Saturday, August 3, 2013
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Transcript of Saturday, August 3, 2013
Saturday, August 3, 2013
Activities today
• Morning debriefing• Ecosystem studies • Habitat studies (soil sampling)• Vegetation sampling and rangeland
inventories• Plant identification and School
Herbarium Preparation for the study of plant diversity and evolution• Afternoon: Lab activities
• pH & Ion Testing• Quantification of samples, plant
identification, data analysis and interpretation
• Reflection time• Evening Discussion
NGSS core ideas covered (today and on Wednesday)
LS2.BLS4.ALS4.DESS1.AESS1.BESS1.CESS2.DESS2.EESS3.D
Plant Kingdom
Flowering Plants
Non-flowering Plants
Classification of Plants
. 3 groups
FernsMosses Gymnosperms
Non - flowering Plants
Do NOT produce flowers
A plant can be divided into 3 parts
Examples of Mosses
spores
Spore-producing capsule
.No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)
Characteristics of Mosses
.Simple stems & leaves
.Have rhizoids for anchorage
.Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)
.Damp terrestrial land
.Simplest plants
underground stem
root
A leaf (finely divided into small parts)
.roots, feathery leaves & underground stems
Characteristics of Ferns
.have vascular tissues (transport & support)
.Damp & shady places
.Spore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction)
needle-shaped leaves
Male cones (in clusters)
Female cones (scattered)
.roots, woody stems
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
.needle-shaped leaves
.tall evergreen trees
.cones with reproductive structures
.dry places
.vascular tissues (transport)
.naked seeds in female cones
. 2 groups
Monocotyledons Dicotyledons
Flowering Plants
. roots, stems, leaves
. vascular tissues (transport)
. flowers, fruits (contain seeds)
Monocotyledons
Parallel veins
. one seed-leaf
Characteristics of Monocotyledons
leaves have parallel veins. herbaceous plants. e.g. grass, maize
DicotyledonsVeins in network
. two seed-leavesCharacteristics of Dicotyledons
. leaves have veins in network
. e.g. trees, sunflower, rose
Plant ClassificationNon-flowering
Plants
Flowering
Spore-bearing
Naked seeds
No roots
with roots
Mosses Ferns
Gymnosperms
1 seed-leaf
2 seed-leaves
Monocots Dicots
Plant Collections and Herbarium Preparation
Plant Collections are samples of plants that can be:
1. Dried one mounted on paper (herbarium specimens)
2. Liquid preserved 3. Kept alive, grown in greenhouse or garden
Why to collect plant? Resource material for plant taxonomic
studies (they catalogue the plants). Reference collection for named taxa ( =
voucher specimen)– Type specimen in formal naming– Reference for the identity of a taxon -in field
studies, e.g., floristic surveys, ecological or any plant related results
Provide information about the plant in a native habitat
Study of global change (floristics/climate)
How does one:
1) Obtain a specific plant(s) for a research study- Use label information from herbarium specimens to find localities- Use maps to find likely habitats
2) Do a complete inventory of plants for a field survey or floristic study?- Collect and identify every plant in a region during different seasons and different years.- Note: Permission / permits needed!
Should you collect? What to collect?Generally DON’T collect “listed” taxa: rare, endangered, or threatenedMust know ahead of time which these are!
When you collect, use “1 to 20” rule:– For every herb you collect, make sure
there are at least 20 in the population.– For every branch of a shrub or tree,
make sure there are at least 20 more.
How to collect? Herbs: Must dig up at least one entire plant
to show root or rootstock (e.g., corm, bulb, rhizome)
Shrubs, trees, vines: One branch sufficient.Collect a representative specimen that shows
vegetative and reproductive parts (in flower, fruit, cone, with sporangia, etc.)
How to collect? Press plants:
Portable field press used in fieldTransfer to standard herbarium press
1) Fold to fit ca. 11.5” x 16.5”; fill up area2) Cut to fit & to prevent too much overlap; slice
rootstocks; slice flowers, fruits to show morph.3) At least one leaf up, one down4) Collect extra material, if possible.5) Divide into 2 or more sheets, if necessary.6) Succulents: cut out tissue, soak in alcohol
Cardboards: ca. 12” x 18” Newspaper, ca. 11.5” x
16.5”
Tighten strapsPlace in plant drier,
2-3 daysRemove and check if dry
(if it feels cool, not dry)
Plant Press
Collection Data
Collection Data
Importance of recording color, even of pollen grains!
Liquid-Preserved Collections
Anatomy, embryology, palynology, etc.:FAA (Formalin - Acetic Acid - Alcohol (ethanol)
Cytology (chromosome numbers):Carnoy’s solution (100% ethanol : glacial acetic acid)
Ultrastructure:Gluteraldehyde, osmium tetroxide, formalin
Living Collections
Grow in greenhouse or botanic gardenValuable for long-term studiesCollections for Molecular Studies DNA: dried in silica gel Allozymes, RNA: fresh material
Research projects Pollinator visitation rates on an invasive plant
and native plant Abundance of a particular medicinal plant
species Abundance of listed taxa in your area Abundance of legume taxa in the natural habitats Monitoring of exotic invasive plants Tracking global change using herbarium
specimens