Sathyadoothan Malayalam Magazine Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

40
]pkvXIw 74 e°w 2 s^{_p-hcn 2005 X_veoKv ˛ 1383 Zp¬l÷v ˛ apldw 1425 No^v FUn-‰¿ auehn apl-ΩZv Ckvambn¬ FUn-‰¿ G. Fw. apl-ΩZv kenw FUn- t‰m- dn- b¬ t_m¿Uv s{]m^. alvaqZv AlvaZv (sN- b¿am≥) sI.-hn. Cuk-t°mb sI. hn. l ≥ tImb ]n. Fw. _jo¿ AlvaZv sF. sI. AlvaZvIp´n amt\- P¿ Fw.- sI. Cºn- ®n- t°m- b´n sk{I- ´dn ]n. Fw. AlvaZv l ≥ k¿°p- te- j≥ amt\- P¿ Fkv. apl-ΩZv kenw hcn-kwJy ˛ 100 I. H‰-{]Xn ˛ 10 I. hnemkw kXy- Zq- X≥ Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv. t^m¨: 0495 ˛ 2721609 e-mail: [email protected] ÿm]nXw 1925 ap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n´ ae- bm- f- Ønse GI Ckv emanI {]kn - ≤o - I- cWw Printed & Published by A. P. Kunhamoo, for the Kerala Ahmadiyya Jama-at at Geethanjali Offset Press, Feroke, Calicut. Edited by A. M. Muhammed Salim. Typeset, Layout & Cover Design : Victory Creations, CLT - 1. bpK- i_vZw apJ-°p-dn∏v teJ\w Znhy-⁄m-\hpw Ckvemw aXhpw lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv (A) a\p-jy≥ BZ-c-Wob krjvSn alvaqZv I¬°pfw h¬_-lvcn¬ akvPq¿ : Hcp ssZhnI ap∂-dn-bn∏v aplΩZv Da¿ F®v. F. C¥y≥ kzmX{¥y ka-chpw lZvdØv apkvenlv auDuZpw (d) A_q kz_mlv Ckvemans‚ HuZm-cyhpw Xo{hhmZn-I-fpsS Im¿°-iyhpw Ajvd^v Fw. F. kvtIm´vem‚v aqkm-\-_n-bpsS Bflob {]bmWw (Xp-S¿®) F. ]n. Ip™map {^©v hnπ-hhpw blqZ hntam-N-\hpw F. Fw. apl-ΩZv keow AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns\ c£n® hnip≤ _en-Zm\w Fkv. apl-ΩZv keow Dƒ°-\-an-√mØ FgpØpw hmb-\-°m-cs‚ KXn-tISpw sI. ]n. AlvaZv ss__n-fn-en-√mØ {InkvXp-aX hnizmkw auem\m AXm-hp¬ apPo_v dminZv D≈-S°w 4 5 6 20 12 26 16 10 31 apJ-Nn{Xw : IpØ_v ao\m¿ , U¬ln hn[- h- Isf hnhmlw Ign - ∏n - - ≠Xv kaq - l- Øns‚ _m[y - X- bmWv lZvdØv an¿km akvdq¿ AlvaZv 8 23 Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, hm¿Ø-Iƒ. 34 IhnX tl, a\pjym Akva, FS-∏-IØv 35 36 lyqam - \n‰n ^Ãv 38 dnt∏m¿´v JpXzv_ kw{Klw

Transcript of Sathyadoothan Malayalam Magazine Ahmadiyya Muslim Community

3s^_p-hcn

]pkvXIw 74

e°w 2

s^_p-hcn 2005X_veoKv 1383

Zp¬l÷v ˛ apldw 1425

No v FUn-‰¿

auehn apl-ΩZv Ckvambn¬

FUn-‰¿

G. Fw. apl-ΩZv kenw

FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ t_m¿Uv

s]m^. alvaqZv AlvaZv

(sN-b¿am≥)

sI.-hn. Cuk-t°mb

sI. hn. l ≥ tImb

]n. Fw. _jo¿ AlvaZv

sF. sI. AlvaZvIp´n

amt\-P¿

Fw.-sI. Cºn-®n-t°m-b´n

skI- dn

]n. Fw. AlvaZv l ≥

k¿°p-te-j≥ amt\-P¿

Fkv. apl-ΩZv kenw

hcn-kwJy ˛ 100 I.

H‰-]Xn ˛ 10 I.

hnemkw

kXy-Zq-X≥

Pn. F®v. tdmUv, tImgn-t°m-Sv.

t^m¨: 0495 ˛ 2721609

e-mail: [email protected]

ÿm]nXw

1925

ap°m¬ \q‰m≠v ]n∂n ae-bm-f-Ønse GI CkvemanI ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

Printed & Published by A. P. Kunhamoo, for the Kerala Ahmadiyya Jama-at at Geethanjali Offset Press, Feroke, Calicut.Edited by A. M. Muhammed Salim. Typeset, Layout & Cover Design : Victory , CLT - 1.

bpK-i_vZw

apJ-°p-dn∏v

teJ\w

Znhy-⁄m-\hpw Ckvemw aXhpw

lZvdØv an¿km Kpemw AlvaZv (A)

a\p-jy≥ BZ-c-Wob krjvSn

alvaqZv I¬°pfw

h¬_-lvcn¬ akvPq¿ : Hcp ssZhnI ap∂-dn-bn∏v

aplΩZv Da¿ F®v. F.

C¥y≥ kzmX¥y ka-chpw lZvdØv apkvenlv auDuZpw (d)

A_q kz_mlv

Ckvemans‚ HuZm-cyhpw XohhmZn-I-fpsS Im¿°-iyhpw

Ajvd^v Fw. F. kvtIm´vem‚v

aqkm-\-_n-bpsS Bflob ]bmWw (Xp-S¿®)

F. ]n. Ip™map

^©v hnπ-hhpw blqZ hntam-N-\hpw

F. Fw. apl-ΩZv keow

AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns\ c£n® hnip≤ _en-Zm\w

Fkv. apl-ΩZv keow

Dƒ°-\-an-√mØ FgpØpw hmb-\-°m-cs‚ KXn-tISpw

sI. ]n. AlvaZv

ss__n-fn-en-√mØ InkvXp-aX hnizmkw

auem\m AXm-hp¬ apPo_v dminZv

D≈-S°w45

6

20

12

26

16

10

31

apJ-NnXw : IpØ_v ao\m¿ , U¬ln

hn[-h-Isf hnhmlw Ign-∏n-t°-≠Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ _m[y-X-bmWv

lZvdØv an¿km akvdq¿ AlvaZv8

23

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ, hm¿Ø-Iƒ.

34

IhnXtl, a\pjym

Akva, FS-∏-IØv35

36

lyqam-\n‰n Ãv38dnt∏m¿´v

JpXzv_ kwKlw

4 kXyZqX≥

123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456

bp-K-i_vZw

t_m[\w

!"!#$%&'$()&*+$,

'#$ -./0$-*.#$1.2 3.45$

6#7$8$! 9:;<!3.)$*-.

=6$- >$()*$5$6##4?$3&$8 3

*)(1$6$-##&"@$*45$6#7$89*&.

@$#46$- $6##$6$-#7$8A $

:$-6 0#0><2

hmKvZØ akolv

\_n-h-N\w

=6$$ *

$ ) *)$ ,$ -#2

6/$ -'0.

,!>!.;

*$!.$B-$

&;-#.2CDE6$F2

Jp¿-B-\n¬ \n∂v"t_m[\w hgnt°m As√¶n¬

Hcp ad-bpsS ]n∂n¬ \nt∂m

AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ Hcp ZqXs\ Ab®v

Ahs‚ I¬]\ ]Imcw Ah-\p-

t±-in-°p-∂Xv At±lw t_m[\w

\¬Ip-Itbm sNøp∂ am¿t§-W-

b-√msX Hcp a\p -jy -t\mSpw

A√mlp kwkm-cn-°pI D≠m-hn-

√. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah≥ k¿t∆m-

∂X\pw AKm-[-⁄-\p-am-Wv. '

(42: 52).

5s^_p-hcn

apJ°pdn∏v

kXy-Zq-X\v 79 hb v.GHHI,6$)JKL.&$$2! $6&$ME'$8,N

$!. 6$-#.O$ 5#.#$.*0.,6$ !&!$8.!DP$Q6 $5.2!4?;RL.*6'&$ !. $!$%;*606&"$; =66$!S$; -.=63.) *0.5$.T$>U.*.-6!. 6$-#.2

$ $!.V')*W)$)O.!$%;*60'5* $*-X$8 >U$2Y') E 05)!$%;*602-*#,Y')*/$*')6,&!$($-#2*6'&$ ! Z$Y&$$4#0.[5$6$% X$*6!.66$$6$U.* $'$-.$#2X$*!;8..-8 ;!.\3$8!/$-#Y]7$ D$*')&Z 0[6)!$%;*606!.6$ ',.! ,:&$XO*60' $6$0 $Q2*6'&$ !. $*'$8 S6$/6#!#$*')! Z$*'$)6*$6#26)!$%;*60'$8$Z $-#.,;5 0.2$%EB$ _$ 60`#6 0.2EB<>#a

b') &c$#S$# -*$$:*/$*'$&;6*.666 $$-.6DP $526)*65$8#0$6$-#.2&$-#.!DP$Q.5-.$#;).$68*#0.2CdaedHF2

5$>! $DP$c&$.*60 *#S$#$(c$ 3* */$*')Y')!"S$*D ;0.2*0.>!8$6 $>U.2*/$*'$88, &=6*16+$*D-$56+$*)$ 0#.2>!8$6 $C!F) !6$Q. .$ !; $#=6 f$8Y$ 8, &0.. $` !. $, &.2Dg&$ h&$8Y$ #.>!8$6 $C!F>UE$ Z&.Y 0.25$!6/0$; 4?Bf;, &$.i#. !. $!6N L$ -.2. $`, &$ />!8$6 $C!F)!*. *&*;+)-*i#0.2B6$%, &$.!.!*Z 0.!;RL.i#.jO>Q$"!$-#2

,6$ !&$8!=6 ^4$)!. 6$-*0.2!;Z.ik$ >$! 3.l$Q$6# ? m.O !$D.,6$ !&)$6 $-*$24$ ! #6. $n$N6$8=6'DS3n$$6:$o')6$A6$S3* 0. ? !$D.2! $ $*. ')0 Z !.;<)-4-*&>&$6:$Y '$8;R* p $30>$$&$Q$1.2]3$ >($ *6,!T$Q ? !$D.6$0@n$*!.i+&*6Oq" . $$6:$$30'X66 0.2*6'&$ ;Z. $30>$$! 3.l$-# ? m.O !$D.!<;Z.ik$ Y&$#$6 $Q7$ p&$@$*!O$p'!4$ *24<5.r!.$p`#!-.5-$Z 8*$$-12CB ;<F

au-em\m apl-ΩZv Da¿ kmln_v hnc-an®p

6 kXyZqX≥

Znhy-⁄m-\hpwCkvemw aXhpw

ssZhw shfn-]mSv aptJ\

a\p-jy-\p-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-∂p.

Cu ⁄m\-e_v[n

Ckveman-eqsS km[y-am-Ip-∂p.

$:$*s*$$8*0()#*m*? &8!g!"/*# # !"!-.'$()&/A*m* $6;/0.*X$6 B!.$*D:=6$- .$*6 *#52O60 $A >$) $ *'5*&$#)Q$6$-#$*0()#/A*&$#DP$Q=6$)O#$6$- 5 $-*2 *60A*&!/> $#4)*!% 552i#8*>* $1.B >$$8$#=6D.*-$6$-*A> $#)6&)6X:$** &$'$-.O&6 S$-$6$-*`#7$ A$X$8B6O#XS$ $6#2i#5A$*&.=6' $5#@ ]*608*&!/;0$6$- #$6$-*`#24?9&$*&&$!&

->$QX&"!.@N6)"30*m*? #]*$3&B!. -$-X$6$-#$8-.S 4#0.24? S?$*!.-'))$$8$# !3.)$*&$"3$Q>$#$X V&$ 0#>X2 &"!,; $6$-#&A $)$$8*+$Q-$8 *0#6;6*0-*6#.S; D% *#2 *&$/;S$-#$ 3!.B $6$-##$6$-#D;St $6 2X07$8<m) *') *T $6$-#52$6 E&!3.)$*-.'$()&$-)-*!" &$Ou>$#$. h*$)$-*i0. .[ !"!#$%& '$()&*+$,'#$ -./0$-*.#$1.2 3.45$6#7$8$! 9:;<!3.)$*-.=6$- >$()*$5$6##4?$3&$8 3*)(1$6$-##&"@$*45$6#7$89*&.@$#46$- $6##$6$-#7$8A $:$-6 0#0><2&$!&->$QD.0 S *#!.3.) '$$A. !!6$-<i#>U $-*07$8

7s^_p-hcn

B!.$*D:&$$6-&B$6v*$6% *#2B*''S $,k$* *6*)!3.)$Q$5[!g!/$$ +#< !3.)$**)#4?9 !* *0#$5[m) X$*'$5$6#$1<!6)D.*-#$5[(< !,$"*)#!!6$- 5[g* '$8 36)!!6$-*#->$Q.-.>$8**.$6#7$ 4(<!!6$-#$5i#>#* )$Y6$ *#2!S30!D:$*']7$ *&)DP$Q$>&<:$*6552* '$8!!6$Q$6#S4(+!!6$-*!* &)*)$"3$Q*$6$-# !6 *$-*`#26!') *) g* '$ # 4(+>#*$)-#.2!Nh&$$1. *'$ %$*';$&"'*k;*6$Q*X4!. $*:m!.A&$8$#$$ !.&$B*45-$&;&$1#A *" m) $%D$*C!F $6 $$8$Q$6$-##$-$ 0#$6$-$ &$!!66W6$ Q$1$5222i#8A$* 4?6$S6! $>D.6,&$8$#'$()0 #X * .$ $6#2&$4?!7 .&$.=6p # -. *0< *+$#0.2>D$*A4!.>;86 X!* $:DP'$8$#(1.><C>D$$8Z><Fi#$,&$8:;&8X$$)(14!. ; $!$*'*#2Z><i#>D$-$vb=)$(6wi#0.24!. ;84!.-$)(*$$6$-*$5i#>(1$1X*6#!.>&.4D.>;D$8 ()&(14!. ; -.A4!.>;8$ &$8=67 $5$6#24DP,'86$,$-(16$6#2 ^6 h-6 -.DP" $6#$5222466,'$ 5 &$ *N6) D:=6$- 57$8 ^6$-8$Q$1#

$-#6&$ X$ &"')B6:!W')]>->$x*0.2i#8>D.6, *14XD:'->$Q* @)*)$0.&$Q$6#.2# 5A4?$3&$8 ^6,&-']^$#0$$ $6#2#$ $&$ 6 *"&$6>D.6, $6$-0 #$)&*?!g,; $6$-0 # X.* .$ $6#2B*3.l<!g,*'$-#$6$8*)$*$6#3'6$6$-#$ $B$2p*#$6$-#:m!.4$=6;$!.o&$B $5&$:6$ * #2 B $ o&$ 6$3.*60%$*g o'$ ]7$ *! &$ X52.!g,$ Y6$ 6$3.*6!!.*66&$&;-#$X0.2 3:m$*$/0&$ !* %$*'$6$Q$1.26$3.*6*1'6 3$* !!h&".D: E! $*,;$*'-*66O8*3.)'!Nhl :m$* ,;$*'-* `#$Y.$1 .24?;$!.o $%EB* X!"S'O8*3.):m$*0'm$8$6$Q)$6$S&'$()&$$6$-#.2 3 *Y$8$#:m$*Y*# O8*3.)Y&-.O&#* .$()A$(> XB%f$*Y$ -.i&$-#$6. $%@&$*)>#-**)$.$6$-#2 5A /-0-$ X,'6 v@ D%6-$!#$:$$8B$-*.$6$-#24*6 <!.$Q 3 #$:Y*'!DP$QB$$3.)o6$6$3.-60%$*$p$Q$1.2$%EB<:m$*6$3.*60&$*'$p')$* !$$6$-#*.$6$3.l.!.3.) $Q$6$-#*02.>#$0.a

(-tijw 9˛mw t]Pn¬)

8 kXyZqX≥

`$)$$.:$* *#.2 $DP O>.-**A!W&$*3$*>U6)$)-**A$:*')$A)$.'0.:$*2$&$.6$:*A57$8!"!6/0&$$$*+$-<B$-#$:*'-m)$)$ .2 /ADP-'! -$)$8)L!3.)$-#2m)?6!.)*'$8$:$*+$-#.'6 $10.*0--#.2$ (DPO>.-#R1&$ $6$-DP-' ^X6B&D%$ 1$Q*.6),;$&$. >$ .$-#.2

4$)>($ !&$$)$8=6). 6 5&:m$* !"&$8,*(1*#2i#8]7$ =6$:5$* .!6$Q.$*+$-$Q8&6R1&$8-.63 *#2

EB<>#abw$'$8$#X$:*'$')By)$ *'$8$#y)$ *'$8$# X56$$`$-*A6$607$85&$8$#.-.i"68*25'6$ Xi55>$# *#2wwCGzaF

