SAND - Small Autonomous Network Devices

Martin Ouwerkerk - ResearchHealthcare Devices & Instrumentation / Storage Signal ProcessingSmall Autonomous Network Devices11/10/2005

Miniature wireless sensor devices

Health care Devices & Instrumentation / Storage Signal Processing Martin Ouwerkerk 11/10/2005 3Health care Devices & Instrumentation / Storage Signal Processing Martin Ouwerkerk 11/10/2005

Offering:- A generic platform for unnoticeable unobtrusive

sensing with reconfigurable modular miniature wireless sensor devices

- Energy scavenging together with ultra low power technologies enable long to infinite operation times

- Roadmap to truly small devices

Small Autonomous Network Devices OPUS2002-298

Health care Devices & Instrumentation / Storage Signal Processing Martin Ouwerkerk 11/10/2005 15

Exploded viewSAND package

battery

SAND modules

cap

battery compartment

Health care Devices & Instrumentation / Storage Signal Processing Martin Ouwerkerk 11/10/2005 confidential 11

Features• Lego like snap-on building blocks

• Easily reconfigurable

• Outside of building blocks forms hermetic package

• Li battery in bottom module

• PV module on top

• Antenna printed on outside of PCB


Stackable module carrier rings: SAND package


Available modules for SAND

3D accelerometer

1 Mbit flash

CC2500 transceiver

Zigbee transceiver

power converter

empty module carrier ring

Health care Devices & Instrumentation / Storage Signal Processing Martin Ouwerkerk 11/10/2005

All modules ready to form a stack together with caps, battery


Application evolution

Application Development

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

6 x 14 mm O 3 x 8 mm O0.5 x 7 mm OSize

Optimized application oriented SAND nodes

3D integrated micro-SAND nodes

High end, niche

Medical, oil drilling,space, top sport Sport, healthcare, TPM

Dedicated, autonomous

Smart Dust, autonomous

Fitness, ambient Intelligence, distributed,emotion assessment, fatigue


End-user consortiumThe first generation SAND platform will serve anend-user consortium of about 15 members.

-a limited number of large parties, such as Homelab, WUR, WASP, Aquisgrain

-a larger number of specific application drivenusers, such as ILSA, MyHeart, Implantables, Lighting controlls, VIBES, …


0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

2000 2005 2010 2015year

m m 3

Philips

C rossbow

Intel

Crossbow Mica2Dot

Philips


Modules in preparation(when available)

Zigbee/802.15.4 (now)

Electric field sensor(now)Temperature

(Q4/05)

Lithilene rechargeable

Vibration (Q4/06)

PCH7970(Q4/05)

ULP radio(Q4/05)Wireless

PV (Q4/06)Energy scavenging

Magnetic sensor(Q4/05)

Humidity(Q1/06)

3-D accelerometer (now)

CMOS camera(Q4/05)

Sensors

(Q4/05)Li button primary(now)Battery

CoolfluxDSP (Q4/05)Microprocessor



CoolFlux DSP architecture• Full 24/56 bit datapath

(CF6-24) • 2 24x24 bit multipliers• 2 56 bit ALUs• 56 bit accumulators• 16 and 20 bit datapaths

can also easily be generated• JTAG debug interface• I2C interface• UART interface• SPI interface

interupthandler

halt runlogic

instructionfetch unit

loop control unit

flowcontrolunit

register files

addresses0

1

m

data0

1

nALU0

ALU1

ALU2

source andresult busses

bus control unit

interlocklogic

instruction pipelineand

instruction decoders

bus arbiters M0

M1

controlbusses

dataprocessing

unit

data addressgenerator X

data addressgenerator Y

Ywrite back buffers

data memory

X

YX

externalI/O space

external DMAaccess P

external DMAaccess X, Y

debug moduleJTAG program memory

Source: Philips Applied Technologies Leuven



Optimisation of power consumption according to the various relevant parameters: voltage, capacitor, switching activity.

