Satellite Applications and Types Prepared by: Eng. Ahmed Hassan Abd-Elaziz Eng. Ahmed Hassan...

Satellite Applications and Types

Prepared by:Eng. Ahmed Hassan Abd-Elaziz

Eng. Ahmed Hassan Satellites Applications and Types 1

Brief history on satellite systems

1957 Sputnik: U.S.S.R first satellite which transmitted telemetry

information for 21 days.

1958 Score: USA first satellite which was used to broadcast

President Eisenhower’s Christmas greetings message.

1960 Echo: Reflector satellite.

1960 Courier: Store and forward transmission.

1962 Telstar & Relay: Repeater satellites.

1963 Syncom: USA first geostationary communication satellite.

1965 Intelsat “Early Bird”: USA constellation of communication

satellites providing international broadcast services.


1965 Molniya: First Soviet military communications satellite.

1972 Synphonie: Communication satellite built by France and

Germany.

1972 Anik: Canadian communication satellite, Anik means "little

brother.

Brief history on satellite systems


Satellite orbitsOrbit Height:

Geostationary Orbit (GEO): 35,786 km above the Earth, 24 hour

period, Circular Equatorial

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): 8,000 – 20,000 km above the Earth.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO): 500 – 2,000 km above the Earth.

Orbit Shape:

Circular

Elliptical

Three Basic Orbits:

Circular Polar

Elliptical Inclined

Circular Equatorial


Elliptically Inclined

Satellite orbits


Satellite applications and types


TV broadcast satellites.

Weather satellites.

Military satellites.

Navigation satellites.

Mobile Satellites.

Disaster monitoring satellites.

Search & rescue satellites.

Store & Forward satellites.

Mineral Exploration and Mining satellites.

Lunar exploration satellites.

Deep space exploration satellites.

Satellite applications and types


Satellite television is television delivered by the means of

communication satellites, as compared to conventional terrestrial

television.

In many areas of the world, satellite television services

supplement older terrestrial signals, providing a wider range of

channels and services, including subscription-only services.

The first satellite television signal was relayed from Europe to the

Telstar satellite over North America in 1962. The first geostationary

communication satellite, Syncom 2 was launched in 1963. The

world's first commercial communication satellite, called Intelsat (Early

Bird) was launched into synchronous orbit on 1965.

TV Broadcast Satellites


Satellites used for television signals are generally in either

naturally highly elliptical (with inclination of +/- 63.4 degrees and

orbital period of about 12 hours) or geostationary orbit 37,000 km

(22,300 miles) above the earth’s equator.

Satellite television, like other communications relayed by satellite,

starts with a transmitting antenna located at an uplink facility. Uplink

satellite dishes are very large, as much as 9 to 12 meters in

diameter. The increased diameter results in more accurate aiming

and increased signal strength at the satellite. The uplink dish is

pointed toward a specific satellite and the uplinked signals are

transmitted within a specific frequency range, so as to be received by

one of the transponders tuned to that frequency range aboard that

satellite.



The transponder 'retransmits' the signals back to Earth but at a

different frequency band.

The downlinked satellite signal, quite weak after travelling the

great distance is collected by a parabolic receiving dish. A LNB

device amplifies the relatively weak signals, filters the block of

frequencies in which the satellite TV signals are transmitted, and

converts the block of frequencies to a lower frequency range. The

evolution of LNBs was one of necessity and invention.

The advantages of using an LNB are that cheaper cable could be

used to connect the indoor receiver with the satellite TV dish and

LNB.



In GEO orbits, there are 318 Television satellites.

Examples of TV satellites:

NileSat.

ArabSat.

Hot Bird.

Galaxy.

Astra.

Spaceway.

ChinaSat.

Atlantic Bird.

TurkSat.



Weather Satellites

GOES-8 USA Weather SatelliteEUMETSAT_METOP


Weather SatellitesA weather satellite is a type of satellite that is primarily used to

monitor the weather and climate of the earth.

Satellites can be either polar orbiting, seeing the same swath of

the earth every 12 hours, or geostationary hovering over the same

spot on Earth by orbiting over the equator while moving at the speed

of the Earth's rotation.

