ENERGY OPTIONS FOR SAUDI ARABIA

BY

K.PERIASAMY

REF : KA CARE

WINTER SUMMER

TOTAL HEAT ENERGY SPENT ON POWER GENERATION = 604 TWhTOTAL ELECTRICITY (UNITS) PRODUCED = 204 TWh

EFFICIENCY = 34%

OUT OF THIS TOTAL ELECTRICITY PRODCUED, A) 40% IS USED FOR HEATING IN WINTER 4 MONTHS & B) 70% IS USED FOR COOLING IN SUMMER 8 MONTHS

Note : 1 KWHr = 860 KCal

WHAT IS BEING DONE NOW ?

1. GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM HEAT @ 34% EFFICIENCY AND USING IT BACK FOR HEATING IS NOT THE RIGHT WAY.

2. IN COOLING ALSO, ELECTRICITY USAGE IS VERY POOR.

THERE ARE OTHER MEANS OF COOLING. (HEAT ITSELF CAN BE USED FOR COOLING).

IS THIS THE RIGHT WAY OF ENERGY USAGE?

WHAT IS THE RIGHT ENERGY GENERATION & USAGE COMBINATION FOR SAUDI ARABIA ?

50 G

W

10 G

WOFF PEAK PERIOD

PEAK DEMAND IN SUMMER (WORKING DAY) = 120 GWPEAK DEMAND IN WINTER (HOLIDAY) = 70 GW

WE NEED TO PLAN FOR MEETING THE PEAK DEMAND IN SUMMER ( WORKING DAY ) i.e 120 GW

HENCE, WE NEED TO ADD A CAPACITY OF 60 GW TO THE EXISTING CAPACITY OF 60 GW.

2032 : DEMAND PATERN

1. TOTAL INCREASE FROM 2014 = 60 GW2. INCREASE FROM HVAC ALONE = 40 to 50 GW3. DIFF BETWEEN DAY & NIGHT PEAK DEMAND ( SUMMER) = 10 GW ( EXCEPTING THE MORNING OFF PEAK PERIOD )

THIS DAY & NIGHT DIFFERENCE IS LOWER COMPARED TO THE PRESENT LEVEL OF ABOUT 20 GW DUE TO EXPECTED INCREASE IN OTHER LOADS DURING NIGHT TIME, IN THE NEXT 20 YEARS.

2032 : DEMAND INCREASE

WHAT SHOULD BE THE PLAN ?

1. HVAC DEMAND IS HIGH IN SUMMER MONTHS 2. HVAC DEMAND IS HIGH IN DAY TIME ( BOTH IN SUMMER AND WINTER )

HENCE, IT IS BETTER TO USE SOLAR ENERGY FOR HVAC.

SOLAR PERFECTLY COINCIDES WITH THE HVAC DEMAND, EXCEPT FOR ABOUT 8 HOURS IN THE NIGHT.

DO NOT USE OIL / GAS TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FOR HVAC PURPOSE.

USE OF SOLAR ENERGY FOR HVAC

THERE ARE TWO WAYS OF USING SOLAR ENERGY FOR HVAC :

1. USE SOLAR ENERGY TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY THROUGH PHOTOVOLTOIC (PV) CELLS or CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANT ( CSP) AND USE IT IN CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES.

2. USE THE SOLAR HEAT DIRECTLY IN VACUUM ABSORPTION CHILLER(VAC) BASED AC MACHINES.

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC & VAC MACHINES

1. INVESTMENTS REQUIRED

CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES

a) POWER PLANTb) TRANSMISSIONc) AC MACHINES

VAC

MACHINES

d) VAC MACHINE ONLY

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC & VAC MACHINES

2. UTILISATION OF INVESTMENT

CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES

a) ONLY IN SUMMERb) MOST WINDOW AC MACHINES

HAVE NO HEATING PROVISION.HENCE SEPARATE HEATER IS REQUIRED.

VAC MACHINES

c) VAC CAN BE USED AS A HEATER ALSO WITH HOT WATER FLOWING IN THE SAME COIL.

