Satellite-Induced Ionization Observed with the DOPLOC System.pdf

8/11/2019 Satellite-Induced Ionization Observed with the DOPLOC System.pdf

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S T A T I O N

A R L I N G T O N

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M il

I J I I I H I I I

I I ' I U I I I

I M

m i l

mi

M E M O R A N D U MR E P O R T

A U G U S T 1 9 6 1

NO.

I i l l

1362

SATELLITE-INDUCED

ONIZATION

O B S E R V E D

W IT H

HE

O P L O CY S T E M

A RP A

Satell i te

Fence

Ser ies

Harold

T .ootens

*oV

Repor t

N o .

3

In

the

Ser ies

Depar tmen tof

th e

A r m yProject

N o .

503-06-011

Ordna n ce

Manag emen t

St ruc ture C o d e

N o.

210 .21 .14303

BALLISTIC RESEARCHLABORATORIES

?

?

?

Ba,,Ba aele

MS^

" ii'ii"'iriVn

iV;.: - .- . ^^

ABERDEEN

PROVING

G R O U N D ,

MARYLAND

:


5/88

ASTIAAVAILABILITY

NOTICE

Qualified

requestorsmay

btain

opiesf

hiseportromASTIA,

Thiseport

will

ppear

n

ournal

and

will

e

vailable

o

he

ublic.

. :,


6/88

BALLISTC

RESEARCH LABORATORIES

M E M O R A N D U M EPORT

O .562

AUGUST

96I

SATELLITE-INDUCED

IONIZATION

OBSERVED

WITH

THE

DOPLOC

SYSTEM

ARPASatellite FenceSeries

Harold

T .Lootens

Ballistic

Measurements

Laboratory

Report

No.

25

in

the

Series

Department

ofthe

ArmyProject

No.

5O5-O6-OII

Ordnance

Management

StructureCode

No.

5210,21.1^503

ABERDEEN

PROVING

GROUND, MARYLAND


7/88

BALLISTC RESEARCH

LABORATORIES

M E M O R A N D U M RE PO RT

O .362

HTLootens/bjk

A be r d e e nProving

Ground,

Md.

Aug ustI96I

SATELLITE-INDUCED IONIZATION

OBSERVEDWITH THEDOPLOCS YS T E M

ABSTRACT

This

reportpresents

a

series

of

constant

frequency

Doppler

reflectionsobtained

with

the

DOPLOC dark satellitetrackingsystem.

These

reflections,

termed

flats ,areassociated

with

satellite

Doppler

reflections

and

areof

thetype

thatwould

be

receivedfr o m

alarge,

low

velocity,

ionized cloud.

tabulation

of

flats

recorded

at

times

other

t ha n

satellite

pass

timesisalso

given

and

a

dis-

cussion of

meteor-inducedionizationisincluded.

., .:, , ..:

.:;;;.. ..:-

. .v.-;,.


8/88

XAB IE

FONTENTS

PAGE

I.

HfPRODUCTION

II.

DOPLOCYSTEMES CRIPTIO N 1

III.

DATAO R M A T 2

A .opplerRecording 2

B .ignal

Strength

2

C.

ultiple

Antenna

Records J

IV. E X P E R I M E N T A LRESULTS ^

A.

Flats"Associated

withSatellite

Passage ^

B .

Flats"

During

Random

Periods

6

C.

eteor-Inducedonization h

V.

CONCLUSIONS . . . ,3

VI.

REFERENCES ^

VII.

BI BLI OGR APHY .

..

.

f

APPENDIX

I. 3RL-D0PL0CEPOR TS ^ 9

,


9/88

LIST

O F

FIGURES

Figure

N o .

1 .

asicInterim DOPLOC

System

2 .

J R P A - B R L

DOPLOC

Doppler Record

3 .

ARPA-BRL

DOPLOC Doppler

Record

k.RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

5 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

DopplerRecord

6 .

ARPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

7 .

RPA-BRL DOPLOC

Doppler Record

8 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

DopplerRecord

9 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

DopplerRecord

1 0 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler Record

1 1 .

ARPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

1 2 .ARPA-BRL DOPLOCDopplerRecord

1 5 .RPA-BRL

DOPLOCDopplerRecord

Ik,RPA-BRL DOPLOCDopplerRecord

1 5 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

1 6 .

ARPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

1 7 .RPA-BRL

DOPLOCDopplerRecord

1 8 .

RPA-BRL DOPLOC

DopplerRecord

1 9 .RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

2 0 .

lats

a n d

Satellite

Passes,2 2

2 1 .

latsandSatellite

P a s s e s ,

1 5

2 2 .

lats

and

Satellite

P a s s e s ,1 5

2 5 .

lats

and Satellite

P a s s e s ,

1 2

2k,

lats

and

Satellite

Passes,3 1

2 5 ,

latsand

Satellite

P a s s e s ,6

2 6 ,

RPA-BRL DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

2 7 ,

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

2 8 ,

ARPA-BRL DOPLOCDoppler

Record

2 9 ,

ARPA-BRL

DOPLOC Doppler

Record

5 0 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

3 1 ,

ARPA-BRL DOPLOCDoppler

Record

3 2 .

