rkinis kaizeris" oto bismarkis ideebi. haushoferi, rogorc bismarki Tvlida, rom germaniis kavSirs iaponiasa da ruseTTan gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda sazRvao saxelmwifoebTan dapirispirebaSi. haushoferma da misi skolis warmomadgenlebma SeimuSaves "didi sivrcis" Teoria. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi arsebobda ori dapirispirebuli Zala: anglo-amerikuli da kontinenturi (ruseTi, iaponia, germania). pirveli Zala cdilobda gafarToebuliyo geografiuli paralelebis mimarTulebiT - dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. xolo meore Zala Seecdeboda gafarToebas CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. haushoferi varaudobda, rom amerika Seecdeboda aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi eqspansias da germaneli mecnieris azriT kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi amas win unda aRdgomodnen. germanias, kerZod unda gaevrcelebina Tavisi gavlena afrikaze, ruseTs - axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur aziaze, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi iaponiis mecadineobiT unda Camoyalibebuliyo usafrTxoebis zona. aSS-s geopolitikuri gavlena gavrceldeboda centralur da samxreT amerikaze.. haushofers miaCnda, rom aRniSnuli ideebis raliazaciisTvis aucilebeli iyo moskovi-berlini-tokios kontinenturi blokis Seqmna.

“Geopolitik” germaniis garda mxolod iaponiaSi iyo popularuli. sxva qveynebSi misdami damokidebuleba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi indeferentuli, umetesad ki mkacrad uaryofiTi iyo. “Geopolitik”-is skola daiSala nacisturi germaniis dacemaTan erTad.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi geopolitikuri Teoriebisa da

koncefciebis SemuSavebaSi imZlavres anglo-amerikuli skolis warmomadgenlebma, romlebmac ganaviTares makinderisa da spiqmenis ideebi. germanuli geopolitikuri skolis warmomadgenlebi meore msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebis gamo CrdilSi moeqcnen. aman gamoiwvia kontinenturi evropis geopolitikuri azris dasusteba. aRsaniSnavia, rom wina saukunis 50-iani wlebis Suamde evropaSi adgili ar hqonia ramdenadme Rirebuli geopolitikuri koncefciis an doqtrinis SemuSaveba-realizacias. amiT SesaniSnavad isargebla amerikam da evropas Tavs moaxvia Tavisi geopolitikuri kursi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (nato) Seqmna.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg amerikis geostrategiis samecniero skolam gansakuTrebuli aqcenti sahaero siZliereze gaakeTa. am mimarTulebis pionerad miCneulia cnobili amerikeli mfrinavi, gamomgonebeli, biznesmeni da moazrovne aleqsander de severski (Alexander

de Seversky).65 jer kidev 1940-ian wlebSi de severski gamovida sahaero bazebis masobrivi mSeneblobis ideiT. mas miaCnda, rom amerikas da kanadas sahaero Tavdacvis ZiriTadi xazi unda gadiodes ara atlantis an wynari okeaneebis sanapiroebze, aramed Crdilo yinulovani okeanis

65 aleqsander de severski (1894-1974 ww.) – diabada ruseTSi. mfrinavad msaxurobda ruseTis flotSi. 1917 wlis ruseTi socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg sacxovreblad amerikaSi gadavida. 1927 w. gamoigona bombdamSenis pirveli avtomaturi samizne. rogorc mfrinavs, damyarebuli aqvs araerTi sahaero rekordi. iyo aviokompania “Republican Aviation

Corporation” damaarsebeli da mflobeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis monografiebi: “gamarjvebis miRweva sahaero Zalis meSveobiT” (1942 w.) da “sahaero siZliere: gadarCenis mTavari saSualeba” (1950 w.).

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sanapirosTan. aseTi daskvnis argumenti efuZneboda im geografiul faqts, rom ruseTidan aSS-mde umoklesi gza CrdiloeT polusze gadis. am rekomendaciis safuZvelze aSS-ma da kanadam alaskisa da CrdiloeT kanadis teritoriaze Seqmnes haersawinaaRmdego saradaro da saaviacio bazebis sameSeloniani sakmaod ZviradRirebuli sistema (Glassner, 1993: 250).

de severski amtkicebda, rom sahaero Zalebis zrdasTan erTad aSS-s aRar dasWirdeboda mcire omebis warmoeba da ucxoeTSi ganlagebuli ZvradRirebuli samxedro bazebis SenarCuneba. misi azriT amerikas unda ezruna ufro TavdacviTi, vidre Semtevi samxedro sistemis Seqmnaze. Tumca, misi “amerikuli cixesimagris” koncefciam amerikeli politikosebis da samxedroebis mxardaWera ver moipova (iqve: 251).

“civi omis” pirobebSi evropam TandaTanobiT auRo alRo axal realobebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom dadga kardinaluri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dro, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi is msoflio politikuri arenis periferiaze aRmoCndeboda. axali evropuli ideebi germaniasa da safrangeTSi aRmocenda. 1951 w. Seiqmna qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianeba (qfeg) (ECSC – European Coal and Steel

Community). masSi gawevriandnen germaniis federaciuli respublika (gfr), belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi da italia. 1954 w. germaniis kanclerma konrad adenauerma wamoayena erTiani evropis idea. is miuTiTebda, rom evropas mxolod am gziT SeeZlo SeenarCunebina Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba. ukve 1957 w. qfeg-is qveynebma daarses evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba (EEC – European Economic Community). amiT safuZveli Caeyara evrokavSiris Seqmnis ideas. safrangeTSi evropuli integraciis ideis ganviTarebasTan izrdeboda anti-amerikuli ganwyobebi. prezident Sarl de golis iniciativiT safrangeTi nato-dan gamovida (de-faqto 1959 w., de-iure 1966 w.) da daiwyo damoukidebeli geopolitikuri kursis realizacia. safrangeTma gaaZliera urTierTobebi sabWoTa kavSirTan da germaniasTan. de gols miaCnda, rom momavalSi atlantikidan uralamde unda Camoyalibebuliyo erTiani evropuli sivrce. ase Caisaxa “evropuli kontinentalizmis” koncefcia.

paralelurad viTardeboda amerikuli geopolitikuri skola. “civi omis” warmoeba moiTxovda axali geostrategiis SemuSavebas. 1960-ian wlebSi amerikeli geopolitikosebi pirobiTad or jgufad gaiyvnen. maTi erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom aRmosavleTze (igulisxmeboda “socialisturi banaki” da gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiri) gamarjveba SesaZlebeli iqneboda masTan radikaluri dapirispirebis (samxedro dapirispirebis CaTvliT) gziT. mecnierTa meore nawili ki gamodioda am ori ideologiuri sistemis daaxlovebis anu konvergenciis ideiT. am ukanasknelis momxreebma Seqmnes axali doqtrina, romelic cnobilia “geopolitikuri mondializmis” anu “axali msoflio wesrigis” saxelwodebiT. imavdroulad, evropaSi prioritetuli gaxda “kontinentalizmis” da “axalma memarjveneobis” ideologia.

zemT aRniSnul periodSi nikolas spiqmenis mimdevrebma ganavrces maTi maswavleblis naazrevi da masSi garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitanes. amerikelma politologma sol koenma (Saul Cohen)66 msoflio dayo oTx Semdeg geopolitikur regionad:

66 sol koeni – amerikeli geografi. harvardis, Semdeg hanter kolejis profesori. quinz kolejis moqmedi sapatio prezidenti. geopolitikis sferoSi misi cnobili naSromebia: “geografia da politika danawevrebul msoflioSi” (1974 w), “msoflio sistemis

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zRvispira regionebi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli sazRvao orientaciiT

da, romlebsac gaaCniaT floti da portebi;

kontinenturi birTvi, romelic daSorebulia sazRvao

regionebisagan;

uwyveti sartyeli zRvispira regionebisa, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT

Camoyalibebuli sazRvao orientacia;

sxva, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT damoukidebeli regionebi.

henri kisinjerma (Henry Kissinger),67 cnobilma amerikelma diplomatma

da mecnierma, gamoiyena koenis idea, romlis mixedviTac evraziaSi arsebobs “uwyveti sartyeli sazRvao regionebisa, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT Camoyalibebuli sazRvao orientacia” da Camoayaliba axali koncefcia. misi azriT, amerikis sagareopolitikuri strategia mowodebuli unda yofiliyo, rom gaerTianebina evraziis danawevrebuli sazRvao zoli da igi sakuTari kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina. amerikas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqcia im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, romlebic harTlendisaken ixrebodnen an neitralur politikas ganaxorcielebdnen. es rTuli amocana iyo, radgan civi omis periodSi amerikis administracia sagareo politikaSi ZiriTadad “Sekavebis politikis” principebiT xelmZRvanelobda, romelsac yovelTvis dadebiTi Sedegebi ver mohqonda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebTan mimarTebaSi. kisinjeris rCeviT prezidentma riCard niqsonma ufro moqnili gaxada amerikis sagareopolitikuri meTodebi. kerZod, man mimarTa “maTraxisa da Taflakveris” politikas. es imas niSnavda, rom erTi qveynis winaaRmdeg amerikas SeeZlo ganexorcielebina saomari moqmedebebi, magram sxvasTan (mag., CineTTan) ganaviTarebda ekonomikur TanamSromlobas. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT kisinjerma gamoiyena “realuri politikis” (“Realpolitik”)68 anu “politikuri realizmis” midgomebi, romelsic aSS-is sagareo politikaSi manamade naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. “Realpolitik”-is Zlieri mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi ganxorcielebis dros naklebi yuradReba eqceva politikur moralsa da ideologiur faseulobebs. “politikuri realizmis” mTavari amocanaa miRweul iqnas qveynis erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare konkretuli mizani, Tundac es ewinaaRmdegebodes qveynis ZiriTad ideologiur principebs. amgvari politika SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas moklevadian perspeqtivaSi romelime miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. “realuri politikis” grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi gamoyeneba safrTxes uqmnis qveynis faseulobaTa sistemas (realuri politikis erT-erTi istoriuli magaliTi aRwerilia # CanarTSi, ix. gv.).

geopolitika” (2002 w.) da “geopolitika: saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa geografia” (2008 w.). 67 henri kisinjeri – amerikeli mecnieri da diplomati. daibada germaniaSi 1923 w. nobelis premiis laureati (1973 w.). aSS-is prezidentebis niqsonisa da fordis administraciaSi msaxurobda saxelmwifo mdivnis erovnuli uSiSroebis mrCevlis postze. misi yvelaze cnobili naSromia: “diplomatia” (1994 w). 68

termini “Realpolitik” XIX s.-is SuaSi samecniero xmarebaSi Semoitana germanelma mecnierma ludvig fon roSem (Ludwig von Rochau). am mimarTulebis didi motrfiale iyo nikolas makiaveli. realuri politikis praqtikuli gamoyenebis didostatad miiCneva gaerTianebuli germaniis pirveli kancleri oto fon bismarki.

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amasTan, kisinjeri ar iviwyebda birTvuli Sekavebis politikasac. kerZod, misi rekomendaciiT, msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi amerikis samxedro bazebis, maT Soris atomuri iaraRis ganlagebisas mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli am saxelmwifoebis geografiuli da geopolitikuri Taviseburebani.

mniSvnelovania, rom “civi omis” periodSi atlantizmis mimdevrebma swrafad auRes alRo samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis axal miRwevebs, rac aisaxa kosmosuri da saaviacio teqnikis ganviTarebaze. am dargebis miRwevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena zRvaze dominirebis aucileblobis idea, radgan Sor manZilze moqmedi axali balistikuri raketebis gamoyenebis pirobebSi mravalricxovani flotiliis arseboba azrs kargavda. “atlantistTa” sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes teqnikis axali miRwevebi da isini Talosokratiuli ideebis samsaxurSi Caayenes. im dros, rodesac Telurokratiuli sabWoTa kavSiri pasiuri samxedro Tavdacvis mSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli, aSS-m Seqmna kosmosuri lazeruli samxedro sistema, romlis meSveobiTac gadamwyvet samxedro upiratesobas miaRwia. am upiratesobam ganapiroba amerikis “civ omSi” warmateba, rasac moyva jer “perestroika”, xolo mogvianebiT sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli daSlac.

1990-ian wlebSi atlantizmis Teoriam amerikaSi axali ganviTareba

miiRo “neoatlantizmis” Teoriis saxiT. am samecniero mimarTulebis

mamamTavrad iTvleba cnobili amerikeli mecnieri samuel hantingtoni

(Samuel Hantington).69 naSromSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” man gaanaliza,

erTi mxriv, dasavleT-aRmosavleTisa da, meore mxriv, sazRvao da

kontinenturi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi. hantingtoni mivida im

daskvanmde, rom “atlantistebis” da “evrazielebis” dapirispireba

civilizaciuri xasiaTisaa. misi azriT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi. kerZod, is

aRniSnavda, rom dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

liberaluri demokratia, sabazro ekonomika, individualizmi, adamianis

uflebebis primati, im dros, rodesac aRmosavleTisTvis niSandoblivia

koleqtivizmi, tradicionalizmi, paternalizmi da a.S. hantingtonis

azriT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris dapirispireba momavalSi kidev

ufro gamwvavdeba, radgan am ukanasknelSi gaizrdeba religiuri da

civilizaciuri faqtorebis roli.

aRniSnuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, hantingtonis rekomendaciiT,

dasavleTma unda gaataros rigi RonisZiebebisa, rac uzrunvelyofs mis

dominirebas, kerZod:

gaafarTovos TanamSromloba amerikasa da dasavleT evropas

Soris;

69 samuel hantingtoni (1927-2008 ww.). 18 wlis asakSi warCinebiT daamTavra ielis universiteti. doqtoris xarisxi moipova harvardis universitetSi. akademiuri saqmianoba daiwyo kolumbiis universitetSi, xolo 1963 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde muSaobda harvardis universitetis profesorad. misi cnobili naSromebia: “mesame talRa: demokratizacia XX saukunis bolos” (1991 w.), “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” (1991 w.), “kultura moqmedebaSi: rogor ayalibeben Rirebulebebi sazogadoebriv progress” (2000 w.).

