Sanjay Shukla Gregory Hendricks Kent Kushman...
Transcript of Sanjay Shukla Gregory Hendricks Kent Kushman...
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Sanjay Shukla
Gregory Hendricks
Kent Kushman
Thomas Obreza
Gene McAvoy
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Background Federal Clean Water Act (FCWA),1972
Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)
Best Management Practices (BMPs)
FDACS Vegetable and Row Crop BMP Manual
Numerous BMPs listed but few have been verified
Irrigation and nutrient management BMPs Soil moisture based irrigation
Using recommended fertilizer
Majority of tomato and watermelon growers in south Florida growers use seepage irrigation
Need to evaluate the irrigation and nutrient BMPs
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Best Management Practices (BMP) “BMPs are a practice or combination of practices determined by the coordinating agencies, based on research, field-testing, and expert review, to be the most effective and practicable on-location means, including economic and technological considerations, for improving water quality in agricultural and urban discharges.” Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS)
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Seepage Irrigation
Majority of South Florida Vegetable Crop Produced with Seepage Irrigation
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Typical Studies Related to BMP
Typical BMP studies
Evaluate crop yield or water quality,
Conducted on small scale plots
Confounding water quality effects due to groundwater mixing
Lack of Systems Approach
Yield
Water use and quality
Economics
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Objective
Evaluate the effectiveness of irrigation and nutrient BMPs for seepage irrigated tomato-watermelon production system for yield, water use, water quality, and farm income
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Three year - SWFREC
Immokalee, (2004-2006)
Field Area – 3.6 acres
•Six 0.6 ac fields
Crops
• Watermelon (2 Spring seasons)
• Tomato (4 seasons)
Hydrologically Isolated plots
Three treatments:
• Industry fertilizer-water input (High Rate, HR) - Grower Survey
• BMP fertilizer-water input (BMP Recommended Rate, RR)
• BMP input with sub-surface drip (RR-SD) - Survey
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Irrigation and Nutrient Treatments
Watermelon Tomato
Treatment N
lb/ac
P2O5
lb/ac
K2O
lb/ac
N
lb/ac
P2O5
lb/ac
K2O
lb/ac
HR 265 170 459 373 162 673
RR &
RR-SD
150 Soil
Test
Soil
Test
200 Soil
Test
Soil
Tests
HR Water Management – 18% soil moisture content from surveyed farms
HR based on vegetable grower survey in South Florida (Shukla et al. 2004)
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Measurements Fruit yield
2- 3 harvests
Plant nutrients
(N and P)
Leaf tissue
Whole plant
Hydrology Water use
Soil moisture
Water table depth
Soil and Water quality (NO3, TN, TP)
Soil (0-10,10-20,20-30,30-40 cm)
Shallow and deep groundwater (N and P)
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Rainfall
• Average annual rainfall ≈ 54 inch
• Rainfall from Hurricane Wilma (October 24th 2005) ≈ 8 inch.
8.3 7.8
13.4
28.0
8.5 13.9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall
2004 2005 2006
Dep
th (
inch
)
Year/Crop season
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Yield
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Tomato Yield
No statistical difference detected
Treatment
Yield
(box/ac)
Fall 2004
HR 1,885
RR 1,815
RR-SD 1,946
Fall 2005
HR 659
RR 853
RR-SD 849
Treatment
Yield
(box/ac)
Spring 2006
HR 3,224
RR 2,635
RR-SD 2,592
Fall 2006
HR 2,449
RR 2,089
RR-SD 2,088
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Watermelon Yield
Treatment effect detected for yield during 2005
2004 HR 758a 444a
RR 538a 261a
RR-SD 475a 349a
Significance
P-value 0.261 0.336
2005 HR -- 345a
RR -- 193b
RR-SD -- 214b
Significance
P-value -- 0.031
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Watermelon Tissue and Petiole Sap – Spring 2005
Nitro
ge
n (
%)
0
2
4
6
Pota
ssiu
m (
%)
0
2
4
6NS NS
1st harvest2nd harvest
Time after transplant (weeks)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Pota
ssiu
m (
pp
m)
0
1500
3000
4500
6000NS NS
NS NS
Leaf tissue
Leaf tissue
Petiole sap
Leaching rainfall event: 3 in.