40.5$* .24!6$Q.=66&6&$-0.2! &$8N$ 1<$B$-#7$8AN*6&<B$-#7$86$:*')$)&<5 >#2i# 5A)$ *'63N6)!.;*')$)&0.* .|!:-'46$6)46*$6$-<$2

hn[-h-Isf hnhmlw Ign-∏n-t°-≠Xv

kaq-l-Øns‚ _m[y-X-bm-Wv4- &.)$ *'$52i#8A=6).6,

'$8 6$ $ $8-#2 4-60&8$)-#$526$ X*.$)&<)$5i#*66.26)$)&*$&$3i7$ +$ )&.,;$-6!$-*2$&$3S6 -' X*.i7$ +$ )-0 #D:!"S$* O*#0.2S6S&$ 8i7$ +$ )-<!mp &24*)DY Q()#0.25$* .0$.2<5*6 L$ -#AB6)iY0#.5>$# 0.2*.$:*'$*+$($-.! &$D:0.2=6).6'$8$#.! 6$% *26$% ! *1$()-#$6)!".6$6$-#$$:*')A ^X6)$*+$($-< 6$ $-0.26$6$*+$($-#$8, &.5$&8*+$$6 :$!$->.2

5$* .*-$6$8A ')A !. $*')$* &$Sm)$)$8*)#*$6$-#DP,)$ 6'$8$#. =6. $6/()0.24.=6. $=&$6$-0.2

$:4p&$-$!"43.)&8$*+$-<B$Q8$8* # $525$-#2$#$)$8)L -<=6*)D-6* $52$:.-.!";6 $-<* .2$!p&)0.)L -#

9s^_p-hcn

7$8A*)$8$$')S$>U.$N>*2$:!";6 )-<$)*24!DP$Q.5>#2

$'$8$# 60 )#6)3$Q$6$-#S6 !"$$Q !&$!4pV ;/3.l$-0.2'):$&$-$-+$U8 $ $8!"*6&$8i7$ &$-#$8$-* # $52 $ &$-#5!/. $>$#2CGaGIF

!.>&. !;. ?O?.CF>Ua$:*')$-$!DP$Q.i&'-;)*)$05>U$1X.*0W**N6)$-$!DP$Q.=#* .$Q$1$5i##2/A4$Op$*+$-<B$-&$:$DP$Q.$*+$($-*i#52$ $:*#*60& :6'*1$*'X*60& A*1$*')O&6$&*60& $*+$-<B$-#$526$DP$-6.2$:.-.$*+$-<* $5i#:60i !$($-0.2

!.>&. $C>F$`#2D$C!F>U2 #*6'$8 *0$-6.2 !.*6&$! 8O) !.*6$-*2,! >)-#$ $:$*+$($-#$ !6&6.2

^6;!$8#$6$-#2$:$*6&$8;6 )-#$8 $- *)8* X'0.2 /Ay*1$$*+$-<B$-#>-<. $0i#.-0.2. ;By*1$*. ;y*1$*'O/$QA. ;y*1$*. ;By*1$*'O/$Q, &$'$$8$*+$-*07$8! &$8*+('* 'O*#0.2*. ;$ *Z.- $DP 0.2, &.$-#$)(4&6.':$Q*$6$-#2, &.4-6&$8%$-0.2

$-$ *6&$8 ;$. <-*)-0 #.D$C!F* $>U$1.2y*1$*-. i$)#7$ B #8A41+(;<-$-.DPO>($-0.23*!R)*' ,.rE<!)$4$$6$ $-02 $-').A6)*1$*'$*+$Q-<>*2-').$*+$->*2

5$&8m) , &.'6'#*$6$-*0.2*)$-0-$8i&$-+$U$6$-#2*.*1$*'>&$*+$($-B $52m)$)$8#DP"3$Q*&0.2

CE".DGzreGrHz

bb4#$!j<$-.$') 6$ -$&6*i$'$8&;*6$-*$-.4!. $ $j< .$ ()* .$6$ -#ww2 Kd

4!. $8 $$Q$6$-#i#4?EB<*O?#$(>#2.A &$6$0 Yb4!. wi#-$v&$8O-$6$-#i##2*60>#8A 3.)&$ $ $8+$(1.Bf&8A>-$8 $6$-&$60/;*6$-# /

D.:$$-#6 !60V 0.4!. i#*$/$-(1$6$-#.24?Y$8!* 3.l0'#!$-#2

i#8 D%$$ B$Q &$Q &"!.@N-.!/8 &*&< *+$U$52$%EB*1B!*&$6$Q>$#$6$@ h.$6$-#29*&$!DP$Q6 vD: -$&6#$B$o6 h'0.$p$Q$6$-#.2=#.A*$$ '$8$#&$!&$$Q>$<! v *&-$: 3 $$D &;/.06B$&;6#D%&$ -.$ $-!6/$ $S$-# h *#2

(7 ˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

10 kXyZqX≥

3<&$B60;!3.)$*#2D%$S&$ O8*3.) *+$* (1$ 3< 46!3.)$, '$8$#>$1$8-#2bS &$ X- 3-$!3.)$Q0. w #CGaHFb;QB!$*'D $Q$6$-#wi#CeJaJeFb6$%*$$8 365!3.)$-(1$6$-#wCHaeFi# XEB$*6 3.$$-(1$ 6$ -#B60;Y&$'D6`#0.2$!. , =1>$S!'-4?9A!$ : $ -(1 # 30&$!&$# 0#$E 3!3.)$3.l)$6$1*1#2 4!DP$Q.$%EB<>*0.a

bwB*'S $!3.)$-*B*&$#, $>-$ E$-B6 $ Z '$8

$#C FO.$($Q6* .52* .*6! &$8!96$-$.<$-.*( *'$: -$&6*.$6$-#2$-$*'<$: -$&#$6$-#2ww

bb<!6 T6)*Y$6 $$$-#$:&$8$-!&$()&$&#$6$-#26$* $ $-. ,&$$<B-*.$6$-#2ww

bb$).B(15<$- .*$$6$-#25$ i* 07$8$-$1()&<*+$*$52 $ 3< $* *6$'6T$*1 *# CezarIF29!3.)$($!6 30.2 3.$ *$8*()*$ ,;$!?*6

]()&$*)-* 5!3.)$*&..$6$-#.2 >$Q..!$36$08*$$O?#$(>*`#24*6 3"&$ "LO&$($)$-*0. $%EB<2

3&

Y&'$()&$-.D$C!F $6 $ 4*66'$abB $6&$ 0.!3.)$Q.w CDE6$F&$.=66 $52B $#.$*0$Z $($ -#$X *+$*8*$i#0.!.$6 &$ !6| V!.>&.B $ )$*0$Z $-(12$*0!";*6$-<!:$- >*#.$*')*)$0.! !. 36!3.)$-(1$6$-#.2 $%EB<>#a bw$'!3.)$-

alvaqZv, I¬°pfw

!"#$%&#$'(!)

11s^_p-hcn

*i#$1.$'6()&*.2$#;). -*').>U2 bB $!6$-*wi#.2 Ci5F!6$Q2 /4D. ;!.+$$52<!6$-#6$8(1$52wwCJaeGF 3!3.)$($6.6Y*'0.A b $'!3.)$QA$#;).6()&$wi#6 &$860 `#.2V*.A -.A*.A** *)$6;6$*!3.)$($)(ABf;# &$*#B6$*$*' 3$8!$* $#!, -$ Q2!.B6$*$*6$3$($Q)-W+$6$- 3. ! # !3.)$p!Z -<!:$-#.2 3.)$$8. 6$ S$-# 0.24!DP $.& .; !;.CF4$6$-#abwE8E.AE8E.i#;6.'.26.$6;v'!$($-#'0$2D !3.)$($#. bE8E.wi#>#2*.A -.)$ )$ 6X bE8E.wi#D!3.)$($ 4&$8)#2bE8E.wi#X.B6$*!3.)$($6*#2*6 35& $6$ -$-1#B6$*$*'bE8E.wi#*($8 )#2]6#8AD%$A$)$$*'54?*($8#0.O()#.2E8E. E0. 3< 3"&6$()&#.2 3$* *) *'$57$8A 30A*+057$8 7$ 0i#*6&$8 7$-$6#2bE8E$w8$!S$-W6

$6$-3$-*2O60&$.AD%$3.)(1S#.>#2D6&$)$Y&$8 3# >2 6-&$8E. E.V!"S') .6D$C!F$6 $) $*,;$&$8!W $ $+ $Q*0#*6.$*6$-#+$$ )X *#2wwC 8Z!&.reF

!"#$%&'(")#

#$8 `(1bE8E.wVO8*3.)!"S$3.) 3<*) - WA Vv&$8< $*0')$> 0.#$ )$Z $($Q*0$-#.2i$*6'$8 3.]7$ #$$>*&.$6 *#2i#8$DP'$8A/ A*60A*WA!S$A;$D:A$"!.A!!PABS$AB)$0&$!$30-6: $ $8'$()&W+0. /.$*6$-< 3.!:$- >*#.2(+0.A!.0')$g"v *#2$%EB$84*6>#a bb5$ !"& -$<2 &$85$-O& < ^6.[j B6:$-#6*#2wwCGaeKF4?&$8 A *$A i#;v'$8 +$ ^`()#$>D$-.b!$D.&.wi#0.2 $5$ b!$D.&$w!"& -*i#>U8A5 $ $> V

!$3 0!";*6$-*i#0. .62 !";*6$-<$-'^$ ^##$52 &$8$#4>-(1 &$)#,;$$-*2* $ 0. 3N / $ *X#.2 $* $1*.!"4~*-! $ $-*07$8A$$ $8$#+$ >$6$-*07$8 $6$-6$0$Z 2"$3* $$%EB<>#abb$ 3]^, Y$$$8!3.)$Q$6$-#2$#<3$-*07$8: N6$8: $ ^#2wwCKIaKdF i#Q8A $*0-! $ 3<B6$*0V! *) -#$57$8<]^3$Q$&;6#$6$-2 !"S$3.)]^O# $ $8'$()&$.D$C!F$6 $0.2bw$ ;O8*3.)!"S')*)$*#2wwCdaIF i#.5#B0f$ *;&$Q>U2

*+(!,

3 &,;$ /&^$$%EB<>*0.abbi#>$#$B6:$-#$ $1 0.j<,$#*' 36!3.)$Q$6$-#.2wwCIeaIJF 4?&$. $;*60 8*$-. .& !;.CF4$6$-#abb,;$&$.!"~=6

(-tijw 19˛mw t]Pn¬)

12 kXyZqX≥

N6*N $"!$*-!$3*6$1 $"!$-&,-.-;*6$1B0. *&.6$-#.i#.5$%EB$8 Y '$ $$$-#2

O 6 0 $ 56`#a

3-. -;. 8**!$"!$*-.!$3>$$-* `*i#.* .$Q*.6$81=6-.$'$)$>-$#. -. B6 $ ([CeHaF

-./001"213&

5*N6!$3 >$$-#6 -;.8*#6 $ $$QCGaGezF

N6)B &$#3 3-.5$ 86i$ 45$6$-#;#$!$3 8*#6 -;.8*#6 N6$$Q.-*$2CzaeddF

!$3 8*#6-;.8*#6 $15N6-#$52!$3:$*!&6,() & < , **-`#2i3.)'-. -;.8*(1$6$! -$&;-*`#2eaIJ 4*6D;> ;>C!$3*6 #>$$(*6FB$;6 *N66)* &X,'$8 S6$S$"!$-*0$-*.

*$6## 5A66$8$"!$Q6 !$* 6;6$* '6:$*$-* p$-*6),;$#$3 -$&;-* . * $ 6 #2$Z $!$3:$*',*:&$#*&$#;S6$&;6*"6$/-$6$&;6* .#6$!$%EB< Y '$ $ $6$ -#256`#2

$-C>!8$6 $-.F WN6$!$-(1$6#28Z $]6*6&->$Q.C$/->$QF6$!$Q.*$6#.6$8$#6$!$-#6&# .2>*a$S $$8!96$-si#$1C*N6F$3:$Q6)5$i$6##*0*2CdaeGAeGF

!"#!$% &'!()*!

13s^_p-hcn

5 4$) *N6,()&*$3:$-*.6*>$QX6$l)&<B"`#2

$%EB$8:6'Y '$8*N6$3:$-*66;/0$:6-*.$6#!$3:$*-$/*'->$Q$;*6$-#2O60 $.>&..D$CF]*6:$ -.,'/0$-*6$6$-#S* $/->$Q.6 -;. 8**.(p&$! &$ -N6 0$ 6p&,()&**l$ p-6$!-$:6-*.(5 #>$$(!6$QS* X(- EB! &$($-*a . D$p&$8$"!$Q6 6/() & *.2C!>a.>Z.A.F

$#3B.! &$)-8-. h*$.>&.D$CFB$2! &$#D: 8*$($3:$-* ,()&*.2$Z $$/*6$84>*6ON `*.>&.$CF$"!$*'B$/$8$#.6/()&*.C.>Z.F

$#3! .! &$ -.6$8$##X ! $. D$C F5$$Q2i#8B! &$ Np&,()&*$3:$-*.#

5ApD:&$#$Q$6#=1*&$*$j6W* >$Q.$ )-** . :$-6$ - *.2 !6&$86S*W $)$*)* S'$8');)*'$8* $+.#;0*$)-#6$&;6* .256$($Q)-$C.>Z.F2

$#3 .<i#! &$ -.6$8$##X iD. D$5Q2i#8p&$! p&$3:$-*O$-*.(6S*W$)$*)*');)*'$8* $+.#;0*$)-#6$&;6*.C.>Z.F

4*6a4D.>;CFa &.CFa !CFa4?!CFi#; *N6$3:$-*66)6N6O$-* . $/-46$$%EB< $; *6$ -#2 !>a.>Z.A !>a i#;%'$8 -$;*60 S$-#2

4? ;*$/*'->$Q $% EB<6`#2

=66&666)*^$ $&$)$Q$/$Q26$8$ 6) 868- Q26$8$ 6S* R6D. $)$*)$26$8$ 6S $$8B+.&$-'U26$8$ 6 -$-#2 5 6) `#$6#$526 >$Q')!"Bf-') !" `#6$6#2CGKazeF2

!.B&$8*N6$3:$-*i$-*.$6#6]5$:&$ 0.5$($Q$6$-## *0#0.2$ 6) 868-53$-#*)7 Q6$($Q2$ 6S* R6D.$)$*)*$2$ 6S*W S $$8B+.&$-'U2$ *16 -$-#2$84? +$*'$8*)$0.*N6)i$6'$* $($-()*.2

6-&$8*N6)$6) ?;$ -!8o$ - XD:$$*60 #06)! -N6) 6,')S* i$(*'* ' p'$Z $O*#*:&$ ;*' S76$/*'$*6$810#.$%EB<$6$-#2

4X'*,-$)$8 ^$ ^$-$6$-2CaeezFi#;*! 6 !6$Q. 6$B&$-(1*$6$-#$*0#2

.>&.D$*6$C!F$6 $)B * &$6# *6 *) =6 3$Q.* ;$:m!*$6"g:$*$Q 3< &-'*6,$-':M$Q$6$-#4?* R1&$8;**N6)$$3.>&.>!8$6 $C!F)' #>$$(*'!6$Q..& .$ !;>!8$6 $C!F) $3

14 kXyZqX≥

*B$5.>&.. 8 E$ $C F$$Q2pB p4*6$;*6$Q2

bb4?P*6$D$ * R1&$ * *#j<2461$8)-#-$&<=6-$Q)*+$*'$8 ;+#$8 $#. i#$<)6# 6/$-()2! :&$ )$ h&$ )!&$ -.,'+$)&#$#4!. $8:m$*-XYO?#$>($-#$# $15i#Q$1X.2!"3$*-!.$`#!"h;3.)5i$-. $'$()&$$6$-#2i$-.$08*$-.5*0$Q2$?$-#!f-'))' $o$6$Q.6#*6*60'->$QS$( $ X6!$6i$-.5'$() &$&#$6$ -#2<i$-.6$%B@8*$i#$Q$6$-#2B*8!&>-*461$43.)()*`#Bf-i$-$6$&$6$U2i#8i# $:j< 3* &$#6*W $6$-#0.2

C !;.$T!.< 2F

^6Y &.pE$-#2

iB &$Op / 0#$f%$-*2iB &$ Op /4!. $ 6%60$$0-*B0.2j<$66;&.l$($-$$:$$ -

*8*B0#$6$-##57$8 $6o4> #B6*6 $ ( * 6 . 2 =6$ - 52B67$ *6#7$8i-8<^+$$+Q$m$ 0.2 !.>&.>!8*6$C!F $6 $86;& Dg& 6$$Q$6$-#24$=6$:&$ X6;&6#52 $%EB<E& 8*&D0.2$8=6X$-X$-]^->$X =6+ $52i#8>!8$6 $C!F)')=?6') $%EB%')!o$Z =6$- !$Q$1$5i#*6! 0.2=6* &;"&)*)$ $ $8-#2D-&*'' M Y$ - 0.5i#$-$$6$-#.2C>;E!$<2GH,.2GJKF2