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC & VAC MACHINES

3. ENERGY STORAGE

CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES

a) PV BASED SOLAR – NOT POSSIBLE

b) CSP BASED SOLAR - ADDITIONAL INVESTMENT REQUIRED (MOLTEN SALT)

VAC MACHINES

a) VAC CAN BE USED WITH LOCAL STORAGE OPTION ( SIMPLE HOT / COLD WATER STORAGE)

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AC & VAC MACHINES

4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY

CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES a) ABOUT 1470 Kcal OF HEAT

ENERGY IS USED FOR EVERY 1000 Kcal COOLING( COP = 2 & ELECTRICITY GENERATION EFF = 34%)

b) 2940 Kcal HEAT ENERGY IS USED FOR EVERY 1000 Kcal OF HEATING

c) THERE IS 12% TRANSMISSION

LOSS

VAC MACHINESd) 1450 Kcal HEAT IS USED FOR

EVERY 1000 Kcal COOLING ( COP= 0.7 )

e) 1000 Kcal HEAT ENERGY IS USED FOR EVERY 1000 Kcal OF HEATING

VACUUM ABSORPTION CHILLERS ARE BETTER FOR HVAC !

1. SO, IT IS BETTER TO GO FOR VAPOUR ABSORPTION CHILLER(VAC) BASED AC MACHINES.

PRODUCING ELECTRICITY WITH PV or CSP SOLAR POWER PLANTS AND THEN USING IT IN CONVENTIONAL AC MACHINES IS NOT A RIGHT CHOICE.

2. VAC MACHINES CAN BE INSTALLED IN ALL BUILDINGS WHERE TOTAL AC LOAD IS MORE THAN 50 Tons. TERRACE AND CAR PARK AREAS CAN BE USED FOR INSTALLING SOLAR REFLECTORS.

3. OUT OF ABOUT 40 GW OF ADDITIONAL LOAD FROM HVAC IN 2032, WE CAN INSTALL VAC FOR ABOUT 15 GW.

OLD BUILDINGS : 5 GW, NEW BUILDINGS : 10 GW.

4. THE BALANCE 25 GW CAN BE MET BY SOLAR CSP / PV & NUCLEAR.

SOLAR CSP or PV ?1. SOLAR CSP WITH MOLTEN SALT STORAGE SHALL BE PREFERED OVER SOLAR PV.

THIS IS BECAUSE, THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT LOADS IS GETTING NARROWED TO 10 GW ONLY, AND WE NEED TO STORE THE SOLAR ENERGY FOR NIGHT USAGE, IF WE HAVE TO EFFECTIVLEY USE SOLAR ENERGY.

2. FOR STORING LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY, MOLTEN SALT IS THE SECOND BEST OPTION AFTER PUMPED STORAGE HYDEL POWER PLANTS.

3. HENCE, OUT OF 25 GW OF SOLAR PV / CSP & NUCLEAR, 10 GW SHALL BE FROM CSP, 5 GW FROM PV. BALANCE SHALL BE FROM NUCLEAR, ALONG WITH OTHER BASE LOAD REQUIREMENTS.

WHAT ABOUT DESALINATION ?PRESENT DESALINATION REQUIREMENT = 3 Mn M^3/ DayPROJECTED DEMAND BY 2032 = 9 Mn M^3/ DayADDITIONAL DEMAND BY 2032 = 6 Mn M^3/ DayENERGY REQUIREMENT IN RO DESALINAITON = 4 KWh/ M^3TOTAL ENERGY REQUIRED / Day = 24 Mn KWh

DESALINATION CAN BE PLANNED DURING 6 HOURS OF OFF PEAK DEMAND PERIOD ( 04.00 to 10.00 AM )

WITH THIS, THE ELECTRICITY LOAD(GW) FOR DESALINATION = 4 GW

THIS IS NOT MUCH. THIS CAN BE MANAGED FROM BASE LOAD POWER PLANTS ( NUCLEAR) AND SOLAR CSP DURING OFF PEAK PERIODS.

2032 : MEETING THE DEMAND

NUCLEAR : 30 GW SOLAR BASED VAC : 15 GW SOLAR PV : 5 GW SOLAR CSP : 10 GW

TOTAL : 60 GW

MEETING THE DEMAND

SOLAR PV

SOLAR CSP

SOLAR VAC

NUCLEAR

NEW COMMITTED

EXISTING DIESEL

EXISTING HFO

EXISTING CRUDE / GAS

2032 : OPTIONS TO EXPLORE1. NUCLEAR SHARE CAN BE INCREASED BEYOND 30 GW, IF PART OF THE COMMITTED ( OIL / GAS BASED ) POWER PLANTS CAN BE REVERSED. - NUCLEAR IS CLEAN, SAFE AND CHEAPER.