RPA-BRL

DOPLOC

Doppler

Record

3 5 .RPA-BRL

DOPLOCDoppler

Record

of

5 9 Kappa, R e v .183

of

58

Delta

2 ,

R e v .

8386

of 5 8

Delta

2 ,

R e v .66k5

of

58 Delta

2 ,

R e v .

8683

of 58

Delta2 ,

R e v .8719

of

5 8 Delta

2 , R e v .

9009

of

5 8

Delta2 ,

R e v .

9^72

of

5 8 Delta

2 ,R e v .

9503

of5 8 Delta

2 ,

R e v .

9716

of58Delta2 , R e v .9826

of

5 8

Delta

2 ,

R e v .9832

of

5 8

Delta2 ,R e v .9937

of 5 8 Delta

2 ,

R e v .

10001

of5 9

L a m b d a ,R e v .

96

of

59

L a m b d a , R e v ,

1516

of

6 0 Epsilon2 ,

R e v .

iVf

of 6 0 Epsilon2 ,

R e v .3 0 3

o f 6 0

Epsilon

6 , R e v .

3 0 1

- 2 6

July

59

1 7

Sept

5 9

2 1

Dec59

- l 6

Jan 60

Mar

-

6

Apr

6 0

10Jun6 0

of59

Epsilon 1 , R e v .532

of58 Delta

2 ,

R e v .8 7 3 I 1

o f 58

Delta2 , R e v .99^3

o f

5 8

Delta

2 ,

R e v .

9959

of

5 8 Delta

2 ,

R e v .1007

o f 58

Delta

2 ,R e v .10023

o f 6 0 Epsilon

2 ,

R e v .

3 5 6

of

6 0

Epsilon 1 ,

R e v .3 8 6


10/88

I.

NTRODUCTION

During

theperiod

1

January

1959

to

1

J u l y

i960,

the

B a i l i a t l c

Research

Laboratories,

under

funding

from

the

Advanced Research

ProjectsAgency(ARPAOrder8-58),

operated

a three-station,reflection

Doppler

satellitetracking

system,extending

across

the

southrcentral

United States

from

TennesseetoNew Mexico.hissystem,knownas

DOPLOC,

(DOppler

PhaseI f l C k ) ,

provided

a

meansofdetectingandtracking

radio-silent,

or

dark satellites.

etailed

reports

outlining

the

planning,

implementation,

operation

and

administrationof

theDOPLOC

system

have

been

published

1

'

2

'

5

sono

f urt herspace

will be

devoted

toithere.

A

transmittingstationwa slocated

a t

Fort

Sill,

Oklahoma

a nd

receiving

stations

were

located

at

White

Sands

Missile

Range,

New

Mexico

and

at

Forrest

City,

Arkansas.h e

three

stations

were

initially

manned

on

a

twenty-four

hour,

seven-day-per-weekbasis,

as

a

part

ofthe

nation-wide

satellite

surveillancenet.ollowing

permission

fr o m

ARPA

todiscontinueroutinetwenty-fourhouroperation,

the

W h i t e

Sands

station wa s

deactivated

and

anominaleight-hourworkda y

wa s

adopted

at

the ForrestCityandFortSillstationson 1

October

I959.

The

primary objective

of

theDOPLOCsystem wa s

to

detectand track

non-transmitting

(dark)

satellites

but

the

flexible

schedule

under

which

thefi e l d

stations

operated

also

providedconsiderabledata

from

known

satellites.

Unidentified Flying

Objects

andmeteors.

n

addition,

the

system provided muchu s e f u ldatarelative

to

the

satellite-induced

ionizationtheory.

Itis

the

purposeof

this

report

topresentdata ont his

h i g h l y

controversial

subjectof

satellite-induced

ionizedtrailsor

clouds.

Severalworkersin

the

field,

notablyK r a u set

al.at

OhioState

University

5

'

7

,and

Liszka

et

al.

at

t he K i r u n a

Geophysical

Observatory

in

Sweden

have

reportedtheexistenceofsatellite-inducedion

trails,

Many othem

inthis

fi e l d

doubtthe

existence

of

such

trails

or

are

dubious

about

the

reported

magnitude

andpersistence

of

thetrails.


11/88

edonl

Ml

oah eor y ,uta t h e rvmp r e e e n treactiondate

oht -uned

fro..

e,^^^

tjpe

p r e s e n t e dnht3

eport

rede


12/88

II .

OPLOC

SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION

TheD O P I X X J systemconsisted

of

a 50-kwcontinuouswave,108 nc

transmitterlocated

at

FortSlU Oklahoma,whichfed

oneof

three

high-

gain

antennas.hesehigh-gain

antennas

emitted

narrow,fan-shaped

beams,

one

directed

20

degrees

ahove

the

northern

horizon,

one

directed

vertically

and

on edirected

20degreesabove

the

southern

horizon

(see

Figurel).