These meteorological satellites, however see more than clouds

and cloud systems; City lights, fires, effects of pollution, sand and

dust storms, snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents,

etc., are other types of environmental information collected using

weather satellites.


Weather SatellitesThe first weather satellite, Vanguard

2 was launched on 1959. It was

designed to measure cloud cover and

resistance, but a poor axis of rotation

kept it from collecting a notable amount

of useful data.

The first weather satellite to be

considered a success was Tiros-1,

launched by NASA on 1960. TIROS

operated for 78 days and proved to be

much more successful than Vanguard

2.Eng. Ahmed Hassan Satellites Applications and Types 15

Weather Satellites

Observation is typically made via different channels of the

electromagnetic spectrum, in particular, the Visible and Infrared

portions.

Visible-light images from weather satellites during local daylight

hours are easy to interpret even by the average person; clouds,

cloud systems such as tropical storms, lakes, forests, mountains,

snow ice, fires, and pollution such as smoke and dust are readily

apparent. Even wind can be determined by cloud patterns,

alignments and movement from successive photos.


Weather Satellites

Image from the GOES-9 weather satellite Eumetsat-Satellite-Loop-Europe_1


Weather SatellitesThe thermal or infrared images

recorded by sensors called scanning

radiometers enable a trained analyst to

determine cloud heights and types, to

calculate land and surface water

temperatures, and to locate ocean surface

features. Infrared satellite imagery can be

used effectively for tropical cyclones with a

visible eye pattern.

The eye of a storm is a roughly circular

area and typically 30–65 km in diameter.

Cyclone Catarina from the ISS on March 26 2004


Weather SatellitesGeostationary weather satellites orbit the Earth above the equator

at altitudes of 35,880 km. They remain stationary with respect to

Earth, so they can record or transmit images of the entire

hemisphere below continuously with their visible-light and infrared

sensors.

The news media use the geostationary photos in their daily

weather presentation as single images or made into movie loops.

Polar orbiting weather satellites circle the Earth at a typical

altitude of 850 km. Polar satellites are to observe any place on Earth

and will view every location twice each day. Polar orbiting weather

satellites offer a much better resolution than their geostationary

counterparts due their closeness to the Earth.Eng. Ahmed Hassan Satellites Applications and Types 19

Weather SatellitesThere are16 Geostationary and 11 polar weather satellites.

For geostationary weather satellites, the United States has two

satellites in operation; GOES-11 and GOES-12. The Japanese have

one in operation; MTSAT-1R. The Europeans have several Meteosat

series. The Russians operate the GOMS over the equator south of

Moscow. India also operates geostationary satellites which carry

instruments for meteorological purposes. China operates the Feng-

Yen satellites, FY-2C, FY-2D and FY-2E.

For polar weather satellites, The United States has the NOAA

series. Europe has the Metop-A satellite. Russia has the Meteor and

RESURS series of satellites. China has FY-1D and FY-3A.


Military Satellites

A military satellite is used for a military purpose, often for

gathering intelligence as a communication satellites used for military

purposes, or as a military weapon.

A satellite by itself is neither military nor civil. It is the kind of

payload it carries that enables one to arrive at a decision regarding

its military or civilian character. For example, a civilian satellite can

carry military transponders and vice versa. Civil commercial satellites

are also known to carry out military tasks including enabling military

communications, imagery etc. At the same time, military satellites like

the NAVSTAR GPS have more civilian users than military users.


Military SatellitesA spy satellite is an earth observation

satellite or communication satellite deployed

for military or intelligence applications. The

first generation type (i.e. Corona 1 - 2 and

Zenit) took photographs then ejected

canisters of photographic film, which would

descend to earth. Corona capsules were

retrieved in mid-air as they floated down on

parachutes. Later spacecraft had digital

imaging systems and downloaded the

images via encrypted radio links.

Corona-119 aircraft the film dropped on a parachute


Military Satellites

Examples of spy satellite missions:

High resolution photography

(IMINT) .

Communications

eavesdropping (SIGINT) .

Covert communications.

Monitoring of nuclear test

ban compliance.

Detection of missile

launches .