over 3 days or 4 in. over
7 days
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Water Table Depth and Soil Moisture
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Average Water Use
6358
27
0
40
80
HR RR RR-SD
Wa
ter
Us
e (
inc
h)
Treatment
Tomato
System: HR – 74 in, RR – 68 in, RR-SD – 37 in
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Soil N (Tomato)
Nutrient
Treatment &
Significance
Root Zone
(0-8 in)
Below Root Zone
(8-16 in)
NO3-N
(mg/kg)
HR 121 23
RR 63 14
P - value < 0.05 0.07
TN
(mg/kg)
HR 519 269
RR 363 230
P - value < 0.05 0.22
Treatment effect (P<0.05) occurred mostly within the crop bed
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Average NOx-N, NH3-N and TKN within shallow groundwater for plot 1
during period of record
0
50
100
150
200
Oct-03 Apr-04 Sep-04 Feb-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jun-06 Nov-06 Apr-07
Date
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mg
/L)
Avg TKN Avg NH3N Avg NOxN
Groundwater N
Average NOx-N, NH3-N and TKN within shallow groundwater for plot 3
during the period of record
0
50
100
150
200
Oct-03 Apr-04 Sep-04 Feb-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jun-06 Nov-06 Apr-07
Date
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mg
/L)
Avg TKN Avg NH3N Avg NOxN
High rate (HR)
Recommended rate (RR)
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Average TP within shallow groundwater for plot 3
during the period of record
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Jan-04 Aug-04 Feb-05 Sep-05 Mar-06 Oct-06 Apr-07
Date
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
ug
/L)
Avg TP
Groundwater Total P Average TP within shallow groundwater for plot 1
during period of record
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Jan-04 Aug-04 Feb-05 Sep-05 Mar-06 Oct-06 Apr-07
Date
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(ug
/L)
Avg TPHigh rate (HR)
Recommended rate (RR)
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Shallow Groundwater N and P
Treatment effect detected (P< 0.05) for shallow
groundwater N and P
37 38
3
1516
2
19 21
20
10
20
30
40
DIN TN TPCo
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg/
L)
Nutrient
HR RR RR-SD
a a
a
b b
b b
bb
Shallow Groundwater
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Deep Groundwater N and P
No treatment effect detected (P< 0.05) for deep
groundwater N and P
8.09.0
1.3
12.013.0
1.1
12.014.0
1.2
0
5
10
15
DIN TN TP
DIN
, TN
an
d T
P C
on
c
(mg
/L)
Nutrient
HR RR RR-SD
Deep Groundwater
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So is RR a BMP?
Long-term study
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Summary No statistical difference in tomato yield between
Industry and BMP
Under “average” rainfall conditions, no statistical difference in watermelon yield between Industry and BMP
Wetter conditions during the spring season may reduce the watermelon yield. Further research is needed to develop nutrient management strategies (especially K) for wetter conditions.
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Summary The BMPs reduced the total N and P concentrations
in groundwater by 50 and 33%, respectively compared to the Industry.
The BMPs reduced the water use by 7 % (seepage, RR) and 50% (sub-drip, RR-SD)
Long-term studies needed to detect the differences in tomato yield, if present.
Reduced N and P leaching to the groundwater found in this study is likely to reduce the N and P loads.
First study to quantify yield, economic, and water quality effects of BMPs, more needed
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Acknowledgements
Southwest Florida Vegetable Growers Research Fund
Vegetable Growers
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Rainfall-Spring 2005
*Beds preparation and transplant-2/21/05
Rainfall during spring 2005 (18.2 in) was 3 times greater than spring 2004 (5.4 in)
Seasonal average = 11.1 in.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
8-Jan 28-Jan 17-Feb 9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul
Ra
infa
ll (
in)
Date
Rainfall spring 2005 Leaching Rainfall
*
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No yield differences for tomato yield
No yield differences for watermelon produced under average weather conditions
N-Leaching higher and more frequent in the HR treatment
Higher concentrations of groundwater N and P are maintained above the spodic layer of the HR treatment
No treatment effect detected in groundwater N and P below the spodic layer
Summary
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RR-SD treatment reduced water use by more the 50% compared to HR and RR treatments
RR and RR-SD treatments is a BMP under average weather conditions
First ever study to show a link between recommended fertilizer-water inputs and improved groundwater quality with no effect on yield
Conclusions
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Study Implications First ever study to show a link between recommended
fertilizer-water inputs and improved groundwater quality with no effect on yield.