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ar dauSvas sxvadasxva geopolitikuri centrebs Soris iseTi

TanamSromloba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba dasavleTis

winaaRmdeg;

mxardaWera aRmouCinos dasavlur civilizaciasTan im erebis

integrirebas, romlebic masTan axlos arian kulturuli

orientaciiT;

win aRudges lokaluri konfliqtebis globalur omebSi

gadazrdas;

xeli Seuwyos dasavluri institutebis gaZlierebas msoflios

masStabiT;

SezRudos islamuri da konfuciuri saxelmwifoebis samxedro

eqspansia sxva regionebSi.

atlantizmis paralelurad viTardeboda mondializmis

koncefciebi. kacobriobis gaerTianebis idea didi xania arsebobda, Tumca

koncefciis saxe am ideam XX saukuneSi miiRo. daaxloebiT 150 wlis win

frangma mecnierma kontma wamoayena kacobriobis sruli integraciis idea.

kontamde 4 wliT adre marqsma da engelsma daaxloebiT aseTive azri

Camoayalibes “komunistur manifestSi”, im gansxvavebiT, rom isini

gaerTianebas sTavazobdnen mxolod muSaTa klass: "proletarebo yvela

qveynisa SeerTdiT" – ase JRerda maTi lozungi. axali globaluri

civilizaciis formireba araordinaruli idea iyo, romelic

gulisxmobda msoflio xalxebis gaerTianebas saxelmwifoTa

teritoriuli sazRvrebis moSlisa da erTiani saerTaSoriso mTavrobis

Camoyalibebis gziT.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg mondialisturi ideebis SemuSaveba amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic daiwyo. am koncefciis ganxorcielebaze muSaoben sxvadasxva mondialisturi organizaciebi, upirveles yovlisa “bildelburgis jgufi”. 1973 w. am jgufis liderebma Camoayalibes “sammxrivi komisia”. orive organizacias cnobili amerikeli bankiri devid rokfeleri xelmZRvanelobda. mondializmis proeqtis finansur centrebs, araoficialuri informaciiT, warmoadgenen msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. yvela am organizaciis mizani iyo mondializmis ideebis ganviTareba da ganxorcielebisaTvis xelSewyoba. komisiis inteleqtualurma centrma, romelsac zbignev bJeJinski (Zbigniew

Brzezinski),70 xelmZRvanelobda Camoayaliba ramdenime varianti erTian msoflio sistemaze gadasvlisa da am sistemaSi amerikis wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb. erT-erTi varianti iTvaliswinebda konvergencias, e.i. Serwymas, SeerTebas. konvergenciis Teoriis fuZemdeblad iTvleba rusuli warmoSobis amerikeli sociologi pitirim sorokini. 1970-ian wlebSi es 70 zbignev bJeJinski – amerikeli mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe. daibada 1928 w. poloneTSi. jons hofkinsis univeristetis profesori. 1977-81 ww. aSS-is prezidentis jimi karteris administraciaSi msaxurobda saxelmwifo mdivnis erovnuli uSiSroebis mrCevlia postze. avtori mravali cnobili naSromisa, maT Soris: “didi Cavardna: XX saukuneSi sabWoTa kavSiris dabadeba da sikvdili” (1989 w.), “didi saWadrako dafa: amerikis batonoba da misi geostrategiuli imperativebi” (1997 w.), “arCevani: msoflio batonoba an globaluri lideroba” (2004 w.).

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Teoria gadaamuSaves kisinjerma da bJeJinskim. axali midgomis mixedviT unda Seqmniliyo axali kulturul-ideologiuri civilizacia, romelic SeiTvisebda kapitalizmisa da socializmis ideebs. Tumca, komunisturi blokis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg konvergenciis Teoriamac dakarga Tavisi aqtualoba.

komunisturi blokisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg msoflioSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala. specialistebi da politikosebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadaexedaT mondializmis jer kidev ganuxorcielebeli ideebisTvis. Sedegad, axali mondialisturi konceptebi praqtikulad erTdroulad iSva, rogorc amerikaSi, aseve evropaSi.

aSS-Si popularuli gaxda axali mondialisturi koncefcia “samyaros dasasrulis” Sesaxeb, romlis avtoria amerikeli politologi frensis fukuiama. misi azriT, XX s.-is bolos msoflioSi damyarda amerikuli wesrigi, romelic efuZneba Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas da liberalur-demokratiul Rirebulebebs. fukuiamas azriT, sabWoTa kavSiris da socialisturi sistemis arseboba kapitalisturi samyaros ganviTarebas racionalur marcvals aniWebda. komunisturi ideologiis damarcxebis Semdeg ki msoflio ganviTareba iracionalur relsebze gadavida. kerZod, daiwyo axali etapi msoflios Tanamegobrobis ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobda mis srul integracias Tavisufali bazrisa da demokratiis garSemo. fukuiama amtkicebs, rom msoflio mravalpolaruli gaxdeba da mis marTvaSi wamyvan rols iTamaSebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic msoflio mTavrobis rols Seasrulebs.

zogierTma evropelma mecnierma gaiziara fukuiamas ideebi da ganavrco isini. frangma mecnierma Jak atalim, romelic prezident fransua miteranis mrCeveli iyo, Camoayaliba “geoekonomikis” koncefcia. am koncefciis mixedviT msoflioSi Camoyalibdeba sami mZlavri ekonomikuri centri: amerikuli (moicavs orive amerikas), evropuli (evrokavSiris teritoria) da wynari okeanis (iaponia, CineTi, singapuri, taivani da a.S.). es centrebi gadainawileben msoflios ekonomikuri gavlenis mxriv da maT Soris adgili ar eqneba aSkara dapirispirebas. atalis azriT, swored geoekonomika da ara geopolitika gaxdeba axali msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli faqtori.

atalis ideebi ganaviTara italielma mecnierma karlo santorom. fukuiamasagan gansxvavebiT is miiCnevs, rom msoflio mravalpolaruli ar iqneba. orpolaruli msoflios dangreva, santoros azriT, msoflios civilizaciur kataklizmebamde miiyvans, kerZod gaizrdeba erovnuli TviTSegneba da gabatondeba nacionalizmi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropaSi, ruseTSi, “mesame samyaros” qveynebSi. amas Sedegad moyveba didi qveynebis rRveva, lokaluri da regionuli omebi da amis Sedegad msoflio miva erTiani mTavrobis Seqmnis ideamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom santoro erTdoulad iziarebs, rogorc hantingtonis, aseve fukuiamas ideebs.

mTlianobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom neomondializmisa da neoatlantizmis msoflmxedvelobebi, miuxedavad bevri gansxvavebebisa, erTnairad ganixilavs msoflios momavals, sadac centraluri adgili ukavia msoflio mmarTvelobis Semnis sakiTxs. XVIII s.-Si aRmocenebuli es idea jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSia. misi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaa globalizacia, xolo xelSemSleli – eri-saxelmwifoebi.

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1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli geografiul da sxva socialur

mecnierebebSi mtkiced moikida fexi amerikuli poststruqturalizmis pirmSom - kritikulma geopolitikam.

kritikuli geopolitika gamodis im sabaziso konceftidan, rom adamianebs droTa ganmavlobaSi uyalibdebaT garkveuli codna, warmodgenebi, ideebi geografiuli adgilebis Sesaxeb. es ideebi zegavlenas axdens da ganapirobebs kidec maT qcevas da arCevans. kritikuli geopolitika amtkicebs, rom adgilebTan mimarTebaSi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris ara marto politikosebis da saxelmwifo moRvaweebis prerogrativa, aramed Cveulebrivi adamianebis uflebac. geopolitikis kritikuli frTis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben, rom moqalaqeebi da maTi gaerTianebebi sul ufro da ufro intensiurad axdenen aRniSnuli uflebis realizacias.

zogadad, kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi akritikeben klasikuri geopolitikis Teoretikosebs imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelebs politikuri movlenebis ganmsazRvrel Zalad bunebriv–geografiuli faqtorebi miaCndaT. “klasikosebis” mixedviT politikuri procesebi viTardeba bunebis kanonebis, e.i. geografiuli determinizmis logikis safuZvelze. saxelmwifo ganixileba, rogorc socialuri organizmi, romelic ibadeba, viTardeba, e.i. ierTebs axal teritoriebs an piriqiT, sxva saxelmwifos nawili xdeba, iSleba, “kvdeba” (wyvets arsebobas). klasikuri geopolitikis mixedviT gamodis, rom nebismieri politikuri movlena, mag. omi gamowveulia bunebriv-geografiuli kanonebiT da ara politikuri liderebis gadawyvetilebebiT. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT klasikuri geopolitika praqtikulad ugulvebelyofs sivrcis socialur warmoSobasa da Sinaars.

wina TavebSi aRiniSna (ix. gv. ##), rom dRevandeli geopolitika gamoirCeva, rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasamTavrobo aqtorebis simravliT. bevr SemTxvevaSi imis dadgenac ki Znelia, Tu romeli aqtori ra rols TamaSobs. ufro metic, Zneli gansasazRvria ama Tu im geopolitikur procesSi visi rolia ufro mniSvnelovani, samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis. amis gamo, amerikeli mecnieri kolin flinti Tanamedrove geopolitikuri procesebis daxasiaTebisas iyenebs termins “uwesrigo (areuli) geopolitika” (“Mess Geopolitics”) (Flint, 2006: 208).

kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi akritikeben klasikur geopolitikas, imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobda daexata gaubraloeburi suraTi saerTaSoriso sistemis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb. gavixsenoT, rom XIX s.-is bolos da XX s.-is daswyisSi gamoCnda bevri Teoria, romelic aRwerda, Tu rogor unda waremarTa politika ama Tu im qveyanas saerTaSoriso sistemaSi misi adgilisa da rolis damkvidrebis mizniT. kritikuli geopolitikosebi cdiloben xazi gausvan amgvari midgomas sisustes. isini amtkiceben, rom mcdeloba dainaxo msoflios politikis ganviTarebis modeli mxolod Seqmnili situaciebis aRweris safuZvelze, e.i. situaciuri codnis (Situated knowledge) gamoyenebiT araswori daskvnebis gamotanamde migviyvans.

postmodernistebi aRniSnaven, rom Tanamedrove geopolitikis amocanaa im resursebis, qmedebebis da reprezentaciebis identificireba, romlebic ganapirobeben teritoriis kontrols. isini xazs usvamen, rom

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teritoriis gakontroleba ufro farTo movlenaa, vidre saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikuli qmedeba, Tundac omi.

kritikuli geopolitika dResdReobiT warmoadgenilia ramdenime mimarTulebiT:

- formaluri geopolitika ganixilavs akademiur da saeqsperto

seqtorebSi SemuSavebul Teoriebsa da midgomebs;

- praqtikuli geopolitika dakavebulia samTavrobo institutebis

da misi calkeuli warmomadgenlebis moRvaweobisa da maTi

gancxadebebis analiziT;

- popularuli geopolitika swavlobs masobrivi kulturis

(masmedia, literatura, xelovneba da sxva) im produqcias,

romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebrivi azris formirebasTan

saerTaSoriso arenaze an sxva qveynebSi mimdinare politikuri

procesebTan mimarTebaSi;

- struqturuli geopolitika ikvlevs globalizaciis calkeuli

procesebis zegavlenas Tanamedrove geopolitikuri

koncefciebis SemuSavebaze.

garda amisa, Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi (zogadad politikaSi)

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia reprezentacias (Representations). is unda gavigoT, rogorc geopolitikuri an sagareopolitikuri miznebisa da amocanebis sajaro warmodgena da maTi “pi-ari”. xSirad, reprezentacia gansxvavebulad warimarTeba qveynis SigniT da sagareo mimarTulebiT. saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebis (Statemanship) kuTxiT erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT qmedeba da reprezentacia. mag., am saukunis dasawayisSi aSS-is da misi mokavSireebis samxedro operacia eraysa da avRaneTSi aris qmedeba, xolo brZola “globaluri terorizmis” anu “borotebis RerZis” winaaRmdeg aris reprezentacia (Flint, 2006: 16). qvemoT mocemulia reprezentaciis erT-erTi magaliTi erayis Tanamedrove istoriidan.

CanarTi #

erayis xelisuflebis mier mier kuveitis okupaciis da aneqsiis reprezentacia

msoflioSi dResdReobiT 21 arabuli qveyanaa. maT Sorisaa

respublikebi da monarqiebi, federaciebi da unitaruli qveynebi, sekularuli da Teokratiuli reJimebi. miuxedavad, aseTi daqsaqsulobisa arabTa erTobisa da solidarobis sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo zogadarabuli ideologiis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxi.