4!.3.) 6;$$8pB p -$$1p&p&$ Y&DS 6$ / !. $*'i$-* q #*Z$># 4!. $*&&$8 $# > X(1 !. $ # *&$ $:&$ 6;/0$:6-* $2

g* *N6)! &$Q$ 6 # #. $` , &$#$0Y*- $6$&$-*$2$Z $5!6!6$Q. *&.$$:S'$8

*:&$*&$;*' r S *WAX(-A*)7^i#;$/*4>-$-$6#2

p 4!DP$Q #>$$(#0 eKHJr8$6$QbE;E&8..wi#o&$86`#2

3)$'$.6!S$Q$1$5&$: S76 S E&*<*#2:$* Y '$)'$8=6$- ,!O$1$5## >X6&$8)$ 8 >$U*24)*)$S $$ B*&S766&$ X ^ 3.)'!S$-2222B'*)&6#252)$$8-8i&$-+$U$6$-#2=6 '&$*+. **0#0.2S*W 5S76 ^ $&*'B*&$8$# S $$8$#'$()2222225>(; 6/$ 525]32;6/$ 52=";*'$8!$-#6A$'8$m$ =6 B'$8$'!$-*$52 6 >$U;+#.j<*0#2,D X,'$ S$-#j<*0#2222j<! ! $')>#24? 6,&$:$! ;$Q*$6$-#2$* $')*y W$8 62 &$ 6,&.!S$Q. $ $')!"****02CE;E&8..F

5O>$-$)-#6s O06 *2 4. !".*0! 52!i$-.*0$Q#*6'8j<* $&0.2S*W

15s^_p-hcn

'8S $)$ 8 >$#$j< *0#2 X(-&$! 4B!# $6$-#22224?X(-&$8$#=6 )*&$#B66/()&<!:$-#52i5=+$*+$*'$($6$-#2. =6 =+$*+$Z 52?D!";*6$-#]*5 0X.2CD.zrIreKHIF

!&-'s O06 *24(;S*W6$6$- #2 ; O) #5 $S*0$-$6$-#2

C. !;.F

S*W $$S!')=6! 9*)$45$6#B* &..>&. .$ !;$ #>$$($#3 eKHI 84#6 *&$S'$8 .A *)7^A S*WAX(-i#$ S;*6 *$*/(1*$6$-**)$-0-$ XB!S$-* $2

4?!S$*!O*#$# W$a.& .; !$$#4.!DP$Q:6'$'$)*O$-$6#2OaS* S*WO*#0.2$$' !6/$Q*X*2$-3.)*0$Q6#0.2 $m$Q*1$)$6(-$-'#0.28- $*Y$ S' ($)'$Q 3 *#0.C.-$>F

4?' #>$$(*'i !.3.) $ $ 0.&$$-$6$-##. =6 $;*60B $5 -*0<

!:$Q$6$-#2

4&6*/ *#$# W#=6-;*6<B$S$-#0# ;* . 4$) &$$6$ -#2.

!"45( 567

b=6 -;*6 -#6 *&.$/4>-#52w

i#84*6=6-;*6<6$- *. *&.$/4>*07$8,-$->$Q.B/$-X* .i#EB<#>#2.C=6-#$#F W$]7$ $/*.6$($Q$6#7$8-.C4*6F> $6#2 bwj')V2 ;i*.j'$ -.=6Q#$52i7$8j$T6 $6 B* #$ # W$j$3.)$)6 $6#5CGHaeIF

r5. !6$Q.=6-;.*6-! &.#-*$2

4?)&#! ;6 4 E ) =6*$#0.2

** $ 3<$N$ -.)-W-! &. &$8$#;6Bf;6$3.-&$$3:$Q7$ ,;$ 0;*&$#$ $& $&;#$6$-#.2

4. !DP$Q. 56`#2

b. 4'*$ >$# )$-#! &-

!2 ;Q $V $/!S$-#.#0.2$1$;- $ 6 :$ - B- #!: 52B'$8B*S76 $4'*$ >$#g$ $-# 0.2 B'$8!$3:$*-. 2!!6'$8 +*$$$-*0.2CIGaJreF2; 7A $";.A <A . .A 4<k3i#$$)'$ O5!A$*T'$ 0;6#S$Q#*64$)!. 0.2

! ;i#>$()#4? ' &$#X *60X :m$ 0.2 !.>&.E ;Z&8 !;$$p !6$Q. B' )$ Y &$8. $* 6$D:$'$86$"!&'$8 +*$$6$-*0.2E$ Z&$*;+$84.A,m$A*ki#;6,BY'X Humanity First i#Y&$#.*;+$8 !.6D:$ '$8 =6!Y$$))$Y&$8>$ ;Z.&)#6$*0.2

4?* &;6=6-;*6 #>$$(0$Q.$ $& 05 3* &$. 4? 6Y 6$1$ 6$ -## *6&$8 =6. $ ME$60.2

$$Q63 .; !;$ O!";*6$Q.^*'$8$#$N>$$/$8$#.*6*>< 3! &0-12

16 kXyZqX≥

2005 HmKÃv 15\v C¥y

58-˛mw kzmX-¥y-Zn\am-tLm-jn-°p-

tºmƒ \mw kzmX¥ye_v[n-bpsS

hP-Pq-_nenbnte-°-Sp-°p-I-bm-Wv .

KX-Ime Ncn-X-Øns‚ GSp-I-fn¬

kzmX¥y ka-c-Øns‚ tcmam-©-

apƒs°m-≈p∂ kw`h-ßfpw h¿Æm-

\mXo-X-amb Acpw-sIm-e-Ifpw

Bth-tim-÷z-e-amb ]`m-j-W-

ßfpw Hs° Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. 1857

se in]mbn elfsb H∂mw kzmX-

¥y-k-a-c-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-hcpw

D≠v. ]t£ C¥y≥ kzmX¥yw

shdpw cmjvSob t\Xm-°-fpsS

amXw krjvSn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. adn®v

AXn\v ]n∂n¬ Aim¥w ]cn-i-an-

® thsdbpw At\Iw Ic-ßsf

Is≠-Øm-\m-hpw. A°q-´-Øn¬

AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A-Øns‚

c≠mw Jeo-^m: ap…n-lv auDu-Zv,

l: an¿km _io-dp-±o≥ alvaqZv

AlvaZv (d)s‚ t]cv t]m÷z-e-ambn

Fgp-∂v \n¬°p-∂p.

Hcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ At±lw

X\n°pw Xs‚ Pam-A-Øn\pw

C¥y≥ kzmX-¥y-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

AXyp¬°-S-amb BKlw hnh-cn-®p-

! ! ! ! !

"#$%$!&'"#$%$!&'"#$%$!&'"#$%$!&'"#$%$!&'A_q kz_mlv

sIm≠p ]d-™p.

""C¥y-bpsS kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-

≠n-bp≈ Nn¥, lZvdØv akolv

auDuZv (A)\v (l-kvdØv an¿km

Kpemw AlvaZn-\v) D≠m-bn-cp-∂-

Xns‚ ]Ip-Xn-t]mepw Km‘n-Pn°pw

]WvUn‰v s\lvdp-hn-\p-aps≠∂v Hcp

\nanjw t]mepw kΩ-Xn-°m≥

Rm≥ Xøm-d-√. ]hm-N-I-∑m¿

Ft∏mgpw temI-Øp-\n∂v ASn--aØw

C√m-Xm-°m-\mWv BK-X-c-mhp-∂-Xv.

Ah-cpsS Dt±iyw temIsØ, Bcp-

sS-sb-¶nepw ASn-a-I-fm-°p-I-b-√,

adn® v AhcpsS GI e£yw

temIsØ tamNn-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.

lZvdØv akolv auDuZv (A) Dw

ssZh \ntbm-Kn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-

sIm-≠v, Ahn-SsØ Dt±iyhpw CXp-

X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬,

Ft∏mƒ, ASn-a-Ø-ap-≠m-bm-epw,

AXns\ t\cn-tS-≠Xv AlvaZnøm

Pam -A-Øns‚ IS -a -

bmWv''(A¬^kv¬ 11.6. 1936)

Cu D¬°-S -amb BK-lw,

kzbw lrZ-b-Ønte‰p-Ibpw A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ°v ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNbvX lkvdØv apkvenlv

auDuZv Hmtcm kµ¿`-Ønepw

C¥y≥ t\Xm-°sf D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-

≠n-cp-∂p. amX-a√ , lkvdØv

Nu[cn k^-dp-√mlv Jm≥ kmln-

_v , hnhn[ ktΩ-f -\ -ß-fn¬

AlvaZnøm Jeo-^-bpsS IÆpw

ImXpw, \mhp-ambn ]h¿Øn-®p.

lnµp-˛-apkvenw

ssaXn-bp-sS h‡mhv

1927 ¬ cmPv]m¬ Fs∂mcp

lnµp, \_n (k) Xncp-ta-\nsb

A[n-t£-]n -®p -sIm≠v "c¶oe

dkq¬' Fs∂mcp ]pkvX-I-sa-gp-Xn.

Abmƒs°-Xn-cn¬ apkvenwIƒ

tImS -Xnsb kao -]n -s®-¶nepw

]©m_v sslt°mSXn KŸ-

I¿Øm-hns\ -Ip-‰-°m-c-\-s√∂v

hn[n®p shdpsX hn´p. AXv cmPyw

apgp-h≥ Ipg-∏-߃ Xe-s]m-°m≥

CS-bm-°n. CXn -\n -S -bn¬ 1929

G]n¬ amkw "Aew-Zo≥' F∂v

t]cp≈ Hcp apkvenw bphm-hv, ]´m-

∏-I¬ cmPv-]m-ens\ h[n-®p.

Cu k¶o¿Wm-fl-I-amb Ah-ÿ-

bn¬ AlvaZnøm Jeo-^, Kh¿W-

sa‚n-t\m-Sv, aXm-Nm-cy-∑msc lo\-

") &+ &#,-! ./01*

2&3) ",-*!4&56)22 7898

17s^_p-hcn

ambn \nµn -°p -∂-Xn -s\-Xn -cn¬

\nbaw ]mkm-°nsbSp-°m≥ Bh-

iy-s∏- p. As√-¶n¬ CØcw DZy-a-

߃ cmPyØv lnµp˛-apkvenw

h¿§ob el-f-Iƒ°v hgn-a-cp-∂n-Sp-

sa∂v Kh¨sa‚ns\ t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w Xs∂,

At±lw cmPv]mens‚ h[sØ

A]-e-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

adp -`m -KØv "h¿Ø-am≥'

Fs∂mcp ]Xw \_n (k) Xncp-ta-

\nsb A]-Io¿Øn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠v

teJ-\-߃ ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p XpS-ßn.

AlvaZnøm Jeo^m (d) Xs‚

Bhiyw k¿°m-cns‚ i≤-bn¬s∏-

Sp-Øn. Ah-km\w Cu kwK-Xn-

bpsS Kuchw a\- n -em -°nb

k¿°m¿, _n¬ ]mkm-°p-Ibpw c-

W-L-S-\-bpsS 15-˛mw JWvUnI 153

F, hIp∏pw Xncp-Øm≥ X-øm-dm-hp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

C¥y≥ kzmX-¥yØn\v

aq∂v \n¿t±-i-߃

AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-A-

Øns‚ kzmX¥y t]mcm--´-ß-fn¬

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn aq∂v Imcy-߃

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

1. F√m C¥y-°mcpw bmsXmcp

hn`m-Ko-b-Xbpw IqSmsX ]c-kv]cw

sFIy-Ønepw ka-Xz-Ønepw kl-

h¿Øn-Xz-Ønepw Ign-b-Ww.

2. ka-c-ß-fn¬ AI-aam¿§w Dt]-

£n-°p-Ibpw kam-[m\ am¿§w Ah-

ew-_n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. hnIm-cm-

th-i-߃°v ASn-a-s∏-SmsX, \nba

am¿t§W ]h¿Øn-°p-I.

3. D®-\o-N-Xz-ßfpw A\y kaq-

lsØ \nµ-tbmsS ImWp-∂Xpw

Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I.

l¿Øm-ep-I-fpw, _µp-Ifpw,

]Wn-ap-S-°p-Ifpw ka-c-Øns‚ mK-

am-I-cp-sX-∂pw, AXv ]n∂oSv kz¥w

k¿°m-dn-s\Xn-tcbpw P\-߃ Ah-

Imi kwc-£-W-sa∂ t]cn¬

sIm≠m-Sp-sa∂pw Aßns\ kzmX-

¥ym-\-¥c `mc-X-Øn¬ AØcw

]h-W-X-Iƒ ho≠pw Xe-s]m-°p-

sa∂pw AXv hnL-S-\-hm-ZhØnte-

°pw, cm-Py-sØ Aÿn-c-am-°p-∂-Xn-

te°pw \bn-°p-sa∂pw At±lw

]d-™p.

AlvaZnøm Jeo- -bpsS hm°p-

Iƒ kzX¥ `mc -X -Øn¬

A\z¿∞amhp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

Pmenb≥ hmem_mKv

"dufØv BIvSv' F∂ t]cn¬

Kh¿sa‚ v Hcp _n¬ ]mkm-°p-

Ibpw am[ya cwKØpt]mepw

ISpØ \nb-¥-W߃ G¿s∏-Sp-

Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amX-a√ ]©m-

_n¬ ]te-SØpw am¿j¬ embpw

]Jym-]n-®p. CXn-s\-Xn-cn¬ cmPyw

apgp-h≥ Iem-]-s°mSn Db¿∂p. 1919

G]n¬ 13\v AarXv kdnse

"Pmenb≥ hmem-_mKn'epw Bfp-

Iƒ ktΩ-fn -®p. AarXvkdn¬

_n´ojv ssk\nI ta[mhn P\-d¬

Ub¿ AhnsS IqSn-bn-cp-∂-h¿°v

t\sc \n¿±bw \nd-sbm-gn-®p. \njvI-

f-¶-cmbn At\-I-am-fp-Iƒ AhnsS

Acpw sIme sNø-s∏-´p.

Zmcp-W-amb Cu kw`-h-a-dn™

AlvaZnøm Jeo^ ]d™p: ""Pmen-

b≥ hmem-_mKv'' kw -h-Øn¬ FX-

amXw \njvTq -c-amb ]h¿Øn-

bmtWm \S-∂Xv AXv hf-sc-b-[nIw

tJZ-I-c-am-Wv. ""cmPy-Øns‚ a‰v mK-

ß-fn¬ ]Xn-I-c-W-ap-≠m-h-s´-sb-

∂pw, cmPy-tZmlw ac-hn -°s´

F∂pw IcpXnbmWv Xm≥ \nd-sbm-

gn-®p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp-∂-sX∂ P\-d¬

Ub-dns‚ hm°p -Iƒ Xs∂,

Abmsf Ip‰-hm-fn-sb∂v sXfn-bn-

°m≥ [mcm-f-am-Wv. IqSp-X¬ sXfn-

hp-I-fpsS Bh-iy-an√''. (X¿sI ahm-

eØv Hu¿ AlvImsa Ckvemw

t]Pv 2)

\n -l-I-cW ]ÿm\w\n -l-I-cW ]ÿm\w Bcw- n-

®-t∏mgpw AlvaZnøm Jeo^ AtX-

°p-dn®v P\-ßsf t_m[-hm-∑mcm

°n. amX-a√ kwL¿j-Øns‚

am¿§w kzmX¥y ka-c-Øn\v A\p-

K-pW-a-s√∂pw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn.

IqSmsX aq∂v Imcy-ß-fn-te°v

C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS i≤ £Wn-®p-

sIm≠v At±lw ]`m-j-W-߃ \S-

Øn.

1. kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-tijw \ap°v

F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw ]mho-Wy-ap-≈-

hsc Bh-iy-ambn hcpw.

2. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ A\p-`h kº-

Øp-≈-h-cm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂

\ΩpsS \nb-a-߃ Ah-cpsS A\p-

` -h -Øn¬ \n∂pw ]tbm -P -\ -

apƒs°m-≈p-∂-Xm-I-Ww.

3. apkvenwI-tfmSv ]d™Xv Cw•o-

jp-Imsc bt°-≠-Xn-s√∂pw Ah¿

\ΩpsS Cc-I-fm-sW∂v a\- n-em°n

Ah¿°v icnbmb CkvemanI

A[ym-]-\-Øns‚ NnXw a\- n-em-

°n-sIm-Sp-°-W-sa-∂p-am-Wv.

1922 ¬ hneywkv cmP-Ip-amc≥

C¥y-bn -se -Ønbt∏mƒ Alv

aZnøm Jeo^m (d) At±-l-Øn\v

"hneywkv cmP-Ip-am-c-\p≈ D]-lmcw'

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp X_veoKv KŸw

FgpXn ka¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXv

At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fn¬

am‰w hcp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. InkvXp-

a-X-tØm-Sp≈ \ockw At±lw ad-

®p-sh-®-Xp-an-√.