Thesignalreflected from a

satellite

passingthroughthetrans-

mitter

beam

wa sreceived

at

on e

or both

of

the

receivingstations.

Each

receiving

station

had

threehigh-gain

antennasoriented

to

see

the

space

volume

illuminated

by

the

transmitter.

hereflectedsignal

wa sfed througha receiverand abanko f fixedaudiofrequencyfilters,

known a s

the

AutomaticLock-On

(ALO),toa narrow-band,

phase-locked

tracking

filter.

he

trackingfilter

then

tracked

th e

Doppler

signal

asthesatellitepassedthrough

the

antennabeam.satellite which

crossed

thebaselinejoining

the

transmitter

and

receivertraversed

eachof th ethreefan-shaped antenna

beams.

hisresultedinthree

separateDopplerrecords,onefor

each

ofthethreeantennas,separated

Intime

by

5O-60

seconds.

he

length

of

the

Doppler

records

varied,

averaging

about

7

secondsinthecenterantenna and

15-25

seconds

In

the

northandsouthantennas.

ata

outputswere

Doppler

frequency

as

a

function

of

time

in

a

digital

and

punched

tape

format,

as

well

as

strip

chart

recordings

of Doppleranalogfrequencyand

signalstrength

with respect

totime.

complete

and

detailed

descriptionof

th e

DOPLOC

instrumentation

system

is

available ,

s o no

further

discussion

ofit willbepresentedhere.

WhentheDOPLOCsystem

assumedtwenty-four,hour operationalstatus

in

January

1959^

th e

transmitter

at

FortSill

served

a s

theilluminator

for

both

receivingstations.hen th eWhiteSands

station

wa s

deacti-

vated inth efall of

1959^

theantennasatFort Sill

and

Forrest City

were

re-oriented

in

azimuthto

produce

agreateroverlapping

of

the

beamsand

bettercoverage.

ll

datapresented

inthisreport

were

recordedattheForrest

City

station.

1 - 1


13/88

III.

DATA

FOBMAT

A,

oppler

Recording

Th e

typical form

in

which

DOPLOC

data

are

recorded is

shown

in

Figure2.

he

upper

portion of

the

chartisan

analog

recordof

tracking

filter

output

frequency.

he

short,

evenly

spacedmarks

indicate

the

sucessive

frequencies

at

which

the

tracking

filter

is

set

while

the

system

is

inthe

search

mode.

igure

2

shows

the

tracking

filter

output

when the

ALO

Is

scanning

a

12

kc

range.he

A I X )

can

alsoh eadjustedtoscana4kc

or2kcrange.

The

transition

f r o mstepscanningtocontinuousphase-locked

tracking

is

shown

in

Figure

2

at

ITU:58Z

time.

oncurrently,

the

digital

counter

and

printer

is

started

and

theperiod

of

1000

cycles

ofthe

Doppler

signal

is

printed

at

onesecond

intervals

onpaper

tape.

TheDoppler periodcount

f or

Revolution

18 5 of

59Kappa,

corresponding

to

the

Doppler

frequencyanalog record,

isshown

at

thetop

leftof

Figure

2 .

he

right

five

digitsrepresent

th e

period

count,

while

the

left

iix

digits

represent

Universal Time

i nhours,

minutes

and

seconds.

B.

ignal

Strength

Thelower

pa r t

ofthechart

in

Figure2isarecord

oftheAGO

voltage

fr o mthetrackingfilter.hi l e

in

the

search

mode,the AGO

is

shorted,producing

the

clean,

straightline

at

2

mm

deflection.

When

a

signalis

detected,

the

AGO

voltage

fi r s t

decreases

due

to'an

initialthreshold

voltage

ofoppositepolarityexisting

on

the GO

line.

hen,

asthe

signalamplitude

increases,

the

AGO

voltagein-

creases

asshown

by

thescale

calibration.

h e

chart

iscalibrated

inreceived

signalinput

power

(i n

dbw)at

the

receiverinput

terminals

and also

in

relative

signal

intermsof

the

signal-to-noise

ratio

at

thereceiver

output,

i.e.

indbbelow1:1

S/N

atthereceiver

output.

1 2


14/88

C .ultipleAntennaRecords

This

one

passof

59

Kappa has

been

treated

In considerable

detail

to

explain

thenature,

quality

and

quantity

of

DOPLOCdataand,con-

sequently,the

discussion

has

beendevotedtodatareceivedbythe

vertically

directedcenter

antenna.

n

the

nextsection

of

this

report,

examples

of

satellite

passes

recordedbymorethan

oneantennawin

be

presented.

During

the18-month

operation

of the

DOPLOCsystem,

111

satellite

reflectionswere

received,resulting

from

observationsof89

individual

satellite

passes

(8

passeswerereceivedby

two

antennasand

7passes

byallthree

antennas).

f

these

111

reflections,

67

were

received

by

the

center

antennaalone

or

by

the

center

antenna

in

combination

with

the

north or

south

antenna.

1 3


15/88

IV.