Tanamedrove arabuli nacionalizmi orgvaria. pirveli efuZneba arabTa politikur gaerTianebas. am ideologiis sulieri mamamTavari iyo egviptis prezidentis gamal abdel naseris (1954-70 ww.), romelic cdilobda praqtikuli nabijebi gadaedga am mimarTulebiT. naseri miiCnevda, rom arabTa erToba aucilebelia amerikuli, franguli da britanuli agresiis Sekavebis da isrelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, aseve arabTa miwaze mSvidobisa da keTildReobis damkvidrebisTvis. naseris azriT, arabuli erTianoba unda ganxorcielebuliyo samoqalaqo faseulobebis da ara tradiciuli islamis safuZvelze. am procesis

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nawilad unda ganvixiloT egviptisa da siriis gaerTianeba, romelic mxolod sami weli gagrZelda.

arabuli nacionalizmis meore mimarTuleba asaxavs dRevandel realobas. arabTa dayofa or aTeul saxelmwifod ganpirobebuli iyo istoriuli garemoebebiT. arabebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen osmaleTis imperiis nawili, Semdeg maTze gabatondnen britanelebi, frangebi da italielebic ki. arabul samyaroSi erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobda, amdenad gasakviri ar unda iyos is faqti, rom arabTa calkeul jgufebs sakuTari, rig SemTxvevebSi gansxvavebuli interesebic ki CamouyalibdaT.

arabuli kulturuli identobis katalizatorad iqca israelis saxelmwifos Seqmna da Semdgomi periodis ebraul-arabuli omebi. 1967 da 1973 wlebis israelis samxedro warmatebebis Sedegad rigma arabulma saxelmwifoebma israelTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi gaaforma. am faqtebma, garda imisa, rom Selaxa arabTa Tavmoyvareoba, aseve uaryofiTi zegavlena iqonia arabul erTianobaze.

zemoT aRniSnul periodSi ori aTeulidan mxolod ori arabuli qveyana – erayi da siria - avlenda Riad mtrul damokidebulebas aSS-sa da israelis mimarT. orive qveyanaSi gabatonebuli iyo “baasis”71 ideologia. is warmoadgenda nacionalizmisa da socializmis sinTezs. baasistebi mxars uWerdnen sekularuli, modernistuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebas da uaryofdnen islamuri fundamentalis gzas. anti-amerikuli ritorika iqca erayis ZiriTad geopolitikur kodad, gansakuTrebiT sadam huseinis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg. es ukanaskneli Seecada erayi eqcia arabuli samyaros liderad. 1980 w. erayma omi daiwyo iranTan, romelic 8 weli gagrZelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am omSi amerikelTa simpaTiebi erayis mxareze iyo, radgan erTi wliT adre iranelma islamistebma daamxes Sah mohamed reza fehlevis pro-amerikuli reJimi. erayma am omSi ver miaRwia ramdenadme mniSvnelovan warmatebas da sadamma gadawyvita, rom aucilebeli iyo STambeWdavi geopolitikuri Sedegis momtani qmedebis ganexorcieleba.

erayi da kuveiti osmaleTis imperiis nawili iyo, sanam me-19 saukunis bolos didma britaneTma kuveitze de faqto proteqtorati ar daawesa. am regionSi britanelTa politikis mTavar prioritets sparseTis yuris kontroli warmoadgenda, im mizniT, rom aq ar gabatonebuliyo germania, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis samxedro-politikuri mokavSire iyo. germanias Cafiqrebuli qonda rkinigzis mSenebloba baRdadidan basramde, rac mas saSualebas miscemda erayis navTobi sparseTis yuris gavliT evropaSi gaetana. amis sapasuxod, britanelebma ganaxorcieles kuveitis sazRvrebis imgvari demarkacia, rom basras satransporto mdebareoba naklebad mniSvnelovani da mimzidveli gaxda. ase Seiqmna kuveitis Tanamedrove saxelmwifo.

sadam huseins kuveitis istoriis Sesaxeb sxva miTi qonda momzadebuli. is Seecada msoflio Tanamegobroba daerwmunebina, rom kuveiti istoriuli erayis Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romlis centric iyo qalaqi basra. es sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda, magram istoriis falsificireba erayis mmarTvelisTvis saWiro iyo kuveitSi SeWris dasabuTebisTvis.

71 “baas” – arabuli socialisturi aRorZinebis partiis Semoklebuli saxelwodeba.

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realurad ki, erayis mier kuveitis okupacias da aneqsias geopolitikuri da geoekonomikuri mizezebi qonda. kuveiti msoflioSi navTobis erT-erTi msxvili mwarmoebelia. misi navTobis sabadoebis xelSi Cagdeba iranTan omiT dasustebu;l erays didi ekonomikur mogebas moutanda. garda amisa, erayi daepatroneboda sparseTis ubis im nawils, saidanac xdeba navTobis transportireba msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, rac aamaRlebda mis geopolitikur mniSvnelobas. da bolos, sadami pirvel realur nabijs gadadgamda arabuli samyaros liderobis mosapoveblad.

aRniSnuli mizezebi, cxadia Riad ar gacxadebula. piriqiT, sadam huseinma kuveitis okupaciis erT-erT mizezad daasaxela palestinis sakiTxis mogvarebis survili. misi gancxadebiT, palestinelebi msoflioSi yvelaze daCagrul ers warmoadgendnen, romelTa miwebi da suvereniteti sionistebma miiTvises. sadamma wamoayena ultimatumi, romlis mixedviTac erayi manmade ar datovebda kuveits, sanam ar aRdgeboda palestinuri saxelmwifo da israeli ar daubrunebda mas warTmeul teritoriebs. am moTxovnis gasamyareblad, erayelebma israelis teritoriis ramdenime saraketo ieriSic ki ganaxorcieles.

miuxedavad imisa, rom erayma am konfliqtSi sastiki marcxi iwvnia, zemoT aRniSnulma reprezentaciam Tavis saqme gaakeTa da sadam huseinis avtoriteti arabTa Soris mniSvnelovnad amaRlda. bevrma is gmiradac ki Seracxa, romelmac, maTi azriT didi vaJkacoba gamoavlina imiT, rom amerikul da sionistur Zalebs daupirispirda.

warmodgenili magaliTi imis naTeli ilustraciaa, Tu rogor SeiZleba erovnuli an religiuri ideebiT manipulireba geopolitikuri da ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevisTvis. samwuxarod, msoflios politikuri istoria reprezentaciis araerT aseT magaliTs icnobs.

wyaro: Flint, 2006: 94-99 mocemuli magaliTi sagulisxmoa ramdenime TvalsazrisiT.

upirveles yovlisa, aSS-is administraciam ver gaiTvaliswina kulturuli (religiuri, eTnikuri) Rirebulebebis Zlieri roli erovnuli (am SemTxvevaSi civilizaciuri) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. Tumca, es ar mTavari. mniSvelovania is, rom amerikelma politikosebis geopolitikuri xedva ver gascda “klasikuri geopolitikis” naazrevs. mTlianobaSi, kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom amerikis gadauWreli problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is rCeba klasikuri tipis imperiad da ar surs sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna. msoflio ki swrafad icvleba da moiTxovs axlebur da kritikul azrovnebas.

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geopolitikuri epoqebi

kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

geopolitikur epoqaTa Tanmimdevruli cvla. yovel geopolitikur epoqas gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZalTa balansi, gavlenaTa sferoebi, sagareopolitikuri interesebi, sazRvrebis cvlileba da a.S.

Tanamedrove geopolitikuri epoqebi saTaves XVII s.-dan, kerZod vestfaliis xelSekrulebidan Caeyara. 1648 w. dadebulma samSvidobo xelSekrulebam72 wertili dausva kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris 30-wlian omebs saRvTo romis imperiaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom am xelSekrulebam biZgi misca evropaSi axali samarTlebriv-politikuri wesrigis damyarebas, ramac, Tavis mxriv ganapiroba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemis formireba. vestfaliis sistemam daakanona saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis axali samarTlebrivi principebi, maT Soris:

- gaaTanabra kaTolikeebisa da protestantebis religiuri

statusi. Sesabamisad, gauqmda evropaSi adre moqmedi principi

“religiur aRmsareblobas gansazRvravs xelisufleba”. - gauqmda germaniis imperatoris uzenaesobis statusi saRvTo

romis imperiis teritoriaze. amieridan, am imperiaSi Semavali

yvela qveynis monarqi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargeblobda.

- Seicvala saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis cneba. Tu,

manmade aseTad monarqi iTvleboda, amieridan evropuli

samarTlis subieqti suverenuli saxelmwifo gaxda.

- xazgasmuli iyo, rom saxelmwifo misdami rwmunebul

teritoriaze srulad ganaxorcielebda sakuTar iurisdiqcias,

rac niSnavda saxelmwifo suverenitetis principis saerTaSoriso

aRiarebas.

- Seicvala damokidebuleba aliansebisa da koaliciebis Seqmnas an

gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebSi

manamade arsebuli sixiste warsuls Cabarda. axal pirobebSi

evropul saxelmwifoebs saSualeba miecaT mokavSireebi SeerCiaT

maTi erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare (Peace of Westphalia.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_ Westphalia).

“vestfaliis principebi” WeSmaritad revoluciuri iyo. rogorc,

wina TavSi aRiniSna misma praqtikulma ganxorcilebam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. garda amisa, saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi damkvidrda ZalTa balansis principi, romlis mizani iyo, rom romelime qveynas (an qveynebis gaerTianebas) ar miscemoda saSualeba gamxdariyo dominanti Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

72 vestfaliis samSvidobo xelSekruleba moicavda or dokuments, romlebic oficialurad gaformda 1648 wlis 15 maiss da 24 oqtombers, Sesabamisad osnabriuksa da miunsterSi. orive SemTxvevaSi kaTolikur qveynebs warmoadgenda saRvTo romis imperia, xolo, protestantul qveynebs, Sesabamisad SvedeTis samefo da safrangeTi.

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saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sxvasasxva saxis sistemebi arsebobs. danarTSi #? mocemulia saerTaSoriso sistemebis tipologiis erT-erTi magaliTi.

vestfaliis geopolitikuri epoqa erTob sicocxlisunariani

aRmoCnda. evropaSi ZalTa balansi praqtikulad ar darRveula Semdgomi 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

danarTi # ZalTa balansi

ZalTa balansi politikuri realizmisa da neorealizmis sakvanZo

cnebaa. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erT-erTma gamoCenilma Teoretikosma morton kaplanma (Morton Kaplan) Seqmna saerTaSoriso sistemaTa tipologia, romelSic warmodgenilia eqvsi Semdegi saxis sistema:

ZalTa balansis sistema. am SemTxvevaSi, kaplanis azriT,

warmodgenili unda iyos minimum xuTi supersaxelmwifo, sxva

SemTxvevaSi moxdeba misi transformacia bipolarul sistemad.

xisti bipolaruli sistema, romelSic moqmedebs ori

urTierTdapirispirebuli koalicia (bloki). aseTi sistemis

pirobebSi saerTaSoriso politikur arenaze neitraluri an

miumxrobeli saxelmwifoebis da, rac mTavaria saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis roli praqtikulad minimumamdea dayvanili.

moqnili bipolaruli sistema, romelic warmodgenilia ara

marto saxelmwifoebiT, aramed, aseve blokebiTa an koaliciebiT.

es sistema SeiZleba orgvari iyos, kerZod ierarqiuli, sadac

koaliciaSi gamokveTilia erTi lideri-saxelmwifos roli da

araierarqiuli, sadac koalicias ar yavs aSkara lideri.

universaluri sistema. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi wamyvan

rols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso organizacia (dRevandeli

situaciiT - gaero). dadgenilia da mkacrad aris daculi

saerTaSoriso sistemis wesebi.

saerTaSoriso ierarqiuli sistema. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba,

rom aRar arseboben eri-saxelmwifoebi da iqmneba erTiani

msoflio marTveloba (mondialisturi proeqti).

vetos sistema iTvaliswinebs, rom saerTaSoriso sistemis

nebismier aqtors ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos vetos ufleba da

dablokos gadawyvetilebis miReba. aseTi sistema gamoiyeneba mag.,

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi da euToSi (Kaplan, 1965: 21-50).

zemoT mocemuli tipologiidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

istoria kargad icnobs pirvel ori sistemas. pirveli maTgani moqmedebda

mag., msoflio omebs Soris periodSi, xolo mere - “civi omis” epoqaSi.

danarCeni sistemebi Teoriuli xasiaTisaa.

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napoleonis omebis (1792-1815 ww.) Semdeg saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda, rac dafiqsirda venis kongresze (1814-15 ww.). aRsaniSnavia, rom venis kongress sxvagvarad “evropul koncerts” uwodeben, rac mianiSnebs mis mniSvnelobaze konkretulad evropis da zogadad msoflios politikur istoriaSi.

venis kongresSi monawileoba miiRo yvela evropis yvela mniSvnelovanma politikurma aqtorma, garda osmaleTis imperiisa. pirvelad saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri saxelmwifos anu supersaxelmwifos (Superpower) cneba. aseTebad aRiarebuli iyo is oTxi saxelmwifo, romelmac monawileoba miiRo napoleon bonapartis damarcxebaSi, kerZod avstria, ruseTi, prusia da didi britaneTi da, aseve safrangeTi, romlis saTaveSi burbonTa dinastia dabrunda. sabolood gaformda mravalmxrivi diplomatia, ramac saTave daudo evropis koleqtiur usafrTxoebas. SemdgomSi am subkontinentze arsebuli mniSvnelovani problemebi ganixileboda da SeZlebisdagvarad wydeboda saerTaSoriso konferenciebze, mag., parizis (1856 w.), londonis (1871 w.), berlinis (1878 w.). amgvarma midgomam saSualeba misca evropelebs ZalTa balansi I msoflio omamde SeenarCunebinaT, Tumca XIX saukunis SuaSi ruseTs qonda mcdeloba es balansi daerRvia. CanarTi # saSualebas gvaZlevs gavecnoT, Tu rogor moxerxda aRniSnul periodSi evropaSi ZalTa Tanafardobis SenarCuneba.

venis kongresma SemoiRo diplomatiuri rangebi (elCi, konsuli da a.S.). saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi dRemde moqmedebs am kongresis mier miRebuli konvencia diplomatiuri xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb. vestfaliisagan gansxvavebiT venis forumma dauSva, rom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis subieqti gamxdariyo ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba (koalicia).

geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze didi mniSvneloba qonda im faqts, rom venis kongresma daafiqsira msoflioSi Seqmnili axali teritoriuli realobebi, sxva sityvebiT Seiqmna evropul saxelmwifoebs Soris koloniebis danawilebis axali nusxa. venis kongresidan I msoflio omamde periodi istoriul-politikur kvlevebSi ganxilulia, rogorc venis geopolitikuri epoqa.