1924 ¬ lpkq¿ HmIvkvt^m¿Uv

kvSo‰ v sse≥kv tIm¿W¿

lukn¬, Aapkvenw C¥y≥

hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ap∂n¬ sNbvX

]`m-j-W-Øn¬ kzmX-¥y-Øn\v

kzoI-cn-t°≠ am¿§-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

1926 ¬ Um¿hn≥ ]`p -hn\v

\¬Im≥ "Um¿hn≥ ]`p-hn\v D]-

lmcw' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp KŸw

FgpXn ka¿∏n®p.

apkvenwIƒ AlvaZnøm

Jeo-^-s°-Xnsc

kzm-X¥y ka-c-Im-eØv apkvenw

De-am-°ƒ, _n´o-jp-Im¿°v kvXpXn

18 kXyZqX≥

]mSp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\-[n-Iw,

AlvaZnøm ]ÿm-\-Øns‚ hµy-

ÿm-]-I¿ l. Zn¿km Kpemw

AlvaZv (A), _n´ojv k¿°m-dns‚

]X-\-sØ-°p-dn®v C¬lmw ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ, Cim-AØp p∂-

bpsS ]Xm-[n-]cpw Alvse lZokv

t\Xm-hp-amb auehn apl-ΩZv

lpssk≥ _´m-e-hn, B alm-flm

hns\ AdÃv sNøm≥ t]mepw

A`y¿∞n-®-Xmbn At±-l-Øn-s‚

]X-߃ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p.

GXm-bmepw AXn¬ \n∂v hyXn-

cn-‡-am-bn-cp-∂n-√ AlvaZnøm Jeo-

^-bpsS A\p-`-h-hpw. Alvdmdn

eoU¿ auem\m k^-d-en-Jm≥

Xs‚ ]X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv it≤-

b-am-Wv. At±lw FgpXn: ""JmZn-bm-

\nse ]hm-N-I≥ Xs‚ ac-W-Øn\v

apºv _n´ojv Kh¿sa‚ v F´p-h¿jw

hsc, ]n∂oSv Zu¿_-ey-Øns‚bpw

hn≈-en-s‚bpw Zn\-߃'' F∂v ]h-

Nn-®n-´p-≈Xv Hcp ]t£ Cw•o-jp-

Im¿°v Adn-bn-√m-bn-cn-°mw. B

]hm-N-Is‚ aI≥, Ct∏m-gsØ

JmZn-bms‚ Jeo-^, Ct∂°v 4

h¿jw apºv ]Jym-]n-®Xv C¥y°v

]cn-[n-bn-√mØ Ime-tØmfw A\y-

cmPy `c-WsØ kln-°p-hm≥

km[y-a-s√-∂pw, C\n C¥y \ni-_vZ-

am-bn-cn-°n-s√-∂p-amWv''. (k-ao-µm¿

30/12/1924) _n´o-jp-Im¿°v Hmim\!

sska¨ IΩo-j≥sska¨ IΩo -j≥ C¥y-

bnseØnb-t∏mƒ AXns\ _ln-

jvI-cn-°m-\p≈ \o°-ß-fn¬ \n∂v

]n∑m-dm≥ AlvaZnøm Jeo^

C¥y≥ t\Xm-°sf D]-tZi-n-®p.

amX-a√ IΩo-j\v ap∂n¬ apkvenw

kaq-l-Øns‚ \∑°v th≠n-bp≈

\n¿t±-i-ßfpw At±lw ka-¿∏n®p.

Hcp `mKØv `qcn-]£ aX-Øns‚

A[n-Imc i‡n-bn¬ \yq\-]£

tZml-Øn\v Nne¿ C°m-eØv ian-

®n-cp∂p F∂Xv kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.

At±lw ka¿∏n® tcJ-I-fn¬

][m-\-ambpw D∂-bn-®Xv apkvenwI-

fpsS ]mc-ºcyhpw, kwkvIm-chpw

kwc-£n-°p-I, apkvenwIƒ kz¥w

`mj-sb∂v Icp-Xp∂ D¿Zp, kzmX-

¥y-Øn-\p-tijw \ne-\n-dp-ØpI

apkvenwIƒI°v P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-X-

Øn¬ k¿°m¿ tPmen Dd-∏p-h-cp-

ØpI, apkvenwI-fpsS hnZym-`ymk

Imcy-ß-fn¬ t]m’m-l\w \¬Ip-

I, tIµ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Ccp k`-

I-fnepw 34% iX-am\w ko‰p-Iƒ

apkvenwIƒ°v \o°n-sh-bv°pI,

kzmX¥ym\¥c `mc-X-Øn-¬ aX

kzmX-¥y-Øn\v kºq¿Æ kzmX-

¥y-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-pI F∂n-hbmbn-

cp∂p.

amX-a-√, C¥y≥ P\-X-bpsS

]mXn-\n[y `c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp

Imc-W-h-imepw IΩo-j≥ hyXn-N-

en-°-cp-sX-∂pw, AXv k¿°m¿ Dd∏p

hcp-Ø-W-sa∂pw At±lw Bh-iy-

s∏- p.

auem\m apl-Ω-ZenPul¿ Fgp-Xp∂p:

bb$"!&$8S$#$6#$1A ,D. $!D;>p;< . .. Ap&$ Y$ , & !. $*')S$%$-. $') +<%(0 .$6##*64?6$*'$8i+$6$-#. T$*)$6$-22224!. $ 4?Y$ , &$& $A !. $,! &$.$ D$!. $5$ *)'$846#.4!. $*!&$$6v* D'*1#B'*-. *$Q h; 0#.'$$-()#! $6 52ww C.Gz2K2eKGJk8$F2

!81'1-% $9!"&$. ;/

*8*$4;3.*$'$Q*

1$ 1 !m''$8?:6$!Z>5.E<!$D. 7)-*A. $`E ;Z)D. $Z $($-*.2!"! 6!$$6#!;$!.!.$. $`, &$ $S4$ ]^! #OY E! 63.);&'$8 $6#!!Z>5.E<!$D$).>U.4*6 $6#2

Will you forgive me if I wereto say howmuch I appreciate your valu-able contribution to our discussion.

:;:13

$0*6'$84< !"! 6 &$.O?,*#. $`E ;Z2 !. $. ?O?.C>FA 4$ &$$$:D$1;3.*m;3 *-. #$ !"&!DP$QS60R)6$ 3.*6' !DP$Q X $$: $p ! ($-*$2 eKzI,yGGr.4<!"&->$Q.. $` E ;Z .E.DO#663.);--$)$8$60.28S!"&!DP$Q. Q `#$$!$ $8 =6 * $'$Q*1$$6#2 &$. <.#i5--E.Di&$Q2E.D$Q ? D.8* B!.>U.A j< 4. +<!% $Q#. $`E ;Z $*)$-+.B$-## 0.2

^#.,6$ !&$8E ;Z . S30&$8A4 $ 6@$($ &#

19s^_p-hcn

0.D$1.5#-;.$6#2$#;).8SD$13.y <>$.! ($Q!.*; $ 4-* ^6 $ : &$8 B&$-*#0...i#.$* 0#.>U8#$.$#$8$**6#0.$-<*+$*2

A&$8>U #ADPY6) &$.B f<.$1X6* ;Q #/6'$8B E`*#`2CZD6$GH !. $. ?O?.$F

!<;=$9

e2 B!$$T. =? , &.. $ 2G2 !;K*>Q$, &.2 $TY<* ?,!$!$ !. *8z2 -.:'&$. >)$2I2 >$=Z.>$ $,$<!.eKGHCOF

p$$-< 3.:$*6 $52i#8<4? *&. !"~6:6*!" :4$)$#$6$Q* `#$52< =6!3.)$ 0.2 !.$* Y$8 $# O$($-*46,;$*'/$QO8*3.) $*'D:'`* .$6$-# !3.).#,;$&$=6p* .$Q$1.24?!$< L$ -$ 457$ ,;$pVv&$8&>$*$8 $-* 0#.$LT 0.2222 3DBS6 $*6$:$-#8)5 6 ,&>$*B6:$-*!.$-*`*0#.D% *#0.2$ 3<i$*,;$&$8$$:'6'$ 6$ '$ ]()*i5!E!?*6 S$-* . A&$ 5 ^#$ .BVv!ES()$6$-#.2222O*AO>* )$ 6;6$*:m'$8 3<46,;$*-. < 0.2i#8$ ,;$**6*? &$8

$$-#.2 .0$ ;Q 6-'$8$#!&)&. $$3.) -#2i#8D%$,;$ 3<'$64?!&$8 $,$Q$1$ 524 34?$3'$ # 5#*.$$8 0#*02$8 3*)&$.6 >#$)* i#0.,;$&$VvpwwC4!. "@F2

3"%&&;>#!3.)$p"v

-$-$A $* * 6'->$Q.!&8*(1$6$-#2! /B6;*6- S *#2$* E 6)!&$#$ $ $-()#0#.D$'$8!$$ *#.2 -*').A!.>&.B $.!,.`<* .$-(1$ .6A!3.)0 *0-$"$6$B $!&$8 +*0 #0.2 -*'5AO8*3.)$ &$B f$4$$> #6$&;#24D. ;!.$.`>$52#$ $&<.$X()*.24?$** .B* &-.

6$ $ $p $6#$5#. .& !;. CF$6$Q6#2 >$Q&$8Bf*$Q]6 3!&$!&$ E #&0 #X0. $*;6 2 ;!6!DP$Q.)($86&$"$ &$S 0$.2O8*3.)*')6$$ &$ 3- f X65 -*'#0.!,.i# -$-. L$ -$&#$6$-#.2!W)6 *3.l$ &$ 3.$D 6*')!3.)0 `< E $:$-(1$6$-#2!g 3.$$Q$6$-#6 #Y&$ "4$ )$-<!:$-#0.2

(11 mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

\ncm-i-cm-I-cpXv

kz¥w Bflm-°-tfmSv

AXym-Nm-c-߃ \S-Øn-

bn´p≈ A√tbm Fs‚

Zmk-sc, A√m-lp-hns‚

Imcp -WysØ sXm´ v

\n߃ \ncm-i-cm-IcpXv.

\n›-b-ambpw A√mlp

]m]-ß-sf√mw s]mdp

Øp sImSp-°p-∂p.

(39:154, 55)

20 kXyZqX≥

;>E&))&#%'$8 B'*'%&)*6$$)$-<)X2$%EB<4-6*i)&>#a

C%..F1$8C-'F *;+)-#. 6 =6D$-DPY6$6$-*#. #52 $i$*$S'Op$-#25*1$-.6 * 0. Op$-#.25$@ 0.CadF2

4? )$ " Y $6t()&#2%&$8 6$1. 7)-&B'*'%&)*6$$)$-#. $6:$-*B'*'DT$*'-$($)$-#1$-*# )*`#2

>!8$6 $C!F)$)8!&$8%&)*6)X 6 ^ &^$*$3.*3$-*$2>!8$6 $C!F>U2

b5 36$')O) Y$84(+$ %&)*6.2j<$'O$-#2$]6*6 0 S/$-*A !.:6$-*`#.2*6 #-. S/08** !. :6$($-*`*2-.D%$ 1O-#.=6$- >($-()*$52w

D.$.=6;!4)(&.$-0.2.)*6 ;k$($-*6 $-* `6#. 5,;*6!$-#$-O# 6;$$8)*6). 6 >0 # 0.4?;L.!$-#.2i#$1 ;$*C$ ( !. $S60*)'F1$-*8A;A $-8A)*6*58 ;*'$8]()#2. 5$* -$ ' $6

*'$ ) *) )&*`#2 )$ 5 R$-#.6) *$3:$-**)$0.`#.2b*<-') $* -#$8$#m)U$6$-#wCDE6$F2i#84?;$*'*1 !. $*'=#)7:$/$Q*X6);$ /0$Q6&*`#2

% `W+. #1**W+4!. h$p #1-#2%!DP 4? $:$$ -*0$-*i#.4!. $*;$*')S&.$#X=6/ 0 $*0--$-)2;$*4!. $*6;&$-- $'Q)$-* 6;&$.$6% $ &$-*`#.i*0.[$#X O&6 &$ 52]. h $Q%,$-

Ajvd^v Fw.-F. kvtIm´vem‚ v

apkvenw temIhpw cmjvSob Ac-£n-X-Xzhpw ˛ 4

:4;< !!=&3)* (OIC)>2?%&,@32A

21s^_p-hcn

#S?$*$*')&"!.&$ 0. $ O&6 X.2*y!.$ .!.CeJHreeFi#.6X3<%@<%&$,$Q. 4*6 0. .bm) 4~ &$-<$m)$ 8)$Q8($-#S;*60.%wCGJF $, / -$-.i.$:&$ XS;*6+$Q$) #0. y !.$^.!. >#.2 %&$&"!.&6$()&W $"i#.!DP $6CGF4?&"!. 0.46^$ +<%'!":;$Q.2=66,&?6N6O .*60' 5$)&% `# !&( X !$* / 0#.*6#2$66 S;*6B* 0 0. %&$ $, :$ *'#.!%$* $* '$*!$($-W$,&$ ON 6$ -.$)$Q-. 6 $"=6D%$ 1$S()#2O60&$. 8E"$ 4?%;$!$%&->$Q'6D:N60.2)*'-#$B:$*% >>$U60.j'#. 6$-) $ $ >$ " $O%6$Q*.8E"$-NS$ &) >> .2 !. ,D.*>#abB Y 63.);4!. $ C '$ ^$ -84!. F&"&0.O$ - #. 2 '$ ^$ -84!. $-$"!&&"')$Y -$X=6 (52 >$Q.* $-*$ $-*

S60h&$:$*6R))!: `# =6 $$$4!. $O$-#60.26)$ !:"B:$*6$*4?$3'$ 0.O?#$$8-#.CGKF2

$$-#.!DP$Q$:$$ -*'^$l$-W4!. $863.); /Q*XY'A 6 Y' m$ X! L$ -<!:$-263.); !$* ,$. )&WVv !. $ $Q$6:$$6:4!. $*6$&$8*02i#8! * ; *&,$.63.); / )#$$-.B*#S;*6**.$666#$*!$-*0.2

!"'! 3*$6:$)$

Y&"'*'$ :$3.l$ 0.2=# $i5$*-$ ? $* *'.2.S$ *)*A!R)$-X* 2 6 $?6N-.:$*6&$6&$8$#X!6/02 # $,S$6;*60&$8$*' *)8 7)($-82! $ 63.):$*6Y6*0-.D:$($-60.i#Y$$C]-?D$ $ $F$6$-82

3*&$.B6*6 B6. S$-0 7$8 Y'$* :m$*$ )*'B .2*6$g

0&$ )AS60!$:&$ )A$ $m0&$ )A*)$))$*'$ )Y 3*'!6/$-.2! $6 ! $*6 ^X6)*!6/0&->$Q.! &$.Bf; :m$* $D%$6$-02*. 3*&=663.)&$63.);:m$* '$8 $# ) &$-. 3 * &*0<!: 524.!DP$QX !. $ *&$$ )*B.*6 0.2!W&$*!6! " $5. A! $*;$)SA!" 63.);S$*)&$.!6 $5. A;$*'$8QX$66 Sti#$ !. $! -X$8#!.$-#2>D.D%$,;$* `>-$ GHHGr >D. 3$*!>$(1.CHFA(The Arab human DevelopmentReport - GHHGF>D. *&!"&$S>#*1#b 3$*!&*$) >$-#4?Y63.); $*!&$$#-Y,*$:*)$($-#2wCeF i#. !.>$(1. S$()*`#2

!"'?>*61>@1!)"9><v*

R1&$ 0. 3*&!DP$Q!7 .O6&$6$U#.>($ X--. $X0#4!. $\*$-#2 3 * & !DP$Q

22 kXyZqX≥

(-tijw 25˛mw t]Pn¬)

!7 .]*/; 0#6,')*;+$ *'0$8* R1 4$660 0#$-1#2 3*E4?)&* &=6!S 0.24?E!; $)($ -<46*+$U$1$52 $:&$ )$U><6,4-6&$8461&(.*1#2=# $*'0$8* R1&$. 3$ $8#y *4(+! ,"$*')], 6*70$*' $&$-#60.2 3*'$1$ $-#&6y *').$*' 1*$0-#26 $$66:$*','$-#y *-$6i*63.)!S$ )i2i2iZ$ )63.);!mp &< )$U>< )*-.!: 2 # $)*'0. : '$8D &) #$1$8-#.2*. !. $6,'$86)!!.*6$* 8-. )D O#2 3*!DP $ !. $*-$6X6)$ '6$)<4?'5O#$- 7$ 3*%))(-#$ X !. $S60*)') 6,-. W$84# =+$*+*'52

!. $'!DP$-# ^6. 3*!'A $ $m0'60.$-#.i#0.2$ $ $4!. $*%' $$,$(X0.24?$,$(*!.;*-.4!. $ X

Y&!DP$QX4!. $*$/$ &!DP$Q 0.263.) 3*E')'$Q&$8 4!. $*%' $g$-0 #.6 3*&*B()#2 4.X $ !R1&$ -.$-#2 3*E&)$D% &#60#0.(.2 !. $*-*1o 6 : 0.2*.6j.,&$X!6 '6 *> 0. 24!. $*$ 63.) 3*Em$ X4?!R1*$ $*6$-1$ O-$0#0.$ 4!. $\*S$()#.2.4&660 4!.>$ $$6Otg>-#4!. $*%'D -<$X0.i#0.6)S$2CGF !. $* 3* 0'$ $ $ '5$'$-O)Q- #16.2$07$8. 3*E&$ 5 0' $()&#0.2