Military Satellites

U-2 photo over a military air base Pentagon

There are 37 LEO, 5 MEO and 6 GEO military satellites.


Navigation SatellitesGlobal Navigation Satellite System

(GNSS) is the standard generic term for

satellite navigation systems that provide

autonomous geo-spatial positioning with

global coverage. A GNSS allows small

electronic receivers to determine their

location (longitude, latitude and altitude)

to within a few metres. Receivers on the

ground with a fixed position can also be

used to calculate the precise time as a

reference for scientific experiments.

Satellite navigation using a laptop and a GPS receiver


The United States NAVSTAR Global

Positioning System (GPS) is the only fully

operational GNSS. The Russian GLONASS

is a GNSS in the process of being restored

to full operation. China has indicated it will

expand its regional Beidou navigation

system into the global COMPASS navigation

system 2015. The European Union’s Galileo

positioning system is a GNSS in initial

deployment phase, scheduled to be

operational in 2013.

Navigation Satellites

GPS Navigation Satellite


The NAVSTAR global positioning

system (GPS) satellites provides latitude,

longitude, altitude, direction of travel, travel

velocity and correct time of day to anyone

anywhere, day or night, in any weather.

The U.S. Air Force created the

constellation of 24 NAVSTAR satellites

circling Earth twice a day. At least four of

the space beacons are in view from any

spot on Earth at any time.


GPS Constellation Satellites

NAVSTAR GPS


NAVSTAR is short for Navigation

System using Timing And Ranging.

Ships, planes, trains, trucks, cars and

even persons on foot can know their

positions in latitude, longitude, and altitude

within 58 feet or 328 feet anywhere in any

weather, along with their velocity within

0.45 mph, or better than one foot per

second, and correct time to within one-

millionth of a second.


GPS Satellite Status

NAVSTAR GPS


A receiver on the ground has to hear

from only three NAVSTAR satellites to find

its own latitude and longitude location.

Hearing from a fourth satellite lets the

receiver calculate its own altitude.

Each satellite also monitors its own

navigation data errors, signal availability,

and clock failures.

Army and Marine troops followed their

hand-held GPS receivers during wars.


Casio GPS Watch

NAVSTAR GPS


GLONASS satellite system is a radio-based

satellite navigation system, developed by the former

Soviet Union and now operated for the Russian

government by the Russian Space Forces.

Development on the GLONASS began in 1976,

with a goal of global coverage by 1991. Beginning on

1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to

the system until the constellation was completed in

1995. Following completion, the system rapidly fell into

disrepair with the collapse of the Russian economy.

Navigation SatellitesGLONASS Satellites

GLONASS Satellite


Beginning in 2001, Russia

committed to restoring the

system, and in recent years

has diversified, introducing

the Indian government as a

partner, and accelerated the

program with a goal of

restoring global coverage by

2009.


GLONASS Satellite Mounting

GLONASS Satellites


Satellite navigation users in Europe today

have no alternative other than to take their

positions from US GPS or Russian

GLONASS satellites. Yet the military

operators of both systems give no guarantee

to maintain an uninterrupted service.

As far back as the early 1990s, the

European Union saw the need for Europe to

have its own global satellite navigation

system.

Navigation SatellitesGalileo Satellites

Galileo Satellite


The Global Mobile Satellite

System (GMSS) is a general term

referring to the selection of

satellite phone providers available

to private customers.

Geostationary Systems:

INMARSAT

MSAT

Thuraya.

Mobile Satellites

Mobile Satellite System


Big “LEO” Systems

ARIES

ELLIPSO

IRIDIUM

ODYSSEYLittle “LEO” Systems

Orbcomm

LEOSAT

STARNET

VITASAT

Mobile Satellites

Thuraya Mobile Satellite


The Disaster Monitoring Constellation

(DMC) consists of five remote-sensing

satellites constructed by Surrey Satellite

Technology Ltd (SSTL) and operated for the

Algerian, Nigerian, Turkish, British and

Chinese governments. The DMC provides

emergency Earth imaging for disaster relief

under the International Charter for Space

and Major Disasters. Other DMC Earth

imagery is used for a variety of civil

applications by a variety of governments.

