Sarcoidosis - SUNY Upstate Medical UniversityDiagnosis •Sarcoidosis is a diagnosis of exclusion...
Transcript of Sarcoidosis - SUNY Upstate Medical UniversityDiagnosis •Sarcoidosis is a diagnosis of exclusion...
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Sarcoidosis
Birendra Sah, MD, FCCP
Director, Sarcoidosis program
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Pulmonary & Critical Care Division
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Disclosure
• No financial conflict of interest
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What is Sarcoidosis ?
• A chronic inflammatory disease which can
affect any organ of body but most commonly
lungs.
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What is Sarcoidosis?
• Characterized by overreaction of immune
system which results in the build up of several
small clusters of inflammatory cells called
“Granulomas” in the affected organs.
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What is Sarcoidosis?
• Formation of too many of these clusters
may interfere with organ structure and
function.
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Possible causes
• No one knows exactly what causes
sarcoidosis
• Thought to be resulting from one or
more exposures to “trigger factors” in
people with certain genetic make up.
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Possible causes
Suspected triggers
– bacteria,
– viruses,
– fungi
– chemicals
• These triggers are usually harmless in most people,
but may irritate the immune systems of people who
are at genetic risk for developing sarcoidosis.
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Risk Factors
• Affects people worldwide, of any age, race, gender
• In US, most common and severe in African
Americans and European “particularly Scandinavian”
descent.
• Age: 20 - 40 yrs of age
• Gender: Women > men
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Associated Risk Factors
• Environmental exposure
– inorganic particles, insecticides, and mold
• Occupational exposure
– U.S. Navy, metalworking, firefighting, and the handling of
building supplies
• Fire fighters and rescue workers involved in 2001
WTC disaster
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Genetic Factors
• Risk higher if close family members have sarcoidosis
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Symptoms
• Many people are often asymptomatic , detected
incidentally on chest X-ray done during routine
physical exam
• Symptomatic people can have variable signs and
symptoms depending on the organs affected.
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Symptoms
Common symptoms:
– shortness of breath,
– wheezing,
– chronic cough
– Chest pain
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Other Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Night sweats
• Skin rashes
• Eye symptoms
• Irregular heart beat
• Leg swelling
• Joint pain, swelling
• Muscle soreness
• Weakness &
Numbness
• Enlarged Lymph
nodes
• High blood or urine
calcium level
• Kideny stones, Renal
failure
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Diagnosis
• Sarcoidosis is a diagnosis of exclusion
• There is no objective test which can
easily diagnose sarcoidosis.
• Numerous exams and tests are required
to confirm the diagnosis and to decide
the best treatment options.
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Diagnosis• Chest X-ray
• CT scan
• Lung function test
• Biopsy of the affected organs (Lungs, lymph nodes,
skin, bone, liver)
• Blood tests (Blood cell count, liver test, renal function
test, blood and urine calcium, ACE level)
• MRI
• PET scan
• Cardiac tests (EKG, Echo, heart rhythm monitoring)
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Clinical course
• In many cases of sarcoidosis, no treatment is
necessary and sarcoidosis may go away in 2-5 years
without medical treatment.
• The disease may never reappear or may reappear
(in ~ 5%) later in life.
• In other patients, the disease is progressive, causing
scarring in affected organs and requiring ongoing
treatment
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Treatment• Treatment is not indicated in asymptomatic patients
• These patients are monitored closely for worsening
• Treatment is started when symptoms are severe
enough to impair quality of life or when there are
danger organ damage or life.
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Medications
• Corticosteroids: Prednisone
– First line treatment
– Reduces inflammation
– Starting dose 20-40 mg daily
– Relieves symptoms in 1-3 months
– Then taper prednisone slowly to the lowest dose which will
keep symptoms under control and cause less side effects
– Stay on this dose for another 6 months then taper it off
– Common Side effects: weight gain, insomnia, mood swings,
acne, high blood sugar, osteoporosis, risk of infections
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Medications
• Immune system suppressant medication:– Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Leflunomide,
Cellcept
– 2nd line treatment
– Indicated when prednisone is not effective or causing
significant side effects
– Can take up to 6 months to show its effects
– Side effects: Liver, kidney, bone marrow toxicities,
malignancies
– Blood tests are done every 1-3 months to monitor side
effects
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Medications
• Antimalarial drugs: – Hydroxychloroquine (Plaqunil)
– Effective in skin symptoms or a high level of
calcium
– Side effects: Nausea, vision problem
– Needs eye exam every 6 months
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Medications
• Biological agent (Anti-TNF)
– Infliximab (Remicade) IV
– Adalimumab (Humira) SQ
– Third line treatment
– Side effects: Risk of infections, liver toxicities, lupus like
illness, cancers
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Treatment
• Sarcoidosis is often treated with the help of a
multidisciplinary team of health care
professionals who specialize in the treatment
of the lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, liver, eyes,
and skin.
• At specialized medical centers, these health
care providers work as a team to develop a
comprehensive treatment plan.
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Follow up
• Asymptomatic patients
– Initially every 6 months, then annually for 3-5 years
• Symptomatic patients
– Every 3-6 months
• Follow up test:
– Blood tests and PFT every 3-6 months
– Chest X-ray every 6-12 months
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Complications
• Fibrosis of lungs
• Cavities in lungs with fungal ball formation
• Pulmonary hypertension
• Side effects of medications
• Fatigue, depression, small fiber neuropathy
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Take home points• A chronic inflammatory disease characterized by
formation of clusters inflammatory cells “granuloma”
• Exact cause unknown but is thought to be due to
overreaction of immune system in response to
exposure to triggers in people with certain genetic
make up
• Has been associated with exposure to inorganic
particles, insecticides, molds, certain occupations line
navy, firefighters, metalworking,
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Take home points• More common and severe in AA
• Risk increases if close relatives have sarcoidosis
• Can affect any organ but most common in lungs
• Biopsy of affected organ is needed for diagnosis
• Many patients are asymptomatic and may go away in
2-5 years without medical treatment
• Common symptoms are respiratory followed skin,
eye
• Treatment is indicated only in symptomatic patients
or if affecting, heart, brain
• First line treatment : Prednisone
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Thank you
• Questions?