!" S$*)&$ $/ &^$ !. $*'6 m$8 $,$(.2!8 <>3.$)!S 0.$X]^ $O602!8 <>3.$)!.* !. $*') $*6&0()&*$i#0. !. $*-.D:$($ - X 2 /4!. $*6;&$8:$-XZ.$6#$X6$6[.. $

Rushdi: Hauntel by his unholyGhost;' i#!.*&$8>#.Ab!&$*.+.!!.wi#!.*&$ ;$ )#$ *6$-1$4!. $B* $-X=6 %$ $ 6#i#0.24?%$4!. $)X6$6 $6:&$8$ p;63.);&$ 3.) -)*)$ 0.2 &$8$#>& :$Q*'0i#S6$/ !. $*')$"!&$)$Y&$8 =6-$=6*0$$6#>3.$!S #.pS$()#24!. $8&6$/*-.6;*60 $5#.. $ $-1#2>3.$-$6XZ. $Q6$$6 ? $Q6 !. $;$**Z$>*'0#:$/$ - * 6:60#.E$-* $2

)*AB1)>#

4!. $ 3*- > $#X6)B* 0-$6 !. $*$6:$->.24?$6:!6S' D ()&#6.R)*'.2=# &. 6;&$ ^E'0.2.Vv&$8 $T-A S$6&$4!. :$/$:$-#[4!. Vv&$8!.;*-. *8*#[;Q4?$3&$8 S$#S$'$6$-2$ $/$v'$8!.S$'$6# 6$=# &

23s^_p-hcn

6!D$CF@$$)C>!8$6 $F.*6)Q$ R$-Wp >U2 bi$- $- 4)$ X)$! 0$.2$-./ $-<*+$*6')Vv4j<>U62wCeaJKF!>a8*.Z. )6# wwB *( $*6A, $.6#$ $*')$6#2$.*)6&0 #.j<Op$Q26)$#$8i5*( *'D 8*6 $$)$-# =6 6,$6#CeaHF bwB*1 $-$"!$*'$6#2i#8<66$* &$$"!&$$DP$Q- #.S(1 C eaeF*6)V<6$%$$8-O# *60&$8-)& =6 **6 $-. 0 #.Op$Q2CeaGFbbB $8-11.10&$ 6VD N6)$6#2$+-X=6$:$.26)$.=6!.&$6#2*.666) *" &*

!" # $%&' !" # $%&' !" # $%&' !" # $%&' !" # $%&'

28

C0>0"D

6)$:$>&-i)-* 0 #.$V<Op$Q2$V$8$#X*60 $10..2j<4.!":$*6 !6$Q..52 $-./ $ -< *+$ $6#$$;*60 0$.2wwCeaF

8 !.$< !D$-.B &$8#$6$Q*)-#S'0.2Hr8>Ub!:,') D1.wi#$$/S?$*!E!?*6'X6)!:,')XS6$6 $4)+*X$6$ 0.2 6,. i#*X$/S?$*!W&*')X B!$ 0.$($-#.2 6-&$8S$*'76$*' 461$!6)!W!:--$ -! &$#$$ +$ - S?$*B!"-.$$$$-* &$)$$8i'(&$8*(1* * `#2 *.>!8$6 $C!Fp&$ $ * ')D1$8=6"6O-$2') S?$ * !6

/.-!?E&$$ 0#. *6 # !W&$.VS?$* 6/?*-.=6 Q-*0.!W. E `#.2! (0 &8>!8$6 $C!F)$*$DPg`#:mS?$*!6-.$6v* =63.)-Q) 0#. ##2 4. E !;$-.6*0. `#.2 $3$* 4? 9$*,;$&- &6 =6,;$&$ -XB" 0.>!8$6 $)!W.%$$ )!, #.2:MY$6))$Q &(16) &$ 6$6) / &$ O*# =6,;$6E0. m.D$C!F! ($-#.2 $3.-'7)!"$*))$Y&$8 306$ !W&$*! ;*60!: #=6! !$: m. D$C!F $*-. 8**$2 4?!TS&$8 ^6*6*)$m)!. $V&$86#2.>!8$6 $C!aFp&$$&$8 ?*$* &=6%)

24 kXyZqX≥

6&$ 0. $Q.2i#8 !D$CF&$8*$3.)=66,$10.$Q.2 4. L$ -$&6#. ?*$* >!8$6 $)$*-. ^X6/$Q *>0#0.2

=6 D * *#.!DP$Q$6$-WS3$8&A$A$6 $5. i#-0.2 *5*i#$.$*>-*A=6!:&$*+$.*> -* i#- 0. 2(bD *5*wi#X.=6 3$ X$6-).*#$* O&,& $($-*2!$-< !:$-& c $($-*b $-wi#.*X$/ 36;6ABf 0.2 3 6; 6 Bf#0.i5$::m$* Y*':m$* Y*' 3#.2( 36$8 O*#:m$* ^ ) * '$8 6/$-0 7$8 $* i5:m+$*')$$6$-#2$$!6$$-$$6$-#24?$ *5X*60 $$<>#. $-'<30&$ -A$"!&$ $Q- #0.2 !D$ CF)&$8 L$ *#. 3.5!:60 *+$* *)&$1#5$:&$8$Q8i5$: $N*'$8 $# $($Q8Y&.N $-<. .*+$8* # 0.2 3<i#>W6;6Bf#R)*

0.24?$*'6$6&$8$0&$8*6$6#8$#$"!&$ -AP*6&$ -+$)#A>!8$6 $C!aF E6$Q$ '$8 3< ^$ -.*#i5 +$*')*))Q$*0#0.20.4$) !D$CF&$8=6$$$ Q $ !62 *6!. $ --.56!&8* #.>U24!. =6 3~i$$0&$8*60 B$/0'58*$#$1.2 E 36$8 =6 $B%f$*,N#*6#0.2i#8 !D$),S?$*!$$8 +*$=6 ,;$ 0. $Q#.2)& &$8 ;+<*# 6$^$ >U2 i#$$/6)n$N 6 B-6 0# W>U2. *X$/ !D$CF4?!D$CF 0.!$($-#.26)D( =6 !"$*$6#i#.4D$D$CFOp$Q0.2b$:$w->$QX6 ! D$C F-4?!D$CF-5CF8*$$@'0.2

5$%EB$8 !D$- 4?!D$-8*$@8!/. $)-.$1.2CKazF $3&$8 .6 $5&,N6)*$8!6/$ 52 *60 *S?;*!6$ >$$6$-#2]7$ !6&$8D:N68$%EB$8 E6$ -(1

[email protected] `2bw$V$8$#X*60 $10.ww. !D$)4?!D$)* l$%EB$8$/$Q.5$6)X*60&$*) 0.2.4$)i)&>X*606)i5&'$&$$6$6#26).$**60$-&0.2i#$15$*60$!$%EB$8 &*i(+7$ -.0`1i#5$*60S 0. 4$) $-#.2bw4.i!":$*6 $.5wwi#.4?&$8>#2 . 4$$%EB$8Bl'5O-X$Q.D$$6 $ C!aF525$* .*6 0.2>!8$6 $!DP$Q$%EB<Iaz8bbp&$B !6$Q.p=##!!6$-#$5wwi#=6;!$8p'$).*)=#!!6$->$5i##$6$-#2

8$6$Q$60'$8 L$ *# $ *6+!/$. $$6$-2CeF !D$CF) 0* R1&$6 &S *!. $ * '):m$*:a!S$Q8$% * m.D$C!aF)60O*2

CGF 4!. $ "$ $ '$ "&$ :$3.l$ * !D$) $ $ ' $,$-&=6Y.2*. 4? $ ')

25s^_p-hcn

! *60 $ !. $*-- 6 ,$(.=6*6&$ !% 524!. $*"&$8:$3.l$ 5&=6,;$* &$. $ h&(^$=#$6$-<!% 52

CF$*'*!.$*'6) $ *>6!96$-2 >!8 $6 $C!F!";*6$-<$!m$-2/R6=)$-+$U8-. 'Q*2( >!8$6 $C!aF!";*6$-$62

CzF"')X6)$6$B !*>:$*5W.6$8*) *2Vv ML :-.3.)()*$6S(1)*`2($*'*!.$*'6) &(^$

$"!&( $=6*0-)(. )&$&)2(-. ') i W#* 60(1$ L$ *2

CIF4?!TS&$8$%EB$8$/$-(16) %$8)* 6 *!.$*'$6D$ C!2F!3!";*6$-*`2

CdF$%EBl !6$Q 3*+$*'< $-#$ )$X$6W* L$ -$& ,;$$-#$ )&$Vv!N6&$i5')$'$ B$&;62

=6 ' * Vv *1*V *6$$6#4?$%!

&$O&6bwi#0.26 &&$O&6B'*')%$)$Q #$524?O&6 $$*-.^!T 0. 8*#.2 6 $ *B'*'&&$ )0.$ $6&*2 $" !&$ ) 524!. $*6;&.*6S6$-#i#*()#4><A!k<A $D< S60*)') 3*!DP .$*'66$*6 0.2D-:6$-<$!.;*'$p $-# ; D< $4!. $*y *'!DP$Q.]^ (1$ 0.8*#.2

! !. $ 6, 3*' R$Q

*.$*!!.*6'$($-##6)$ ' $4!. $\***-#2X$*S60*)') 6$1X$0&$8*6#2S$!" $3:$-()#2i$6'$*')$Q &#V$D.6-#2 $"

h$6U)-#!.;*$/$-()#2 *Vv h$6U)-#63N ;k$($-()#2*$ $8*^`#6-A L/$-!6$Q.S$>U6-.,$ *$>#2wCF

&$8$#$h'$Q4?B%f$* $!. 4# $$% EB f -<2 .& .; !;$* &.:6':$60 `() #i#8!";*6$-<B6O*$5#O.2B:!g:8: $% EB .6$Z&.VBf;@#0.2$%EBi7$ #$ $6$E$-<!% 52*60EB$86!.66% $5#$ 6$%=#$)#.Q$56$*$5# X.B- $3:$-<*+$&EB* 0.2

C)6F

(22 ˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

`mcy `¿Øm-°-∑m¿

Ah¿ \n߃°v hkvX-am-Wv. \n߃ Ah¿°pw hkvX-

am-Ip∂p. (hn. Jp¿-B≥ 2:188)

\n[n-I-fn¬ AXyp-Øaw GXm-sW∂p Rm≥ \nß-tfmSp

]d™p Xc-s´. DØa ]Xv\n; Xs‚ `¿Ømhv ho£n-°p-tºmƒ

Ahƒ Abmsf k¥p-jvS-\m-°p-∂p. Xt∂mSp I¬∏n-°p-tºmƒ

Abmsf A\p-k-cn-°p-∂p. `¿Øm--hns‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬

Abm-fpsS apXep-I-ƒ kq£n-°p-∂p. A√m-lp-hns‚ Zmkn-Isf

\n߃ ASn-°-cp-Xv. \nß-fn¬ G‰hpw DØ-a≥ Xs‚ `mcy-

tbmSp DØ-a-amb coXn-bn¬ s]cp-am-dp-∂-bm-f-sX.

(\-_n-h-N-\w)

26 kXyZqX≥

(/**> )E 9!)3!)&*6)&1F"G 4 $9C>3!)H@21FI3# J@ ;>K>/LM N<OOPQ!F 1 )F 1.A),#.&R&1K *Q!34 F 1S Q0Q!T&:$%! 1U3"*;>!S"V) * *F "Q!@ ;'3"* SW!)*)!# ")#0!U3)3"*;";>!/"X)3"*S*"X*)0N<OON0

$*S$Q$6#6&$8$#A;'$8$# X &$$$%EB<6.+$*$p$-#2=# &.5$8$#XO)W)$0.26 &.,'$8$#XO)W)$25$8$#B6*6)0f-')Bf; h=6$- 4#>$()#$*$)6*!";*6$-*.$52-.

^©v hnπ-hhpw

blqZ hntam-N-\hpw

PqX P\-X-bpsS NcnXw ˛ 4.

00-(

BCB&DC7 2E)

)F 012&;GH

I"A-J2&;GF

7.31%<8HK

7F ' C (Emancipation)

&25!$%A

!;$#.>&.4?!D$C FA $" * .>&. m.D$C!FA>!8$6 $) !;$B:$** &.#.>&.. 8E$ $ CF i#$ 6)3$ &0$-* E$6$Q$8-*.2 ?*$*$ A :q&$ +*$,;$Q6)4?6. E" Bf;:m$* 6$3.*60-. $:6$526)$6 *)# S$ !g,; =6 ,;$;/0 '&$)-#$8$#,') E:6$84)* 6#$8$#6)U$&$2*#$*i5><6'$ !")Q1$=6.*! $6#21*'$ 6)#,;$]>->6)#=6!"!3.)$$6#2EB<$p$Q6 &$ h,' XO)W)$$6#2,*; 4?O)W)$*'$ )0.

27s^_p-hcn

B:$** &.$ &$ h *&$.2>($8v&$.! 6 $ ! &$8O!.* &.,') E:6$ -.6<6. -$2-,*; E:6 $ DPY$Q2 6. ^*-. W. 0.6$8EB<>U4?$S! .2,*;*6>*'))$Y&$ X$ &$$'D6 $6#66/$ Z9.$2

Z<!$8 #.,$5*'$ +$*$i5$*'$8$#]2k$2eKz8)#,N6>&-$$6#2 #.,$5*'$8 $ *6,;$Q2$8$y,$5$ ^ 8 eJKr Z9.$6($*;+$ $6#A$&$3 0.Z<!$).-(1.28!!. ,$5A >.<,$5 #.t6%&$3Z<!$)-(10.24?,$5*'$ $*'$6#2 ed ^$8!.$$8$#)$Q)$Q >N60. 4$) !$Q$6#.26;!$ ^ $6#,N-.6!$$8*':$*6' $6#$52

;YZ![!7O\]^*$!.< ?6 $

&$. D $6#Zk $!&$6,+.- $6$ 1$!:60-)&$$S;*666/$ /0 $6#eJKr8)#Z9$2! "A !" !6i#; 0'))$Y&$86>$Z9$&$!.Z)*$$8!

"&$!"&$/$"&$ *1$Q$>$2 6 *60&8!.)A:MY$"&$)$ Q *'$8DPY6$*Z9.$&)!"?6N6$ >*0.2

>($ v&$8$#Bq$Q:30$*D%$D:A$Z<!$ L 6,S60&$. *;+$ /D.:! &$86(-$6$$Q*0.3.- . 2 - &. Z9.! 6,$. *;+$8 #.$S'$1$6#Vi\ *'$10.$S,$-(1$6#.2=#i\ .=#6 /&'6#$*6$6#246 $ 6# ! &$ ]^6h2! &$ +<>($"3!W$Q6$N!Nh;/$5&*)&3*6$6#26 &i\ .$*6).f$QSh $6#2 # &i\ .B&6$ S& 6,& & ;^$ <$:$-(11$0$-6!:60-6$6#246$6#DS6$/24$ $$ .*;+$8Z9.,;(. 1$*+$*$6#2

:$3.l$ Z9! R)B* *$) >$QZ9.$&$./$!$*'&"@$*' 3!.$*' $*N6 0."8*$.2$8: $ * '$6 # ,;<,*"$!. >LAZ.>7$!.1 !.* 60.2 *$!. &)!S)$1;+.$5&i$($6#4? 6$*N

6)''$ ).2b 3<!"$ ,$-#2/i5$)&<DPY0.wi#Oq" $O6$1-$6#>L>($$ n &$8O$Q#.2>Li+$w! -6w(Social con-tact) i#!.*>($ 63.);R)?6"!7 .&B*'$Q+$2! -6!$%*6$*6)*! &$.)$>. -#)! 6 :$*6$#2 $) &$ )! &$.!$%$-#6 :$*6&$8$-76<* .2$! X4?,*;*6>$ )0. ,*; 6 :$*6O#.2& & :$*6i#$ -.!S6,-N6#. )&$ S60&$*;+$8Z9.,! *6!$%&!" .2><! &$8 6 /$"&$6$8]^*)8; S$Q$*4&6!- $*'f!" .#.>$552>L$*').S =6! ; $6#*-.2i#8Z9.$6N6)"$6$8O$6#1$*') ?6"&$.$$Q$6#7$ $*' $!W&$*4)))&$1=6*)&$6:$$&#)#$ $8k> . $"!. Story of Civiliza-tion i#D.*$$8 (P.630) >#.2b!"*6; &#,A*X-6),A*66*1$ *.)-#6 *;

28 kXyZqX≥

,A 3&$$6X*^*') * >wi#-6/ '$ )Z9.$61,$ $Q$1 .2 *$*'$ X4&6$T*6 6 =6i+&*6<$-0$Q(<&66 $$($8$#. ^#0#. 'Dictionaire Philosphique'i#o&$8p>#7$ $#;)X$(*'$8B )$)6*0.21)4?$ )$8 $-Z9."$*N6$,$(*)$($Q$8k> .>#2

$!$')&8 6 &$$$'$26$& &$3./ !- ;/0&)l$-X!6S'$2 DD$ l'$86$;*'60.>&$6## DD$+$ &$ $ :$3.l$,;$&).$D% &$B'$6#i#!.-.O?#88*()*$2$,$!&)X*;& $D>*$!.$*'!":;$Q2!$3$*':6' $$-*$2/B! &$*-. &(1$6#*$*$ $$ <)#*$6#2