Growers maybe more receptive in accepting and adopting recommended fertilizer-water inputs for vegetable production in south west Florida.
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Background Cash value* – $140,392,000
Yield* – 330 cwt/ac.
Harvested acreage* – 26,100 ac.
Plastic mulched beds
Crop rotation Watermelon-Spring
Tomato or pepper-Fall
Florida irrigation systems (vegetable crops) Sprinkler(69,951 ac.)†
Micro (21,025 ac.)†
Flood (118,949 ac.)† * (USDA, 2008 ),†(Marella, 2004) Image source: IPM center (www.ipmcenters.org)
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Drip vs. Seepage Irrigation Drip
Water and fertilizer (Can apply as needed)
Seepage
Water (All fertilizer -pre-plant)
Image source: www.jains.com/irrigation
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Recommended BMPs Nutrient management
Optimum N rates
Soil test based P and K applications
Supplemental (N and K)
Hand/Liquid fertilizer injection wheel
Extended harvest season
Open field leaching Rainfall-3’’ in 3 days, 4’’ in 7 days
Water management
Soil moisture-based (Seepage and Drip)
ET-based (Drip)
Image source: The Vegetarian Newsletter (www.hos.ufl.edu/vegetarian/)
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Current Practice (grower survey)
Nutrient Input
Likely greater than recommended
Applied as insurance to ensure max yield
Multiple harvests
Healthier plants
Limited use of soil test based P and K
Water management
Moisture content above field capacity
Limited use of soil moisture or ET-based irrigation management
Image source: www.musicpodcasting.org/home/node/48
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Watermelon Grower Survey South Florida* N (lbs/ac) P2O5 (lbs/ac) K2O (lbs/ac)
Average 199 (150) 128 (120-L) 347 (120-L)
Min 138 83 220 Max 266 220 501
• Growers apprehensive about nutrient recommendations
• Data needed to evaluate if water-nutrient BMPs work wrt
yield and water quality
• Focus on a specific nutrient BMP may detract growers
from other BMPs
• When a management practice becomes a BMP?
L = soil testing low nutrient, *(Shukla et. al., 2004)
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BMP Essentials Improve water quality in agricultural discharges
Include economic and technological considerations
BMP Effectiveness study must address:
Water quality
Crop yield
Farm economics
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Watermelon-Tomato BMP Study* Watermelon-
Tomato rotations
Traditional cultural practices
Grower average (HR) Vs. recommended (RR) nutrient-water rates
Plots hydrologically separated- reduces uncertainty groundwater quality analysis.
Crop yield and groundwater quality evaluated
(Shukla and Hendricks, 2009)
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Results Yield Analysis
Tissue Analysis
Economic Analysis
Groundwater Quality Analysis
Water Use
Source: infinitibusinesssolution.com
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Year Treatment Triploid
Yield(cwt/ac.)
2004 HR 444
RR 261
RR-S 349
Significance
p 0.336
2005 HR 345
RR 193
RR-S 214
Significance
p 0.031
Watermelon Yield
• Yield reduction occurred during 2005. Why?
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Leaf Tissue Analysis •Watermelon plants in RR treatments deficient in Potassium (and N?)
•Potassium deficiency likely due to leaching rainfall event
•Economic impact?