CanarTi #

yirimis omi: ZalTa balansis principi moqmedebaSi venis kongresidan daaxleobiT samiode aTwleulis Semdeg ruseTi

Seecada daerRvia evropaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansi. ruseTis imperiam, romelmac Tavisi sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT wynar okeanemde gaafarTova, moindoma dasavleTis mimarTulebiTac analogiuri manevri Caetarebina. ruseTi gansakuTrebul mniSvenlobas aniWebda mis teritoriul eqspansias Savi zRvis auzSi. dasustebuli osmaleTis imperiis damarcxebiT da konstantinopolis aRebiT ruseTi moipovebda dardanelisa da bosforis sruteebze kontrols. amis Sedegadadc Savi zRva gadaiqceoda ruseTis Sida zRvad, rac mas saSualebas miscemda srulad gaekontrolebina istoriuli “abreSumis gza”. ruseTs ufro Sors mimavali gegmebic qonda. is, aseve lamobda balkaneTze fexis mokidebasac, sadac mis mokavSireebad moiazrebodnen marTlmadidebeli slavi xalxebi – montenegroelebi,

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serbebi da makedonielebi. garda amisa, mis gegmebSi Sedioda teritoriebis gafarToeba samxreT kavkasiaSi, dunaispireTSi, baltis zRvis auzSi da Soreul aRmosavleTSic (kamCatka). am Canafiqrebis nawilis aRsrulebac ki, gansakuTrebiT Sav zRvasTan mimarTebaSi, ruseTs aqcevda evropis, Sesabamisad msoflio hegemonad (Зайончковский,

2002: 23-35). ruseTis aRniSnuli geostrategiuli Canafiqri, cxadia, srul

winaaRmdegobaSi modioda didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis interesebTan, romlebmac 1953 w. oqtomberSi osmaleTTan erTad ruseTs omi gamoucxades, mas Semdeg, rac rusulma jarma daikava osmaleTis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi moldaveTi da valaxia. ruseTs imedi qonda, rom mis mier provocirebul omSi mas mxars dauWerdnen misi erTguli mekavSireebi avstria da prusia. magram, es ukanasknelebi, iseve, rogorc sxva evropeli erebi ruseTis evropaSi gabatonebis kategiriuli winaaRmdegebi aRmoCndnen. avstriam da prusiam Tavidan neitraliteti gamoacxades, xolo mogvianebiT britanelebTan da frangebTan gaerTiandnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi. TiTqos logikas iyo moklebuli iyo imgvari aliansis Camoyalibeba, romelic gaaerTianebda tradilciul mtrebs, erTi mxriv, frangebs, xolo, meore mxriv, germanelebs da avstrielebs, magram am SemTxvevaSi amoqmedda realuri politikis principebi. aRniSnuli gaerTianeba Sedga, radgan am saxelmwifoebma maTi erovnuli interesebisTvis ufro did safrTxed miiCnies evropaSi ZalTa balansis radikaluri cvlileba, kerZod ruseTis saxiT axali hegemonis gamoCena (iqve: 134).

yirimis omi dasavleT evropelebisa da osmaleTis sruli gamarjvebiT dasrulda. ruseTma dakarga garkveuli teritoriebi kavkasiaSi, gasasvleli mdinare dunaize, proteqtorati moldovasa da valaxiaze. rac mTavaria, parizis 1956 w. xelSekrulebiT ruseTs CamoerTva Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yolis ufleba.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi bunebrivia ar monawileobda venis

kongresSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa Taviseburad gamoexmaura napoleonis omebis dasasruls. amerika respublika iyo da is imperializmis, ufro zustad kolonializmis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. is yovelTvis cdilobda daesustebina evropuli imperializmi. amerikelebma isargebles evropaSi omebiT gamowveuli politikuri qaosiT da mxari dauWires laTinuri amerikis xalxebis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs. 1922 w. aSS-ma aRiara argentinis, Ciles, kolumbiisa da meqsikis damoukidebloba (Blacksell, 2006: 156).

1823 w. ivlisSi aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma jon quinsi adamsma (John

Quincy Adams) gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom amerika (igulisxmeba, rogorc CrdiloeT, aseve samxreT amerika) Caketili iyo evropuli kolonizaciisTvis. “amerika amerikelebisaTvis” aseTi iyo am gancxadebis suliskveTeba. adamsis es idea leitmotivad daedo amerikis prezidentis jeims monros (James Monroe) 1923 w. 2 dekemebris yovelwliur saprezidento moxsenebas “amerikis mdgomareobs Sesaxeb” (“State of Union”) kongresis winaSe. Tavis moxsenebaSi monrom xazgasmiT aRiniSna, rom evropelTa nebismieri mcdeloba aRadginon an daarson koloniuri mmarTveloba amerikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis administraciis mier Sefasdeba, rogorc mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresiis aqti, rac

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gamoiwvevs Sesabamis reagirebas. Tavis mxriv, aSS valdebulebas iRebda ar Careuliyo evropis saxelmwifoebis da arc maTi araamerikuli koloniebis saqmeebSi. es gamosvla mogvianebiT moinaTla, rogorc “monros doqtrina”.

aRsaniSnavia, rom prezident monros agresiuli toni gamyarebuli ar iyo amerikis samxedro potecialiT, radgan imdorisTvis qveyanas ar gaaCnda ramdenamde angariSgasawevi sazRvao floti. magram, saqme imaSi iyo, rom aSS-is zurgs ukan idga im droisTvis WeSmaritad uZlieresi Talosokratiuli saxelmwifo – didi britaneTi. am ukanasknels praqtikulad ar gaaCnda koloniebi samxreT amerikaSi da cdilobda am regionSi espaneTisa da portugaliis poziciebis Sesustebas. amasTan, venis kongresis SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare did britaneTs ar SeeZlo dasaxelebuli qveynebis politikis winaaRmdeg aSkara galaSqreba. samagierod, am mizniT is aqezebda da zurgs umagrebda aSS-s. unda aRiniSnos, rom “monros doqtrinis” gaJRerebidan Semdgomi daaxloebiT erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTi realur samxedro daxmarebas uwevda aSS-s (iqve: 157-158). samxreT amerikaSi espaneTisa da portugaliis hegemoniis dasasruli moaswavebda am kontinentze “ZalTa balansis“ damyarebas, rac mTlianad Seesabameboda britaneTis da aSS-is erovnul interesebs.

mTlianobaSi, “monros doqtrinis” realizaciam mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli jer laTinur amerikaSi, Semdgom ki mTels msoflioSi erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebis gafarToebas da axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebas. saerTaSoriso sistemis aqtorebad nel-nela mogvevlinen samxedro da socialur-eknomikuri TvalsazrisiT sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini gadamwyvet zegavlenas ver axdendnen msoflio politikaze, aSkaraa, rom maTi gamoCeniT saerTaSoriso sistemam gacilebiT mravalferovani xasiaTi SeiZina. XIX s.-is ganamvlobaSi es tendencia sul ufro da ufro met Zalas ikrebda, xolo I msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg man gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba miiRo.

pirveli msoflio omi (28 ivlisi, 1914 w. – 11 noemberi, 1918 w.)

manamade arsebuli omebisgan gamoirCeoda msxverplis, geografiuli gavrcelebis, teqnikuri da finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis uzarmazari masStabebiT. am omSi daiRupa 12 mil. da daSavda 55 mil. adamiani (http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2008/11/11/n_1294259.shtml). sabrZolo moqmedebebis Taetri gavrcelda evropaze, axlo aRmosavleTze, afrikaze, CineTze da okeaneTis kunZulebze. samxedro operaciebSi monawileobda 30-ze meti saxelmwifos sajariso formirebebi.

I msoflio omis ZiriTadi monawileebi iyvnen, erTi mxriv, germania, avstro-ungreTi, osmaleTis imperia da bulgareTi, xolo, meore mxriv, “antanta”: didi britaneTi, ruseTi da safrangeTi.

globalur omis warmoSobas mravalmxrivi mizezebi aqvs. I msoflio omis mizezebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT teritoriuli, ekonomikuri da savaWro interesebi, militariziacia da avtokratia, ZalTa balansis darRveva. es ukanaskneli faqtoris mniSvneloba gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.

XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis safrangeTma da didma britaneTma moaxerxes TavianTi zRvisiqiTa teritoriebis maqsimalurad gafarToeba ZiriTadad afrikisa da aziis koloniebis xarjze. analogiuri situacia Seiqmna ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom ruseTis

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imperias kontinenturi gavrcelebis gamo kompaqturi xasiaTi qonda. koloniebis arseboba am imperiebis mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da savaWro potencials warmoadgenda, rac saboloo jamSi dadebiTad aisaxeboda metropoliebis mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. germania da avstro-ungreTi koloniebis anu klasikuri geopolitikis poziciidan “sasicocxli sivrcis” deficits ganicdidnen. dasustebuli da daSlis piras myofi osmaleTis imperiis monawileoba I msoflio omSi ki SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc mcdeloba Seekavebina britanuli, franguli da rusuli eqspansia axlo aRmosavleTSi.

I msoflio omis bolo fazaSi, kerZod 1917 w. TebervalSi ruseTSi adgili qonda jer burJuaziul revolucias, romlis Sedegadac daemxo monarqiuli mmarTveloba, xolo imave wlis oqtomberSi (axali stiliT noemberSi) socialistur revolucias. ruseTis saTaveSi movida ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia (ssrk komunisturi partiis winamorbedi) vladimer leninis meTaurobiT. axladSeqmnili bolSevikuri mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT ruseTma SeaCera misi monawileoba omSi. am gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare “socialisturi ruseTi” iZulebuli iyo misTvis damamcirebeli xelSekruleba (“brestis zavi”) gaeformebina germaniasTan. omis dasrulebis Semdeg parizis xelSekrulebiT brestis zavi gauqmebulad gamocxadda.

I msoflio omis Sedegad daiSala oTxi imperia, kerZod osmaleTis, avstro-ungreTis, ruseTis da germaniis. amiT mniSvnelovani impulsa mieca evropis erTa TviTgamorkvevis process (ix. ruka #). Seiqmna avstriis da germaniis respublikebi. ZiriTadad samxreT slavebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi, maT Soris slovenia, montenegro, xorvatia SeuerTda serbiis samefos, romelic mogvianebiT iugoslaviad gardaiqmna. damoukidebloba gamoacxades belorusiam, ukrainam, ungreTma, dancigma (dRevandeli polonuri qalaqi gdanski da mimdebare teritoriebi), CexoslovakeTma, poloneTma, ungreTma, latviam, estoneTma, litvam, fineTma, saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma (1920-21 ww.-Si moxda am ukanaskneli sami saxelmwifos okupacia da aneqsia socialisturi ruseTis mier).

safrangeTma germaniisgan daibruna elzasi da lotaringia da moaxdina saaris mxaris okupacia. italias ergo samxreT tiroli da istria. rumineTma SemoierTa yofili ungruli teritoriebi transilvania da samxreT dobruja. saberZneTis mflobelobaSi gadavida aRmosavleT Trakia. germaniis kuTvnili samxreT Slezvigi gadaeca daniis samefos, xolo zemo silezia - poloneTs. teritoriuli cvlilebebis paralelurad mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo evropis satransporto-ekonomikur usafrTxoebas. am mxriv umniSvnelovanesi iyo Savi zRvis sruteebis demilitarizaciis faqti.

paralelurad, omSi gamarjvebulma didma britaneTma da safrangeTma gaagrZeles koloniuri teritoriebis gafarToeba. mag., safrangeTma daikava siria, kamerunisa da togos garkveuli nawilebi, xolo didma britaneTma erayi, palestina, tanzania da samxerT-dasavleT afrika.

versalis xelSekrulebis ZaliT omSi damarcxebul germanias mniSvnelovani sanqciebi dauwesda: ganxorcielda rainis olqis demilitarizacia; mas aekrZala 100 aTasze ufro didi armiis Seqmna, aseve javSanteqnikis, samxedro gemebisa da TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba. germaniis

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samxedro sazRvao flotis didi nawili gamarjvebulma qveynebma dainawiles (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ War_I).

zemoT aRniSnuli yvela geopolitikuri da sxva mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi gaformda versalis (parizis) 1918 wlis 28 ivnisis xelSekrulebiT, romelic ZalaSi 1920 wlis 10 ianvars Sevida. parizis forumis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva imaSi mdgomareobda, rom man dasabami misca erTa ligis73 Seqmnas, romelic 1920 wels Seudga saqmianobas. amiT, msoflios istoriaSi dasrulda venis da daiwyo “versalis geopolitikuri epoqa”.

erTa ligam ver miaRwia did warmatebebs. man ver SeZlo SeeCerebina sabWoTa kavSiris da nacisturi germaniis mier evropis mTeli rigi damoukidebeli qveynebis okupacia-aneqsia da, zogadad – Tavidan aecilebina meore msoflio omi. liga garkveul periodSi 58 wevrs iTvlida, magram misi daSlis momentSi masSi mxolod 23 organizacia iyo darCenili. erTa ligis mTavari sisuste imaSi mdgomareobda, rom masSi arasdros ar gawevrianebula aSS, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris moRvaweobam am organizaciis farglebSi mxolod xuTi weli (1934_1939 ww.) gastana. saerTaSoriso sistemis uzenaes organoSi am saxelmwifoebis armonawileoba imis ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda, rom 1930-iani wlebis miwuruls evropaSi ZalTa balansi dairRva. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom struqtura (sistema) srulfasovnad ver ifunqcionirebs, Tu is ganicdis mniSvnelovani elementebis deficits. aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom imdroindeli saerTaSoriso sistema jer kidev ar iyo iseTi pragmatuli da realisturi, rogoric dResaa.