XPERIMENTAL

R E S U I I T S

A.Flats

Associated

with

SatellitePassage

Approximately

25^

of

the

satellite

passes

recorded

bythe

DOPLOC

centerantenna(1 7

of6? )revealed

a constant frequency reflection,

either

preceding

or

followingtheDoppler

signalreflectedfrom

the

satellite.

hese

constant

frequency

reflections,

termed

flats

appear on

theanalog

records

as

a

horizontal

line,

close

to

or equal

to

the

bias

frequency

of

7

k c ^

indicating

zero

velocity.

hese

Dopplerfrequency f l a t s , which

indicate

anapparentzerovelocity

t a r g e t ^

could

becausedeitherb ya

large

ionizedmass

moving

through

the

antennabeam

at

averylow

velocity,or

by astationary

ionized

mass

havinga lifetimeequaltothedurationof

th e

observed signal.

n9

of

the

recordsthe

flats

produceda

stronger

signal

level

thanthe

corresponding

satellite

reflection.

he

average

signal

strength

of

theflats

(-170

dbw)

i sslightly

stronger

thanth e

average

signal

strength

ofthe

satellites

observed

(-I71

dbw).

eproductions

ofDOPLOC

satellite

reflections

showing

evidence

of

flats

are

presentedin Figures3-I9a nd

a tabulation of the

data

is

givenin

TableI .

Ofthe17satelliterecordswhichrevealflats,12 ar ereflections

rom58Delta 2(SputnikIII).

he

other

passes

displaying

flats

are

records

of59

Lambda(Discoverer

VIII),60 Epsilon 2(SputnikIVrocket)

and60 Epsilon6(SputnikIVfragment).bout65 ^oftheflatsoccur

after

(or

before

and

a f t e r ) ,

the

satellite

has

passed

through

the

antenna

beam,

andall

of

the

flats

appear

in

the

center

antenna.

erhapsabrief

explanation

of

the

antenna

switching

procedurei s

desirable

atthis

point,toindicatewhichantennawasinus ewhen th eflatswererecorded.

In Figures13,

Ik

and

17 ,an

abrupt

shiftin

th e

ALO

frequency scan

is

visible.

hisshiftrepresentsthetransferof powerfromon eantenna

toth e

next.

orexample,in Figure

1 5 ,

th e

ALO

scans

the

2-5

kc

range

as

the

satellite

approaches

and

i s

tracked through

t he

south

antenna.

Followinglossofsignalb ythesouthantenna,powerisswitched

to

the

center

antenna

and

the

AH)

scansthe

6-9

kc

range.

histransition

i s

shown

at

0641:46

Ztime.hisscan

is

continued

untilthesatellitehas

traversedthe

center

beam and

then

aswitchismadetothenorthantenna

Ih


16/88

TABLE

O P L O CATELLITEREFLECTIONSOSSESSING

FLATS

Satelliteev.

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8

D e l t a

2

5 8 D e l t a

2

5 9

L a m b d a

5 9

L a m b d a

6 0 E p s i l o n

2

6 0 E p s i l o n 2

6 0

E p s i l o n

6

A v e r a g e

8 3 8 6

8 6 i f 3

8 6 8 3

8 7 1 9

9 0 0 9

9 ^ 7 2

9 5 0 3

9 7 1 6

9 8 2 6

9 8 3 2

9 9 3 7

1 0 0 0 1

9 6

1 5 1 6

1 4 7

3 0 3

5 0 1

A l t i t u d e

M i l e s

1 7 2

1 5 6

1 * 1 3

1 8 6

1 5 ^

1 3 0

1 5 0

2 8 5

1 8 9

1 1 0

158

12k

12k

1 3 7

2k0

2 1 3

iQk

P e a k S i g n a l

i n

d b w

S a t e l l i t e F l a t

F l a t

B e f o r e / A f t e r

S a t e l l i t e P a s s

- I 6 7

1 7 4

e f o r e

a n d

A f t e r

- 1 7 0

1 7 2

f t e r

- 1 7 5

I 6 5e f o r e

- 1 7 1

1 7 2

f t e r

- 1 7 5

1 7 0e f o r e

- 1 7 2

1 6 3f t e r

- 1 7 01 7 5f t e r

- 1 7 6I'jk

e f o r e

a n d

A f t e r

- 1 7 61 7 2

e f o r e

- 1 7 1

1 5 9

f t e r

- I 6 2

1 6 8

e f o r e

and

A f t e r

- 1 6 9

1 7 5e f o r e

- I 6 9

i'jk

e f o r e

- I 6 7

1 7 4f t e r

- 1 7 5

16k

f t e r

- 1 7 51 7 4f t e r

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- 1 7 1

1 7 0

15


17/88

a nda 10-15 kc

scan

rangeat06l3:12Ztime.hechartrecorder

pen

deflection

wa s

adjusted

at

06'I'J:00

Z

time

andthesatellite

wa ssubse-

quently

tracked

through

the

northantenna.

h is

completes

the

antenna

switching

and

recording

cycle

forthispass.

ntenna

switching

wa s

performed

simultaneously

at

thetransmitter

and receiver

andsynchronized

" b y

teletype

communication.

n

Figure

12,

similar

switching

wa s

p e r fo r m e d

as

indicated

at

l3l2:5J*

Z

time,

and

the

pen

deflectionsubsequently

adjusted

to

center

the

trace

inthe

upper

portiono f

thechart.

t

is

probable

thatthe

flats

observed

in

Figures12,

IJ,

a nd1?would

have

be e nlongerinduration

if

the

recordinghad

notbeeni n t e r r u pt e d

by

antenna

switching.