$ezr <A $eIr <A $edr <i#$60.$* R1&$8 Z<!. S6$Q.2]*:$$*'A!Nh$*'A *+$*>U6 $6#4?6,-N2eJK,6$$8Z9.\ .,>8C!:60-6)!SF!m'$Q(! "O&$($)$-#=6S60R)

-$ >$'$$26,.$.*1-$$52&$8$_$!/$Q!:60-/D.:6$2!:60-* y!.;!$#.!"$3$($Q*.)&X)#;!.*1$8!m'$Q2Z9.6,.$#;).6 $5!:60-6)4?!S;*6$-$#24?!S$#;).$S60R)-.68*$2S60R)) E6$8 3*Ei+$Q&2>L)$*') $Z $6#4? 3 * E 2$B*&*4$6#2b 365!"N6$,$-*!"6$*'$8! N6$&$-*`#2]663.);Y) /A 3*$& *')A,;A!"&$A!"&$A p&$$6 X!6/0 0.2!,;$*-. O*6 5&i=6 3!" 0.wZ9.$*6$*6).6)! &$*8Q ^$ :6$8 $U.#$&$87)-<Sv$Q2i7$8 $&$!8Z '! "A!"A!6i#$$87 <*+$i#-;.8**.2

eJK, .ezr$`$Z9.:$*6+.)i5$N*') ;* $6#D\y*1,8B* $Q) $ 1$(>(12*1 ) :$ Q * #1;$$*6$* *& $-!S)i5!"&-'* y!S*.8-6$Q2!!$ l' ^ !R)*')$Q &(12eJKHr8!$$8

$*R)(Civil constitution ofclery) $ 6 $$'D6 (12 6$N6 ,$6U)-0 #( $ DP )X#Y.2*)&*& $- $"!$$6# $ed .4#;*6$-$52 S60)&$$6#!:60-6)!S;!$1#$6#;$*6$** >$.2$#;). )# *1- * *&)-#0.26, $ed $*6$*:$Q2! #$65 $*6$**1 $*#)-$2$5^$<i#O*60&$8$&$-i#. *&$B'*'* ()&8$*6$*')$ $2Z<!.$*6$*')S;*6+.$8 #2$;$*',-D$*- W$8 $$*',$>0$\*') >$('$-$! $3.S $2 6,)&$* $'$ $$8-#$*6$*')Z<!$*.>($ Zk86,S60-)'5j1$2!$*/$*6!.6^$($6$U2 -N66!.6* ()&$ $*6$*Z<!$ S606 =+$U26$>$O*$&$!$&$6(+$8# $Q&2

eJKI *y<3)Z<!$8S;*6+.-.>$#29'Xk>*.)>$0.$#;).S6$Q.2$$Z9.,)?D $6#2;k>*.)> .S60&$$6$*6$* 6&#24&066$1. !*$"$E6$63 ('$< D0(1$

29s^_p-hcn

6#2Z9.!&$8=6!:601'-6$ #('$<!" *+$*'$ ) =6 1 ' *$'#2 $&8 '#*$)#Z<!$B* $-<> $#.>($ 6,-N6*&$#.Z<!$D ; -<$*6$*' $Q$6#*!6&$ 0.A> $.!;!># AZ<!$8('$<6..2Z<!$B* $-< $#86,'=6#6#$ *;+) -$2pZ<!$>($ +<O-X#! , -$2Z9.$&$('$63.);$4? E&$ $3 5&$8$*' X('$DP&$ -. -.$6$Q62

1I%* *6"%Z<!$('$<

6,*"&$8$#6/$-* 52>($ =6! , $ ^*<!"=6! 10#.E$-*.2*!.!S>&$6# ('$. ;k$6$*'). .6S $6#2 eHdr ,6$$8B\ $ .%*+$U. )$6Wp!.)!.Dh$8 * $28!!.&X(1*3*&+$ '$*'!W&$*!'$8$#6/$-X/ $('$! ;$Q2Z9.$4?+$ '$*')# Zk8 S"&$!&$8$# $($Q(-.+$83.)()*$()-< ^ h $5O+ * $6#2 $)XD7 +,m<,

N6$6#26).(1*3*-.S $O*60'<0*)*)-0 #.('$<B@$Q2D7 $>. $-.(1*3*-.0*)8*$24.'6:$* $6#2*3*-..$6$Q)-$528!!$ *3*/S$6$$*'B* $-6$$6('$>$U2p*?y!$8$'$Q&($ $*') *X $-$6*$ ()*!";*6$-0 #D7$. !<!.i)&*'0 #S$(12 ^$ 6*16)?6*$6:$-#$).$,$Q2 ('$< 66$*'6j.,$($Q28!!$ =63&-.*)$6$*6#.$p$Q2 )#. 6*$!.$*' X.Q `< p =6*?y!$8 $'$ Q * 1*.2

$ W.('$<N-. =6 $8*$$6#2B $Q`< 0$ 6>$ 6!:60-6 eHd, . ! 6;!$ =61 $8!m'$Q2 ('$4$6#2,NDS6"B6$-#[,N*$!.$*'$*+$- [$ )&<>$ -.C6$NF!":$*6 [!$$8:$*6$*');*6 0 [$* $; 0#.*6#[('$!3$($-#6&$8O&6><*%$Q$6#26)O&64*6 $6#2DS6"

! &$8$6:$Q$6$-#2!$$8*)$*');*6&$$: $ $ $-*X2*$!.$*' X$; 0.2 $ !!$ $ &$. $6% 0.2 EN6)O&6*1.!. ('$ <*?. $!. '$ .$>$$-<6))&-.>UQ2p>U-* $8k> .!.*&$8O%6$Q$1.2bb6 4?,)4?! *0WB60.()$6$-*2 *+$U^*'$ B67$ =6 )$6*4?*+.*0*.8$%6&$C,>! $FS$&$-''$8>$Q10i#.!#sw

$*')?6*')E)&<=6!$'$Q-<('$ < O&6 $ 1 2 !i#8$*')6 #!S0.2.]2k$ddr8)^!.,>! B* $-#$. W$6#! $$'$Q&.2 $+. ^*-.3$*6)! $'$Q-0 #('$Sv,N6$8i#$5&BfS$ B!, -$2>($ i5 E!$*'$ !&$ -.$$:$*'-X Z9.! 1$/0Q2Z9.?6N6 6$&$ $-. ?6**)-< **$6#24? 8!$&!DP$Q$6 $*'$83N -$2$S*6 #.>1!&$.$$-(1$!&$]+.$!

30 kXyZqX≥

-. W.('$<=6)1&$8](1$8! )-$2 eHJZD6$ K $`$ $'$Q& ^6 &$8 zI>$ 6Gd E67)&2 ('$ $$:$$ 7)& 6).$ $;*60 ;$-*$. >)$ >* .2 6). $ $p8*$.A*$!.$*')X$6:!$($-*A6) !" 6, i# Z<!$!.$-*A6,6/-X!$*!'$8]()*A $6=+$-*A*3$$ -A*6*? !&$ -* !.$m0&$ -*) $]()*2 $6#$p2

=63&$3e Q.eH8('$<$*'!DP$Q$ E )&*$2 > .A 8!! =+$*Z<!$ +<-?6!"('$<E$Q2&3&$X$8 >$$ 8D!$ Y '$ *1$*')A!.;*')A1'-6) $*'5 (-$2 $) -.* !<!$5*Q) `<$-*.2 eeH ('$<*&$Z9.! $$ * *) 8 *)$ - 6<$Z9.S3$ X*)D O$-0 #.$p$-*.2> $ ,\;$<*&$-.3>($ !$$8*$ $8$ 6$3.*6$Q.*k;*6$Q$ !.$ ('$.

*(10.2b('$$ !$w(NapolenaCode)i#0..>$()#.2!$$8! "A !$3.0A*3$-6)$ A$60A ,>$!Wi#;6$3.-6'5('$$6# r!"S$* ! 4$50S-'$2

!* 1"_;`*6"%> ($ !"

*8-;+$ -$ ('$.D$16,()&<*+$U$52 >$$ -$*y)$8 Yi#6$8 >(< 6,'7)($Q*.=6O6:YD$1$6!R)$($Q7$ $*$$8, $6#D$16,()&<('$$52D$1;3.O .#B $6#><6,'$84?O6:$,*$52><6,')$Q &$-X('$]*:$S60p; ;D:&B'$-&$-* Z<!$$6$6$BU)$-B 6,' 6$($-*.2!.$<A3A,m$A >3i#; 6,'5('$)%E$Q2!1 %&$8Q. ('$< D$1)^2 p & ! . ;";$ -.D$1;3*)*)&$2$)Q.('$<*<!D:$Q 6$Q2

>($ 63.); n &$8$# O $U6,S60 ('$&$. 3 ; $q$Q -$2 +

Zk $!. . *$!.;+.$ -. >($ $)$Q $-$*-.$Q?6* >p. `;-'$2 ('$<B!# (>U.]>->"v $2b1 $ &$8>(.6$$- #$6#wp >U.2 ><6,-NB!.)$) Y $#$8!m'$Q2eeI 4?!m'&0.b$#*yL.wi#.$'$-#.2 ('$<]*;*6$Q>($S)6 ^$6-$6#$<$6$(N66,-N6) 26$&$ $,N6)$ ! ($ -< $#*yL$ -. $$:$*'Q2 ,N6)*$# *y!. Y$Q7$ VY$*N$ Y*,N6) 8)$Q8($-*$2$$*') 608,$ *6#$). *$!.; 6,-N,$Q$524-6&$8.6,'$ 6,-N60.;6 )-#.$Q2 >($ $%!Ei#>$(1$6# >3$ A3$ AB!.$$ $*-$6$6:$ R E*'60';/(12. *$!.$*-( ?6N6$6*0<=6$- !: 5i#$6#6)$ ).2 '+$*>($ );' N-$6X>($+$6:;W)&2Z9.$6>($8$*-.$6:' $ -*' $6#

(-tijw 33˛mw t]Pn¬)

31s^_p-hcn

!.& !;$$66!$6*'$ )# $! E$D $&). $`, &$$6$867$ $;6 $6#=6; 0.$g;6 -$.24? &$* $6#7$8* $*$Y$ $p3$*'. $*-$6W$Q* +$Q$)() $6##.. $`, &$Bf;.>&.E ;Z&8 !;.$6 L. <C>.FeKKK]$8edr;$X$+., S30&$8!.$-*$2

bb!&. E ;Z&8 !;. $6 L.!.$-#2 b.& !;$*)D&$ V 6!/$ $! E$>$& $DP(1.!.*, &$ !6')>$$ .-.j<>*0.2$!. 4?&. .&*' $6 `<!: 5&=6 !S 0.2$ :6$Q- E$i)&DP.*0.4?&$.j<:*0#.i#.2!.*')$6; ;-()WiDP"&$. 5#Vv&$846 &&.#0#.$6$Q>$*`24$)!#$$6$6$-#!6;!6N65m'$8$#.$1 E$>$.$,!$D$87.60 #./$-#2 E$.& !;$

AlvaZnøm apkvenw Pam-AØns\c£n® hnip≤ _en-Zm\w

-an¿km Kpemw JmZn-dns‚ c‡-km-£n-Xz-sØ-]‰n

0-(

]m°nkvXm-\n¬ \ns∂mcp c‡-km-£nXzw ˛ 2

r &6W6$ 0. ,$-#.2 .& !;.CF.>&. $!D;. .C>F?.& !;.CF4'$.>&. &8D;!$D) ?!$D.! $! ,;.. .!$D$*!$D;!$D)>$ * $6#p2$.& !;$$)6 $6# E$>$: $*'$8=)$-$6#.2DP$)!$-#$52pi)&*)D&$81B'$6#26-&$8.& !;$!Q6$6*)D&$ N6)6;$: $*'$8=)$$6#.~$* $6#$52S?;*$S!&$8!:60 n$$ *+$*'p&$8*) $6#2p6$% ,;$, &$.! (0 .i#$ 0.p&B6$-#D $-#2$$Z p&$.i## S$Q*$6$-#0.2p&$V $*$S!>D.$ A$*.!.*D1D$ $6#2 30$+.!$ $$8$#.iZ.2i!.2!$26;/$8=#>7.*6Y -$2$#;). i<,$;>$.0$+.!$ $$84 *.)$-8i<,$;>$$8D$6*6Y -$2O6$ l&$$ 2i!.2i2$8**,,. !y0$+.!$ $$8$#*W1!<!$8D$66D$6 )$A l

32 kXyZqX≥

&$-$ *$Y$ .-. )*.2. $` !. $, &$!g;*T >D.$8*W1k$(1. <>.Y$- B:;*8-60 E$>$8$/$. $6#2 6$3.*6'*W1 k$(1. $8 )&$ E$ .'$$-*$2 *&6*+$^! *W1$S*'4?Y&$8*)$E$>$.!3.)$-<*+$U2 .6,'/$Q. 4?*W1 ! =6$- $#$ $6#$52$6:$B:$*!$:4?Y&$8!q;*6$-*$24$8-. $S6*.`<*+$$6#!$%;*60!DP O&6$&'>D.$ 4?*W1!>$8$#0.)&$-$6#.24?!>$!&8 o'!>&$>-<!: $2$)$#`>-()#Z.'($k$!.-* E0. o'>&$>-$-$6#.24$5D $ E$>$$6#2

K

U-#* 3% E$ *m $D.

! $S $ $6#2p&$8$/$. O&6$&=66&$ X*)f* $5*! &..;- $6#2p&$$p&$ "&$ *)60 0.2eKdG,6$Ger;$0.p,$Q.2;*#! &.p&$.JL. $6#2p&$.$ &8!$!&.AKL. X & *<!&.&.,<AJL. X*$3<. .A461By -' m. Z. $$A >p; $1Q0.p.2p&$6!/$" .6!/$"&$8$#.'6:$*$S$# 0.2 E$>$6!/$"* =66&$8$#0.. $*'!6/$Q.24&6&$ X=6&. W$1$525&/i,;$ $-()*>* ()*` $6#2

M("))& 6a*,!.!S; /Q

XS;*6 6&$8B!0.

$6#2"304(+)#*$6$-*0.2B6S&$8"30YN!.%$6! -$-< $Q$6#2i#8m)$.:N!.!S&$6'+$-<*l$ $.$Q*$6$-0.2 ;Q4 $DP(1 !.*>&*6 #. -.;/$-2C42F4.6 S$Q!.*'*&$Vv'Bf$"!&)*)$$'>$$-12 E$>$1$-.. 3.*>,.$i#*)S;*6!R)$8(1$)$*$1X$*' .$3.l6N6$6#24? .6 ;!."3$Q*$6$-#S;*6(1$*$816 S;*6*'$ O146)=66&6) .-.GH /60.$Z $$QX.246).*!$%=6 50.24?; .-GH /6$Z E$Q$1.24&6* *6'+$-#$.:6 $DP(1(6)]**0.l S$ $ $S&. $` !. $ , &.B* $Qi#6&$&;- $6#6) /2i#$1.i5 O&6$&'!$!DC=6!#$;$!R)F$8B6$-*0#4&6* *'$8!$!D.-. =6 6&$ 7$5# >$Q.i5$3.l6*')$#$8. $` !. $, &0#.6&$&;- $6#24?%$&$* $6#7$8* $*$Y$8. $*-$6* 1$(>(1.S;*66$Q.$6:$$3.*'76. $*')6 $-() $6#2

*.$.:6)S$S;*66)*>$8$>Q$6#>- . 9>*Ak*Ak. 9>*A* $3.-.-*)$ E$>$ 6;6&)( *&$-$6#%$2=6'* ()&<4&6 $$ X)$-(*')B $52 5A4&6B:$*)$-(*8*#.;Q6$!W#6;$*-. 0.2 E$>$*>$84&6&$ X 6* B:*$)$-() $6#7$83$! . $`, &$$6$6$ #*6&$8! $523$--$6)-#i5* ')O&6$&. $`, &$ $8*1$.- $6#2"30 X

33s^_p-hcn

>($ $ 2 BY$$$ -. $6$Q*<>(.W$2/6$$$#1.$-<B6 !: 5$6#2 ?6<i#$ -.i5 3-S60R)6 A63.); X*$-0 #D:,'$86 $-+$U$6#2

(30 ˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®) $*! $*)84+*$#*.6)1$ X,;$D $x'$;RO/$Q2*$!.;! &$ >$6$Y$$i(+*$) >$<!:#$*')S6)6$3.*60 !6S-.B-*1$26$&$$Vv'$8$#l

O-.$* 6A! $* =6). !"6&$2$! $*Y$8,;$-X* $,; #$ $8$*$!"& -$2$%EB<>U. ,' X*6>$ )$ )*$6#2 C)6F

;!*6)S3B:;$*')*>$8O#.!m$-#7$ .> *X)$-< $XB:B$6#2*X)$-<i$0.:$* )$-(*')B[ -*2. $`, &$#$6$1X; 4?%$-! &.$6$Q>$<*+$U#0. E$>$ "2 #(^$57$8#).i #. E$*6 -$$52p&"! 1$-**&$*.*&*.$6#2=6*60 *>$8$#. E$6/()6#.S;*6$6$Q$6#2,;N6061&$ B;N6)$)$$8$#E$6/(126)>k$8$>$ , &$*6-<E$43.)(1$6#$52=6;6%$( 5$&8 6* $,; '$$&;6*.2^6;6$*;)#$1=6% E&%$( =)$-$6$-#*>$86$$#.!>&.)*.2(+0.S;*6Np&$.6$>+$Q.24?;/0&$ 0. E$>$&.p&$=6X$6. $`, &*#; *&$8 $#$&$'$-$6$- #.j<*6#.2 4?$S).i$-. &!.O$6#2i*%i(+p&$ O$6#2p&->$Q.i$-.5>$ $6#2 E$ i **-. + '#$v$$6#2i$-X=66MEj<E$>$i !.$Q$6##.p&$&$. W.i$-><*+$U$6#$52i^ME&8

6*0.2.>&..*D.CF *<!Z$CF->$Q. >U-*i!. $&$8O6*0.2wwi6$*'ME'!7)'5$ W$8 0.j<.-#.2$->$&.5$8$#.j>$#2ww5$ W$8*;6+-#.5 $6:$Q*6 52 *&$ W$8j<*;+$-#$525$ W$8 0.*;+$-#.2$ ($$-**;=+*>.2m), m. !.ZC!F$S?;*6;6S $$ -$>-$.-W*$'*'$8*)$*;=+*$-$6#2$S=6$Q25$>! 27*;6+-*[D$C!F$$Q2i5*5.*5!3.)$Q$1X.2$-. L$ -<*+$#$57$8j<$L0.2i*60&$ 0.2wwi&$ X=6X$6*;6$6$0 $Q.*$&)'$8*)$=+**0.24.i$0&$#; 0.2 5 &/ )$Z 0$.2D$C!F'-*)8!/ *)$($Q$6#B ^6 $6#$52

-Bf;Y')* $&$B*&$8Oq" S) $#$&$'#/'0.2*$6N6);"&$ W$8,;<D $8*$"6 !"h;!&$8&$6,!.'$U6,* 6A=E$r57'!"h&$ O# !'$ -.B$- >*12 7') *)D&$. $L8*$$- >*12

!!"