Tanamedrove mecnier-geografebi sinanuliT aRniSnaven, rom versalis saboloo dokumentis SemuSavebSi aSkarad SeimCneoda geografiuli midgomebis deficiti, riTac ase mdidari iyo venis xelSekruleba. es kidev ufro dasanania, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom parizis kongresis muSaobaSi sakmaod aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo amerikelma geografma aizia boumenma (ix. gv. ##). evropis axali politikuri rukis formireba warimarTa calkeuli qveynebis politikuri ambiciebis da ara sistemuri midgomis safuZvelze (amis erT-erTi magaliTi warmodgenilia # CanarTSi). mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sazRvrebis delimitaciis dros ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli calkeuli teritoriebis mniSvnelovani istoriuli, eTno-demografiuli da geografiuli Taviseburebebi.

CanarTi #

“kerzonis xazi”

I msoflio omis bolos antantis wevrebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas poloneTis saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb. amave SeTanxmebis safuZvelze poloneTis SemdagenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo teritoriebi, romelsac omamde flobdnen ruseTi, germania da avstro-ungreTi. versalis xelSekrulebaSi poloneTis dasavleT sazRvari mkafiod iyo dadgenili. samagierod, ver moxerxda da gadaido aRmosavleT sazRvris delimitacia. 73

erTa liga iyo gaeros winamorbedi saerTaSoriso organizacia. misi mTavar funqciebSi Sedioda ganiaraRebis procesis warmarTva, konfliqtebis prevencia, koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, qveynebs Soris davebis gadawyveta, msoflioSi keTildReobis zrdis xelSewyoba da sxva. 1946 w. erTa ligam TviTlikvidaciiT daasrula Tavisi moRvaweoba.

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amis ZiriTadi problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom es regioni, sadac cxovrobdnen polonelebi, litvelebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, ebraelebi, Tavisi mravaleTnikuri SemadgenlobiT gamoirCeoda.

aRmosavleT sazRvris ararseboba 1919 w. poloneTisa da ruseTs Soris samxedro konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. imave wels saqme Caerien evropuli saxelmwifoebi da ganaaxles diplomatiuri molaparakebebi. am process evropelTa mxridan xelmZRvanelobda didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri, lordi jorj kerzoni (George Curzon). britanelma diplomatma oficialuri nota gaugzavna ruseTs, sadac misgan moiTxovda saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetas da rusuli jarebis daxevas im warmosaxviT xazamde, romelic gadioda grodnos, brest-litovskssa da lvovs Soris. rTuli aRmoCnda am ukanasknelTan sazRvris dadgena. Tavdapirvel variantSi lvovi ruseTis teritoraze aRmoCnda, Tumca gegma “b”-s mixedviT is ukve poloneTs miakuTvnes.

sazRvris delimitaciis ganxiluli gegma diplomatiis istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc “kerzonis xazi”. es gegma praqtikulad srulyofilad asaxavda regionis eTno-demografiul situacias. sazRvris dadgenisas maqsimalurad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli eTnikuri ukrainelebis, litvelebis, polonelebis da belorusebis gansaxlebis Taviseburebebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTma ar miiRo evropelTa SemoTavazeba sakiTxis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis Sesaxeb da gaagrZela saomari moqmedebebi. es militaristuli kampania ruseTisTvis savalalod dasrulda. man dakarga ara marto is rasac sTavazobdnen, aramed sxva teritoriebic, romlebic mogvianebiT poloneTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavida.

II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg “kerzonis xazi” kvlav aqtualur sakiTxad iqca. 1945 w. sabWoTa kavSirsa da poloneTs Soris axali saxelmwifo sazRvari umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT kerzonis xazze (Tavdapirveli varianti) gavida da aRarasdros Secvlila.

wyaro: Blacksell, 2010: 163-164. evropaSi I msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili ZalTa myife balansi

ociode weliwadSi dairRva. evropeli politikosebis uniaTobam da upasuxismgeblobam msoflio im katastrofis winaSe daayena, romelic II msoflio omis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

II msoflio omi, romelic eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda (1 seqtemberi, 1939 w. – 2 seqtemberi, 1945 w.). es omi uprecedento iyo yvela im kritiriumiT, romliTac SesaZlebelia omis Sefaseba. II msoflio omSi CarTuli iyo 72 saxelmwifo; saomari moqmedebebi mimdinareobda msoflios sam kontinentze da oTxive okeaneze; omi Seexo Cveni planetis mosaxleobis 80%-s. es iyo pirveli da sabednierod, ukanaskneli SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamoiyenebul iqna atomuri iaraRi. omma Seiwira 60-65 mil. adamianis sicocxle. daRupulTa naxevarze meti samoqalaqo piri iyo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II).

mecnierebi mravlad asaxeleben im mizezebs, romelTa gamo SesaZlebeli gaxda globaluri omis gaCaReba. Tumca, yvela Tanxmdeba, rom ZiriTadi germaniis saTaveSi antihumanuri nacional-socialisturi partiis gamoCena iyo. meore mxriv, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom evropa didi xani ukmevda gundruks adolf hitlers da mis partias. mTeli civilizebuli msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki evropa Tvals xuWavda im terorze, rac nacistebma germaniaSi ebraelTa mimarT ganaxorcieles.

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evropelebma aranairi yuradReba ar miaqcies adolf hitleris mier jer kidev 1925 wels gakeTebul gancxadebas imis Taobaze, rom germanias sWirdeba “sasicocxlo sivrcis” gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT. ufro metic, 1938 wels didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da italiis liderebma xeli moaweres miunxenis SeTanxmebas, romlis ZaliTac CexoslovakeTis erT-erTi regioni – sudetebi germanias gadaeca. 1940 w. germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma gaaformes paqti Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb, romelsac Tan erTvoda saidumlo oqmi. es saidumlo dokumenti safuZvlad daedo xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs Soris aRmosavleT evropaSi gavlenis sferoebis danawilebas. kerZod, Crdilo-aRmosavleT evropaSi maTi gavlenis zonebs Soris gamyof xazad miiCnies litvis CrdiloeT sazRvari. rac niSnavda, rom germania pretenzias acxadebda fineTze, estoneTsa da latviaze, xolo sabWoTa interesis sferod cxaddeboda litva. nacistebi da bolSevikebi SeTanxmdnen, aseve poloneTis teritoriis gayofaze. garda amisa, germaniam besarabia (dRevandeli moldovas nawili) sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis sferod aRiara.

diplomatiur arenaze miRweulma warmatebebma germanias xel-fexi gauxsna samxedro agresiis ganxorcielebisTvis. ironiulia, rom nacisturma germaniam Tavisi saomari manqana mimarTa aramarto evropis mcire saxelmwifoebis, aramed safrangeTis, didi britaneTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdegac.

II msoflio omSi “RerZul bloks” warmoadgendnen germania, iaponia, italia, TurqeTi, ungreTi, bulgareTi, fineTi, slovakeTi, erayi da formalurad kidev ramdenime saxelmwifo. “antihitlerul koaliciaSi” gaerTiandnen didi britaneTi (yvela Tavisi dominioniT), aSS, sabWoTa kavSiri, safrangeTi, iugoslavia, CineTi, dania, norvegia, belgia, nidelandebi da sxvebi.

germaniam da misma mokavSireebma am omSi sastiki damarcxeba ganicades. 1945 w. germaniis qalaq niurnbergSi daiwyo procesi, sadac asamarTlebdnen nacist liderebs da hitleris droindel germanul samTavrobo da ideologiur organizaciebs. es. sasamarTlo procesi TiTqmis erTi weli gagrZelda. saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis ganaCeniT nacisturi germaniis 12 liders (maT Soris martin bormans dauswreblad) miesaja sikvdiliT dasja (CamoxrCobiT), xolo danarCenebs – sxvadasxva vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. ufro mniSvneloavni iyo is faqti, rom nacisturi ideologia kanongareSed gamocxadda.

1946 w. germaniis qalaq pocdamSi gaiamarTa omSi gamarjvebuli sami mTavari saxelmwifos – sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da didi britaneTis liderTa saerTaSoriso konferencia, romelmac imsjela evropis mowyobis gzebze. gamarjvebuli triumviratis gadawyvetilebiT germanias CamoerTva teritoriebi, romelsac is flobda 1937 wlis mdgomareobiT da isini daukanondaT safrangeTs, sabWoTa kavSirs (dRevandeli kaliningradis olqi) da poloneTs. mTlianobaSi germaniis teritoriulma danakargma omamdelTan SedarebiT 25% Seadgina. rac mTavaria, germania gaiyo or saxelmwifod. Tavis mxriv, poloneTma sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod daTmo garkveuli teritoriebi, romlebic 1940 wlamde mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. Tumca, poloneTi mainc mogebaSi darCa, radgan mierTebuli yofili germanuli teritoriebi infrastruqturiT da ekonomikurad gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebuli iyo, vidre is rac man ssrk-s dauTmo.

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II msoflio omiT dasrulda versalis da daiwyo pocdamis geopolitikuri epoqa. am omis ZiriTadi Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom jer evropa, Semdeg ki mTeli msoflio or dapirispirebul ideologiur, ekonomikur da samxedro-politikur nawilad gaiyo. sabWoTa kavSirma komunisturi reJimebi Seqmna praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, romelic germanuli okupaciisagan gaaTavisufla. poloneTi, CexoslovakeTi, ungreTi, rumineTi, germaniis demokratiuli respublika, bulgareTi da iugoslavia (es ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis Semdeg ganudga ssrk-s) sabWoTa kavSiris bunebriv mokavSireebad iqcnen. demokratiuli dasavleTisTvis es iyo arsebuli, magram miuRebeli realoba. jer natos (1949 w.), xolo oriode weliwadSi “varSavis paqtis” SeqmniT “gaformda” orpolaruli msoflio wesrigi. morton kaplanis klasifikaciis mixedviT es iyo xisti bipolaruli sistema, romelSic moqmedebda ori erTmaneTis mimarT mkveTrad dapirispirebuli koalicia. maT Soris daZabuloba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi omis zRvarze balansirebda, Tumca sabednierod ar gadasula cxel fazaSi. politikis istoriis specialistebi 1945-91 wlebs samarTlianad uwodeben “civi omis” epoqas.

CanarTi #

“rkinis farda”

termini “rkinis farda” jer kidev XIX s.-Si gamoiyeneboda, magram misi damkvidreba sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT dakavSirebulia didi britaneTis premier ministris uinston CerCilis saxelTan.

1946 w. 5 marts CerCili q. fultonSi (misuri, aSS) sityviT gamovida vestminsteris kolejSi, sadac man aRniSna Semdegi: “evropis kontinentze Stetinidan triestamde, baltiis zRvidan adriatikis zRvamde ‘rkinis farda’ daeSva, ris miRmac aRmoCnda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis yvela uZvelesi qveynis dedaqalaqi: varSava, berlini, praRa, vena74, budapeSti, belgradi, buqaresti da sofia. es Cinebuli qalaqebi Tavisi mosaxleobiT aRmoCnda iq, rasac me vuwodeb “sabWoTa gavlenis sferos”. yoveli maTgani ama Tu im formiT sabWoeTis mxridan ganicdis ara marto zegavlenas, aramed moskovis Zalze da zog SemTxvevaSi usazRvrod mzard kontrols eqmemdebareba” (Wilde, 2012).

“rkinis farda” evropis aramarto politikur, aramed

mniSvnelovan geografiul barierad iqca. am barierma ramdenime aTwleuli iarseba, rac uprecedento SemTxveva iyo evropis istoriaSi. sabednierod, mas Semdeg, rac XX saukunis dasawyisSi aRmosavleT evropis 10 saxelmwifo evrokavSirSi gaerTianda, “rkinis farda” istoriul mogonebad iqca.

ukmayofileba xisti orpolaruli msoflios arsebobiT aisaxa

saSualo da sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis poziciaze. “ganviTarebadi samyaro” Seecada daefiqsirebina, rom msoflioSi arsebobda “mesame polusic”, romelic mxars ar uWerda samxedro-politikuri koaliciebs da Tavis Tavs maT miRma ganixilavda.

74 mogvianebiT sabWoTa kavSirma jarebi gaiyvana venidan da zogadad avstiidan, risi wyalobiTac avstria komunisturi blokis miRma aRmoCnda.