B.

lats

During

Random

Periods

In

an

attempt

to

determine

if

a

correlation

actually

exists

between

satellite

passage

and

the

occurrence

of

flats,

it

wa s

decided

to

chart

a ll

of

the

f i ats

and

satellite

passes

whichoccurred

duringseveral

arbi-

trarilyselectedperiods

between

J u l y

1959

and

J u l yi960.

he

r e s u l t i n g

chartsare

presented

in

Figures

2 0-2 5

and

an

explanation

of

t he m follows.

Theoriginalrecordswererecorded on^wo-channelSanborn

chart

paper.

Type

651-52.u r i n gtheoperationoftheDOPLOC

system,

over

300

completerolls

ofthis

pa pe rwereutilized,amounting

to

morethan6000

hoursofrecordings.

h e

six

one-week

periods

chosen

f or

this

random

examinationarearepresentative

sampleofthe

total

amount

of

data

recorded.

Thef i rstDOPLOC

satellite

reflection wa sreceivedin

August

1959,

soth e

initialpe r i o d

tobe

studied

wa s

selected

in

J u l y1959,Justprior

to

the

first

reflection.

ive

additional

samples

werechosen

at

approximately

1-2

monthintervals,covering

thetime

until

the

DOPLOC

system was

deacti-

vatedin

J u l y

i960.

ach

period

examined

consisted

of.five

consecutive

days,

with

theexceptionofthe

charts

in

Figures

22

and

2k.

Thedayst ha t

were

omitted on

these

charts

(19-20

Dec59

and

2 - 5

pr60)

fell on

Saturday

and

Sunday,

andth e

station

was

operating onlyon afive-day

week

at

that

time.

1 6


18/88

Eachchart

represents

fivecompletedays,andeachday

isdivided

intofour

segmentsof

six

hours

each,

with

the

horizontalscale

reading

fromleftto

right

in

Universal

Time.

he

short,

vertical

marks

rep-

resent

flats,

withnoregardfor

theirduration.

heflatsvaryin

length

from

several

seconds

to

a

minute

or more,

but

each

one

is

rep-

resented bya single

mark regardlessof

duration.tabulation ofall

flats,

including

duration

andsignalstrength values,is

given

in

Tables

II

-

VII.

Th e

long,

vertical

marks

represent

satellites

which

were

predicted

for

the

DOPICsystem

during

the

period.

achisidentified

with

the

yearoflaunchand

the

Greek

letterassignedbySpaceTrack

Control

Center.n

addition,

the

altitudeofeach

pass

as

it

crossed

the

base

line

is

given.

he

periods

labeled

NO

MTA

represent

periods

when

the

stationwasnotoperating;atallothertimesthestation

wa s

mannedand

continuous

recordings

weremade.everal

ofthe

satellite

passes

are

markedt

.ere,th e

passage

ofthesatellite

through

theantenna beam

wa s

recordedand

reproductions

of

these

Doppler

frequency observations

arepresented

in

F i gu r e s

6 ,15,26-53.

Attentionis

calledtothe

smallnumber

andrandom

distribution

of

the

flats

inFigures

2 0a nd

21.

h e r e

is

no

correlation* withsatellite

passage

in

Figure20andonly

slight

correlationin

Figures21,2k

and25.

n

Figures

22

and

25,

however,

anumberof

excellentcorrelations

are

visible

in

connection with58

Delta

2,

perhaps

because

of

t he

size

a nd

configuration

ofthissatellite.

able

VIII

presents

a

summary

of

the

number

of

passes

ineachperiod,

together

withthenumberofcorrelations

andt heir

den-

tification.

In

Figures

2 2 -2 5 ,theoccurrencefrequency profileoftheflats

is

radicallydifferent. Insteadof

a

smallnumber

offlatsrandomly distributed,

these

chartsshowanincrease

in

the number

of

f l a t s

bya factor

of3or

k,

* ?

rr

^

lation

denotes

a m i n i m u mof

two

flats

occurringintheperiod

from

10

minutesbefore

pass

time

until

20

minutes

a ft e rpass

time.he s e

passes

are

underlined

inFigures20-25.

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19/88

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41/88

TABLE'VIII-SATELLITE

PASSES

AND CORRELATED

FIATS

Number

o f

Satellite

Number

o f

Identification

Fl s No.

