Saving the “Other” Energy in Homes€¦ · Tips/Tools to Save Energy My Profile PGE.com Home...
Transcript of Saving the “Other” Energy in Homes€¦ · Tips/Tools to Save Energy My Profile PGE.com Home...
Saving the “Other” Energy in Homes
Alan MeierEnergy Efficiency Center
University of California, Davis My home’s smart meter Energy savings from Earth Hour The Volkswagen Diesel problem Measuring usability of user interfaces Japan’s 5 GW lunch break My next global energy initiative
IntroductionsA demand‐side perspective The other energy use in homes
The Energy Equality
EnergySupply
Energy
Consumption
Which is easier: Increasing energy supplies or Reducing Consumption?
Which is cheaper?Which has more environmental benefits?
Treating Energy Demand as a Black Box (and note the assumptions!)https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2009/LLNL_US_Energy_Flow_2009.png
refrigerators
Everything else
Everything else
hydro
Electricity in the USASupply Consumption
Electricity – Another View
Coal
Nuclear
OilGas
Hydro
Generation
Motors !
Everything else
Use
=
National Energy Consumption
Other Uses
Energy controlled by thermostats
Coal
Natural gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Renewables
USA Energy Supply - 2009
Thermostats. In the USA, residential thermostats control the same amount of energy as generated by nuclear power plants
29 years ago!
“Other” is Big in the USA …
Residential energy use in the United States in 2015
… And not expected to decline like other end uses
Zero Energy Homes and Other Energy
ZNE homes are technically difficult (and certainly more expensive) with high Other energy use
We need strategies to reduce Other Energy1. What is it?2. How big is it?3. How do we reduce it?
We Don’t Even Know What to Call It
• “Other” (Meier, 1987)• “Miscellaneous” (Meier, 1992)• The subset of standby:
– “leaking electricity”: Eje Sandberg 1993– “wall warts” (anon. ~1998)– “vampire loads” (anon. ~1999)
• “Plug Loads”• “MELs, “Miscellaneous Electrical Loads” (NREL, ~2010)• Residual or not otherwise categorized• Minor• “Stuff” (Meier, 2016)
Types of Stuff• High usage, but infrequent
– Well pumps, aquariums, hot tubs• Extensions of traditional end use devices
– Local space & water heating– Kitchen extensions: rice cookers, kettles, toaster ovens, tortilla makers– Some lights
• Electronics and information technology infrastructure– TVs, gaming consoles, displays, printers, set‐top boxes, modems, routers
• Health, safety, security– “builder‐installed” loads, sensors, alarms– Japanese “washlet” toilets, exercise machines, oxygen machines
• Networked products (“Son of standby”)– Many of the above– Many new white goods– Lights– Lots of little stuff
Stuff
Standby Power – Important StuffStandby power: Electricity used by a device when switched off or not performing its primary function
Caused by: “chargers”, remote controls, displays, network connections, battery charging
Numbers:• > 20 products/home• 5 – 10% of residential electricity use• ~1% of global CO2 emissions
Standby power reduced by “1‐watt plan” and other improvements
Builder‐Installed: Findings for a Typical New Home
> 50 devices/home~80 W (650 kWh/year)• Many unique components• Gray area: sometimes installed by occupants
• These components create an “energy mortgage” for the home’s lifetime
Examples of Builder–Installed Loads
Hard‐wired smoke alarm
Garage‐door opener
Irrigation controller
Tankless water heater (gas)
Security system
Ground fault circuit interrupter
Cable TV amplifier
Measurements of Whole‐House Builder‐Installed LoadsHou
se Cod
e
Observations
• The types of stuff reflect the culture, climate, and personal situation
• Stuff’s energy use isn’t bad, but it’s often inefficient
• Stuff with electronics—that’s almost everything now‐‐have multiple power modes, so user’s behavior affects energy use
• The Internet of Things and plug loads are becoming deeply intertwined
Reducing Stuff’s Energy UseNo single strategy will be effective, instead we need multiple strategies (and research):
– Technical awareness of what’s actually drawing power• Self‐metering, energy reporting (human interface)
– More network coordination put Stuff on networks• Communications protocols, technical standards• Switch off
– More efficient stuff• Circuitry, materials, insulation, power scaling
– Influencing behavior• Enable power management• Switch off
– Codes and standards, test procedures
Even though we can’t name or define stuff, there are still many opportunities for research that will lead to energy savings.
Smart MetersFloor area = 280 m2
House includes apartment5 people3 refrigerators~5 computers1 TVNo AC~90% fluorescent/LED
Gas space heatGas water heatingGas stoveGas clothes dryer
My home in Berkeley, California
Smart Meter Data for My Home
My Account
My SmartMeterTM
Billing
Usage
Usage History
Hourly/Daily Usage
Energy EfficiencyRebates
Tips/Tools to SaveEnergy
My Profile
PGE.com Home
ALAN MEIERAccount #: 9150029585
Service Address:7 SAN MATEO RD, BERKELEY, CA 94707
SmartMeter™ UsagePlease note that SmartMeter™ usage for today will be available tomorrow between 3–10 pm.
Please be aware that the energy usage data presented here may differ slightly from the energy usage datareflected on your monthly bill. Be assured that prior to your monthly bill date, your energy usage data isvalidated to ensure you receive an accurate bill.
Service ID #: Electric - 9150029993 7 SAN MATEO RD
Graph: Hourly Usage Date: 09/11/2010
Period: Week Day Print Download
280 m2
2 units5 people3 refrigerators5 computers1 TVNo AC~90% fluorescentGas space heatGas water heatingGas stoveGas clothes dryer
login to PG&E website
The smart meter shows how replacement of a 29‐year refrigerator with a new unit reduced the house’s baseline electricity demand 250 watts. (The
replacement occurred on November 3.)
Replacement
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Freq
uency
% Change in Electrical Demand
Global Earth Hour Electricity Demand Change Experiences
Earth Hour Demand Shift Records (2007‐2012)• Annual coordinated, mass, global effort to reduce electricity consumption for 1 hour.• Compiled 53 measurements from 9 countries across 6 years • Electricity consumption reduction average ‐5.2% and median ‐4.0%• Outlier of ‐18% from university campus, representative of highly‐controlled microcosm
How Much Energy Was Saved During Earth Hour?
Minimum Power Consumption in 5000 Existing California Homes
Lowest observed power consumption during one year from smart meters
No electric water heat, AC, space heat, etc.
What is this?
8760 hr x 0.17 = ~20% of annual consumption