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am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji 1955 w. gadaidga, rodesac bandungis (indonezia) konferenciaze Camoyalibda aziisa da afrikis xalxTa erTiani fronti. konferenciis politikuri platformas warmodgenda antiimperializmi da antikolonoalizmi. ukve erTi wlis Semdeg xuTi qveynis liderebis Sexvdraze gadawyda, rom Seqmniliyo “miumxroblobis moZraoba” (Non-Aligned Movement).75 1961 w. belgradis konferenciaze es moZraoba oficialurad gaformda. rogorc, am organizaciis saxelwodebidan Cans misi wevri-saxelmwifoebi ar Sedian arcerT samxedro-politiur blokSi. “miumxroblebi’ gamodiodnen da dResac gamodian msoflioSi arsebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg. am organizaciam udidesi roli iTamaSa afrikis dekolonizaciis saqmeSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ukanasknel periodSi miumxrobeli qveynebis avtoriteti sul ufro izrdeba, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (mag., indoeTi, brazilia), isini kvlav rCebian globaluri ekonomikuri da politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis periferiaze. (http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm).

xisti bipolaruloba diskomforts natoSi monawile qveynebsac uqmnida. am mxriv, yovelTvis mwvave iyo safrangeTis pozicia. 1978 w. safrangeTis prezidenti valeri Jiskar d’esteni aRniSnavda, rom aucilebeli iyo “mravalpolaruli samyaros organizeba, sadac gadawyvetilebis miReba mxolod or supersaxelmwifoze ar iqneboda damokidebuli” (Dickinson, 2010).

jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde, kerZod 1987 w. cnobilma amerikelma istorikosma pol kenedim (Paul Kennedy) iwinaswarmetyvela, rom msoflioSi moxdeboda ZalTa balansis cvlileba, ris Sedegadac daaxloebiT 2009 wlisTvis saerTaSoriso sistema mravalpolaruli gaxdeboda. amaze mianiSnebda globaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis imdroindeli tendenciebi, romlebsac kenedis azriT, aucileblad moyveboda samxedro-politikuri ZalTa balansis radikaluri gardaqmna. am ideas 1991 w. gamoexmaura samuel hantingtoni, romlic aRniSnavda, rom momavali XXI saukune WeSmaritad mravalpolaruli iqmeboda (iqve).

sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT dasrulda pocdamis da daiwyo beloveJis76 geopolitikuri epoqa, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo amerikis upirobo globaluri lideroba. ADI

amgvari molodinis miuxedavad, amerikaze gaZlierda politikuri da moraluri zewola misi msoflio hegemonobis gamo. postmodernistul samyaroSi hegemonis statusis qona sakmaod arapopularulia. amerikac iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia, rac etapobrivad aisaxa misi politikuri avtoritetis dacemaze. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom erTi mxriv,

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miumxroblobis moZraobis damfuZneblebad miiCnevian indoeTis premier-ministri javaxarlar neru, iugoslaviis prezidenti ioseb broz tito, idoneziis prezidenti ahmed sukarono, ganis prezidenti nkvame nkruma da egviptis prezidenti gamal abdel naseri. es organizacia dResdReobiT 119 wevr-saxelmwifos iTvlis. 76 termini “beloveJis geopolitikuri epoqa” dakavSirebulia beloveJis tevrTan (belorusis teritoria). 1991 w. dekemberSi aq Seikribnen ruseTis federaciis, ukrainis da belorusis prezidentebi, romlebmac xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, rac faqtiurad sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas niSnavda. oficialurad ssrk daiSala mas Semdeg, rac imave wlis 25 dekembers misma moqmedma prezidentma mixeil gorbaCovma moixsna uflebamosilebebi, xolo 26 dekembers sabWoTa kavSiris uzenaesi sabWos zeda palatam miiRo #142 deklaracia sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sesaxeb.

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msoflio ekonomikaSi izrdeba sxva qveynebis da regionebis roli, Sesabamisad aSS aRar aris upirobo ekonomikuri lideri, xolo, meore mxriv, globaluri ekonomika imdenad gadajaWvulia, rom gasaTvaliswinebelia yvela ekonomikuri aqtoris interesebi. aqedan gamomdinare, amerikam misi saerTaSoriso politikis veqtori monopolarulobidan mravalpolarulobisaken mimarTa. amaze metyvelebs barak obamas administraciis oficialur pirTa gancxadebebic. kerZod, 2009 w. amerikis vice-prezidentma jozef baidenma ganacxada “Cven vaSenebT mravalpolarul msoflios”. saxelmwifo mdivanma hilari klintonma kidev ufro Sors wavida, rodesac aRniSna, rom aSS Seecdeba mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso aqtorebTan TanamSromlobis gafarToebas da konkurenciis Semcirebas, rac xels Seuwyobs ZalTa balansis damyarebas ara “mravalpolarul”, aramed “mravalpartniorul” msoflioSi (iqve).

imanuil uolersteinis azriT, 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omiT dasrulda axali msoflio wesrigis pirveli aqti (Wallerstein, 2008). cnobili amerikeli mecnieri “axal msoflio wesrigSi” cxadia mravalpolarul msoflios gulisxmobs.

msoflios “axali wesrigi” mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba misi winamorbedebisgan. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tvisebrivad Seicvala damokidebuleba “polarulobis” arsis mimarT. tradiciulad “polaruloba” aRiqmeboda, rogorc msoflioSi Zalauflebis ganawileba (balansi) saxelmwifoebs an maT aliansebs (koaliciebs, blokebs) Soris maTi globaluri an regionuli hegemonuri mdgomareobis mixedviT. dominanturi mdgomareobis gansazRvraSi gadamwyveti adgili eTmoboda saxelmwifos an aliansis samxedro-politikur potencials. ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac Tavidan iqna acilebuli birTvuli omis safrTxe Zireulad Seicvala saerTaSoriso sistemis dRis wesrigi da im aqtorTa sia, romlebic am dRis wesrigs adgenen. “civi omis” aqtualuri saerTaSoriso problemebi da maTi gadawyvetis gzebi ganisazRvreboda, rogorc wesi sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is an ukeTess SemTxvevaSi natosa da “varSavis paqtis” mier. dRes analogiur procesSi CarTuli arian, erTi mxriv, aSS, ruseTi, CineTi, iaponia, evrokavSiris wamyvani qveynebi, rig SemTxvevebSi kidev ramdenime saxelmwifo (mag., indoeTi), meore mxriv, gaero, nato, evrokavSiri, didi Svidiani (G-7), didi rviani (G-8), didi oceuliG (G-20), saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (IMF), msoflio banki (The World Bank), ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD), navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organizacia (OPEC), rekonstruqciisa da ganviTrebis saerTaSoriso banki (IBRD), energetikuli saagento (IEA).

samarTliani iqneboda am siaSi msoflios ocamde udidesi transnacionaluri kompaniebis Seyvana, romlebsac gadamwyveti sityva eTqmiT globaluri ekonomikuri proeqtebis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi.

zemoT mocemuli CamonaTvalis zedapiruli analizic ki saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, Tu ramdeni axali moTamaSe gamoCnda msoflios politikur arenaze da, rac mTavaria, ramdenad gaizarda Tanamedrove msoflios politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi ekonomikuri da komerciuli profilis mqone organizaciaTa roli.

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wamyvani eqspertebi da mimomxilvelebi samarTlianad aRniSnaven, rom XXI s.-is saerTaSoriso sistemis warmarTveli faqtori, ufro ekonomikuria, vidre samxedro-politikuri an geografiuli. msoflmxedvelobrivi Semobruneba “geopolitikidan geoekonomikisaken” erT dReSi ar momxdara. mas safuZveli jer kidev civi omis bolo periodSi Caeyara. amaSi mniSvnelovani damsaxureba miuZRviT henri kisinjersa da zbignev bJeJinskis, romlebic jer kidev 30-40 wlis win cdilobdnen SeecvalaT amerikis sagareopolitikuri paradigma. amerikis imdroindeli politika orientirebuli iyo sabWoTa safrTxis Semcirebaze, rac gulisxmobda adeqvaturi samxedro-politikuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcilebas. mag., samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi komunizmis eqspansiis Sekavebis mizniT aSS vietnamis omSi Caeba, romelic misTvis saboloo jamSi warumatebeli aRmoCnda. jer kidev maSin, amerikeli specialistebi prezidentis administracias mouwodebdnen, rom komunisturi blokis winaaRmdeg gamoeyenebina ara samxedro, aramed ekonomikuri berketebi. amerikis mTavrobam uari ver Tqva militarizaciaze, magram gaiTvaliswina eqspertTa rekomendaciebi da garkveuli Zalisxmeva regionuli geoekonomikuri proeqtebis ganxorcielebisaken mimarTa. amgvari politika sakmaod efeqtiani aRmoCnda, ramac mniSvnelovanad gaamyara aSS-is poziciebi msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi, gansakuTrebiT axlo aRmosavleTSi. amerikam xelsayreli ekonomikuri TanamSromloba daamyara am da sxva regionebis qveynebTan, romelTa umravlesobasac diqtatoruli reJimebi marTavdnen. amgvar reJimebTan pozitiuri urTierTobis damyareba principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda amerikis mier aRiarebul demokratiul faseulobebs. aSkara gaxda, rom “TeTr saxls” mouxda misi politikis fundameturi principebis ukana planze gadatana. “Tavisufali samyaros” lideri (sxva SemTxvevebSi evropuli qveynebic) sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebidan gamomdinare ormagi standartebis politikas mimarTavda. samwuxarod, aseTia “politikuri realizmis” (amJamad “neorealizmis”) arsi. yuradsaRebia britaneli geografis mark bleqselis mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom Tanamedrove geopolitika aRarc “klasikuria” da arc “kritikuli”, sinamdvileSi is “pragmatuli geopolitikaa” (Blacksell, 2006: 165).

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geopolitikuri kodebi

eraySi samxedro operaciis (2003 w.) dawyebamde cota vinmes Tu egona, rom didi britaneTi am omSi aSS-is aqtiuri da erTguli mokavSire gaxdeboda. did britaneTs, gamomdinare misi samxedro da ekonomikuri siZlieridan namdvilad xelewifeboda mosalodnel saomar moqmedebebSi srulfasovani CarTva. magram, britanuli sazogadoebrivi azri am ideas radikalurad ewinaaRmdegeboda. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, toni bleris mTavrobas SeeZlo umniSvnelo roli eTamaSa dagegmil samxedro operaciaSi, ufro metic, saerTod uari eTqva jorj buSis gegmebze, miTumetes, rom evropis qveynebis umravlesoba mas amaSi mxars dauWerda. miuxedavad amisa, didi britaneTi aRniSnul samxedro kampaniaSi CaerTo. es ar iyo ioli gadawyvetileba, magram misi miRebisas gaTvaliswinebul iqna geopolitikuri faqtorebi da maTgan gamomdinare samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri Sedegebi. mocemul TavSi ganvixilavT, Tu rogor zegavlenas axdens geopolitikuri garemoebebi qveynis politikur gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze da, piriqiT, rogor aisaxeba politikuri qmedebebi geopolitikur viTarebaze globalur, regionul Tu lokalur doneebze.

saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac qveyana ayalibebs Tavis sagareo-politikur orientirebs aris geopolitikuri kodi77 (Flint, 2006: 55). geopolitikuri kodi gaaCnia yvela qveyanas. msoflios qveynebis udidesi nawilisTvis am kodis moqmedebis geografiuli areali samezobloTi Semoifargleba. susti qveynis ZiriTadi mcdeloba mimarTulia iqiTken, rom ganaviTaros vaWroba mezobel qveynebTan da Tavidan aicilos samxedro agresia. metnaklebad ganviTarebuli qveyanebi cdiloben SeimuSaon regionuli geopolitikuri kodi. mag., egvipte arabuli samyaros wamyvani qveyanaa, TurqeTis gavlena vrceldeba centralur aziaze, samxreT kavkasiaze da axlo aRmosavleTis zogierT qveyanaze. irani angariSgasawevi Zalaa axlo aRmosavleTsa da samxreT aziaSi. TiTebze CamosaTvlelia is qveynebi, romlebsac xelewifebaT globaluri kodis SemuSaveba da misi realizacia. am qveyanaTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos xuTive wevri-saxelmwifo: aSS, ruseTi, safrangeTi, CineTi da didi britaneTi, aseve, germania, iaponia da italia. specialistTa nawils indoeTic globalur Zalad miaCnia. nebismier SemTxvevaSi msoflios supersaxelmwifoTa ricxvi Zalze mcirea. Sesabamisad, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT geopolitikuri kodi SeiZleba ganvixiloT globalur, regionul da lokalur (saxelmwifo an misi nawili) anu makro, mezo da mikro doneebze (masStabiT). aqve, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom geopolitikuri Sedegebis dadgomis mxriv am doneebis gancalkeveba aramarTlzomieria, radgan erT geografiul doneze mimdinare geopolitikuri procesi sxva doneebzec aucileblad aisaxeba. mag., 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris saomari moqmedebebi lokalur doneze mimdinareobda, Tumca am omis

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termini “geopolitikuri kodi” pirvelad gamoiyena cnobilma amerikelma istorikosma jon luis gadisma naSromSi “samxedro Sekavebis strategia” (John Lewis

Gaddis. Strategies of Containment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).