;eriod

Examined

PassesinPeriod orrelationsfCorrelations

2 0

22-26

J ul

59

1 1

0

2 1

15-17

Sep

59

1 5

5

58

Delta

2

( 2 )

59

Epsilon

1(5

2 2

15-21

Dec59

6

5

58

Delta

2

( 5 )

2 5

12-16

J an

60

6

k

58

Delta2(k)

2k

51 Mar-6 Apr60

6

2

58

Delta

2

(l),

60

Beta

1

( l )

2 5

6-10J un60

10

1

60Epsilon

2( 1 )

*

Correlation

denotes

aminimum

of

two

flats

occurring in the

period

from

10

minutes

before

pass

t i m e , until

20

minutes

after

passtime.

h o


42/88

anda

distribution characterized

byemail,compactgroupsseparated

by

longperiodsof

littleor

no

activity.uc ha

distributionmight

Indicate

thatthese

flats

werecausedby

a

distinct

event,

ouch

as

the

movement

of

a

satellite

ormeteor

shower.

Toexaminethe

relationship

between

satellite

altitude

and

flats,

a

tabulationwasmadeofall flatsoccurring

in

a

50-minute

period*In

the

vicinity

ofeachof

the

underlined

satellitepasses

in

Figures

20-25.

These

data

arepresentedinTable

DC.

Regarding

the

effect

of

satellitealtitudeon

the

formationof

flats,

Itis

noted

thatof

the

6?

satellitereflections

recorded

bythe

DOPLOC

center

antenna,

1?

(or

2 5 5 6 )

showevidenceof

flats

near

the

satellite

pass

time(see

Table

l) .

hese

1?

satellite

passeshave

an

average

altitude

ofl8hiles.tcannot

be

concluded

from

these

data,

however,

thatflats

are

more

frequently associated

with theloweraltitudesatellites,since

the

average

altitude

of

all

the

centerantenna satellitereflections

is

only2 01

miles.

he

range

limitationsof

the

interim

DOPLOC

systemmade

reception

of

thehigheraltitudepasses

marginal

and,

consequently,

the

satellitereflections

thatwerereceivedwerefrom

the

lower

altitude

passes.

InFigures20-25,

however,

thereare

a

total

of52satellite

passes

charted,ranging

in

altitudefrom

95to

65 8

miles.

he s e

passesrepresent

all

of

the

satellite

crossings

t ha t

were

predicted

for

the

DOPLOC

system

duringtheseperiods.f

these

52

passes,1?(or

5 5 5 t )

show

evidence

of

severalflats

near

satellite

pass

timea ndtheaveragealtitudeof

these

17

satellitepasses

is5 5 2miles

(see

Table

IX).tshould bepointed

out

that

the

limitations

ofthe

DOPLOC

s y s t e m donotapply

here,

since

weareconcernedonly

withobservations

offlats,

as

opposedto

flats

and

satellites.

ince

flats

areassumed

tobe

considerably

larger

t han

the

associatedsatellite,

it

is

feltthat

reflections

would

be

obtained

fr o m

flats

athighaltitudes

even

though

no

reflection

would

be

received

from

the

satellite

itself.

*

i^rom

10

minutes

before

pass

time

until

2 0minutes

after

passtime.

i


43/88

Comparison

ofthedataIn

Tables

I

and

IXIndicatesthat

formation

offlats

Is

apparently

not

entirely

dependent

on

altitude,since

by

more

than

tripling

thealtituderange

ofthedata

examined,theflatsobserved

only

increased byapproximately 8 3 6 .ased

on

thesedata,itwould

appear

that

flats

may

be

observed

almost

aa

frequently associated

withsatellltea

at

low

altitudes

as

at

high

altitudes.

k2

... .ij^..-.i-^

v


44/88


45/88

C.eteor-Inducedlonlzatiou

Reflections

from

meteor

trails

may

account

for

some ofthe

flats

observed,

particularly

in

the

December

and

June

samples

(Figures

22

and

25).

he

Ursid

meteor

shower

normally occurs

during

the

period

17-24

December

with

the

maximumactivity

on

22

December.

uring

this

maximum,a radio-observedrateof15

meteors/hour has

been

reported.

10

Similarly,

the

daytime

Arietid

and

daytimePerseid

showersreach

theirmaximumon

8

June

and

9

June,

respectively,which would

place

them in

theinterval

charted

in

Figure

2 5 .or

these

showers,

the

maximumhourlyradio-observed meteor

ratei s66 and

k2,

respectively.

Ameteor

passing

through

the

ionosphere

formsInitially

alarge,

cylindrical,ionized

column,and

maximum

reflection

or

signal

scattering

isexperiencedwhen

theincident waveisnormaltothe

longaxisofthe

cylinder.

he

passageof

a

great

number

ofmeteors

( a sin

a shower)

could

quite

conceivably

form

many

large,ionized

columnswhich,

upon

diffusion,wouldoverlap

andeffectively blanket

a considerable

area

with

a

slow

moving

ionized

cloud.

rom

a cloud

of

this

type

having a

reasonably

uniform

density,we

might

expect

to

observe

a

single,

con-

tinuous,

long

duration

flat

with

a

strong signal

level.

owever,

if

thecloud

was

patchya nd

non-uniform,

thenth ereflections

received

might

beintermittent,with

shorter durations

and

varying

signal

strengths.

kk


46/88

V.