34 kXyZqX≥

kp ]-`m-X-Øns‚ DW

¿hn¬ Npt≠m-SSp-∏n® Nmb tam¥n-

°p-Sn-°p-tºmƒ IÆp-Iƒ°v as‰mcp

tPmen-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p! ]X-Øm-fp-I-

fnse Xe-s°- p-I-fn-eqsS Htcm´ ]Z-

£nWw! hm¿Ø-Iƒ Bhm-ln-s®-

SpØp Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]ns∂ ka-b-

ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√! FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬

tImfhpw B t]Pnse Dƒ°-\-ap≈

teJ-\hpw at‰-sX-¶nepw ka-b-Øm-

hm-sa∂v IcpXn ]Xw Z-ambn am‰n-

sh®p! Cßs\ IqSn-°n-S∂ ]eXpw

kzÿ-ambpw kuI-cy-ambpw ]mcm-

bWw sNøm≥ A\p-K-lo-X-amb

Rmb-dm-gvN-Ifpw AXn-tesd B\-

µ-I-c-amb l¿Øm-ep-Ifpw ]-tbm-P-

\-s∏´p! AXym-hiyw ]mcm-bW

]nb-ap≈ km[m-c -W-°m-cs‚

C∂sØ NnX-am-WnXv! AtXm-

sSm∏w Npcp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂

hmb-\m-tem-I-Øns‚ Ah-ÿbpw!

kao-]-Im-eØv \me-©p-t]-cpsS

sIm®p kZ- n¬ Ah-cn¬ Bcp-

sStbm t]c-W-sIm-≠m-sW∂v

tXm∂p-∂p Hcp \o≠ teJ\w Iq -

Øn-sem-cmƒ D®Øn¬ hmbn-®p-sIm-

S-p°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p! ]mcm-bW

sshZ-Kv[yhpw D®m-cW ip≤nbpw

Cº-ap≈ kzchpw hmb-\-°m-c-\p-

≠m-bn- pw, Gsd Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºv

c≠p-t]¿ Dd-°-Øn-te°pw, Hcm-ƒ

Dd-°-®-Shns‚ tIm´p-hm-bn- p-sIm≠v

()*+,-+ ./

sI. ]n. AlvaZv

Be-ky-Øn-te-°pw hgpXnt∏mIp-∂-

XmWv I≠Xv! IqSp-X¬ ImXp

Iq¿∏n-°m-\p≈ kwth-Z-\-£-aX

Ah¿°n-√m-bn-cn-°mw.!

ssZ\w -Zn\ Pohn -X -Øns‚

bm¥nI thK-X-bn¬ ]mcm-b-Whpw

"Iym]vkqƒ' hngp-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse

\n¿∆-ln-°mt\ t\c-ap≈q F-

∂XmWv hkvXpX! Chn-sS-bmWv

""sNdp-XmWv at\m-lcw'' F∂

sNm√n\v ]k-‡n-tb-dp∂Xv! Imcy-

߃ hf-®p-sI-´n-√msX HXp-°n-∏-d-

bp∂ CXn-hr-Ø-߃°v \¬I-s∏-

Sp∂ km[q-I-c-W-amWv B ]g-

s©m√v! F∂m¬ Kuc-h-a¿ln-°p-

∂Xpw hni-Zo-I-cWw Bh-iy-ap-≈-

Xp-amb hnj-b-߃°v Cu N´-°q-

´n¬ HXp-ßn-\n¬°m≥ Ign-s™-∂p-

h-cn√! ]tXy-In®v aX-]-ctam XmXzn-

Itam imkvX kw_-‘ntbm

BsW-¶n¬ AXn-t‚-Xmb hnim-e-

amb Im≥hm-kn-eqsSØs∂ XqenI

Nen-∏n-t°-≠n-hcpw!

taep-≤-cn® taYpc KŸ-ß-

tfbpw _rl-Ømb krjvSn -I-

sfbpw AXns‚ hmb-\-°m-tcbpw

X¬°mew am‰n-\n¿Øn-bm¬ Xs∂

]mcm-b-W-]n-b-ap≈ km[m-cW hmb-

\-°m-cpsS qcn-]-£sØ Ah-K-Wn-

°m≥ ]‰n-√s√m! ]t£, Chsc

kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-

SmsX t]m-Ip-∂Xv eLp-hm-bXpw

Imcy-amX ]k-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb

CXn-hr-Ø-߃ Imivao¿ ]c-h-Xm-\n-

t]mse \o´n-hn-cn-°p-tºm-gmWv!

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah¿ B ]c-

h-Xm-\n-bn¬ \S-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw

AXn¬Øs∂ InS-∂p-d-ßn-t∏m-Ip-

∂Xv kzm`m-hnIw! Ht´sd Fgp-Xn-

°q- p-Ibpw Ipd-®p-amXw ]d-bp-Ibpw

sNøp∂ Cu coXn aSp-∏ns‚ Zni-

bn-te°v X≈n-hn-Sp-tºmƒ CØcw

h[-i-a-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hmb-\-°m-c≥

Hgn-™p-am-dn-bn-s√-¶nte A¤p-X-

ap≈q! CønsS Npcp-s°-gp-Øns\

]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠v io k°-dnb

"Idp-ØssI' F∂ teJ-\-k-am-lm-

c-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ it≤-b-amb

Nne Imcy-߃ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

""C¥ym-SpsU ]w‡n-Iƒ \n›n

X ssZ¿Ly-ap-≈-h-bm-Wv. Ihn-X-

bnse hrØw t]msebp≈ B N -

°q-Sns‚ A®-S-°-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]h

¿Øn-°p-∂Xv _u≤n-I-ambpw mjm-

]-c-ambpw Hcp \√ Bfl ]cnio-e-

\-am-Wv. ae-bm-f-Ønse kmlnXy

kmwkvIm-cnI \mb-Isc Cu If-cn-

bn-eqsS IS-Øn-hn-Sp-∂Xv \∂m-bn-cn-

°pw. Imf-aq-X-Øns‚ a\:imkvX-

Øn¬ \n∂v HXp-°-Øn-te°pw anX-

Xz-Øn-te°pw ]th-in-°m≥ ssZ¿

Ly-Øn-t‚bpw ka-b-_-≤-X-bp-sS

bpw A®-S°w \sΩ klm-bn-°p

∂p''

Igºn-√mØ FgpØpw sshIm-cn-I-amb AXn-h¿Æ-Ifpw.

hmb-\-bpsS Kuchw Id-°p-∂p.

35s^_p-hcn

(-tijw 42˛mw t]Pn¬)

=6X$&$8$#$r$>$*60 -$A >$-$#$8Qr ,; 8T$*1<2

60&5AS &=6!"h . ^A*+$ #X$<AO-6&$r#>$6&6 ;2

!6V&'#&$ *6 *$5$ 60&$8$#X $)8:60$$8" $+82

46* $8;$#$8-<=6* A$-$6#[=6'$$Q-$8;> 6/ *;) 5s

46* $ >$)WA46''$Q .&;#$)W*6$*)$(>#$)W6$* T +*$)WA

6-$6$U$)W $5A$-&-<ss4$);S $!"h -<

$6 ;0$(15[

$)=>;L$8*Gi$)# &64) -!g$>$ #1UU6

=6$)$S/0 S -<*)$$)$*)$&-s6 6$A '$* 8r$ !$: # sss

i$)#6$<!.D:[i$)#6$<$

4$6$6$-$54)$ +*)&*^=)$8;A$< &g$)>$6$-$5s

!"#$%&'((()*%+ '(,%)-./#0/12*! 134%typhoon&"%5*'6678"0 '9%:+;+<="2>?*@#*A0:B+*5C+D0!5!/**C0!"%55*

tl, a\pjym!b&I"

(BapJw Idp-ØssI t]Pv 8)

krjvSn-bp-sS HXp-°hpw anX

Xzhpw ka-b-¢n-]vX-Xbpw \ΩpsS

ssZ\w-Zn\ thK-X-bpsS C∂sØ

Np‰p-]m-Sn-¬ Gsd ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-

∂p-≠v. io k°-dnb Du∂n-∏-d™

Imf-aq - X--Øns‚ a\-imkvXw

t]mse kabw sIm√p∂ as‰mcp

IØn-bmWv ss]¶nfn F∂p Im

Wmw! hmb-\-°msc ImSmb ImSp-

I-fn-se√mw Np‰n-°-d-°n, h¿Æ\

sIm≠v ho¿∏p-ap- n®v Ime-]p-cn-°-b-

°p∂ Cu coXnbpw ]mcm-bW

IuXp-I-Ønse as‰mcp C\-amWv!

at\m-cam ]kn-≤o-I-c-Wamb "ssI

Øncn'bpsS sXfn-a-e-bmfw tImf-

Øn¬' AXn-`m-h-\-bpsS C°nfn'

F∂ Xe-s°- n¬ s]m -k¿ Fw.

F≥. Imc-t»cn Hcp tNmZy-Øn-\p≈

adp-]-Sn-bn¬ ss]¶nfn mjsb DZm-

l-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

""Dcpƒ-s]m-´-ens\Ipdn®v hnh-cn-

°p-∂-Xn\nS-bn¬ ImWmw B Dƒ\m-

S≥ Kmaw sR´n-sØ-dn-°p-I-bmtWm

F∂p tXm∂p-amdv CSn-sh-´n. B

Kmaw s]m´n-s∏m- n-°-c-bp-I-bmtWm

F∂v tXm∂n-∏n-°p-amdv ag tImcn-s®-

cn™p. Cu Zpc¥w ImWm≥ hø

F∂p Icp-Xn-bn-´m-hWw B ]tZ-

isØ _ƒ_p-Ifpw Syq_p-Ifpw

IÆ-S®p If-™p.

ChnsS CSn-sh-´n-bXpw ag-s]-

36 kXyZqX≥

;"!. &$)$Y$"! 0$" 0.2*. $"!$%&^$DD$'$8 0$* $ &# * B&$Q$;*6$-#.m)$B()#2$"&$!.$"6$6 '$$-.2.?60$** 8# 4? !$%&$!#$%'$$-02

auem\m AXmhp¬ apPo_v dminZv

*6 #.>1*$!.$*S$ g$"!$-#$"!$%4?6.;/0*0$ ^0#. '$#2=6$- $"D:$Q$DD$'$86E()&$$1$52*$!.$*$"&^$DD$'$8!#.>U.4?&i$6$)>.2 O60&$. &$GaeKc 6 2 4? &$8 #.!.$"'^$* 6 $Q* .$"&Y$- #$524?6 6$07$8$^$6 $-. 0.2i#8$"&^$D:$-$.*6i(+&$]*"&^$B6:$-$ $ 0.>U.24?!.'$$-#$.$ O602

b]*! $#;Q*$!.$>$*i#0.$,;<wCaeJaF2

b;i$i#5<i#$'$-#25 ^65<45wC -aeaeKF2

>Uab6 :

.40.2b54! *-w m) *&*#]**&.wC -.aeGaGKF2

$,;6$B* 6$:$-*07$8pi(+]* &$ ]*" 0.30.$ L$ -<!:$-*2 $"&^$p D: .]7$ =6!S$-1<!: 52p!"#&$]*"&$8$"!$-* 5. ^X6$8 6$($Q$ $6:$!S DD$'$8 6E()&$$ 6E*'.2 $*6$.!S&$. W$ )# DD$$604?!. $'$$-#2

$*$-<$*^ 6$Q. $*$)$Q(i$6# !.&$8p&$8&(1*^2p&$87*60#.!" O#$Qi#$6$-0 5p&$8B6$-(1 *^2.&$$"!7

&!!13&B"B

,@%,,1*2

2"LE

&!:2

L1KA

37s^_p-hcn

.&$ =60.i#.$Qi##!$3*6 $$60'$8.(>Ua

b 6$< $). $3N6D:&*>$Q$Q2 >Uaj< *&).6! $!!6$Q2i56=#$Q*)#!$*'$ &$ Q0.j<i(+!!6$Q.2j<=#6! $>U$1$52$#$.i#).$-0[j<i0.>U#.*16).$-*2j< >U.->$2CaeaeKF

D:6! $10.)&$#.4? '$$-#2p*N6)6W6$)#*.!# >Q-i56! $>*0...24?!6&$8pN-.$*6 30C$"F>*07$86! $>U-6*1B$6-0-$.-'* $6#2 (p&$ X*^'$$-<$6:$!/$*' * $6#2/6$- !S$Q$1$52$.$6% $A$$"! $5. '$$-<!/$*'$6*$6#26)]*$"!&$$60#.'$$-<=6!/$ ,6-<-.*+$U$526$ E<*X!/$*' ,6-$-$2/-.*1$Q QB60 '$$-<!:$Q$52. 4*6 DD$'$86E(1$6$-#a

b*6i$* $-i#*0<*&*)#.6$6*6)*)46#2 E6$6!R +$. 60$/$:$-<.i$6*X&'$**$1 i#.-$2 *X!/$*' #1#7$ '$#-.*$1$$52wC &$aGdaIKrdHF2

b E6$6!R + $. 60$/$:$-<.i$6'$* *$1 i# -$2i#8 '$#-.*$1$$52 6$#$6*X!/>U7$ 6) +$*-.6&45$6#2$ i+# .$64$*X!/>Uab 3*6*$ $Q4? j<$($-2 3*6 *.$m$-& ^#. #.$!*. j< 0$ *`Ai#. 4< >#.j*1$1.2i#$16) +$* 6&(1$52C -.ezaIIrIKF2

$$6)&$ 660 '$$-<!!/$*',6-<-.!:$Q$1$52.4? DD$ 6 '$8$#'6 0.26)B60'$8 ;$ :$<.$6E()&$$ $6E()&$$6$-#2

b; &!. E6$),&)>Uabj<4? 3$8* #*0#$5wC -.GazF

(; &!. E6$6 0$*','$'$Q*1$>Uab,'+$$+($-#i#

*^B6$Q. 4? 3$i)-8*#24$') WQ.6$:$Q$1$B6$-#* #4? 3$8j< *$52 >!*$52*604 )-$Q$6$-#24 60$/$-##4<.$1$5wC -.GaeIreIF2

$ &!. $Qabi0.![w 4. $Q3;6))-8#>Uabj<4$8* #*0#$52wCeaF

< $6$Q. )-<*#$5# >$Q.=6 'O- # #$$1.$ &!. *>Q. Xi)&.,-1&$ W$8Q.**+*$ >Ua b4? 36&$8i$-.7$52$#.]^*X*wC &$GJaGzF

$"&$$6Xj') $0.2*)$$8]*&$8$"!$-#$*'$6#52*$!.$*'$8S6$/4#.$"!$-# $"&->$Q. D:$Q$6#7$8N-6*)$$8Y$- $6#2;Q$*') $"!&$$630>U+$* '$0#.i'(&$8Y$-!:$- $ 6 #2 p&$ X30*^'$$-(1$5#. 5p&$$6*)$$8,6-$!/$*'5*X!/$*'0#. '$*0.2

#<6E()&#

(-tijw 41˛mw t]Pn¬)