Disaster Monitoring Satellites

Fire image



Flood disaster

Colima Volcano, Mexico


The DMC has monitored the effects and aftermath of the Indian

Ocean Tsunami (December 2004), Hurricane Katrina (August 2005),

and many other floods, fires and disasters.


Merapi volcano, May 11, 2006 Captured by Space Imaging’s

IKONOS satellite



Tsunami Disaster


Search and rescue satellites are designed to provide a way for

vessels at sea and in the air to communicate from remote areas.

These satellites can detect and locate emergency beacons carried

by ships, aircrafts, or individuals in remote or dangerous places.

Satellites equipped with search and rescue equipment fly over a

beacon that is releasing an emergency signal. Using mathematical

calculations involving the doppler effect, scientists can translate that

signal into coordinates, and determine the location of the distress

signal within four kilometres.

Satellites can assist search and rescue (SAR) activities on a

worldwide basis by providing accurate, timely, and reliable alert.

Search & Rescue Satellites


Cospas-Sarsat system aims to reduce, as far as possible, delays

in the provision of distress alerts to SAR services, and the time

required to locate a distress and provide assistance, which have a

direct impact on the probability of survival of the person in distress

at sea or on land.

To achieve this objective, Cospas-Sarsat Participants

implement, maintain, co-ordinate and operate a satellite system

capable of detecting distress alert transmissions from radio-

beacons that comply with Cospas-Sarsat specifications and

performance standards and of determining their position anywhere

on the globe.

Search & Rescue Satellites


A satellite in low Earth orbit has only limited coverage, with a footprint

diameter near 6000km. However, with a suitable choice of orbital

inclination, it can cover each part of the globe within 24 hours. Store and

Forward communications is a concept different from that employed in trunk

communications.

It stores signals received from the uplink, recording the message

transmitted to the satellite. The message can then later be broadcast or

retransmitted it on demand.

A single satellite in low Earth orbit can therefore provide a true global

messaging service. This concept was first proposed by Brandon in 1957,

and implemented on the COURIER satellite in 1960 using onboard tape

recorders.

Store & Forward Satellites


Mineral Exploration and Mining Satellites

Satellite imagery and

aerial photography has

proven to be an important

tool in assessing mineral

exploration tenements, it

provides the geologists and

field crew location of

tracks, roads, fences and

habitation.

Morenci Mine in Arizona


Mineral Exploration and Mining SatellitesImagery from satellite sensors such as ASTER and LANDSAT-7

have benefited geologists, scientists and exploration managers in

earth sciences due to the sensor containing multiple band colours

which allows them to interpret wavelengths that cannot be seen by

the human eye, such as near infrared, short wave infrared and

thermal infrared to identify the difference in structural features of the

earth's surface.

Multispectral imaging and thematic mapping allows researchers

to collect data of reflection and absorption properties of soils, rock,

and vegetation. This data could be utilized to interpret actual

surface lithologies to identify clays, oxides and soils from satellite

images.Eng. Ahmed Hassan Satellites Applications and Types 43

Mineral Exploration and Mining Satellites

Saline Valley, California — ASTER


The physical exploration of the

Moon began when Luna-2, a space

probe launched by the Soviet Union,

impacted the surface of the Moon on

1959.

In 1969, Project Apollo first

successfully landed people on the

Moon. They placed scientific

experiments there and returned rocks

and data that suggested the Moon is

of a similar composition to the Earth.

Lunar Exploration Satellites

Apollo-12 Lunar module Intrepid prepares to descend

towards the surface of the Moon. NASA photo


The exploration of Mars has been

an important part of the space

exploration programs of the Soviet

Union, United States, Europe and

Japan.

Dozens of robotic spacecrafts,

including rovers have been launched

toward Mars since the 1960s. These

missions were aimed at gathering data

about current conditions and answering

questions about the history of Mars.

Deep Space Exploration Satellites

Computer-generated image of one of the two Mars Exploration

Rover, which touched down on Mars in 2004


Deep Space Exploration Satellites

Mars


Satellite Applications and Types Prepared by: Eng. Ahmed Hassan Abd-Elaziz Eng. Ahmed Hassan...

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