Saturation and Saturation and UnsaturationUnsaturation

A saturated compound has the A saturated compound has the maximum number of hydrogen maximum number of hydrogen atomsatoms

Alkanes are saturatedAlkanes are saturated Compounds with double and Compounds with double and triple bonds are unsaturated triple bonds are unsaturated compoundscompounds

AlkenesAlkenes Hydrocarbons that contain AT LEAST Hydrocarbons that contain AT LEAST one carbon-carbon double covalent one carbon-carbon double covalent bondbond

Not all the bonds have to be double Not all the bonds have to be double bondsbonds

Show a double bond using parallel Show a double bond using parallel lineslines

The parent chain must contain the The parent chain must contain the double bonddouble bond

Name of parent chain ends in “-ene”Name of parent chain ends in “-ene”

AlkynesAlkynes Hydrocarbons with AT LEAST one Hydrocarbons with AT LEAST one carbon-carbon triple covalent bondcarbon-carbon triple covalent bond

Show with three parallel linesShow with three parallel lines Other bonds may be single or double Other bonds may be single or double bondsbonds

Not very commonNot very common Parent chain must contain the Parent chain must contain the triple bondtriple bond

Name of parent chain ends in “-yne”Name of parent chain ends in “-yne”

Hydrocarbon RingsHydrocarbon Rings

The carbon chain can be in the The carbon chain can be in the form of a ringform of a ring

Called a “cyclic hydrocarbon”Called a “cyclic hydrocarbon” They are NOT isomers of the They are NOT isomers of the straight chainstraight chain (Cyclopentane would not be an (Cyclopentane would not be an isomer of pentane)isomer of pentane)

Why not? Different molecular Why not? Different molecular formulaformula

Aromatic CompoundsAromatic Compounds

Super stableSuper stable Responsible for odors such as Responsible for odors such as vanilla, cinnamon, ginger, etc.vanilla, cinnamon, ginger, etc.

Contain at least one ring or a Contain at least one ring or a group of rings with double group of rings with double bondsbonds

Many molecules’ goal is to Many molecules’ goal is to become aromaticbecome aromatic

BenzeneBenzene

Simplest aromatic compoundSimplest aromatic compound Extremely important molecule in Extremely important molecule in organic chemistryorganic chemistry

Very stable, but can undergo numerous Very stable, but can undergo numerous reactionsreactions

Very common structure b/c Very common structure b/c

of its stabilityof its stability Used widely in industry, foundUsed widely in industry, found

in crude oilin crude oil Harmful in large quantitiesHarmful in large quantities