•Voltage

–Comparison 0.7Volt & 0.9Volt technology (for the core)

–Available memory technologies at 0.9Volt

•Capacitor

Technology comparison between CMOS 180, 130 & 90 nmincluding process options

•Switching activity

–Clock distribution and clock gating (micro clock gating for DSP core and macro clock gating for peripherals)

–Memory power switching



Microcontrollercomparison

1µ 10µ 100µ 1m 10m 100m 11k

10k

100k

1M

10M

100M

1G

Coolflux MSP430 Atmel AT89LP LPC3000 PCH7970 HTC80C51 XemicsXE88LCO EM6607

1000pJ/instr

100pJ/instr

IPS

Watt

10pJ/instr


Microcontrollercomparison

1µ 10µ 100µ 1m 10m10

100

1k

10k

100k

1M

Mem

ory

[Byt

es]

Watt

CoolfluxMSP430PCH970EM6607 AtmelAt89LP

Power Consumption in Idle mode


CoolfluxDSP compared for various technologies


13001000640Power consumption at 10 MHz (μW)

417014Leakage (μW)

166.83.34Memory area (mm2)

0.650.430.23Core Area (mm2)

CMOS 180 nmCMOS 130 nmCMOS 90 nm

640 μW @ 10 MHz, 8instr/cycle 8 pJ/instruction


Transceiver PCB

Start of antenna

End of antenna

24 connectors (conductors) form a bus through the system,Artist impression

The PCBs are put on the rings, which themselves are put on top of each other being connected via a “bus” of connectors (which I think could act as a groundplane)

The antenna is printed on the outside of the connnectors (see left photograph)

On the lower right corner you can see an artist impression of how the final system should look like. From this picture you can see that the antenna strip is around the connector bus (probably the groundplane). Depending on the position of the ring with the transceiver PCB (and the antenna) the connectors stick below, above or both.

holes for the connectors


Wireless options

Bluetooth Ph. Semiconductors BGB203 8 x 7 x 1.3 mm 33 mA @ 2.65 .. 3.4 V 2.4 GHzZigbee Chipcon CC2420 7 x 7 x 0.85 mm 19.7 mA @ 2.1 .. 3.6 V 2.4GHzZigbee Ember EM2420 7 x 7 x 0.85 mm 19.7 mA @ 2.1 .. 3.6 V 2.4GHzULP wireless PRL Redhill < 1cm2 1 mW 0.868GHz


Photovoltaic energy scavenging: indoor light

0.0001

0.0010

0.0100

0.1000

1.0000

10.0000

100 1000 10000 100000

Lux

Max_P_mW/cm2poly_big

Si

EnoGaAs

AM_1

AM_2

poly_small

indoor

24V 6.7A halogen lamp


Photovoltaic energy scavenging: indoor light

0.1..1 mW out of 1.3 cm2 when using single crystalline Si

Conversion to 4.2V battery charging voltage at 70% efficiency

70-700 μW average power to device

Autonomous operation only with a duty cycle


Duty cycled operation

200 μW average power budget available:

Processing at 640 μW: 10%………….... 64μW

Transmission at 50 mW: 0.1%….……... 50μW

Leakage and self discharge:89.9%……. 36μW


Energy storage

Lithylene battery: rechargeable Li-polymer

Size: 13 mm diameter by 1.5 mm height (0.2 cm3)

Capacity: 22 mAh at 3.6V (285 J) @ 200μW means 400 hours

Primary Li Battery:CR1225: 48 mAh at 3V @ 200μW means 1 month


Sensors: 3-D accelerometerKionix KXM52-1050 TriaxisXYZ

+/- 2g range1.5mA at 3V0-1500Hz 5 x 5 x 1.8 mm

Other options:Bosch Triax SMB360Oki ML8950

MAX1239 2-bit ADC

13 mm



>4600gHigh shock tolerance-40 to +125COperating

temperature

<2 mSecStart up time<10 µAPower management

Single, dual or tri-axis

Configurations

1.5mA2.5-5.5V

35-65 µg/RtHz5x5x1.8mm

KionixCapability

Idd@3VVdd

Low noiseSmall package size

Requirement


Sensors: Electric field sensorECG measurement through the clothing


Schematics electric field sensor

229_2970.jpg


Sense Chair

Picture from Montis

array of 8 contactless ECG sensors built into this chair

True unnoticeable HRV monitoring


Electronic textiles/CONTEXT (together with TNO)Conductive patches woven into cloth

Conductive lines lead to multiplexer

Optimal combination is connected to amplifiers/filters

Status LEDs can be incorporated

Possibility of shielding layers


ECG analysis: Heart Rate Variability

Cepstrum to quantify level of short-term periodicity

Changes in the cepstrum signal may be linked toemotional and/or awareness changes


Epilepsy attack warning systemEEG Capacitative probes

3-D accelerometers

Coolflux DSP

transceiver

Mobile phonewrists

torso

head

internet

SAND - Small Autonomous Network Devices

Technology

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