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geopolitikurma implikaciebma mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ZalTa balansze regionuli da globaluri masStabiT.

nebismieri qveyana sakuTar geopolitikur kods gansazRvravs

Semdegi xuTi Semdegi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT:

vin arian arsebuli da potenciuri mokavSireebi;

vin arian arsebuli da potenciuri mtrebi;

ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli arsebuli mokavSireebis

SenarCuneba da axali mokavSireebis SeZena;

ramdenad aris SesaZlebeli arsebuli mtrebis Sekaveba, aqedan

gamomdinare potenciuri safrTxeebis minimizireba an sulac

Tavidan acileba;

rogor unda warmoCindes wina oTxi faqtori, erTi mxriv,

sakuTari sazogadoebis, xolo meore mxriv, saerTaSoriso

Tanamegobrobis winaSe (Taylor & Flint, 2000: 62)

davubrundeT didi britaneTis magaliTs. misi mokavSireebis

ricxvSi Sedian evrokavSiris da natos wevri saxelmwifoebi. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi am siaSi gamoCndnen aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi, romlebic jer kidev “civi omis” dros didi britaneTis mtrebad ganixilebodnen. es faqti cxadyofs, Tu ramdenad araprognozirebadi da dinamiuria saerTaSoriso politika. msoflioSi mniSvnelovani rolis da gavlenis SenarCunebis mizniT didma britaneTma daarsa Tanamegobroba, romelic misi yofili koloniebisgan Sedgeba. es ukanaskneli naklebad warmatebuli proeqti aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac is zimbabvem datova. qveynis ZiriTadi mteri sabWoTa kavSiri wina saukunis bolo aTwleulis dasawyisSi daiSala. misi samarTalmemkvidre ruseTi rCeba nisliani albionis metoqed, magram, is aRar ganixileba rogorc mniSvnelovani safrTxe. samagierod, britanelTaTvis wina planze gamovida iseTi Zala, rogoricaa globaluri terorizmi. am safrTxem didi britaneTisTvis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba SeiZina mas Semdeg, rac man aqtiuri monawileoba daiwyo avRaneTisa da erayis antiteroristul operaciebSi (Flint, 2006: 57).

mokavSireebis SenarCunebis strategia mravalaspeqtiania. ekonomikuri da biznes kavSirebis gaRrmeveba strategiis yvelaze efeqtiani saSualebaa. evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris imdenad mWidro da urTierTdamokidebuli ekonomikuri kavSirebi damyarda, rom romelime wevri saxelmwifosTvis am gaerTianebis datoveba sruli ekonomikuri kolafsis tolfasi iqneba. sakmaod didi yuradReba unda daeTmos kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo kavSirebis ganmtkicebas. amgvari kavSirebi grZelvadian perpeqtivaze aris gaTvlili. mokavSireobis ganmtkiceba, rogorc wesi advilad miRwevadia msgavsi religiuri, lingvisturi an civilizaciuri faseulobebis safuZvelze.

nebismieri qveynisTvis samxedro kavSirebis ganviTareba mniSvnelovani xerxia, erTi mxriv saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gaRrmavebis, xolo, meore mxriv sakuTari Tavdacvisunarianobis gaZlierebis saqmeSi. Tumca es gza xifaTsac Seicavs, radgan romelime

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samxedro-politikur blokTan urTierTobam SeiZleba gaaRizianos sxva saxelmwifo an samxedro gaerTianeba. mag., saqarTvelos survili gamxdariyo natos wevri imdenad miRebeli aRmoCnda ruseTisTvis, rom am ukanasknelma amis aRsakveTad radikalur politikur da samxedro zomebsac (2008 wlis agvistos omi) ki mimarTa.

mravalferovania is saSualebebic, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba mtrebis Sekaveba. sakuTari samxedro potencialis gaZliereba amis erT-erTi xerxia. “civi omis” periodSi iyo imis saSiSroeba, rom natosa da varSavis xelSekrulebis qveynebs Soris birTvuli omi gaCaRebuliyo. amerikam gamoiyena samxedro Sekavebis strategia, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom is imdenad aviTarebda Tavis SeiaraRebas, rom sabWoeTs, rogorc minimum ar CamorCenoda. drois ganmavlobaSi natos da varSavis paqtis qveynebma imdeni birTvuli iaraRi awarmoes, rom sruliad SesaZlebeli iyo dedamiwis 15-jer ganadgureba. aseT pirobebSi cxadi gaxda, rom mesame msoflio omSi araTu veravin gaimarjvebda, aramed cocxalic ki aravin gadarCeboda. msoflioSi dResac mravlad aris birTvuli iaraRi, magram amgvari omis saSiSroeba praqtikulad aRmofxvrilia. mere mxriv, mSvidobis SenarCuneba bevrad aris damokidebuli diplomatiaze. am mxriv, diplomatiis mTavari amocanaa “Searbilos” saxelmwifoTa Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi da wina planze samSvidobo iniciativebi wamoswios.

ekonomikuri sanqciebi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis arsenalis kidev erTi mZlavri iaraRia. sanqciebi gamoiyeneba im saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romlebic ar asruleben saerTaSoriso valdebulebebs an maTi politika safrTxes uqmnis sxva saxelmwifoebis usafrTxoebas. 1990-ian wlebSi gaeros ar gasWirvebia sanqciebis SemoReba erayis winaaRmdeg, mas Semdeg rac am ukanasknelma aSkara samxedro agersia ganaxorciela kuveitis winaaRmdeg. ufro metic, gaeros uSiSiroebis sabWom miiRo erTsulovani gadawyvetileba erayis winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciis Catarebis Sesaxeb.

sanqciebis SemoReba rTuldeba iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac gadaikveTeba Zlieri saxelmwifoebis interesebi. am saukunis pirveli aTwleulis damlevs dasavleTis qveynebma winadadebiT mimarTes irans, rom mas SeeCerebina birTvuli warmoeba, radgan es xifaTs uqmnida axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis, upirveless yovlisa ki israelis usafrTxoebas. iranis xelisuflebam ugulvebelyo es mowodeba, radgan misi gancxadebiT birTvuli arsenali mas esaWiroeboda energetikuli problemebis gadaWris mizniT. am pasuxma ar daakmayofila natos qveynebi, ris Sedegadac aSS gamovida iranis ekonomikuri blokadis iniciativiT. amgvari sanqciebi SesaZloa fataluri aRmoCndes iranis ekonomikisTvis, radgan misi sabiujeto saxsrebis Sevseba mniSvnelovanwilad energomatareblebis eqsportzea damokidebuli. iranis winaaRmdeg radikaluri ekonomikuri sanqciebis daweseba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos doneze rTuli iqneba, radgan amis ewinaaRmdegeba CineTi, romlis navTobis importis didi nawili swored iranze modis.

geopolitikuri reprezentaciebi, rogorc wina qveTavSi aRiniSna uaRresad yuradsaRebi faqtoria. masze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli ama Tu im politikuri kampaniis warmateba. 2003 wels eraySi msxvilmasStabiani operaciis dawyebas win uswrebda teroristuli aqtebi, romelic ramdenime qveyanas Seexo, maT Soris did britaneTs da espaneTs. espaneTis premier-ministrma xose maria azmarma mxari dauWira espaneTis

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monawileobas erayis kampaniaSi, ris Semdegac dakarga sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera da waago momavali arCevnebi. sapirispirod, didi britaneTis premier-ministrma toni blerma didi politikuri kapitali SeiZina. blerma misi espaneli kolegisgan gansxvavebiT SeZlo britanuli sazogadoebriobis darwmuneba imaSi, rom erayis operacia e.i. globalur terorizmTan brZola aamaRlebda didi britaneTis usafrTxoebas dam is saertaSoriso prestiJs. es magaliTi miuTiTebs, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania politikuri miznebis imgvarad dasabuTeba, rom is mowonebul da mxardaWeril iqnas sazogadoebis mxridan.

geopolitikur kods, rogorc wesi samTavrobo dokumentis saxe aqvs.

is SeiZleba iyos sajaro an konfidencialuri xasiaTis. globalizaciis epoqaSi saxezea araformaluri gaerTianebebis mzardi roli. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom geopolitikuri kodis SemuSaveba ukve aRaraa mxolod mTavrobebis privilegia. qvemoT, mocemulia amis erT-erTi magaliTi.

CanarTi #

1998 wlis fatva: islamist-fundamentalistTa geopolitikuri kodi 1998 wlis TebervalSi londonSi gamocemulma arabulenovanma

gazeTma “al-quds al-arabi” gamoaqveyna mimarTva, romelsac xels awerda xuTi cnobili islamisti moRvawe, maT Soris usama ben-ladeni. amgvar mimarTvas arabulad fatva ewodeba. mimarTvis teqsti iwyeboda yuranis citirebiT, kerZod aRniSnuli iyo, rom “alahma Seqmna arabeTis naxevarkunZuli, misi udabno da velebi, SemosazRvra is zRvebiT”. dRes es miwa, aRniSnavdnen Semdgom mimarTvis avtorebi, mZime gansacdelSia, radgan mas Semoesien jvarosanTa axali urdoebi, romlebic uteven muslimebs, saxldebian maT teritoriebze, anadgureben maT naTesebs da iTviseben maT kuTvnil simdidreebs. “am mZime situaciaSi Cven da Tqven valdebuli varT ganvixiloT mimdinare movlenebi da SevjerdeT arsebuli problemis gadawyvetis gzebze. ukve 9 welia, rac aSS-s okupirebuli aqvs islamis uwmindesi adgili – arabeTis naxevarkunZuli. is Zarcvavs mis simdidreebs, akontrolebs qveynis xelisufalT, amcirebs mis xalxs, aterorebs mis mezoblebs da iyenebs aq ganlagebul samxedro bazebs mezobel muslim xalxebze Tavdasxmis placdarmad”.

mimarTvaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom yvelaferTan erTad amerikelebs surT gaaZlieron israeli, gandevnon iqidan palestinelebi. amasTan, xazgasmuli iyo, rom arabuli saxlemwifoebis liderebs ar ZaluZT sionistur politikasTan gamklaveba, ris gamoc “al-qaeda” saTaveSi Caudgeba anti-amerikul da anti-sionistur moZraobas. teqstis bolo nawilSi warmodgenili iyo mowodeba: “. . . Cven mivmarTavT yvela morwmune muslims, maT visac surT miiRon RvTis wyaloba, rom daxocon amerikelebi da fuli , yvelgan da nebismier dros, rodesac ki amis saSualeba eqnebaT”.

mocemuli teqsti sagulisxmoa ramdenime TvalsazrisiT: - 1991 wlis sparseTis ubis konfliqtis Semdeg saudis arabeTSi

Seqmnili amerikelTa samxedro bazebi miCneulia, rogorc am

qveynis okupacia. xazgasmulia, rom amerikelebi Cagraven

muslimebs. aRniSnulia, rom amerikelebi islamis wminda miwas

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(e.i. saudis arabeTs) iyeneben sxva muslimuri qveynebze samxedro

ieriSebisTvis. teqstis am nawilebSi identificirebulia

muslimTa mTavari mtrebi – aSS da misi mokavSire israeli.

- teqstis avtorebi mimarTaven ara konkretuli qveynebis

moqalaaqeebs, aramed yvela muslims, mouwodeben ra maT, rom

erTad (“Cven da Tqven”) unda gadaWran arsebuli problema. es

niSnavs, rom “al qaedas” liderebma yvela morwmune muslimi

TavianT mokavSireebad miiCnies.

- mokavSireTa SenarCunebisa da axali mokavSireebis SeZenis mizniT

“al qaedas” liderebi cdiloben iTamaSon muslimuri

solidarobis grZnobaze. kerZod, teqstSi aRniSnulia, rom

saudis arabeTSi amerikelTa yofna da sxva arabul

saxelmwifoebze ganxorcielebuli samxedro operaciebi sxva

araferia, Tu ara axali jvarosnuli laSqroba. es ki

muslimTaTvis uaRresad uaryofiTi muxtis matarebelia.

- mtrebis sapasuxo moqmedebebis SezRudvis mizniT mimarTvis

avtorebi ar mouwodeben arabuli an sxva muslimuri qveynebis

mTavrobebs daxmarebis an mxardaWerisaken, radgan sxva

SemTxvevaSi es ukanasknelebi daimsaxurebdnen amerikelebis

risxvas. fatvas Semqmnelebi, rogorc aRiniSna mimarTaven yvela

marTlmorwmune muslims.

- islamur samyaroSi (axali) mtrebis arSeZenis mizniT avtorebi

mwvaved ar akritikeben saudis arabeTis xelisuflebas,

mianiSneben mxolod imaze, rom mas ar ZaluZs gaumklavdes

amerikul eqspansias.

