Sascha Stegen School of Electrical Engineering, Griffith ... cells.pdf · after whom a unit of...
Transcript of Sascha Stegen School of Electrical Engineering, Griffith ... cells.pdf · after whom a unit of...
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Sascha Stegen
School of Electrical Engineering,
Griffith University, Australia
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� Diameter of 1,390,000km
� Average mass density of 1.41 g/cm^3
� Average distance to Earth 150,120,000 km (108 times the Sun’s diameter or 8.19 light minutes….)
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� Hot plasma from ionised Atoms
� Highest Temperature of approx. 23 82 106 K
� Fusion of Hydrogen
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1. Core: 20–25% of the solar radius. It has a density of up to 150 g/cm3. With 276.5 watts/m3,a power density that more nearly approximates reptile metabolism than a thermonuclear bomb.
2. Radiate zone3. Convective zone4. Photosphere5. Chromosphere6. Corona7. Sunspot8. Granules9. Prominence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_diagram.svg
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� Convective zoneConvective zoneConvective zoneConvective zone◦ from its surface down to approximately 200,000 km
(or 70% of the solar radius)
� PhotospherePhotospherePhotospherePhotosphere◦ particle density of ~1023 m−3
◦ Emitting of the highest content of visible light
� AtmosphereAtmosphereAtmosphereAtmosphere◦ Emission of highly ionised Metal atoms
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_parts_big.jpg
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Energy
Particles
Protons Neutrons Positrons Neutrinos
�
����� � ∆� ∙
���� =4.3 ∙ 10 ���
������ =
�����
�=3.845 ��
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� Applying of the Stefan-Boltzmann-Law for the Sun as a black body, provides the surface temperature of the Sun
� Specific radiation from the Sun’s surface As
�� �
�� � �
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� Global rays◦ The sum of direct rays
and sky rays
� Sky rays◦ Produced by diffusion of
direct sun rays through air molecules
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Active system
June
June
Dec
Dec
Glo
bal
su
n r
ays
in W
/m^2
Time
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� The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek φῶ̋ (phōs) meaning "light", and "voltaic", from the name of the Italian physicist Volta, after whom a unit of electro-motive force, the volt, is named. The term "photo-voltaic" has been in use in English since 1849.[1]
� The photovoltaic effect was first recognized in 1839 by French physicist A. E. Becquerel. However, it was not until 1883 that the first photovoltaic cell was built, by Charles Fritts, who coated the semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions. The device was only around 1% efficient. In 1888 Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov built the first photoelectric cell based on the outer photoelectric effect discovered by Heinrich Hertz earlier in 1887.[2]
� Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he received the Nobel prize in Physics in 1921.[3] Russell Ohlpatented the modern junction semiconductor solar cell in 1946,[4]
which was discovered while working on the series of advances that would lead to the transistor.
http://en.wikipedia.org
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� The modern photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at Bell Laboratories. The highly efficient solar cell was first developed by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson in 1954 using a diffused silicon p-n junction. At first, cells were developed for toys and other minor uses, as the cost of the electricity they produced was very high; in relative terms, a cell that produced 1 watt of electrical power in bright sunlight cost about $250, comparing to $2 to $3 for a coal plant.
http://en.wikipedia.org
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� Mono–crystalline solar cells
� Poly–crystalline solar cells
� Thin film solar cells
� Organic solar cells
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Source : National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, Author: L.L. Kazmerski
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Next generation: …more quantitative then qualitative. No norm.
Difference regarding M. Green:
� Gen. I: Wafer-based mono cristalline
� Gen. II: Thin-Film (strongly reduced costs, moderate efficiency)
� Gen. III: Efficiency increase of factor 2-3
Source: M.Green
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http://www.windsolarpowerhome.com/
� Batteries optional
� Feeding back to the grid
� LV consumers can be fed directly
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Light gets absorbed by the semiconductor
Production of mobile charge carriers
Dividing of the charge carriers
Electrical voltage on the contacts is now measurable
Contact grid
Glass layer
Buffer layer
Light absorber
Back contact
Substrate
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http://www.sharpdirect.co.uk/page/solarhowpvmodules/
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� +
�� � 0�� � ��
��+����
�� � �� ��� !� " # 1
k is the dielectric constant
q is the electrical charge
n is the quality factor
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� �$ �% �&
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'� ( � 11 ) �*�&�+,/�."