- SPENT FUEL REPROCESSING AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ARE SIMPLE TECHNOLOGIES ALREADY AVAILABLE IN MANY COUNTRIES.

- SPENT FUEL REPROCESSING AND RECOVERY OF PLUTONIUM FOR RECYCLE BACK INTO THE REACTORS PROVIDES LONG TERM ENERGY SECURITY.

2. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CAN BE EASILY BUILT IN UNDER DEVELOPED COASTAL REGIONS. PROXIMITY OF FUEL AVAILABILITY IS NOT APPLICABLE FOR NUCLEAR, LIKE IN OIL / GAS. - INLAND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS MAY BE AVOIDED IN KSA DUE TO LIMITED COOLING WATER AVAILABILITY.

3. ALL NEW DESALINATION PLANTS CAN BE MADE PART OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR,

- EFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS DURING OFF PEAK PERIODS. - EFFECTIVE UTILISATION OF SEA WATER INTAKE / DISCHANRGE INFRASTRUCTURE CREATED FOR COOLING WATER. - UTILIZING PART OF THE HOT WATER DISCHARGED FROM POWER PLANT FOR DESALINATION.

WHAT ABOUT WIND MILLS ?

1. IT IS INFIRM ( UNPREDICTABLE )2. SAUDI WIND SITES HAVE JUST ABOUT 4 M/Sec to 6 M/Sec

WIND VELOCITY AS AGAINST THE RATED WIND SPEEDS OF 14 TO 15 M/Sec FOR THE WIND MILLS.

3. THE RESULT : PLANT LOAD FACTOR IS HARDLY 10-20%( COMPARE IT WITH 80 TO 90% FOR NUCLEAR POWER !)

4. O&M MANPOWER REQUIREMENT IS HIGH.

HENCE, IT IS NOT ADVISABLE TO GO FOR WIND MILLS IN SAUDI ARABIA.

REGION WISE DEMAND FORECAST

REGIONWSIE PLAN1. EASTERN OPERATING AREA ( EOA) & CENTRAL OEPARATING AREA ( COA) ACCOUNT FOR 50% LOAD INCREASE. - SHARE OF HVAC LOAD IS LESSER. SOLAR IRRADIATION IS ALSO LOWER. - HENCE, NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS CAN BE BUILT IN THE EASTERN REGION ALONG THE GULF COAST.

2. SOUTHERN OPERATING AREA ( SOA) CAN HAVE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT WITH DESALINATION ALONG RED SEA COAST, AS PART OF AREA DEVELOPEMNT PLAN.

3. WESTERN OPERATING AREA ( WOA) CAN HAVE HIGHER PROPORTION OF SOLAR SINCE, - IT HAS GOOD SOLAR IRRADIANCE. - HVAC LOAD IS ALSO HIGHER.

WHAT ABOUT IK PROCUREMENT & EMPLOYMENT ?

1. VACUUM ABSORPTION CHILLERS :These can be completely manufactured in Saudi Arabia, excepting a few special pumps. Existing Market leaders will be more than willing to set up In-Kingdom facilities if KSA announces a firm policy on VAC.

The Saudi Facilities will become a manufacturing hub for other Middle East Countries.

Installation and servicing will be done by the Manufacturers / Service providers.

2. PV SOLAR :The Solar Cells can be imported and all other structural steel fabrication and installation can be done by IK Vendors.

WHAT ABOUT IK PROCUREMENT & EMPLOYMENT ?

3. CONCENTRATED SOLAR THERMAL POWER PLANTS :These can be completely manufactured in Saudi Arabia, except the Turbines & Generators. Existing Market leaders will be more than willing to set up In-Kingdom facilities if KSA announces a firm policy on CSP.

The Saudi Facilities will become a manufacturing hub for other Middle East Countries.

Installation and servicing will be done by the Manufacturers / Service providers.

4. NUCLEAR POWER :All major equipment need to be imported.

However, Civil and Piping activities can be done by IK Vendors.

O&M can be done IK Engineers with proper training.

THANK YOU