Nitro
ge
n (
%)
0
2
4
6
Po
tassiu
m (
%)
0
2
4
6NS NS
1st harvest2nd harvest
Time after transplant (weeks)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Po
tassiu
m (
pp
m)
0
1500
3000
4500
6000NS NS
NS NS
Nitro
ge
n (
%)
0
2
4
6
Po
tassiu
m (
%)
0
2
4
6NS NS
1st harvest2nd harvest
Time after transplant (weeks)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Po
tassiu
m (
pp
m)
0
1500
3000
4500
6000NS NS
NS NS
Solid line - Seepage
Dash lines- RR and RR-SD Hendricks, Shukla, Cushman, Obreza. Roka, McAvoy,
and Portier 2007
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Economic Analysis (Year 2005)
Added yield from HR
I. Low – 130 cwt/acre
II. High – 150 cwt/acre
Average season prices for triploids
a. $8.40/cwt in 2004 to
b. $15.50/cwt in 2005
HR Return Gain (low yield gain and market price) = $590/acre
HR Return Gain (high yield gain and market price) = $1764/acre
Environmental Impact? Hendricks et al (2009)
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Groundwater Quality (N Concn)
Average NOx-N, NH3-N and TKN within shallow groundwater for plot 1
during period of record
0
50
100
150
200
Oct-03 Apr-04 Sep-04 Feb-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jun-06 Nov-06 Apr-07
Date
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mg
/L)
Avg TKN Avg NH3N Avg NOxN
Avg TKN, NH3-N and NOx-N within RR and HR treatments
•Integrated systems approach used to analyze groundwater quality •watermelon and tomato rotation
Average NOx-N, NH3-N and TKN within shallow groundwater for plot 3
during the period of record
0
50
100
150
200
Oct-03 Apr-04 Sep-04 Feb-05 Jul-05 Jan-06 Jun-06 Nov-06 Apr-07
Date
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mg
/L)
Avg TKN Avg NH3N Avg NOxNLeaching rainfall
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
mg
/L)
Leaching rainfall
RR
HR
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• Soil Solution N Concn HR > RR and RR-SD
• Improved groundwater quality with RR and RR-SD • Quality of deep
groundwater unchanged
Soil and Groundwater Quality
0500
100015002000250030003500
HR RR RR-SD HR RR RR-SD
Shallow groundwaer Deep groundwater
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
TP (ug/L)
*
Shallow groundwater
020406080
100120
HR RR RR-SD HR RR RR-SD HR RR RR-SD
Soil solution Shallow groundwaer Deep groundwater
Co
nce
ntr
ati
on
NOx-N (mg/L) TN (mg/L)
**
*
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Shallow Groundwater P (above spodic) C
on
cen
trat
ion
(µ
g/L
)
HR-Seepage
RR-Seepage
RR- Sub Drip
Progressive Accumulation of P
Relatively Stable P
Relatively Stable P
Avg. TP = 3,090 µg/L
Avg. TP = 2,098 µg/L
Avg. TP = 2,048 µg/L
Average TP Conc. in HR 47% higher than average TP Conc. in RR
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Water Use Reduced average water use for RR and RR-SD
compared to HR
187
133
0
50
100
150
200
250
HR RR
De
pth
(cm
)
Treatment
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So, was it a BMP? Water-nutrient BMP status for watermelon Yield
RRs worked under “average” weather conditions
RRs reduced the yield and profit under “wet” conditions
RRs improved water quality-groundwater (and surface water)
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Drip Irrigation ET-based water management for watermelon
Crop Coefficient (Kc)
0-28 DAT – 0.57
29-56 DAT – 0.89
57-84 DAT – 0.76 Shukla et al (2008)
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Future Research Issues The BMP evaluation study needs to be continued for
more growing seasons to better evaluate BMP effectiveness under variable weather and economic condition
Development of water table management tools
Water table vs rainfall relationship for active water table management for irrigation and drainage
Linking rainfall predictions with water and nutrient input
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Future Research Issues Leaching rainfall
evaluation of supplemental fertilizer
frequent “normal” rainfall vs. “leaching rainfall” water table change = 16 x rain (Jaber and Shukla, 2006)
Comparison of drip and seepage production systems water quality, yield, and economic
variable soil conditions
Drip irrigation management not managed properly, can have higher leaching than seepage
ET-based using recently developed Kc
water quality effectiveness
How to minimize leaching after removing plastic considerable N-P-K left after harvest
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Measurements