sargodha field

8/18/2019 sargodha field

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CHAPTER: 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Kirana area comprises of meta-sedimentary and igneous Precambrian rocks which

have been intruded by dykes and sills. An indication of mineralization in the form of quartz veins

is also present in the area but as yet no significant deposit has been reported. The Kirana ills are

a ma!or source of crushed rock aggregates for private and public sectors in southern and central

Pun!ab. The pre-"ambrian rocks are considered to be very important throughout the world as

these contain valuable mineral deposits. ematite mineralization has been noticed in the area.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The primary ob!ective of the field work was to enhance our knowledge and to understand#

how to analyze the different rock formations# how to measure the dip and strike of the formations

and draw rough sketches of the area. Also the purpose was to make our practical knowledge

sounder and to identify the various features that are e$posed in the outcrop.

1.3 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

%argodha is the &&th largest city of Pakistan and 'th largest of Pun!ab. (t is located in the

north-east of Pakistan. (t is known as best citrus-producing and also one of the ore producing

cities of Pakistan. )ap &.& shows the satellite view of %argodha.

)ap* &.& %atellite image of %argodha

The coordinates of %argodha are +,.+/0 1 and 2,./2&&0 3. The city is easily accessible

from (slamabad via (slamabad motorway. %argodha is located ,/ km 4&, miles5 from 6ahore

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore


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the second largest city in Pakistan and ,77 km 4&', miles5 from (slamabad. The route map from

(slamabad to %argodha is shown below in map &.,.

)ap* &.,

8oute map

from

9ahria

:niversity

(slamabad

to

%argodha

"hiniot city is located between the heart of river "henab with the heads of small rocky hills#

it is known for its wooden furniture architecture which has a great attraction in all over the

world. )ap &.+ shows the satellite view of "hiniot.

)ap* &.+ %atellite image of "hiniot

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad


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The coordinates of chiniot city are +&.2,0 1 and 2,.;2;0 3. "hiniot is located ''km

from %argodha and is easily accessible.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

The methodology by which we studied %tratigraphy is*

&


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CHAPTER 2

GENERAL GEOLOGY

2.1 TECTONIC SETTING OF THE AREA

Kirana ills in Pakistan are e$posed in the Pun!ab plains and represent remnants of the

Precambrian igneous activity within the Kirana-)alani basin of 13 =ondwana. They are mainly

comprised of mafic and felsic rocks which belong to tholeiitic basalt-rhyolite magma association

with meta-sediments. )afic rocks are mainly comprise of tholeiitic basalts# basaltic andesite and

felsic rocks are rhyolites and minor dacites. 8hyolites and dacites are meta-aluminous to pre-

aluminous sub alkaline rocks which are generated from partial melting of continental crust.

8hyolite volcanism occurred during the separation of 8adinia supercontinent as a result

of tectonic events with Kirana )alani basin. The Kirana ills area has total estimated aggregate

reserves of about +;2.+ million tons. The total reserves for dolerites are 72.+ )t# ++2. )t for

rhyolites# ,;.& )t for volcanogenic slates and ,/+.; )t for quartz.

2.2 TOPOGRAPHY OF AREA

The Kirana ills is a small mountain range in Pakistan>s Pun!ab province. (t spans

appro$imately 7 miles across the districts of %argodha and ?hang. The highest peak in the

Kirana ills is Koh-e-Kirana# which is about ; feet high. The region is also known as @9lack

)ountains@ by locals because of the dark brown colors of the range. The Kirana ills and its

environs are heavily infested with wild boar or wild pig.

2.3 FORMATIONS OF THE STUDY AREA

Table ,.& shows the various formations of the Kirana area.

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Grou For!"#$o% D&'(r$#$o%

)achh %uper

=roup

%haraban formation "onglomerates with slate

intercalations.

adda formation "alcareous quartzite

Asianwala ormation )ainly quartzite with sub ordinate

quartz wackes B arenaceous slates#

gritty quartzite and slates# often

showing cross bedding and ripple

marks

Tuguwali ormation %lates# fine grained quartz wackes B

arenaceous slates

"hak &&, "onglomerates Polymict conglomerate with clasts

of dolerite and acid

Colcanics.

achi volcanics

Colcanogenic slates


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This formation is named after the Tuguwali Cillage which lies between the latitude +&0 '/E1

and longitude 2,0 7,>3 and the type section is south of Kirana ill# located at the coordinates +&0

'> +>>1 and 2,0 7,> >>3 .This formation is entirely composed of sedimentary rocks with phyllites

and slates dominating its upper part# slates in its middle part and cross bedded quartzite# phyllites

and slates in its lower part .The formation is about &&; m thick. The lower contact of this

formation with the underlying achi formation is obscure. (ts upper contact with the Asianwala

formation is gradational.