38 kXyZqX≥

. $`, &$

*;+$8 &$-#HumanityFirst i#B'!#%!R)($Q6#!R; 0.2b! $6 (w46 zIHH 6$*'$*$t$Q. S -* IHH-.S/0Y$6 $$60.6$* 0.24., &. eH /k',;*60&)&0. Op$-#.2$8 J /k'>$&4$*&$-$24$.> * + X. $`, &*.6,&iDL$*'$8')$$8i&$Q*$6$-*0.2; 7$ -. $8$#. $` k*.) 6) =6!R !&)&$6#2$) ;<$)&D1*$Q-.D1*$m$-$. X:!, &..6#2

! $6&$i$*.!<>B$6#4<k3$ DTBQ$8! $$6 *BU)$Q($)X #.$ *1$)-. *'$86D1*'0$*'*>$$8-*$2$6 *')S;*6$0.4.$'$Q

()*+

#.2 6$"! &*-.i&$-< !:$Q$1$5&DTBQ$8. $`, &. 0.=^-.S/0$60 ^&')&$.2$),;)3$QHH*)D-. ! `< zH. $`- $6#O$6#.26. !$)&$-0., &$$p2

6$-$ . $`, &.4<k3$ -.Humanity First*;+$8Gz ($k*.) 6ed $($ k*.) 6A d 46k*.) 6Jd. $*' )# $=6!R&0.Q.2*)$X/ S$-#$)'$8* $1W*Y$- X!$:.$1.24$8$#-$Y$8$# X=6(.1'-6) ( ,;*60&'$8 !,; $&$-# $^$Z\.&*6)5 *6*0.2 -$Y$81' )&# 6$"!*W * . $ * ')Humanaity First !R)] )-0 #. -$Y< $ $^>$

Sv$Q$1.2 ! $ 6& )# V6$;#B$6-0-$.*1$*'*$!.!S&)-X) )$ * 4<k3<y . $6$Q>$U$1.2D!.$$ A8D$$ 4$ !. $*1$**$!.$*'$ $Sl 4<!3<y $. >$2 *.V*1$*'&)-X%$).!*6$-X. $` , &$!#%4<!3<!-;*6$Q*+$U2 GHHVD 6, &.&)-0.;6 $Q.2. $`, &$!. !*. $+$1$ 3.)D%$*' O -N. $* *Z$>*'0#.>U.y $! ;$Q7$ :$*6$8$#.*)&S3$ X$ '-;*. )*0.2, &.4.66$ D:$ '$8GAzIAHHH*$ $S$)$60`*$2

E!$F%>

#$ %&'!(

39s^_p-hcn

&$ =6 0 0. bZ$w2 $v 36;6$*Bf; !g6- 8*#<i#0.24?0&$!.$"&$=6S 0# -02 3<,;$* ^$-W+@ 0.6 O$ - #. 2 />. C$ 6 :$**60`#F5 Z$ i# 0&$)$Y&$8 36& $($-#2.>&.4D.>$ D$CF >U. bj<6$8i$-< 8*#2w CGdaeF2?6 0$* * 8-!.&$.&$6 *60&^$D: $6#2)$Y&$8*60p =6!6 !. $Q$6#2>D. A $ABgA!$%A ?60$* !.!W'$ $*$t*<!g &$8! ($Q:N6$6#2>D$S3$8 $*$t* 6. #b-;wi#0.2<A&"@$A;$ <!.@<i#-0. B &$#v r !.&$

+<i&$*.!b-;wi#O-X#26-&$8 3< 66*W*60g $3.* g!. 3!&$&$$6#2

i#8 3*'*'*.ME!T *# E *'$866/!*'0. 4#. +#.2 6#$8-6D63.) *&*-W$*' 8,;$$)-# 3 W$8$ 8)&*k*.) 6 $6 &6 &) 6 ># S60*)'4$.*' 6-#2:N0$)&.: N6)6$$1+.0.2B'.*60&$S $A ; E$Q*$6$-#!.6&.$#X]^=)$ &O60 $6#AGHHzk$!D GJ. y .>()$Q=?3:^$.=k$<!.2

=6 ! W.! $$6 *'$81.4)*$+-<;6=66S $$ >$$!6$4y <>. =k$<!. 6&$8=6^ .$ 6$($-*$2 !. 6$Y$$&*k2T$4$ *)&!$($

Q*.b! $=k$<!.wi#0.4$$3$($Q.24$ 6$*)$ *')B66 6#$8-6 *&**-. ;6+$*)-#=k$<!$!& S$0. $8 Q* )& k$!D GJ.y .>&$>-$.2

eKJH r 4< ^<>.$ '6O6 $6#2M6;6 ; $4T$6P$) :;6&))$*'$ #$6# 4? $ 2eKKG8B'.-60&$S $41.*6>$8=(Q$3D?%$*!"&*$ (Trade Related Intel-lectual property rights - TRIPS) )(-X!&! 6$:$$6#GHHI,6$e2*0.! $6&$$)$ m):$*6YN=k$<!$17$ ^ .$ $! W4>-$.2*)*6Y6A4~$$5&6 S-.+#6 4$ S60"&$OY :$*')*+$*)0.*)*)$6$66$*' X44&6*0$*'$8 6<*60 #.$.:N>#2

^$.!W 6.

Y

(,-!(,.(,-!(,.(,-!(,.(,-!(,.(,-!(,./0!1!/0!1!/0!1!/0!1!/0!1!

40 kXyZqX≥

$:&$ . 2 =#. O .#^$. (Product Patenting). ^#.*$^$.(Pro-cess Patenting). !mp'$,;$Q.4!";*6$Q.2eKJHr ^ . $ *6!L.^$.!W $6#2=6*W$=6!L$ )O8$($Q=6O .#&$O .*$$6#4$)^ . (1#$6#.2 J 3 ^$.* :$O$6#X2. O .# ^6 *$$ ) >6*W$-.4$)O .$($-2*.'6k$ X 6#*$6:$>*$) 6#*W$* >$!.i9$;>$.*$$ )(Reverse Engi-neering Process) D*'$ O .$($Q$6#2 4. E=?3:') $ 0 $*>Q$8-<4$8!:$Q$6#24*>U$ -X 6#*') *>;!$ >$.0.2

=660 -2<. 3-. W. =6-.)Z.k.$)$18>).$ . )$<B6=#. $$6#2*60)Z$k$.*+$-# 6#.*.'Z$-i#B$D1$-.B$6#2 O#$ XB 6#.-.k$k.i#*W$)*&*$6#2eKJHr84y $ !!.^$.$ #) 6#. ^6!!$ )4$8$m$-*)Z.k. 6#$$ '$*-.=#6O>($*$*>*.2/$*$t-.O$Q$6# >$ZA $!$<i#; 6#*eKJzr84$8$ +$Q.=#$.I6Q$6#2*3.l6$*$t-4? 6#.

Z 0#.*)$ ; O#2 4?R1&$84<Z !1$-86&3*!" ^6!L$ )4? 6#.$*!$($Q)-* I 6-. *6 6-.6$*-. 6#&$-*.24$ >*$) 6#*W$*-.(16$*-.*>U$6-$84?$:&$8 6#&$-<*+$U$6#2*>U$6-$8BZ$-$8i.k.!$X 6#.8*$4$ ka!Z. m$!$.'=?3:-W$-$6 D$1;3. *W$!.*A 6$-<*W$*$\ ,m< *W$D.>$<i#$i$&.$ $6#2!<.!DP$Q. =6 *>$(i+$$6#2 CB!.. GHHeFeIAHHHk'$ 6# 6#ka ;.IHk'>$.BZ$-$ (1i.k.!.6$*-.$8-#i#$6#6 $2 eKJH !!.^$.$ OX*$6#4.!:$Q.2. ^$ '$"6,') .6*6 k*.^. ^$.Y4=k$<!$ )!";*6$Q$6$-0.2B'.-60&$ S $ CD?%$* !"&*$ &$8(TRIPS)=(Q$$Z 0.4( 6$)#.2k*. .^ .i#8]7$ =6 .#].!L.O$Q$107$ 6$:&$ B-4$)O .$($-< )$52. ^ . R *2!;R GH3 0.B 6#.i$ -.$8-0i#.$$-X:$*6*W$-. 2=?3:$m06&. 5|*3$A,6;/0A 6!'A

E*'$ 54.D:* -W6$6, 4$8.6* R'-2 6$-$ >($ D63.)*&**W$*$m$-# 6#.$$-#$ -.$-+$-Y24)B66 &*- #0. 6B7()#.2$^<>.$ &->$Q.l$-<$ 6,!S *m$^$) <: $i2*2,.>8eKKJr8>U.!. 60; 0.2$$ 4$ =?3:$ 66 $D:$- #^ .)$6)*'- =6 S60*)!6/$-.D 6,') .6 0.i#0.2^ .Y$ $ '$8 ]*/; $ )*' X.*60 6,'*6>$ $DP*'*60 $Q$1$52,')B6& *'D:$-#$6:$ .OX*. 4? Y*$$-Q*')&0 #. 6,'$-#2 / '$" 6,'*)8;0$($Q*)8*)X*X($ $)-#-.$*0$Q*)-#$)&5=($1.!, )$ $m$-6!7 $52

6#86$&.!!. $=)$&#$. *6B6Y$8 6$S $Q $8-# 3i 30`i#0.B'.*&$ Z308 $r!6 &$8$p $Z3 $6 >*4

41s^_p-hcn

0. B' .*6 0&$ !. 1.L.2 3<>$$8O?^)$Q.B>$$N8*&*Y$Q.j6--61$0$-6 'j-$($+$#*&**W$*'A

*(>^. S; < 6-. S$Q>$.6 *60$*5$6 Sn6&$8$#X0#-*2EB<>#2

b>*iV*6

0&$ Sn6$:; -*07$8.$ $(* #S$ $&$.)U- $6#2 3< $$-*#2C$aEB<eJaeHeF2

bj< *&). 6! $!!6$Qw

CaeaGHF

!.&$8$"&->$Q.D:$Q$1$6# 7$8B$6 -0-$.!/$*'i'(&$8 S$- $6#2p *16! $10.$"!E)&$.2=#6! $6#$52$">U$6#7$8-.*X!/$*',6-$6 $6#$52 >U*6 &$;*$"! ]*$"!&$$6A30 B0#.'$$-<=6 Vv !/$-.,6-<!:$Q$52

4$8$#=6-. i&$Q6#$ =6$- $"!$%>U$1$5$6#i#0.2*6*N6) 6W6 $)#*. &$]*"&D:$-*0.p ..2$ 6$$$* &.$"i#$"! $ $ $5$6#i#'$#2$3 0..*&$.24!. $ . $`Y&$Y*.& !; !.>&.. .CF>Ua

$"i#!$%EB< 5?>& CDD$9o$FEn$Q$6$-#2 !!$.8*(1>$8 $"& !DP$Q.

6! $52! $0.2 $"&$%46DD$'$ $52]7$ =6%DD$'$ 7$8.$"& $5.7*6$5&]*&^$ 0.2*.i5*l$ i$6'$*'$6$ 6DD$'$8$"*0&$6$8*W!6$-12,;$&$ 6$- $"D:$Q$52 >$Q.7*6$5&]*&^$ 0.>U.2

C. !;.F

*. $ $i5,*'$3N6-*2$$A6$%f$ &$8-.!.8**2C &$GaeKF2

(37 ˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)

!<ik$^>$8Dk. +)$, &$,>8!$*1>$

s]m^. alvaqZv AlvaZv kmln_vtIcfm t^mIvtem¿ A°m-Zan sNb¿am≥

! !$*) :$6 0.Z2D$2 . .. .!$D. *6' Z*. - $ $$ $$2]>- !D$, &$$-3<!$*1>$$6#p2*6'!$- $A* n i#$$)'$8 $6#p<O*! $$$ ! 3.l$Q$1.2*,$5!/6$.:! $$ <A*!g* Dk. =Z. \k;!. C 'F

<A Z-81$ A*+$ -). !g* Dk. =Z.\k;!.i#; $ *'$ 5p&$Q$1.2$%EB< '6$S3)ik$^>$8*m$ $$8p $6#24!. ,;$i#!.*Z!!$D.ik$^ .0.2]>% b*>$w '&$ -.6$S3()&$.p,D.*2$24?!-!$D#0.2Z!!$D$b4i#$6w *6'i<2,$2=2!!$3 ;.Vk$# $1.2 $*Q! &*X!$ '$*')b$6wk$p$1.2

42 kXyZqX≥

;>!$%!Z$6E.E;E8D8*$C>.F=6$-8)$$8$#.=6 &<$-#2 (14 $6#2S6*$Q*.ab$-.D%$$55.-$ $6#$5[j$. $Q>$<*0.i#>U2S6**.*&$->*$6#2

E*9$6$*$-.>Ua5A;D'*1#$.[S6*&*>U2i$#. L$ $5[=#$*X&4? &<$$.

E.$ $$Qa;B60.* ()&#.[i#.i$-.$^*Q)-6[$66:$052*604. (10#>$U$6#7$8.$- $6#$52$-#i#)*$Q$1Z $52*60>$U*.j<;&!:*$5524.*3$.-$*3*)*$QZ $52'$66:$0.2;& &*3$.-<B$-$52($*# 1#.!g!g!3.) 5$ -0.2 !3.)$). *$-#!3.)$-$k.$ 3< ^6.[;5$S()*2*$1$$8!.$ *X*w r4?O *1S6$25$) (.$Q|S&$)2

)*'*'

kq^n-°Y

tIm]njvT-bmb `mcy

!+*"%*") >A<*5,$5,t&$8*6(X$, &$ !$!$D$ *<Z$!.. .C '$F=#YO>60 t6&$8 #Y*6Y -$2

76$D;. .!$D$ *<!D$&.. .O>60 t6&$86Y*6Y -$2 .& !;$ E ;Z&8 !;. >D$)*$*'0.466B $Q.2

bvXXpw hnZyp-—‡n \ne-®p-t]m-

bXpw AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-X-bn¬ NnXo-

I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. B efn-X-amb

hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ hmb-

\-°m-c≥ sR´p-Ibpw Ic-bpIbpw

IÆ-S-°p-Ibpw thWw.''

(ssIØncn sXfn-a-e-bm-fw)

h¿Æ-\-sIm≠pw AXn-i-tbm‡n

sIm≠pw, Ae-¶m-tcm-‡n-I-fpsS

A\u-NnXyw sIm≠pw, Bi-bm-

h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hnc-k-X-sIm≠pw

hnIr-X-am-°-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw krjvSn-

Iƒ ASn-apSn IrXn-ahpw Zp¿∫-e-

hp-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

ChnsS Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠Xv HXp-°-

Øn-s‚bpw anX-Xz-Øn-t‚bpw ]k-

‡nbpw, AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bp-sS Ir

Xn-a-Xz-hp-amWv! Bbn-c-Øn-\m-\qdv

h¿j-߃°p apºp-Xs∂ Npcp-°n-

∏-d-bp∂ DØ-a-amb coXn-bmWv hnip-

≤-Jp¿-B\pw Xncp-\_n hN-\-ßfpw

Ah-ew-_n-®-sX∂p ImWmw. ""hI-

X-bn-√msX t\sc sNms∆ kwkm-

cn-°pI'' F∂ Jp¿-Bs‚ D¬t_m-

[-\-Øn-eqsS hf-®p-sI- n-t‚bpw A

Xn- m-hp-I-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw mjsb B

]hn-X-KŸw \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw \ncp-

’m-l-s∏-Sp-Øp-IbpamWv sNbvXn-

cn-°p-∂Xv! IqSmsX Xncp-\_n hN-

\-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ hym]-I-amb A¿

∞-ßfpw hymJym-\-ßfpw Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ sIm®p-sIm®p hcn-I-fpsS

at\m-l-c-amb ]hn-g-ap-Øp-I-fmWv!

DZm-l-c-W-ambn ""A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-

hs‚ hnb¿∏v h‰p-∂-Xn\v apºv Ah

\v Iqen-s°m-Sp-°pI'' F∂ kphy-

‡-amb \_n-h-N\w Zqc-hym-]-I-amb

Hcm-ib hnπhw Xs∂-bt√ hnfw-

_cw sNbvXXv?

A≤zm-\n-°p∂ sXmgn-em-fnbpw

Ahs‚ Du¿÷-Øn¬ \n∂v s]mSn-

™p-h∂ hnb¿∏ns‚ hnebpw AXv

\¬I-s∏-SmsX NqjWw sNø-s∏-

Sp-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ Akw-Xr-]v Xn

bpw, Cu a\:imkvX-Øn¬ \n ∂v

cq]w sIm≈p∂ h¿§-k-a-c-ßfpw,

AXns‚ ]Xym-Lm-X-ambn D¤-hn-

°p∂ kmaqly Ak-a-Xz-ßfpw A

ßn-\b-ßns\ Npcp-°n-∏-d™ Hcp

hmN-I-Øns‚ A¿∞-hym]vXn Im

ew Ih-®p-I-S∂v GsX√mw Xe-ß

sf kv]¿in-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ct∏m gpw

IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv! km lnXy krjv

Sn-I-fpsS HXp-°hpw anX-Xzhpw A®-

S-°hpw N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ \ΩpsS

Ime-Øn\v apºp Xs∂ Jp¿-B\pw

Xncp-\_n hN-\-ßfpw A\p-I-c-Wo-

b-amb al-Ømb amXr-I-bmWv

ImgvN-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv!

(35 ˛mw t]Pn¬ \n∂v XpS¿®)