( � (/ → '� ( � 12( ≪ (/ → '� ( �1( ≫ (/ → '� ( �0
4� 5 6�$ 7�% 5 6�&
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4� � 487� � 484�7� � 48�
48 ∝ �&��"
48*300;, � 10<�=�&>
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4� 5 6�$
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4�7� � 48�
48*300;, � 10<�=�&>4� 5 6�$ 5 10<?=�&>
7� � 10>=�&>
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7� 5 6�&
4� � 48�6�&
4�7� � 48�
48*300;, � 10<�=�&>7� 5 6� 5 10<?=�&>
4� � 10>=�&>
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Constant
fermi level
Propotional to the electric field
Ec=-qV
poN≈!@AB
noP≈!@A
CD � EFC G46�6�4�
D~(I
D� � 0k is the dielectric constant
q is the electrical charge
n is the quality factor
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poN≈!@AB
noP≈!@A
J� � �&∆��."
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� Lowering the energy barrier
J � J���� �."
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� The avarage time tn is the time for an electron to recombine (or diffuse) on the p-side.
�� � ����+
����
K! � CL ∆4M N ONP��
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� If a minority electron recobines on the p-side, one electron goes into the conductor
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� Injected current produces a population of electrons in the P region
� The electrons recombine inside the P region
� If an electron recombines with a hole, another electron is flowing through the conductor
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�� � �� ��*�B&QBRS�." # 1
D� � D�+��TU
TU
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� �
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88%
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Energy flux - E
Work / Unit time - W
Heat flux - Q
Entropy flux – Q/TA
Entropy flux due to conversion - SG
Source: M.Green
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(Maximum for SG=0)
But:
- Carnot-Efficiency factor can not be reached
Source: M.Green
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http://www.pvsolarchina.com/difference-between-monocrystalline-
polycrystalline-and-amorphous-thin-film-solar-cell.html
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http://cnfolio.com/ELMnotes15
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http://blogs.reuters.com/from-
reuterscom/2009/10/06/graphic-thin-film-solar-cells/
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927024806002509
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AR – anti-reflective or anti-reflection coating
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source:Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin
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http://inhabitat.com/super-cheap-solar-cells-switch-gold-for-nickel/
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� High efficacy and low costs
5.14 MWh Solar radiation
Instead of 7.14 MWh
in the Solar thermal
power plant
2.07 MWh Collector losses
0.61 MWh Receiver losses
1.36 MWh circle losses
0.11 MWh Internal consumptions
1 MWh Electrical energy
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� different and much more efficient thanphotovoltaic PV solar cells
� While existing generation facilities provide only 600 megawatts of solar thermal power worldwide in October 2009, plants for an additional 400 megawatts are under construction and development is underway for concentrated solar power projects totaling 14,000 megawatts
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� More affordable than with traditional solar cells
� Allreadyrealised in large scale installations
7.14 MWh Solar radiation
3.36 MWh Solar losses
2.68 MWh Circulation losses
0.11 MWh Internal consumptions
1 MWh Electrical energy
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� Jha, A.R.. Solar Cell Technology and Applications.BocaRaton, FL, USA: Auerbach Publications, 2009
� Martin A. Green: „Solar Cells: Operating Principles, Technology, and System Applications“
� Solar Electric Power Generation - Photovoltaic Energy Systems - Modeling of Optical and Thermal Performance, Electrical Yield, Energy Balance, Effect on Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Search Within, By: Krauter, Stefan C.W. 2006 Springer – Verlag
� Nanotechnology for Photovoltaics by Loucas Tsakalakos, CRC Press 2010, Print ISBN: 978-1-4200-7674-5, eBook ISBN: 978-1-4200-7675-2
� Video clips are from www.youtube.com