2.3.3 A'$"%+"," For!"#$o%

The formation drives its name from the Asianwala canal rest house which lies between

latitude +&0 ';> +>>1 and 2,0 7+> 7,>>3. The Kirana ill# near %argodha# is the type locality. This

formation is largely comprised of quartzite with subordinate intercalations of slate .The quartziteis off-white to light grey or mottled brown. (t is comprised of well-sorted surrounded to rounded

quartz grains. (t is thick-bedded# cross-bedded and ripple-marked. The interbedded slates are

grey and occur in thin layers. The upper part of the formation is covered by alluvium .(t has a

gradational contact with the underlying Taguwali formation .1o fossils have yet been found .At

the type locality the formation is about ,' m thick

2.3.4 H"--" For!"#$o%

The formation has been named after the hadda canal rest house# , km from %argodha.

(t is largely comprised of quartzite# slates conglomerates and lava flows. At the type locality

it is about +2, m thick .The quartzite are the dominant rock type .They are rusty brown# fine-

grained and at places cross-bedded. %lumping of beds is also evident at some locations.

The upper part of the formation is dominated by conglomerates# interbedded with lesser

amounts of quartzite. The conglomerates contain flattened pebbles of quartzite slate and lesser

amount of limestone. The middle part is largely composed of light grey to brownish grey fine

grained# thin bedded quartzite. The lower part of the formation is comprised of light grey

quartzite which are highly ferruginous at places.

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1o fossils have been found .the formation is e$posed in isolated hillocks without any connection

with older sequences. According to Alam et al 4&;;,5# it is conformably overlain by the %haraban

formation

2.3. S)"r"/"% For!"#$o%

1amed after the type locality at %haraban hill# about & km %3 of %argodha the formation is

characterized by a &, m thick sequence of conglomerates with minor lenses of fine-grained

quartzite.

The conglomerate is thick bedded 4'-& m5 and contains flattened and elongated pebbles and

cobbles 4&-&cm5 of quartzite and slate# apparently derived from the older sequences in this

region. The conglomerate also contains limestone pebbles that must have come from distant

source since there are no limestone outcrops in this region.

1o fossils have been found in this formation .(ts upper part is covered by alluvium. According to

Alam et al 4&;;,5 strati graphically it overlies all the other four formations.

CHAPTER 3 0 D" 1

Ar&"

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Killa ills F "hakG&

3.1 S#o 1

=eographic location of this station was + 'E# &;./,+EE 1 latitude and 2,# +E# &7.&7,EE

3 longitude. =rey to greenish color outcrop had not showed any bedding planes or foliation

planes.


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igure +.,. Anticlinal %tructure

The absence of layering and shistosity in the outcrop led to the conclusion that it was

neither sedimentary nor metamorphic. 9ut the presence of cryptocrystalline chert and the

absence of porphyritic te$ture concluded that it was not igneous body. %o it was deduced that this

massive shear zone consisted ma!orly of quartzite# a meta-sedimentary rock because the

convolution banding and !oints were also visible at some places.

)easured dip and strike was /13 and 12H.

An intrusion was also observed in outcrop. (ntrusion was dyke had medium grained ophitic

te$ture which suggested that it belonged to medium depth# hence it was hypabasal intrusion.

(ntruded dyke had color variation of light and dark and also had quartz veins confirmed with

acid. 6ight and dark color variations were due to mineralogical changes. Dark color minerals

were amphibole and light color minerals were plagioclase.


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igure +.+. Dolerite dyke intrusion

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CHAPTER 4 0 DAY 2

AREA

%haraban AreaB chak G &,

4.1 S#o 1

=eographical location of first station was + '/E# ;.,;,EE 1 latitude and 2,# 72E# 'EE 3

longitude.


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calcite as bubble were produced. The calcareous schist had a width of &, feet and length of ,

feet appro$imately. (ntra-formational conglomerates were the prominent feature in quartzite

showing gradational contact with it.

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igure 7.,. 6ayering in quartzite

igure 7.+. (ntraformational conglomerates

Another feature observed was the sedimentary intrusion into meta-sedimentary quartzite

at the base of the out crop. (ntrusion was sedimentary dyke as it composed of conglomerates and

matri$ and oriented almost perpendicular to quartzite layering.


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igure 7.7. %edimentary dyke in quartzite


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igure 7.'.Turbidites sequence

4.3 S#o 3

The location had an audit where e$tensive hydro-thermal activity was observed.


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igure 7./. ematite mineralization in veins

4.4 S#o 4

After ?umma prayer we stop at place where convolution banding was so prominent and

these convolution bands made the 1ame of A66A Almighty and P8


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4. S#o

After the prayer break on station '# the outcrop was identified as quartzite because sand

size grains are present and it is e$tensively sheared with !oints visible. Hhite colored veins are

present along !oints and acid test confirmed it to be calcite. The calcite crystals were observed to be developed in a !agged shape# they are called JDog-tooth sparL.

igure 7.. "alcite dog tooth spar

Another unique feature was observed# lens shaped# red colored# thin cryptocrystallinechert called J?asperL# a red variety of quartz an opaque# impure variety of silica. The red color

was due to iron 4(((5 inclusions.

igure 7.;. ?asper

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CHAPTER 0 D" 3

Ar&"

%haheenabad B "hak && %outh

.1 S#o 1

=eographic location of stop & was + '7N# 7;.,77NN 1 latitude and 2,# +;N# 7.+7/NN 3

longitude. "olor# lithology and structural changes were observed. )ain lithologies which

identified and sketched were quartzite# basalt# rhyolite and dolerite.