CONCLUSIONS

Baaedon

the

datapresented

inthisreport,several

conclusions

appear

rather

firm.

irst,

when

a

flat

Isobserved In

connection

with

a

knownsatellitepassage,thesignal

level

received

from

the

flatIs

usuallystronger

than

the

signal

level

receivedfrom

theassociated

satellite.

his

would

Indicate

that

the

dimensions

of

the

reflecting

mass

are

comparableto

or

larger

than those

of

thesatellite.

Secondly,satellite

passage

cannotbe

accurately

determinedby

merely

chartingtheoccurrence

of

flats

against

a

time

reference.

he

appearanceof

a

large

number

e r f flats

in

a

short

time

Is

not

a

reliable

indication

that

a

satellite

haspassed,evidenced

by

the

datapresented

in

Figures22-24.ttention

is

called

to

themanygroupsof

flats,

not

associatedwith a

satellitecrossing,

which

appear

very

similar

to

those

groups

of

flats

observed

in

thevicinity

of

a

satellite

pass.

Thirdly,satellitealtitude

does

not

appear

to

be

a

factorIn

the

foimatlon

or detection of

flats.

he

DOPLOCsystem

recorded flats

associatedwithsatellitesat

variousaltitudes,

ranging

from110miles

to

more

than

600

miles.

HAHOLD

T.

LOOTENS

^

:


47/88

R E F E R E N C E S

1

*

tey

"

R i c h a r d ,

V .

W . ,

H o d g e , A .

H . ,

P a t t o a ,

R .

B . ,

A d e m s , C .

L .

First S e m i - A n n u a l

T e c h n i c a l

S u m m a r y

R e p o r t ,

I l 8 5

0

(

l 9 5 9 )

ly

1958

51

December

1958

-

m Me,no

R e P

01

*

No

-

2 .

e B e y ,L .

G . ,

R i c h a r d ,

V . W . ,

F a t t e n ,

R . B .e c o n d

S e m i -

A n n u a l

T e c h n i c a l

S u m m a r y R e p o r t ,

P e r i o d

1

J a n u a r y

1 9 5 9

-

T O

J u n e

1 9 5 9 .

B R L

M e m o

R e p o r t

N o .

1 2 2 0

( 1 9 5 9 ) .

5

e B e y ,L . G .T h i r d T e c h n i c a l S u m m a r y R e p o r t , P e r i o d 1

J u l y

1 9 ^ 9

-

5 0J u n e i 9 6 0 .

B R L

M e m o R e p o r t N o . 1 2 8 ? ( i 9 6 0 ) .

H o d g e , A .

H .F i n a l

S u m m a r y P - n o r t

o n t h e

B R L - D 0 P L 0 C

P r e l e c t .

B R L R e p o r t

N o .

I . I 5 6

( 1 9 6 1 ) .

k.

5.

raus,

.

Evidence

f

Satellite-Induced

onization

Between

Hemispheres.

Proc.

IRE , hQ 1913-1911+

i960).

6.raus,J.,Higgy,

R.

T heRelationf

he

Satelliteonization

Phenomenon

o

he

RadiationBelts. Proc.

IRE, 1 * 8 ,

027-2028

7.

raus,

J.,

Higgy,R.,

Crone,

.

The

Satellite

onization

Phenomenon.

Proc.

IRE, 1 + 8 ,

672-78

i960).

8

'

n-%

L

'

V

of

Variation

f

heignaltrengthrom

1958uelta

Sputnik

). Nature,185, I385-I3841959).

9. Adams,

C.

L . T heOPLOC

Instrumentation

Systemfor

Satellite

Tracking.

BRL

Reporto.1125

1961).

10.

Whipple,..

Smithsonian

nstitution

Astrophysical

Observatory

Oorrespondencewithuthor

ated

5

M ay

961.

k6

^;^,^.v:i^ .:^:-:i:^^.-::^:-

L

:^ -;

;

y;j:.;..

i;

,^L,;

i

^ ^

_ _


48/88

VII. B I B L I OG RA PH Y

Coova.,

ao

M

a

8

o,

cIS. . :

i ?-

Feb196x7

^

put,liJt

n

>

,,ade

Klruoa

OeophyalcalObservatory,"

wT Th*- r&

%4:^

Iteai0

E

"

e

1

""

laatSatemtea,"

9

' In

VZiX

strrf

,

3

^ o

b

y

tbeirmnuaaoe

Colorado,Delije. *

pre8ented

oint

H S I - I B E

Meeting,ouUer,

l 7


49/88

APPENDIX

I

BRL-DOPLOC

REPORTS

N o .1

BRL

Memo

ReportN o .1055 October

1958

v?

>

?

Pl

p

r

l

1

**?*

AnteQna

Orientation

foraDoppier ytem

by

L .

P .

Bolgiano,J r . ,CONFIDENTIAL

N o .

2

BRL

Memo

Report

N o .

II85

January

I959

First

Semi-Annual

Technical

Summary

Report

Period1

July

1 9 5 8

3 1 December

I958

by

L .