- teqstSi mocemuli ideebi “SefuTulia” yuranis citatebiT, rac

ideologiurad aZlierebs mimarTvis Sinaars da ufro misaRebs

xdis mas muslimTa sazogadoebrivi azrisTvis.

mTlianobaSi, warmodgenili fatva aris tipiuri geopolitikuri

kodi, romelic, rogorc zemoT SevecadeT gveCvenebina moicavs am JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela ZiriTad aspeqts. umTavresi, riTac es mimarTva sxva geopolitikuri xasiaTis dokumentebisgan gansxvavdeba aris is, rom is pirdapir da daufaravad mouwodebs sisxlisRvrisken.

wyaro: Flint, 2006: 70-73 geopolitikuri kodi konceftualuri xasiaTis dokumentia. cxadia,

amgvari teqstis saxiT warmodgenili kodi bevri obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezis gamo yovelTvis ar da ver xorcieldeba. garkveul SemTxvevebSi geopolitikuri kodSi Camoyalibebuli miznebi mtris daSinebisa an dezorientaciisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. swored ase aRiqves “ben-ladenis fatva” amerikelma politikosebma. maT jerovani yuradReba ar dauTmes dazvervis im angariSebs, sadac aRniSnuli iyo, rom islamisti fundalistebis muqara realuri iyo. 2001 w. 11 seqtembers ganviTarebulma movlenebma, kerZod niu-iorksa da vaSingtonSi momxdarma teroristulma aqtebma Tanamedrove msoflio axali realobis -

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“globaluri terorizmis” safrTxis winaSe daayena. Sesabamisad, aSS-s unda moexdina myisieri reagireba, ara mxolod samxedro, aramed axali politikis, maT Soris geopolitikuri kodis SemuSavebis da misi reprezentaciis mxrivac.

amerikis, iseve, rogorc msoflios istoriaSi warmoiSva unikaluri situacia. Tu, manamde politikur safrTxes garkveuli misamarTi qonda ama Tu im qveynis an qveynebis gaerTianebis saxiT, 9 seqtemberis movlenebma daangria es stereotipi da Tvisebrivad axal globalur fenomens daudo saTave. axladmovlenil safrTxes ar gaaCnda zusti geografiuli koordinatebi. saerTaSoriso terorizmis Zlieri mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is ar warmoadgens romelime politikur-geografiul erTeuls. misi qseli msoflios mraval qveyanas SeiZleba moicavdes.

zogadad msoflios da konkretulad amerikas msoflios ar gaaCnda organizebul msxvilmasStabian terorizmTan brZolis ramdenadme Rirebuli gamocdileba. Sesabamisad am sakiTxSi jerovnad garkvevas, damnaSaveTa wris dadgenas, Semdegom maT dakavebas an likvidacias didi dro dasWirdeboda. dro ki ar iTmenda, radgan amerikuli sazogadoebrivi azri mTavrobisgan adeqvatur reagirebas, praqtikulad SurisZiebas moiTxovda. am saqmeSi dayovneba advili SesaZlebelia aRqmuliyo, rogorc amerikis organizaciuli sisuste, Sesabamisad eWvqveS dadgeboda misi, rogorc msoflio lideris avtoriteti. albaT, amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is Secdomebi, romlebic dauSves amerikelma specialistebma da politikosebma aRniSnuli anti-teroristuli politikis SemuSavebasa da ganxorcielebaSi. Sedegad, amerika da misi mokavSireebi Caebnen or omSi, romlidanac gamosavali dResac ar Cans.

# CanarTSi mocemulia zemoT aRniSnuli teroristuli aqtebis Semdeg “TeTri saxlis” mier SemuSavebuli geopolitikuri kodebis da anti-teroristuli RonisZiebebis reprezentaciis daxasiaTeba.

CanarTi #

“globaluri terorizmis” winaaRmdeg brZolis reprezentacia aSS-is administraciis mier

2002 wels gamoqveynda aSS-is “saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis

strategia” (National Security Strategy (NSS), romelsac sxvagvarad buSis doqtrina uwodes. zogadad “saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis strategia” (teqstSi Semdgom “sus”) aris yovelwliuri moxseneba, sadac Camoyalibebulia aSS-is geopolitikuri kodi. amas win uZRoda jorj buSis yovelwliuri “mimarTva qveynis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb” (State of Union

Address, 2002). am orive moxsenebis mTavari mizani, cxadia anti-teroristuli strategiis warmodgena iyo. 2012 wlis “sus-Si” xazgasmuli iyo is faqti, rom “brZola globaluri terorizmis winaaRmdeg gansxvavdeba nebismieri sxva omisgan, romelsac adgili qonia kacobriobis istoriaSi” (NSS, 2002). Flint, 2006: 72

prezident jorj buSis administraciam axali msoflio wesrigis umTavres miznad daisaxa globaluri masStabis omi terorizmis winaaRmdeg. am miznis misaRwevad dasaxul iqna ori ZiriTadi amocana: 1) teroristebis banakebis ganadgureba, maTi gegmebis CaSla da teroristebis gasamarTleba; 2) teroristebis da maTi sponsori saxelmwifoebis mier qimiuri, biologiuri da birTvuli iaraRis

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warmoebis da gamoyenebis prevencia. aqedan gamomdinare, ganisazRvra mTavari mteri – “globaluri terorizmi”.

arsebobda safuZvliani eWvi, rom seqtembris teraqtebis mTavari organizatori “al-qaeda” iyo. Sesabamisad, ukve 2002 wlis oqtomberSi aSS-ma da misi mokavSireebma daiwyes samxedro operacia avRaneTSi, romlis mTavari mizani iyo Talibebis reJimis damxoba da am qveyanaSi “al-qaedas” organizaciuli sturuqturis likvidacia.

anti-teroristuli strategiis meore amocanis gadawyvetam moiTxova ara marto teroristuli organizaciebis, aramed maT ukan mdgari saxelmwifoebis identificireba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, amerikis pozicia warmoadgina jorj buSma mis yovelwliur gamosvlaSi kongresis winaSe, amerikis prezidentma aRniSna Semdegi:

“Cveni meore amocanaa, rom win aRvudgeT im reJimebs, romlebic afinanseben terorozms da masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis warmoebiT safrTxes uqmnian Cvens megobrebs da mokavSireebs. /. . ./ Cven vicnobT maT bunebas. CrdiloeT korea aris reJimi, romelic awarmoebs masobrivi ganadgurebis raketebs da iaraRs, im dros, rodesac misi mosaxleoba gaWirvebaSi cxovrobs.

irani mizandasaxulad awarmoebs am iaraRs da xels uwyobs teroris eqsports. amas xelmZRvanelobs erTi muWa ararCeuli adamianebisa, romelic aRSobs sakuTari xalxis survils icxovros Tavisufal garemoSi.

erayi mtruli damokidebulebas avlens amerikis mimarT da mxars uWers terors. aTwleulze metia, rac erayuli reJimi agrZelebs cimbiruli wylulis, nervuli paralizebis gazebis da birTvuli iaraRis damzadebas. es aris reJimi, romelmac momwamlavi gazebi gamoiyena sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg, ris Sedegadac daiRupa aTasobiT adamiani. . .

es saxelmwifoebi da maTi teroristi mokavSireebi warmoadgenen “borotebis RerZs” da safrTxes uqmnian mSvidobas mTel msoflioSi. masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis warmoebiT es reJimebi warmodgenen udides da mzard safrTxes. maT SeuZliaT es iaraRi miawodon teroristebs. . . maT ki xelewifebaT is gamoiyenon Cveni mokavSireebis an SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. nebismier SemTxvevaSi indiferentuloba katastrofis tolfasi iqneba.

Cvens koaliciaSi mWidro TanamSromlobis safuZvelze Cven saSualebas ar mivcemT teroristebs da maT damfinansebel saxelmwifoebs, rom gamoiyenon nedleuli, teqnologiebi da eqspertiza masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis Seqmnis da misi Semdgomi gaavrcelebis mizniT.

visurvebdi dinjad gvemoqmeda, magram dro ar iTmens. me ar davelodebi movlenebis ganviTarebas, im situaciaSi, rodesac safrTxe kars mogvadga. . . amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uflebas ar miscems msoflios yvelaze saSiS reJimebs, rom safrTxe Segviqmnan yvelaze gamanadgurebeli iaraRiT” (State of Union Address,

2002). am reprezentaciaSi ramdenime sagulisxmo aspeqtia. rogorc, zemoT

aRiniSna moxda mTavari mtris identificireba. oficialuri vaSingtonis ganmartebiT es iyo “borotebis RerZi”, romelSic Sediodnen teroristuli organizaciebi da maTi sponsori saxelmwifoebi. amTaviTve

167

unda aRiniSnos, rom jorj buSma antiteroristuli operaciis reprezentacia “civi omisTvis” damaxasiaTebel stilSi SemogvTavaza. gamoyenebul iqna nacnobi leqsika, mag., “omi borotebis winaaRmdeg” an “borotebis RerZi”, analogiuri imisa, rac gamoiyeneboda jer kidev 1980-ian wlebSi prezident ronald reiganis mmarTvelobis dros. garda amisa, termini “omi globaluri terorizmis winaaRmdeg” bundovani iyo. iseTi STabeWdileba rCeboda, TiTqos arsebobs mxolod erTi globaluri teroristuli organizacia, Tumca cnobilia, rom msoflioSi bevri aseTi organizacia moqmedebs.

garda amisa, “TeTrma saxlma” gverdi ver auara damkvidrebul tradicias da moaxdina terorizmis personificireba. dasaxelda terorozmis mxardamWeri saxelmwifoebi, kerZod CrdiloeT korea, irani da erayi (ufro adre Talibebis reJimi). Talibebis reJimis roli anti-amerikuli teroristuli jgufebis Seqmnasa da mxardaWeraSi metnaklebad cnobili faqtia, magram erayis an iranis mTavrobebis monawileoba aRniSnul procesSi dRemde ar damtkicebula. kidev ufro gaugebari iyo am siaSi CrdiloeT koreis Seyvana, radgan am qveynis xelisuflebas aranairi kavSiri ar qonia anti-dasavlur teroristul organizaciebTan.

amerikis prezidenti gansaxilvel gamosvlaSi Seecada gamoekveTa amerikis, rogorc msoflio lideris roli. zogadad, msoflio hegemoni samxedro operaciis reprezentaciis an ganxorcielebis dros sxva saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvavebulad iqceva. 2002 w. amerikis xelisuflebam miznad daisaxa eraySi SeWra. sainteresoa, rom natos fraglebSi kamaTis sagans warmoadgenda ara suverenul qveyanaSi (am SemTxvevaSi eraySi) amerikis samxedro intervenciis legitimurobis sakiTxi, aramed is, Tu ramdenad dasabuTebuli iyo sadam huseinis monawileoba cnobil teraqtebSi an erayis mTavrobis mier masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis warmoebis faqti. jorj buSma ganacxada: “SeerTebuli Statebi aris Tavisuflebis damcveli mTels msoflioSi, ris gamoc es Seteva (igulisxmeba 9 seqtembris teroristuli aqtebi – avt.) Cvens winaaRmdeg ganxorcielda.” da kidev: “Cven avaridebT msoflios am borotmoqmedebs. Cven Tavs movuyriT mSvidobis moyvarul xalxebs da SevebrZolebiT terorizms” (Flint, 2006: 99-100). am gamonaTqvamebidan Cans, rom “TeTri saxli” Tavis Tavs aRiarebs Tavisufali samyaros upirobo liderad da amis gamo SesaZleblad miaCnia “Tavisufali samyaros” saxeliT moqmedeba. aseTi uapelacio gancxadebebi Zalian xSirad daTvur samsaxurs uwevda msoflios Zlier saxelmwifoebs.

amerikam gansazRvra mokavSireebi – es iyo anti-teroristuli koalicia, romelSic Sedioda natos wevri qveynebi da sxva saxelmwifoebi, maT Soris saqarTvelo. miuxedavad amisa, eraySi intervenciis gamo amerikas didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda misi zogierTi evropeli partnioris mxridan. es ukamyofileba dRiTidRe izrdeboda. ufro metic, evropis rigma saxelmwifoebma “miatoves” brZolis veli da TavianTi sajariso kontigentebi samSobloSi daabrunes.

“TeTri saxli” bunebrivia Seecada SeeZina axali mokavSireebi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad samyaroSi. am mizniT, antiteroristuli operacia man warmoadgina, rogorc globaluri aqcia, romlis beneficiari iqneboda, aramarto aSS aramed, yvela is qveyana, romelic, rogorc saxelmwifo mdivanma kolin pauelma aRniSna “. . . mxars uWers demokratiul ganviTarebas, sasamarTlo reformas, konfliqtebis

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mogvarebas, siRaribis Semcirebas, ekonomikur gradaqmnebs da jandacvis da ganaTlebis programebs” (iqve: 100).

Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, amerikulma specsamsaxurebma da policiam uzrunvelyves qveynis Sida usafrTxoeba. Amerikis teritoriaze axal teroristul aqtebs adgili aq qonia.

Miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso sarbielze mtrebis Sekavebis an axali mtrebis arSeZenis amerikuli politika efeqtiani ver gamodga. dRevandeli situacia avRaneTsa da eraySi imaze miuTiTebs, rom winaaRmdegoba Sesabamisad Talibebis da sadamistebis mxridan kvlav didia. isic niSandoblivia, rom usama ben-ladenis bolo adgilsamyofeli pakistanis dedaqalaq islamabadis maxloblad iyo. pakistani yovelTvis iTvleboda amerikis mokavSired, magram avRaneTSi gaCaRebuli omis Sedegad pakistanelTa, kerZod ki puStunTa Soris mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda antiamerikuli ganwyobebi.

SeerTebuli Statebis axalma adminsitraciam gaiTvaliswina 2002

wlis sajaro gamosvlebsa da werilobiT angariSebSi daSvebuli Secdomebi da mis momdevno reportebSi aSS-is geopolitikuri kodic ufro mkafiod da argumentirebulad aris Camoyalibebuli. kerZod, naklebi yuradReba eTmoba msoflioSi amerikis wamyvan rols da meti aqcenti keTdeba saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT ganmtkicebul adamianis da xalxebis politikur, ekonomikur da socialur uflebebze. saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis strategiis Sesworebul variantSi wina planze wamoweulia iseTi Rirebulebebi, rogoricaa Tavisufleba, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da socialuri keTildReoba. aRniSnulia, rom globalur terorizmTan warmatebuli brZola mxolod am pirobebSia SesaZlebeli (iqve, 74). amJamad, amerikis urTierTobebSi ganviTarebad samyarosTan prioriteti eniWeba demokratiul da socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS mokavSired miiCnevs im qveynebs, romlebic ganviTarebis am kurss airCeven.

mTlianobaSi, aSS-is mxridan antiteroristuli kampaniis reprezentacias bevri susti mxare gaaCnda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc is aris, rom “TeTrma saxlma” ver SeZlo, araTu axali mokavSireebis, aramed tradiciuli partniorebis darwmuneba, rom “omi terorizmis winaaRmdeg” saWiroa yvelasTvis da ara mxolod amerikisTvis.

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