Dolerite was first lithology observed when transverse across strike of outcrop. There was

no lithological change when transverse along strike. After dolerite basalt was present showing

massive columnar !ointing. 9asalt showed fine grain te$ture while dolerite had coarser than it.

Iuartz veins were also visible in outcrop.

After basalt again dolerite was appeared in outcrop which was in contact with meta-

sedimentary quartzite. Iuartzite showed relics of sand stone structures and have very sharp

contact with dolerite.

Hhen transverse further across strike typical featured was appeared which was deduced

as metamorphosed turbidities. 8elics of ripple marks and convolution banding was present

showing e$tensional regime. )ud was te$tural feature in turbidities.

igure '.&. Turbidities showing replica te$ture.

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.2 S#o 2

A basalt body was in contact with turbudites but not showed columnar !ointing. Typical structure

was observed which named pillow basalt formed when magma cool with in water.

igure '.,. Pillow basalt

.3 S#o 3

=eographic location was + ''N# +.&,'NN 1 latitude and 2,# +N# +&.7/+NN 3 longitude.

Typical light color dyke intrusion was observed in dark color rock. Dark color lithology was

basalt of fine grained while light color dyke had coarse grained te$ture comparatively to basalt.

)ain color of the dyke was yellowish and light pink color potassium feldspar was also present.Dyke contact with basalt was very sharp and had chilled margin. This sharp and chilled contact

showed that dyke formed from low temperature acidic magma which had low temperature

minerals# while country rock basalt had high temperature minerals like olivine# pyro$ene etc. %o

dyke had not capability to alter the country rock. There was also no wall rock alteration and

veins present. 9ut pieces of basalt were found in the dyke called $enoliths. After long

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observation of color# te$ture and other features it was suggested that dyke was acidic and micro

granite. And on the principle of cross cutting relationship acidic dyke was younger than basalt.

%amples were collected and measurement was taken as ' feet length and , feet width

appro$imately.

igure '.+.Dyke intrusion in basalt

igure '.7. Oenolith of basalt in micro-granite dyke

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CHAPTER 0 D" 4

Ar&"

"hinniot

.1 S#o 1

The oucrop was light yellowish brown in color with phenocryst te$ture which suggested

that it was rhyolite e$trusion body. 3$tensive hydrothermal alteration along the !oints had given

rise to vein type mineralization of brownish-maroon color. The color suggested that the

mineralization could be of limonite. The mineralization could also have given rise to hematite or

manganese formation as suggested by the color of the outcrop mineralization. The hydrothermal

alteration had also given rise to concentric zonation with in the vein-type mineralization surfaces

of the outcrop. (t was evident the rhyolite body had acted as a heat source for the hydrothermal

activity. Thus the !oints in the rhyolite got filled with ore mineralizing fluids and hence the

alteration of the rhyolite.

igure /.&.ematite mineralization

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igure /.,.


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CONCLUSION

The Kirana hills are the few inliers of basement rocks which rise above the Pun!ab

alluvial plains. They are therefore of great interest as possible representatives of the buried

e$tension into Pakistan of the 13 part of (ndian platform. The hills are irregularly shapedshowing a 1H trend which tells of regional strike# dips are moderate to high and usually %H

direction. The Precambrian outcrops are composed of meta-sedimentary and igneous rocks. The

meta-sedimentary rocks are represented by quartzite# slates and phyllites while basalt# rhyolite

and dolerites are igneous. Area is e$tensively sheared# magmatic intrusions can be observed by

presence of dykes# fractures and !oints while hematite# calcite and quartz veins represent the

hydrothermal mineralization.

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REFRENCES

Ahmed# %.A# )ateen# A.# Khan# M.K.and "haudhary#).1.#,.=eology and geochemistry of

1eoproterozoic Kirana Colcanics# %argodha District# Pun!ab #Pakistan. =eol. 9ull. Pun!ab :niv.

Alam# =.% 4&;25. =eology of Kirana ills# District %argodha# Pun!ab# Pakistan.=eol.

9ull. %urv. Pak. (nf. 8elease ,+/p.

Davies# 8.=. and "rawford# A.8.# 4&;2&5. Petrography and age of the rocks of 9uland

ill# Kirana ills# District %argodha# Hest Pakistan.=eol.)ag.&# pp. ,+'-,7/.

eron# A.). 4&;&+5# The Kirana and other hills in the ?ech and 8echna Doabs. 8ecs.

=eol. %urv. (ndia 7+# pp. ,,;-,+/.

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