G .

d e B e y ,

V .

W .

Richard,

A,H .Hodae

.

B

Pa+ton

^

( B M L

5 9 - 6 0 )

CONFIDENTIAL

tt0n,

L

*****

N o ,

5

BRLTech

Note

N o .1 2 6 5 J u n e

1959

Orbital

Data

Handling

andPresentation

by R . E .

A. P u t n a m . ,UNCIASSIFIED

N o .

4

BRL

Tech

Note

N o .1266 July

1959

A n Approacht o t h e

Doppler

Dark

Satellite

Detection

P r o b l e m

by

L .

G .d e B e y . ,

CONFIDENTIAL

N o .

5 BRL Memo

Report

N o .1220 July

1959

Second

Semi-Annual

Technical

Summary

Report

Period

1 January

3 0

J u n e

1959

by

L . G .d e B e y , V . W .Richardand

R .

B .

Patton.,

( B M L

208-59)

CONFIDENTIAL

N o .6

BRL

Teqh

NateN0..I278

September

1 9 5 9

Synchronization

o f

TrackingAntennas

by R . E .

A .P u t n a m . ,

UNCIASSIFIED

N o .

7

BRL

Memo

Report

N o .1237

September

I959

A

Methodof

Solution

fort h e Determination

o f Satellite

Orbital

Parameters

from

DOPLOC Measurements

rui^aj.

by

R . B .

P a t t o n ,

J r . ,UNCIASSIFIED

N o ,8

BRL Memo

Report

N o .

IO93

-

March

i960

" T h e DynamicCharacteristics

o f

Phase-Lock

Receivers

by D r .Keats P u l l e n . ,

UNCLASSIFIED

N o .

9 Station

Geometry

Studies

f o r th e

DOPLOC

S y s t e m " '

Stanford

Research

I n s t i t u t e . ,

UNCIASSIFIED

N0

'

10

^emesS

by

W .

E .

Scharfman,H . R o t h m a n ,H .G u t h a r t ,

T ,

Morlta.,UNCLASSIFIED

N o .11hilco

Corporation -

h

Ma y

i 9 6 0

Polystation DopplerS y s t e m " ,

UNCLASSIFIED

k9


50/88

BRL-DOPLOC REPORTS

(cont'd)

No.12paceScience

Laboratory,

GeneralElectric

Co.-

October

i960

Orbit

Determination

of

aNon-Transmitting

SatelliteUsingDoppler

Tracking Data

by

Dr.Paul

B.

Richards.,

UNCLASSIFIED

No.

13

FinedTechnicalReport

UniversityofDelaware-

June

15,

i960

Quantum

Mechanical

Analysis

of Radio

Frequency

Radiation

by

L .P .

Bolgiano,Jr.

and

W .

M.

Gottschalk.,UNCIASSIPIED

No.

Ik Final

ReportF/157,ColumbiaUniversity-

February

11,

i960

Summary of

the

Preliminary

Study

of

theApplicability

of

the

Ordir

System

Techniques

tothe

Tracking

of

Passive

Satellites ,UNCIASSIFIED

No.15

RLReport

No .

1110-

June

i960

Precision

Frequency

MeasurementofNoisyDoppler

Signals

by

W.A.

Dean.,UNCIASSIPIED

No.l6Third Technical

SummaryReport-

PeriodJuly

1959through

June

J O ,

i960

BRL

Memo

Report

No.

1287

by

A.

L .

G.

deBey.,

UNCLASSIFIED

No.

17

olumbia

University

Tech.

ReportNo .

T-l/157

-August

1 ,

1959

TheTheory

o f

PhaseSynchronization

of

Oscillators

with

Application

to

the

DOPLOCTracking

Filter

by

E.

Kreindler.,

UNCIASSIPIED

No.

18

BRL

TechNote

No.

I 3 I + 5- Augusti960

DOPLOC Receiver

for

Use

with

Circulating

Memory

Filter

by

K.Patterson.,UNCIASSIPIED

No.

19RLTech

Note

N o .

155^-

October

i960

Parametric

Pre-Amplifier

Results

by

K .

Patterson.,

UNCIASSIPIED

No.

20

RL

Tech

Note

N o .

I367

- December

i960

Data

Generation

and

Handling

for

Scanning

DOPLOC

System

by

Ralph

E.A.Putnam

No.

21BRL

Report

No.1125-

January

1961

TheDOPLOC

Instrumentation

System

for

Satellite

Tracking

by

C.

L .

Adams.,UNCIASSIPIED

No.

22

RL

Memo

Report

No.

I55O-

March

1961

DOPING

Observations

of

Reflection

Cross

Sections

of

Satellites

by

H,

T .

Lootens.,

UNCIASSIPIED

No.

23

BRLMemoReportNo.1362- August

I96I

Satellite-Induced lonlzatlon

ObservedWith the

DOPLOCSystem

byH.

T .Lootens.,UNCIASSIPIED

50

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on the

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Satellite-Induced Ionization Observed with the DOPLOC System.pdf

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